warp_specialized_rewriter.cc

/*!
 * \file warp_specialized_rewriter.cc
 * \brief Warp specialized Pipeline for cuda GPU (sm90+)
 */

#include "warp_specialized_rewriter.h"

namespace tvm {
namespace tl {

using namespace tir;
using namespace runtime;
using arith::IRVisitorWithAnalyzer;

struct LoopInfo {
  Var loop_var;
  PrimExpr extent;
  PrimExpr min;
};

enum class Role : uint8_t { kConsumer, kProducer, kBoth };

class ProducerBufferDetector : public StmtExprVisitor {
public:
  ProducerBufferDetector(
      std::unordered_set<const BufferNode *> cur_producer_buffers)
      : cur_producer_buffers_(std::move(cur_producer_buffers)) {}

  void clear() { has_producer_buffer_ = false; }

  void VisitExpr_(const CallNode *call) final {
    if (call->op.same_as(tma_load()) || call->op.same_as(tma_load_im2col())) {
      has_producer_buffer_ = true;
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitExpr_(call);
  }

  void VisitExpr_(const BufferLoadNode *op) final {
    if (cur_producer_buffers_.count(op->buffer.get())) {
      has_producer_buffer_ = true;
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitExpr_(op);
  }

  bool has_producer_buffer_ = false;
  std::unordered_set<const BufferNode *> cur_producer_buffers_;
};

class ProducerUsedBufferFinder : public StmtExprVisitor {
public:
  auto FindProducerusedBuffer(const Stmt &stmt) {
    producer_buffers_.clear();
    let_var_to_expr_.clear();
    std::unordered_set<const BufferNode *> last_producer_buffers_;
    for (;;) {
      VisitStmt(stmt);
      if (producer_buffers_ == last_producer_buffers_) {
        break;
      }
      last_producer_buffers_ = producer_buffers_;
    }
    return producer_buffers_;
  }

  void InsertBuffer(const PrimExpr &expr) {
    // Find the buffer that is used in the condition
    VarUseDefAnalyzer usage(Array<Var>{});
    usage(expr);
    for (const auto &buffer : usage.buffer_use_count_) {
      producer_buffers_.insert(buffer.first);
    }
    // Also collect buffers through let bindings
    CollectBuffersFromExpr(expr);
  }

  // Collect buffers from expression, following let bindings
  void CollectBuffersFromExpr(const PrimExpr &expr) {
    PostOrderVisit(expr, [this](const ObjectRef &node) {
      if (auto bl = node.as<BufferLoadNode>()) {
        producer_buffers_.insert(bl->buffer.get());
      } else if (auto var_node = node.as<VarNode>()) {
        auto var = tvm::ffi::GetRef<Var>(var_node);
        auto it = let_var_to_expr_.find(var.get());
        if (it != let_var_to_expr_.end()) {
          CollectBuffersFromExpr(it->second);
        }
      }
    });
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const LetStmtNode *op) final {
    let_var_to_expr_[op->var.get()] = op->value;
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final {
    ProducerBufferDetector producer_buffer_detector(producer_buffers_);
    producer_buffer_detector(op->then_case);
    if (op->else_case.defined()) {
      producer_buffer_detector(op->else_case.value());
    }
    if (producer_buffer_detector.has_producer_buffer_) {
      InsertBuffer(op->condition);
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const ForNode *op) final {
    ProducerBufferDetector producer_buffer_detector(producer_buffers_);
    producer_buffer_detector(op->body);
    if (producer_buffer_detector.has_producer_buffer_) {
      InsertBuffer(op->min);
      InsertBuffer(op->extent);
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const BufferStoreNode *op) final {
    if (producer_buffers_.count(op->buffer.get())) {
      InsertBuffer(op->value);
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

  void VisitExpr_(const CallNode *op) final {
    if (op->op.same_as(tma_load()) || op->op.same_as(tma_load_im2col())) {
      for (auto arg : op->args) {
        // Collect buffers from args, including through let bindings
        CollectBuffersFromExpr(arg);
      }
    }
  }

private:
  std::unordered_set<const BufferNode *> producer_buffers_;
  std::unordered_map<const VarNode *, PrimExpr> let_var_to_expr_;
};

class WarpSpecializedRoleMarker : public StmtVisitor {
public:
  WarpSpecializedRoleMarker(Map<Var, Buffer> buffer_data_to_buffer)
      : buffer_data_to_buffer_(std::move(buffer_data_to_buffer)) {}

  void Prepare(const Stmt &stmt) {
    ProducerUsedBufferFinder finder;
    producer_buffers_ = finder.FindProducerusedBuffer(stmt);
  }

  Role GetRole(const StmtNode *stmt) const {
    auto it = map_.find(stmt);
    ICHECK(it != map_.end());
    return it->second;
  }

  Role GetRole(const Stmt &stmt) const { return GetRole(stmt.get()); }

  void VisitStmt_(const EvaluateNode *op) final {
    Role role = Role::kConsumer;
    if (auto call = op->value.as<CallNode>()) {
      if (call->op.same_as(tma_load()) || call->op.same_as(tma_load_im2col())) {
        role = Role::kProducer;
        has_bulk_copy_ = true;
      }
      if (call->op.same_as(loop_break())) {
        role = Role::kBoth;
      }
    }
    SetRole(op, role);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const BufferStoreNode *op) final {
    auto scope = StorageScope::Create(GetPtrStorageScope(op->buffer->data));
    bool is_shared_store = scope.rank == StorageRank::kShared;
    if (producer_buffers_.count(op->buffer.get())) {
      SetRole(op, Role::kBoth);
      return;
    }
    if (!is_shared_store) {
      SetRole(op, Role::kConsumer);
      return;
    }

    // Check reads from global
    Block block(/*iter_vars=*/{}, /*reads=*/{}, /*writes=*/{}, /*name_hint=*/"",
                /*body*/ tvm::ffi::GetRef<Stmt>(op));
    auto access = GetBlockReadWriteRegion(block, buffer_data_to_buffer_);
    auto reads = access[0];
    Role role = Role::kProducer;
    if (reads.empty())
      role = Role::kConsumer;
    for (auto read : reads) {
      if (read->buffer.scope() != "global") {
        role = Role::kConsumer;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (role == Role::kProducer)
      has_simt_copy_ = true;
    SetRole(op, role);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const SeqStmtNode *op) final {
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
    auto role = GetRole(op->seq[0]);
    for (auto stmt : op->seq) {
      if (role != GetRole(stmt)) {
        role = Role::kBoth;
        break;
      }
    }
    SetRole(op, role);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final {
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
    auto role = GetRole(op->then_case);
    if (op->else_case.defined()) {
      auto role_else = GetRole(op->else_case.value());
      if (role != role_else)
        role = Role::kBoth;
    }
    SetRole(op, role);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const BlockRealizeNode *op) final {
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
    SetRole(op, GetRole(op->block));
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const AllocateNode *op) final {
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
    Role role = Role::kConsumer;
    SetRole(op, role);
  }

  template <class NodeType> void HandleBodyStmt(const NodeType *op) {
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
    SetRole(op, GetRole(op->body));
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const ForNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }
  void VisitStmt_(const WhileNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }
  void VisitStmt_(const LetStmtNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }
  void VisitStmt_(const AttrStmtNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }
  void VisitStmt_(const AssertStmtNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }
  void VisitStmt_(const BlockNode *op) final { HandleBodyStmt(op); }

  bool HasProducer() { return has_simt_copy_ || has_bulk_copy_; }

  bool HasSimtCopy() { return has_simt_copy_; }

private:
  void SetRole(const StmtNode *stmt, Role role) { map_[stmt] = role; }
  Map<Var, Buffer> buffer_data_to_buffer_;
  std::unordered_map<const StmtNode *, Role> map_;
  bool has_simt_copy_ = false;
  bool has_bulk_copy_ = false;
  std::unordered_set<const BufferNode *> producer_buffers_;
};

static PrimExpr makeGetBarrier(PrimExpr barrier_id) {
  return Call(DataType::Handle(), get_mbarrier(), {std::move(barrier_id)});
}

static Stmt makeArriveBarrier(PrimExpr barrier_id, int cta_id = -1,
                              const PrimExpr &pred = 1) {
  Array<PrimExpr> args = {makeGetBarrier(std::move(barrier_id))};
  if (cta_id != -1) {
    args.push_back(cta_id);
    args.push_back(pred);
  }
  return Evaluate(
      Call(DataType::Handle(), builtin::ptx_arrive_barrier(), args));
}

static Stmt makeCpAsyncBarrier(PrimExpr barrier_id) {
  auto call = Call(DataType::Handle(), builtin::ptx_cp_async_barrier(),
                   {makeGetBarrier(std::move(barrier_id))});
  return Evaluate(call);
}

static Stmt makeParityWait(PrimExpr barrier_id, PrimExpr parity) {
  auto call = Call(DataType::Handle(), mbarrier_wait_parity(),
                   {makeGetBarrier(std::move(barrier_id)), std::move(parity)});
  return Evaluate(call);
}

class ProducerTraitsCollector : public StmtExprVisitor {
public:
  ProducerTraitsCollector() { Clear(); }

  void Clear() { has_simt_copy = false; }

  void Collect(const Stmt &stmt) { VisitStmt(stmt); }

  bool HasSimtCopy() { return has_simt_copy; }

private:
  void VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final {
    bool old_in_if_cond = in_if_cond_;
    in_if_cond_ = true;
    VisitExpr(op->condition);
    in_if_cond_ = old_in_if_cond;

    VisitStmt(op->then_case);
    if (op->else_case.defined()) {
      VisitStmt(op->else_case.value());
    }
  }

  void VisitExpr_(const BufferLoadNode *op) final {
    if (!in_if_cond_) {
      has_simt_copy = true;
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitExpr_(op);
  }

  bool has_simt_copy{};
  bool in_if_cond_ = false;
};

// Rewrite the producer Stmt to use the correct barrier index
class MbarrierRewriter : public StmtExprMutator {
public:
  static Stmt Rewrite(Stmt stmt, PrimExpr barrier_id) {
    MbarrierRewriter rewriter;
    rewriter.producer_barrier_idx_ = std::move(barrier_id);
    return rewriter(std::move(stmt));
  }

private:
  PrimExpr VisitExpr_(const CallNode *op) final {
    auto call = Downcast<Call>(StmtExprMutator::VisitExpr_(op));
    if (call->op.same_as(tma_load()) || call->op.same_as(tma_load_im2col())) {
      auto mbar = makeGetBarrier(producer_barrier_idx_);
      auto arg0 = call->args[0].as<Call>();
      // Check if this is a 1D TMA load
      auto is_1d_tma_load =
          arg0 && !arg0.value()->op.same_as(create_tma_descriptor()) &&
          call->op.same_as(tma_load());
      if (is_1d_tma_load) {
        call.CopyOnWrite()->args.Set(2, mbar);
      } else {
        Call access_ptr = Downcast<Call>(call->args[2]);
        ICHECK(access_ptr->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_access_ptr()));
        call.CopyOnWrite()->args.Set(1, mbar);
      }
    }
    return call;
  }
  PrimExpr producer_barrier_idx_;
};

class ThreadIdxRewriter : public StmtExprMutator {
public:
  static Stmt Rewrite(Stmt stmt, Var thread_var, PrimExpr replaced,
                      PrimExpr thread_extent, bool do_shuffle = false) {
    auto rewriter =
        ThreadIdxRewriter(std::move(thread_var), std::move(replaced),
                          std::move(thread_extent), do_shuffle);
    return rewriter(std::move(stmt));
  }

private:
  ThreadIdxRewriter(Var thread_var, PrimExpr replaced, PrimExpr thread_extent,
                    bool do_shuffle)
      : thread_var_(std::move(thread_var)), replaced_(std::move(replaced)),
        thread_extent_(std::move(thread_extent)), do_shuffle_(do_shuffle) {}

  PrimExpr VisitExpr_(const VarNode *var) final {
    if (var == thread_var_.get()) {
      return replaced_;
    } else {
      return StmtExprMutator::VisitExpr_(var);
    }
  }

  Stmt VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final {
    auto f_uses_thread_index = [=](const tvm::tir::VarNode *parameter) {
      return parameter == thread_var_.get();
    };
    maybe_thread_opt_ = false;
    if (!op->else_case.defined() && op->condition.as<EQNode>() &&
        UsesVar(op->condition, f_uses_thread_index) &&
        !(UsesVar(op->then_case, f_uses_thread_index))) {
      auto eq_op = Downcast<EQ>(op->condition);
      if (eq_op->a.as<VarNode>() == thread_var_.get() ||
          eq_op->b.as<VarNode>() == thread_var_.get()) {
        maybe_thread_opt_ = true;
      }
      auto then_case = StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt(op->then_case);
      maybe_thread_opt_ = do_shuffle_ && maybe_thread_opt_ && has_tma_op_;
      has_tma_op_ = false;
      if (maybe_thread_opt_) {
        return IfThenElse(
            Call(DataType::Bool(), tl_shuffle_elect(), {thread_extent_}),
            StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt(op->then_case), std::nullopt);
      }
    }
    return StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

  PrimExpr VisitExpr_(const CallNode *op) final {
    if (op->op.same_as(tl::tma_load()) ||
        op->op.same_as(tl::tma_load_im2col()) ||
        op->op.same_as(tl::tma_store())) {
      has_tma_op_ = true;
    }
    return StmtExprMutator::VisitExpr_(op);
  }

  Var thread_var_;
  PrimExpr replaced_;
  PrimExpr thread_extent_;
  bool maybe_thread_opt_ = false;
  bool do_shuffle_;
  bool has_tma_op_ = false;
};

Block MakeGroupBlock(const Stmt &stmt,
                     const Map<String, ObjectRef> &annotations) {
  Block block(/*iter_vars=*/{}, /*reads=*/{}, /*writes=*/{}, /*name_hint=*/"",
              /*body*/ stmt,
              /*init=*/{}, /*alloc_buffers=*/{}, /*match_buffers=*/{},
              /*annotations=*/annotations);
  return block;
}

struct OpInfo {
  int group_size{}, order{}, stage{};
  std::vector<int> group;
};
struct PipelineInfo {
  std::vector<OpInfo> op_infos;

  PipelineInfo() = default;
  PipelineInfo(const Array<Array<Integer>> &group_info,
               const Array<Integer> &order_info,
               const Array<Integer> &stage_info) {
    int n = static_cast<int>(group_info.size());
    ICHECK(n == static_cast<int>(order_info.size()));
    ICHECK(n == static_cast<int>(stage_info.size()));
    // int cur_id = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      OpInfo op_info;
      op_info.group_size = group_info[i].size();
      for (int j = 0; j < op_info.group_size; j++) {
        op_info.group.push_back(group_info[i][j].as<IntImmNode>()->value);
      }
      op_info.order = order_info[i].as<IntImmNode>()->value;
      op_info.stage = stage_info[i].as<IntImmNode>()->value;
      op_infos.push_back(op_info);
    }
  }

  PipelineInfo(const PipelineInfo &other) {
    for (const auto &op_info : other.op_infos) {
      op_infos.push_back(op_info);
    }
  }

  std::pair<int, int> FindStmt(int stmt_idx) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < op_infos.size(); i++) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < op_infos[i].group.size(); j++) {
        if (op_infos[i].group[j] == stmt_idx) {
          return std::make_pair(i, j);
        }
      }
    }
    return std::make_pair(-1, -1);
  }

  void UpdateOrder(int order) {
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(op_infos.size()); i++) {
      if (op_infos[i].order >= order && op_infos[i].order > 0) {
        op_infos[i].order++;
      }
    }
  }

  int SplitOp(int stmt_idx) {
    auto pair = FindStmt(stmt_idx);
    int op_idx = pair.first;
    int inner_idx = pair.second;
    ICHECK(op_idx != -1);
    ICHECK(inner_idx != -1);
    OpInfo half0;
    OpInfo half1;
    // The order to do sync
    int sync_order = op_infos[op_idx].order + 1;
    UpdateOrder(sync_order);

    half0.group_size = inner_idx + 1;
    half0.order = op_infos[op_idx].order;
    half0.stage = op_infos[op_idx].stage;
    for (int i = 0; i <= inner_idx; i++) {
      half0.group.push_back(op_infos[op_idx].group[i]);
    }
    half1.group_size = op_infos[op_idx].group_size - inner_idx - 1;
    half1.order = op_infos[op_idx].order + 2;
    half1.stage = op_infos[op_idx].stage;
    for (int i = inner_idx + 1; i < op_infos[op_idx].group_size; i++) {
      half1.group.push_back(op_infos[op_idx].group[i]);
    }
    op_infos.erase(op_infos.begin() + op_idx);
    if (half0.group_size > 0) {
      op_infos.insert(op_infos.begin() + op_idx, half0);
    }
    if (half1.group_size > 0) {
      UpdateOrder(half1.order);
      op_infos.insert(op_infos.begin() + op_idx + 1, half1);
    }
    return sync_order;
  }

  void PrintPipelineInfo() {
    std::cout << "Print op_infos:" << '\n';
    for (size_t i = 0; i < op_infos.size(); i++) {
      std::cout << i << " " << op_infos[i].group_size << " "
                << op_infos[i].order << " " << op_infos[i].stage << '\n';
    }
    std::cout << "End of print" << '\n';
  }
};

class GroupOpRewriter : public StmtExprMutator {
public:
  GroupOpRewriter(const PipelineInfo &pipeline_info)
      : pipeline_info_(pipeline_info) {}

private:
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const ForNode *op) final {
    Map<String, ObjectRef> annotations;
    annotations.Set(String("stmt_group"), Integer(1));
    auto original_node = (op->body).as<SeqStmtNode>();
    if (!original_node) {
      return tvm::ffi::GetRef<For>(op);
    }
    Array<Stmt> new_body;
    int cur_id = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(pipeline_info_.op_infos.size()); i++) {
      if (pipeline_info_.op_infos[i].group_size == 0)
        continue;
      Array<Stmt> block_stmt;
      for (int j = 0;
           j < static_cast<int>(pipeline_info_.op_infos[i].group_size); j++) {
        // ICHECK(group_info_[i][j].as<IntImmNode>());
        // int index =
        // static_cast<int>(group_info_[i][j].as<IntImmNode>()->value);
        ICHECK(original_node->seq[cur_id].as<BlockNode>());
        auto block = original_node->seq[cur_id].as<BlockNode>();
        // TODO: handle nested seqstmt
        block_stmt.push_back(block->body);
        cur_id++;
      }
      new_body.push_back(MakeGroupBlock(
          block_stmt.size() == 1 ? block_stmt[0]
                                 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-move-const-arg)
                                 : SeqStmt(std::move(block_stmt)),
          annotations));
    }
    Array<Integer> order_anno;
    Array<Integer> stage_anno;
    for (const auto &op_info : pipeline_info_.op_infos) {
      order_anno.push_back(Integer(op_info.order));
      stage_anno.push_back(Integer(op_info.stage));
    }
    Map<String, Any> for_annotations = op->annotations;
    for_annotations.erase("tl_pipeline_group");
    for_annotations.Set("software_pipeline_order", order_anno);
    for_annotations.Set("software_pipeline_stage", stage_anno);
    For new_for =
        For(op->loop_var, op->min, op->extent, op->kind,
            new_body.size() == 1 ? new_body[0] : SeqStmt(std::move(new_body)),
            op->thread_binding, for_annotations);
    return new_for;
  }

  PipelineInfo pipeline_info_;
};

class WgMMACollector : public StmtExprVisitor {
public:
  WgMMACollector() = default;

  void VisitExpr_(const CallNode *op) final {
    if (op->op.same_as(tl_gemm()) || op->op.same_as(tl_gemm_sp())) {
      auto op_name = std::string(op->args[0].as<StringImmNode>()->value);
      if (has_wgmma_) {
        has_wgmma_ =
            op_name.find("false") == std::string::npos && !in_if_scope_;
      }
    }
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitExpr_(op);
  }

  void VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final {
    in_if_scope_ = true;
    StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt(op->then_case);
    if (op->else_case.defined()) {
      StmtExprVisitor::VisitStmt(op->else_case.value());
    }
    in_if_scope_ = false;
  }

  static bool HasWgMMA(const Stmt &stmt) {
    auto collector = WgMMACollector();
    collector(stmt);
    return collector.has_wgmma_;
  }

  bool has_wgmma_{true};
  bool in_if_scope_{false};
};

class WSCodeEmitter : public StmtMutator {
public:
  WSCodeEmitter(bool is_emitting_producer, const IterVar &thread_iv,
                Map<Var, Buffer> buffer_data_to_buffer,
                const WarpSpecializedRoleMarker &marker,
                bool mbarrier_only = false)
      : is_emitting_producer_(is_emitting_producer),
        buffer_data_to_buffer_(std::move(buffer_data_to_buffer)),
        marker_(marker), thread_var_(thread_iv->var),
        mbarrier_only_(mbarrier_only) {}

  /**
   * @brief Whether a SIMT-style bulk copy was detected.
   *
   * Returns true when a simulated SIMT (thread-parallel) copy pattern was
   * observed during analysis/emission, which can affect barrier insertion and
   * copy emission.
   *
   * @return true if a SIMT copy was detected; false otherwise.
   */
  bool hasSimtCopy() const { return has_simt_copy_; }

private:
  template <
      typename NodeType> /**
                          * @brief Filter a statement by its producer/consumer
                          * role for emission.
                          *
                          * Returns one of:
                          * - the original statement (unchanged) when this
                          * emitter should emit it,
                          * - the result of visiting the statement (to descend
                          * into it) when mbarrier-only mode requires full
                          * traversal for non-producer roles,
                          * - an empty evaluate (`Evaluate(0)`) when the
                          * statement should be omitted.
                          *
                          * The decision is based on the role of `op` as
                          * reported by `marker_`, the emitter mode
                          * (`is_emitting_producer_`), and the `mbarrier_only_`
                          * flag.
                          *
                          * @param op The statement node to filter; its role is
                          * queried via `marker_`.
                          * @return Stmt The statement to place into the emitted
                          * IR (possibly transformed or an empty evaluate).
                          */
  Stmt FilterByRole(const NodeType *op) {
    Role role = marker_.GetRole(op);
    if (mbarrier_only_) {
      if (role != Role::kProducer)
        return StmtMutator::VisitStmt_(op);
    }
    if (role == Role::kBoth) {
      return StmtMutator::VisitStmt_(op);
    } else if ((role == Role::kProducer) == is_emitting_producer_) {
      return tvm::ffi::GetRef<Stmt>(op);
    } else {
      return Evaluate(0);
    }
  }

  Stmt VisitStmt_(const SeqStmtNode *op) final {

    bool has_producer = false;
    for (auto stmt : op->seq) {
      if (marker_.GetRole(stmt) == Role::kProducer) {
        has_producer = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    bool need_producer_sync =
        has_producer && marker_.GetRole(op) == Role::kBoth;
    if (!need_producer_sync)
      return FilterByRole(op);

    auto seq_transformed =
        op->seq.Map([&](const Stmt &stmt) { return VisitStmt(stmt); });

    auto map = ExtractSyncPattern(op->seq);

    /*
      std::cout << "Print ExtractSyncPattern" << std::endl;
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(op->seq.size()); i++) {
        std::cout << i << " " << map.acquire[i] << " " << map.release[i] << " "
        << map.release_after[i] << std::endl;
      }
      std::cout << "Print sync pattern" << std::endl;
      for (auto pattern : map.patterns) {
        std::cout << pattern.release_idx << " " << pattern.acquire_idx <<
        std::endl;
      }
      std::cout << "End of ExtractSyncPattern" << std::endl;
      pipeline_info_.PrintPipelineInfo();
    */
    Array<Stmt> new_body;
    Map<String, ObjectRef> annotations;
    annotations.Set(String("stmt_group"), Integer(1));

    if (is_emitting_producer_) { // producer case
      ProducerTraitsCollector collector;
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(op->seq.size()); i++) {
        Array<Stmt> block_stmt = {};
        if (!mbarrier_only_) {
          if (marker_.GetRole(op->seq[i]) == Role::kConsumer)
            continue;
          if (marker_.GetRole(op->seq[i]) == Role::kBoth) {
            block_stmt.push_back(seq_transformed[i]);
            new_body.push_back(
                MakeGroupBlock(block_stmt.size() == 1
                                   ? block_stmt[0]
                                   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-move-const-arg)
                                   : SeqStmt(std::move(block_stmt)),
                               annotations));
            continue;
          }
        }

        for (int pattern_idx : map.acquire[i]) {
          PrimExpr acquire_barrier_id =
              stage_ + num_barriers_ + num_stages_ * pattern_idx;
          PrimExpr parity = map.is_loop_dependency(pattern_idx)
                                ? bitwise_xor(parity_, 1)
                                : parity_;
          block_stmt.push_back(makeParityWait(acquire_barrier_id, parity));
        }
        ICHECK(!map.release[i].empty());
        for (size_t j = 0; j < map.release[i].size(); j++) {
          int pattern_idx = map.release[i][j];
          PrimExpr release_barrier_id =
              stage_ + num_barriers_ + num_stages_ * pattern_idx;
          auto stmt =
              MbarrierRewriter::Rewrite(seq_transformed[i], release_barrier_id);
          collector.Collect(stmt);
          block_stmt.push_back(stmt);
          if (collector.HasSimtCopy()) {
            block_stmt.push_back(makeCpAsyncBarrier(release_barrier_id));
            has_simt_copy_ = true;
          }
          if (map.release_after[i][j]) {
            block_stmt.push_back(makeArriveBarrier(release_barrier_id));
            for (int s = 0; s < num_stages_; s++) {
              released_barrier_.insert(s + num_barriers_ +
                                       num_stages_ * pattern_idx);
            }
          }
          collector.Clear();
          new_body.push_back(
              MakeGroupBlock(block_stmt.size() == 1
                                 ? block_stmt[0]
                                 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-move-const-arg)
                                 : SeqStmt(std::move(block_stmt)),
                             annotations));
        }
      }
    } else { // consumer case
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(op->seq.size()); i++) {
        Array<Stmt> block_stmt = {};
        if (marker_.GetRole(op->seq[i]) == Role::kProducer)
          continue;
        for (int pattern_idx : map.acquire[i]) {
          PrimExpr acquire_barrier_id =
              stage_ + num_barriers_ + num_stages_ * pattern_idx;
          PrimExpr parity = map.is_loop_dependency(pattern_idx)
                                ? bitwise_xor(parity_, 1)
                                : parity_;
          block_stmt.push_back(makeParityWait(acquire_barrier_id, parity));
        }
        block_stmt.push_back(seq_transformed[i]);
        for (size_t j = 0; j < map.release[i].size(); j++) {
          if (map.release_after[i][j]) {
            int pattern_idx = map.release[i][j];
            PrimExpr release_barrier_id =
                stage_ + num_barriers_ + num_stages_ * pattern_idx;
            block_stmt.push_back(makeArriveBarrier(release_barrier_id));
            for (int s = 0; s < num_stages_; s++) {
              released_barrier_.insert(s + num_barriers_ +
                                       num_stages_ * pattern_idx);
            }
          }
        }
        new_body.push_back(MakeGroupBlock(
            block_stmt.size() == 1 ? block_stmt[0]
                                   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-move-const-arg)
                                   : SeqStmt(std::move(block_stmt)),
            annotations));
      }
      // Filter out the producer stmts
      int cur_id = 0;
      PipelineInfo new_pipeline_info;
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(pipeline_info_.op_infos.size());
           i++) {
        auto op_info = pipeline_info_.op_infos[i];
        bool is_producer = false;
        for (int j = 0; j < op_info.group_size; j++) {
          if (marker_.GetRole(op->seq[cur_id]) == Role::kProducer) {
            is_producer = true;
          }
          cur_id++;
        }
        if (is_producer) {
          ICHECK(op_info.group_size == 1);
        } else {
          new_pipeline_info.op_infos.push_back(op_info);
        }
      }
      pipeline_info_ = new_pipeline_info;
    }

    num_barriers_ += map.patterns.size() * num_stages_;

    ICHECK(!new_body.empty());
    return new_body.size() == 1 ? new_body[0] : SeqStmt(std::move(new_body));
  }

  Stmt VisitStmt_(const ForNode *op) final {
    int num_stages = 1;
    auto num_stages_anno = op->annotations.Get("num_stages");
    if (num_stages_anno) {
      ICHECK(num_stages_anno->as<IntImmNode>());
      num_stages = static_cast<int>(num_stages_anno->as<IntImmNode>()->value);
      ICHECK(num_stages_ == 1) << "Nested pipeline not supported.";
    }
    loop_stack_.emplace_back(LoopInfo{op->loop_var, op->extent, op->min});

    Array<Array<Integer>> group_info_array;
    Array<Integer> order_info_array;
    Array<Integer> stage_info_array;

    auto group_anno = op->annotations.Get("tl_pipeline_group");
    if (group_anno) {
      group_info_array = Downcast<Array<Array<Integer>>>(group_anno.value());
    }
    auto order_anno = op->annotations.Get("tl_pipeline_order");
    if (order_anno) {
      order_info_array = Downcast<Array<Integer>>(order_anno.value());
    }
    auto stage_anno = op->annotations.Get("tl_pipeline_stage");
    if (stage_anno) {
      stage_info_array = Downcast<Array<Integer>>(stage_anno.value());
    }

    PipelineInfo pipeline_info(group_info_array, order_info_array,
                               stage_info_array);
    if (!pipeline_info.op_infos.empty()) {
      ICHECK(pipeline_info_.op_infos.empty())
          << "Nested pipeline not supported.";
    }

    PrimExpr parity_before = std::move(parity_);
    PrimExpr stage_before = std::move(stage_);
    int num_stages_before = num_stages_;
    PipelineInfo pipeline_info_before = pipeline_info_;

    num_stages_ = num_stages;
    pipeline_info_ = pipeline_info;
    PrimExpr linear_index = loop_stack_[0].loop_var - loop_stack_[0].min;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < loop_stack_.size(); ++i) {
      linear_index = linear_index * loop_stack_[i].extent +
                     (loop_stack_[i].loop_var - loop_stack_[i].min);
    }
    stage_ = FloorMod(linear_index, num_stages);
    parity_ = FloorMod(
        parity_before * op->extent + FloorDiv(linear_index, num_stages), 2);
    auto result = FilterByRole(op);

    Stmt grouped_for_node;
    if (result.as<ForNode>() && group_anno && !group_info_array.empty() &&
        !is_emitting_producer_) {
      GroupOpRewriter group_op_rewriter(pipeline_info_);
      auto for_node = Downcast<For>(result);
      grouped_for_node = group_op_rewriter(for_node);
    }

    parity_ = std::move(parity_before);
    stage_ = std::move(stage_before);
    num_stages_ = num_stages_before;
    pipeline_info_ = pipeline_info_before;

    // remove pipeline annotation
    auto for_node = result.as<For>();
    if (result.as<ForNode>()) {
      auto for_node = Downcast<For>(result);
      for_node.CopyOnWrite()->annotations.erase("num_stages");
      if (is_emitting_producer_ || group_info_array.empty()) {
        for_node.CopyOnWrite()->annotations.erase("tl_pipeline_order");
        for_node.CopyOnWrite()->annotations.erase("tl_pipeline_stage");
      }
      if (is_emitting_producer_ || !group_anno || group_info_array.empty()) {
        loop_stack_.pop_back();
        return for_node;
      }
      loop_stack_.pop_back();
      return grouped_for_node;
    }
    loop_stack_.pop_back();
    return result;
  }

  Stmt VisitStmt_(const IfThenElseNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const EvaluateNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const AttrStmtNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const BufferStoreNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const LetStmtNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const AssertStmtNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const BlockNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const BlockRealizeNode *op) final { return FilterByRole(op); }

  struct SyncPattern {
    int release_idx, acquire_idx;
  };

  struct SyncPatternMap {
    std::vector<std::vector<int>> acquire;
    std::vector<std::vector<int>> release;
    std::vector<std::vector<bool>> release_after;
    std::vector<SyncPattern> patterns;

    void resize(size_t n) {
      acquire.resize(n);
      release.resize(n);
      release_after.resize(n);
    }

    bool is_loop_dependency(int pattern_idx) {
      return patterns[pattern_idx].release_idx >
             patterns[pattern_idx].acquire_idx;
    }
  };

  std::vector<SyncPattern>
  CreateBaseSyncPairs(const Array<Stmt> &seq_stmt,
                      const std::vector<bool> &is_producer) {
    const int n = seq_stmt.size();
    std::vector<std::set<const BufferNode *>> reads, writes;
    reads.reserve(n);
    writes.reserve(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      Block block(/*iter_vars=*/{}, /*reads=*/{}, /*writes=*/{},
                  /*name_hint=*/"",
                  /*body*/ seq_stmt[i]);
      auto access = GetBlockAccessRegion(block, buffer_data_to_buffer_);
      std::set<const BufferNode *> read_set, write_set;
      for (auto region : access[0]) {
        auto var = region->buffer->data;
        if (buffer_data_to_buffer_.count(var)) {
          read_set.insert(buffer_data_to_buffer_[var].get());
        } else {
          read_set.insert(region->buffer.get());
        }
      }
      for (auto region : access[1]) {
        auto var = region->buffer->data;
        if (buffer_data_to_buffer_.count(var)) {
          write_set.insert(buffer_data_to_buffer_[var].get());
        } else {
          write_set.insert(region->buffer.get());
        }
      }
      reads.push_back(std::move(read_set));
      writes.push_back(std::move(write_set));
    }

    auto intersect_fn = [](const std::set<const BufferNode *> &lhs,
                           const std::set<const BufferNode *> &rhs) {
      for (auto ptr : lhs)
        if (rhs.count(ptr))
          return true;
      return false;
    };

    std::vector<SyncPattern> sync_patterns;
    // producer_release consumer_acquire,
    // inject before the first consumer stmt for each producer
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
        if (is_producer[i] != is_producer[j] &&
            (intersect_fn(writes[i], reads[j]) ||
             intersect_fn(reads[i], writes[j]))) {
          sync_patterns.push_back({i, j});
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    // consumer_release producer_acquire
    // valid when is_loop is true
    // inject before the earliest producer stmt for each consumer
    bool in_loop = !is_zero(parity_);
    if (in_loop) {
      for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
          if (is_producer[i] != is_producer[j] &&
              (intersect_fn(writes[i], reads[j]) ||
               intersect_fn(reads[i], writes[j]))) {
            sync_patterns.push_back({i, j});
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    return sync_patterns;
  }

  static std::vector<SyncPattern>
  RemoveUnusedSyncPatterns(const std::vector<SyncPattern> &sync_patterns,
                           const std::vector<bool> &is_producer) {
    /*
      Simplify multiple release-acquire pairs into one
      ------------------
        Produce(A)
        Produce(B)
        Consume(A, B)
      ------------------
      [(0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 0)] -> [(1, 2), (2, 0)]

      Or
      ------------------
        Produce(A, B)
        Consume(A)
        Consume(B)
      ------------------
      [(0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 0)] -> [(0, 1), (2, 0)]
    */
    int M = sync_patterns.size();
    std::vector<bool> removed(M, false);
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < M; j++) {
        if (is_producer[sync_patterns[i].acquire_idx] ==
                is_producer[sync_patterns[j].acquire_idx] &&
            sync_patterns[i].acquire_idx >= sync_patterns[j].acquire_idx &&
            sync_patterns[i].release_idx < sync_patterns[j].release_idx)
          removed[i] = true;
      }
    }

    std::vector<SyncPattern> sync_pattern_cleaned;
    sync_pattern_cleaned.reserve(M);
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++)
      if (!removed[i])
        sync_pattern_cleaned.push_back(sync_patterns[i]);

    return sync_pattern_cleaned;
  }

  SyncPatternMap ExtractSyncPattern(const Array<Stmt> &seq_stmt) {
    size_t num_stmts = seq_stmt.size();
    std::vector<bool> is_producer;
    is_producer.reserve(num_stmts);
    for (auto stmt : seq_stmt) {
      is_producer.push_back(marker_.GetRole(stmt) == Role::kProducer);
    }

    auto sync_patterns_base = CreateBaseSyncPairs(seq_stmt, is_producer);
    auto sync_patterns =
        RemoveUnusedSyncPatterns(sync_patterns_base, is_producer);

    // for (auto pattern : sync_patterns) {
    //   std::cout << pattern.release_idx << " " << pattern.acquire_idx <<
    //   std::endl;
    // }

    SyncPatternMap map;
    map.resize(num_stmts);
    map.patterns = sync_patterns;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < sync_patterns.size(); i++) {
      int acquire_idx = sync_patterns[i].acquire_idx;
      int release_idx = sync_patterns[i].release_idx;

      map.acquire[acquire_idx].push_back(i);
      map.release[release_idx].push_back(i);
      map.release_after[release_idx].push_back(true);
    }

    std::vector<int> cur_consumer_barrier, cur_producer_barrier;
    for (int i = num_stmts - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      if (is_producer[i]) {
        if (map.release[i].empty()) {
          for (auto pattern_idx : cur_producer_barrier) {
            map.release[i].push_back(pattern_idx);
            map.release_after[i].push_back(false);
          }
        } else {
          for (auto pattern_idx : map.release[i]) {
            cur_producer_barrier.push_back(pattern_idx);
          }
        }
      } else {
        if (map.release[i].empty()) {
          for (auto pattern_idx : cur_consumer_barrier) {
            map.release[i].push_back(pattern_idx);
            map.release_after[i].push_back(false);
          }
        } else {
          for (auto pattern_idx : map.release[i]) {
            cur_consumer_barrier.push_back(pattern_idx);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return map;
  }

  const bool is_emitting_producer_;
  Map<Var, Buffer> buffer_data_to_buffer_;
  std::unordered_set<int> released_barrier_;
  const WarpSpecializedRoleMarker &marker_;

  int num_barriers_ = 0;
  PrimExpr parity_ = 0;
  PrimExpr stage_ = 0;
  int num_stages_ = 1;
  std::vector<LoopInfo> loop_stack_;
  Var thread_var_;
  bool mbarrier_only_ = false;
  PipelineInfo pipeline_info_;
  friend class WarpSpecializedRewriter;
  bool has_simt_copy_ = false;
};

class WarpSpecializedRewriter : public StmtExprMutator {
public:
  WarpSpecializedRewriter(bool disable_warp_specialized,
                          bool disable_shuffle_elect)
      : disable_warp_specialized_(disable_warp_specialized),
        disable_shuffle_elect_(disable_shuffle_elect) {}
  static PrimFunc Substitute(PrimFunc f, bool disable_warp_specialized,
                             bool disable_shuffle_elect) {
    // Check if function only uses threadIdx.x before proceeding
    if (!ThreadTagChecker::HasOnlyThreadIdxX(f)) {
      LOG(WARNING) << "WarpSpecialize will be disabled because the program "
                      "uses thread tags other than threadIdx.x."
                   << "If you want to use warp specialization, please refactor "
                      "your program to use threadIdx.x only";
      // Return original function unchanged if other thread tags are found
      return f;
    }

    auto T = WarpSpecializedRewriter(disable_warp_specialized,
                                     disable_shuffle_elect);
    T.buffer_lca_ = DetectBufferAccessLCA(f);
    for (auto [buffer, _] : T.buffer_lca_)
      T.buffer_data_to_buffer_.Set(buffer->data, buffer);
    f.CopyOnWrite()->body = T(f->body);
    return f;
  }

private:
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const AttrStmtNode *op) final {
    if (op->attr_key == tir::attr::thread_extent &&
        Downcast<IterVar>(op->node)->thread_tag == "threadIdx.x") {
      thread_iv_ = Downcast<IterVar>(op->node);
      need_update_thread_extent_ = false;
      AttrStmt attr_stmt = Downcast<AttrStmt>(StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt_(op));
      if (need_update_thread_extent_) {
        thread_iv_.CopyOnWrite()->dom = {0, updated_thread_extent_.value()};
        attr_stmt.CopyOnWrite()->node = thread_iv_;
        attr_stmt.CopyOnWrite()->value = updated_thread_extent_.value();
      }
      thread_iv_ = {};
      return attr_stmt;
    } else {
      return StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt_(op);
    }
  }

  // If users define a thread binding, we will replace the thread binding with
  // threadIdx.x We require the thread binding is threadIdx.x, and the extent is
  // the same as the thread extent
  Stmt VisitStmt_(const ForNode *op) final {
    ICHECK(thread_iv_.defined());
    For for_node = Downcast<For>(StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt_(op));
    if (for_node->kind == ForKind::kThreadBinding) {
      ICHECK(for_node->thread_binding.defined());
      String thread_tag = for_node->thread_binding.value()->thread_tag;
      ICHECK(thread_tag == "threadIdx.x") << "Only support threadIdx.x";
      Var thread_iv = Downcast<Var>(for_node->loop_var);
      Stmt new_body =
          ThreadIdxRewriter::Rewrite(for_node->body, thread_iv, thread_iv_, 0);
      return new_body;
    }
    return for_node;
  }

  Stmt VisitStmt_(const BlockRealizeNode *op) final {
    BlockRealize block_realize =
        Downcast<BlockRealize>(StmtExprMutator::VisitStmt_(op));
    if (!thread_iv_.defined()) {
      return block_realize;
    }

    Block block = block_realize->block;
    WarpSpecializedRoleMarker marker(buffer_data_to_buffer_);
    marker.Prepare(block);
    marker(block);
    if (!marker.HasProducer()) {
      // Cannot detect any producer here, directly return.
      return block_realize;
    }

    if (disable_warp_specialized_) {
      WSCodeEmitter mbarrier_emitter(true, thread_iv_, buffer_data_to_buffer_,
                                     marker, true);
      auto code = mbarrier_emitter(block->body);
      int num_barriers = mbarrier_emitter.num_barriers_;
      Array<PrimExpr> barrier_num_threads;
      barrier_num_threads.reserve(num_barriers);
      PrimExpr arrive_thread_count = thread_iv_->dom->extent;
      for (int i = 0; i < num_barriers; i++) {
        barrier_num_threads.push_back(arrive_thread_count);
      }
      Stmt init_barrier = Evaluate(Call(
          DataType::Handle(), create_list_of_mbarrier(), barrier_num_threads));
      block.CopyOnWrite()->body = SeqStmt({init_barrier, code});
      block_realize.CopyOnWrite()->block = block;
      return block_realize;
    }
    WSCodeEmitter producer(true, thread_iv_, buffer_data_to_buffer_, marker);
    WSCodeEmitter consumer(false, thread_iv_, buffer_data_to_buffer_, marker,
                           false);
    Stmt producer_code = producer(block->body);
    Stmt consumer_code = consumer(block->body);
    PrimExpr consumer_thread_extent = thread_iv_->dom->extent;
    PrimExpr producer_thread_extent = thread_iv_->dom->extent;
    // Need one warp-group for bulk-copy only case
    if (!marker.HasSimtCopy())
      producer_thread_extent = 128;

    updated_thread_extent_ = consumer_thread_extent + producer_thread_extent;

    producer_code = ThreadIdxRewriter::Rewrite(
        producer_code, thread_iv_->var,
        thread_iv_->var - consumer_thread_extent, producer_thread_extent,
        !disable_shuffle_elect_);
    consumer_code = ThreadIdxRewriter::Rewrite(
        consumer_code, thread_iv_->var, thread_iv_->var, consumer_thread_extent,
        !disable_shuffle_elect_);
    need_update_thread_extent_ = true;

    ICHECK(producer.num_barriers_ == consumer.num_barriers_)
        << producer.num_barriers_ << " " << consumer.num_barriers_;
    int num_barriers = consumer.num_barriers_;
    Array<PrimExpr> barrier_num_threads;
    barrier_num_threads.reserve(num_barriers);
    for (int i = 0; i < num_barriers; i++) {
      PrimExpr arrive_thread_count =
          producer.released_barrier_.count(i)
              ? (producer.hasSimtCopy() ? producer_thread_extent : 1)
              : consumer_thread_extent;
      barrier_num_threads.push_back(arrive_thread_count);
    }

    Stmt init_barrier = Evaluate(Call(
        DataType::Handle(), create_list_of_mbarrier(), barrier_num_threads));
    Stmt body = IfThenElse(GE(thread_iv_->var, consumer_thread_extent),
                           producer_code, consumer_code);
    // Add an attr here to handle the partial thread count in ThreadSync pass.
    Array<IntImm> ws_partition = {Downcast<IntImm>(producer_thread_extent),
                                  Downcast<IntImm>(consumer_thread_extent)};
    body = AttrStmt(ws_partition, attr::kWarpSpecializationScope, 0, body);

    block.CopyOnWrite()->body = SeqStmt({init_barrier, body});
    block_realize.CopyOnWrite()->block = block;
    return block_realize;
  }

  WarpSpecializedRewriter() = default;

  Map<Var, Buffer> buffer_data_to_buffer_;
  Map<Buffer, Optional<Stmt>> buffer_lca_;
  Map<Buffer, Buffer> buffer_remap_;
  IterVar thread_iv_;
  Optional<PrimExpr> updated_thread_extent_;
  bool need_update_thread_extent_ = false;
  bool disable_warp_specialized_ = false;
  bool disable_shuffle_elect_ = false;
};

using namespace tir::transform;

tvm::transform::Pass WarpSpecialized() {
  auto pass_func = [=](PrimFunc f, const IRModule &m, PassContext ctx) {
    bool disable_warp_specialized =
        ctx->GetConfig<Bool>(kDisableWarpSpecialized, Bool(false)).value();
    bool disable_shuffle_elect =
        ctx->GetConfig<Bool>(kDisableShuffleElect, Bool(false)).value();
    bool warp_specialized = WarpSpecializedDetector::Detect(f->body);

    if (!warp_specialized) {
      return WarpSpecializedRewriter::Substitute(f, disable_warp_specialized,
                                                 disable_shuffle_elect);
    } else {
      auto node = ffi::String("default");
      f.CopyOnWrite()->body =
          AttrStmt(node, attr::kCustomWarpSpecialization, 1, f->body);
      return f;
    }
  };
  return CreatePrimFuncPass(pass_func, 0, "tl.WarpSpecialized", {});
}

TVM_FFI_STATIC_INIT_BLOCK() {
  namespace refl = tvm::ffi::reflection;
  refl::GlobalDef().def("tl.transform.WarpSpecialized", WarpSpecialized);
}

} // namespace tl
} // namespace tvm