modeling_utils.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors, Facebook AI Research authors and The HuggingFace Inc. team.
# Copyright (c) 2018, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import collections
import gc
import importlib.metadata
import inspect
import json
import os
import re
import shutil
import tempfile
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import partial, wraps
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import torch
from packaging import version
from torch import Tensor, nn
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss

from .activations import get_activation
from .configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig
from .deepspeed import deepspeed_config, is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled
from .dynamic_module_utils import custom_object_save
from .generation import GenerationConfig, GenerationMixin
from .pytorch_utils import (  # noqa: F401
    Conv1D,
    apply_chunking_to_forward,
    find_pruneable_heads_and_indices,
    id_tensor_storage,
    prune_conv1d_layer,
    prune_layer,
    prune_linear_layer,
)
from .utils import (
    DUMMY_INPUTS,
    FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME,
    SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME,
    SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME,
    TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME,
    TF_WEIGHTS_NAME,
    WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME,
    WEIGHTS_NAME,
    ContextManagers,
    ModelOutput,
    PushToHubMixin,
    cached_file,
    copy_func,
    download_url,
    has_file,
    is_accelerate_available,
    is_bitsandbytes_available,
    is_offline_mode,
    is_optimum_available,
    is_remote_url,
    is_safetensors_available,
    is_torch_tpu_available,
    logging,
    replace_return_docstrings,
)
from .utils.hub import convert_file_size_to_int, get_checkpoint_shard_files
from .utils.import_utils import ENV_VARS_TRUE_VALUES, is_sagemaker_mp_enabled
from .utils.quantization_config import BitsAndBytesConfig
from .utils.versions import require_version_core


XLA_USE_BF16 = os.environ.get("XLA_USE_BF16", "0").upper()
XLA_DOWNCAST_BF16 = os.environ.get("XLA_DOWNCAST_BF16", "0").upper()

if is_accelerate_available():
    from accelerate import dispatch_model, infer_auto_device_map, init_empty_weights
    from accelerate.utils import (
        check_tied_parameters_on_same_device,
        find_tied_parameters,
        get_balanced_memory,
        load_offloaded_weights,
        offload_weight,
        save_offload_index,
        set_module_tensor_to_device,
    )

if is_safetensors_available():
    from safetensors import safe_open
    from safetensors.torch import load_file as safe_load_file
    from safetensors.torch import save_file as safe_save_file

logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)


_init_weights = True


if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
    import smdistributed.modelparallel.torch as smp
    from smdistributed.modelparallel import __version__ as SMP_VERSION

    IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = version.parse(SMP_VERSION) >= version.parse("1.10")
else:
    IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = False


@contextmanager
def no_init_weights(_enable=True):
    """
    Context manager to globally disable weight initialization to speed up loading large models.

    TODO(Patrick): Delete safety argument `_enable=True` at next major version. .
    """
    global _init_weights
    old_init_weights = _init_weights
    if _enable:
        _init_weights = False
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        _init_weights = old_init_weights


try:
    from torch.nn import Identity
except ImportError:
    # Older PyTorch compatibility
    class Identity(nn.Module):
        r"""A placeholder identity operator that is argument-insensitive."""

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__init__()

        def forward(self, input):
            return input


def get_parameter_device(parameter: Union[nn.Module, GenerationMixin, "ModuleUtilsMixin"]):
    try:
        return next(parameter.parameters()).device
    except StopIteration:
        # For nn.DataParallel compatibility in PyTorch 1.5

        def find_tensor_attributes(module: nn.Module) -> List[Tuple[str, Tensor]]:
            tuples = [(k, v) for k, v in module.__dict__.items() if torch.is_tensor(v)]
            return tuples

        gen = parameter._named_members(get_members_fn=find_tensor_attributes)
        first_tuple = next(gen)
        return first_tuple[1].device


def get_first_parameter_dtype(parameter: Union[nn.Module, GenerationMixin, "ModuleUtilsMixin"]):
    """
    Returns the first parameter dtype (can be non-floating) or asserts if none were found.
    """
    try:
        return next(parameter.parameters()).dtype
    except StopIteration:
        # For nn.DataParallel compatibility in PyTorch > 1.5

        def find_tensor_attributes(module: nn.Module) -> List[Tuple[str, Tensor]]:
            tuples = [(k, v) for k, v in module.__dict__.items() if torch.is_tensor(v)]
            return tuples

        gen = parameter._named_members(get_members_fn=find_tensor_attributes)
        first_tuple = next(gen)
        return first_tuple[1].dtype


def get_parameter_dtype(parameter: Union[nn.Module, GenerationMixin, "ModuleUtilsMixin"]):
    """
    Returns the first found floating dtype in parameters if there is one, otherwise returns the last dtype it found.
    """
    last_dtype = None
    for t in parameter.parameters():
        last_dtype = t.dtype
        if t.is_floating_point():
            # Adding fix for https://github.com/pytorch/xla/issues/4152
            # Fixes issue where the model code passes a value that is out of range for XLA_USE_BF16=1
            # and XLA_DOWNCAST_BF16=1 so the conversion would cast it to -inf
            # NOTE: `is_torch_tpu_available()` is checked last as it induces a graph break in torch dynamo
            if XLA_USE_BF16 in ENV_VARS_TRUE_VALUES and is_torch_tpu_available():
                return torch.bfloat16
            if XLA_DOWNCAST_BF16 in ENV_VARS_TRUE_VALUES and is_torch_tpu_available():
                if t.dtype == torch.float:
                    return torch.bfloat16
                if t.dtype == torch.double:
                    return torch.float32
            return t.dtype

    if last_dtype is not None:
        # if no floating dtype was found return whatever the first dtype is
        return last_dtype

    # For nn.DataParallel compatibility in PyTorch > 1.5
    def find_tensor_attributes(module: nn.Module) -> List[Tuple[str, Tensor]]:
        tuples = [(k, v) for k, v in module.__dict__.items() if torch.is_tensor(v)]
        return tuples

    gen = parameter._named_members(get_members_fn=find_tensor_attributes)
    last_tuple = None
    for tuple in gen:
        last_tuple = tuple
        if tuple[1].is_floating_point():
            return tuple[1].dtype

    if last_tuple is not None:
        # fallback to the last dtype
        return last_tuple[1].dtype

    # fallback to buffer dtype
    for t in parameter.buffers():
        last_dtype = t.dtype
        if t.is_floating_point():
            return t.dtype
    return last_dtype


def get_state_dict_float_dtype(state_dict):
    """
    Returns the first found floating dtype in `state_dict` or asserts if none were found.
    """
    for t in state_dict.values():
        if t.is_floating_point():
            return t.dtype

    raise ValueError("couldn't find any floating point dtypes in state_dict")


def get_state_dict_dtype(state_dict):
    """
    Returns the first found floating dtype in `state_dict` if there is one, otherwise returns the first dtype.
    """
    for t in state_dict.values():
        if t.is_floating_point():
            return t.dtype

    # if no floating dtype was found return whatever the first dtype is
    else:
        return next(state_dict.values()).dtype


def dtype_byte_size(dtype):
    """
    Returns the size (in bytes) occupied by one parameter of type `dtype`.

    Example:

    ```py
    >>> dtype_byte_size(torch.float32)
    4
    ```
    """
    if dtype == torch.bool:
        return 1 / 8
    bit_search = re.search(r"[^\d](\d+)$", str(dtype))
    if bit_search is None:
        raise ValueError(f"`dtype` is not a valid dtype: {dtype}.")
    bit_size = int(bit_search.groups()[0])
    return bit_size // 8


def shard_checkpoint(
    state_dict: Dict[str, torch.Tensor], max_shard_size: Union[int, str] = "10GB", weights_name: str = WEIGHTS_NAME
):
    """
    Splits a model state dictionary in sub-checkpoints so that the final size of each sub-checkpoint does not exceed a
    given size.

    The sub-checkpoints are determined by iterating through the `state_dict` in the order of its keys, so there is no
    optimization made to make each sub-checkpoint as close as possible to the maximum size passed. For example, if the
    limit is 10GB and we have weights of sizes [6GB, 6GB, 2GB, 6GB, 2GB, 2GB] they will get sharded as [6GB], [6+2GB],
    [6+2+2GB] and not [6+2+2GB], [6+2GB], [6GB].

    <Tip warning={true}>

    If one of the model's weight is bigger that `max_sahrd_size`, it will end up in its own sub-checkpoint which will
    have a size greater than `max_shard_size`.

    </Tip>

    Args:
        state_dict (`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`): The state dictionary of a model to save.
        max_shard_size (`int` or `str`, *optional*, defaults to `"10GB"`):
            The maximum size of each sub-checkpoint. If expressed as a string, needs to be digits followed by a unit
            (like `"5MB"`).
        weights_name (`str`, *optional*, defaults to `"pytorch_model.bin"`):
            The name of the model save file.
    """
    max_shard_size = convert_file_size_to_int(max_shard_size)

    sharded_state_dicts = [{}]
    last_block_size = 0
    total_size = 0
    storage_id_to_block = {}

    for key, weight in state_dict.items():
        # when bnb serialization is used the weights in the state dict can be strings
        # check: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/24416 for more details
        if isinstance(weight, str):
            continue
        else:
            storage_id = id_tensor_storage(weight)

        # If a `weight` shares the same underlying storage as another tensor, we put `weight` in the same `block`
        if storage_id in storage_id_to_block:
            block_id = storage_id_to_block[storage_id]
            sharded_state_dicts[block_id][key] = weight
            continue

        weight_size = weight.numel() * dtype_byte_size(weight.dtype)

        # If this weight is going to tip up over the maximal size, we split, but only if we have put at least one
        # weight in the current shard.
        if last_block_size + weight_size > max_shard_size and len(sharded_state_dicts[-1]) > 0:
            sharded_state_dicts.append({})
            last_block_size = 0

        sharded_state_dicts[-1][key] = weight
        last_block_size += weight_size
        total_size += weight_size
        storage_id_to_block[storage_id] = len(sharded_state_dicts) - 1

    # If we only have one shard, we return it
    if len(sharded_state_dicts) == 1:
        return {weights_name: sharded_state_dicts[0]}, None

    # Otherwise, let's build the index
    weight_map = {}
    shards = {}
    for idx, shard in enumerate(sharded_state_dicts):
        shard_file = weights_name.replace(".bin", f"-{idx+1:05d}-of-{len(sharded_state_dicts):05d}.bin")
        shard_file = shard_file.replace(
            ".safetensors", f"-{idx + 1:05d}-of-{len(sharded_state_dicts):05d}.safetensors"
        )
        shards[shard_file] = shard
        for key in shard.keys():
            weight_map[key] = shard_file

    # Add the metadata
    metadata = {"total_size": total_size}
    index = {"metadata": metadata, "weight_map": weight_map}
    return shards, index


def load_sharded_checkpoint(model, folder, strict=True, prefer_safe=True):
    """
    This is the same as
    [`torch.nn.Module.load_state_dict`](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.Module.html?highlight=load_state_dict#torch.nn.Module.load_state_dict)
    but for a sharded checkpoint.

    This load is performed efficiently: each checkpoint shard is loaded one by one in RAM and deleted after being
    loaded in the model.

    Args:
        model (`torch.nn.Module`): The model in which to load the checkpoint.
        folder (`str` or `os.PathLike`): A path to a folder containing the sharded checkpoint.
        strict (`bool`, *optional`, defaults to `True`):
            Whether to strictly enforce that the keys in the model state dict match the keys in the sharded checkpoint.
        prefer_safe (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`)
            If both safetensors and PyTorch save files are present in checkpoint and `prefer_safe` is True, the
            safetensors files will be loaded. Otherwise, PyTorch files are always loaded when possible.

    Returns:
        `NamedTuple`: A named tuple with `missing_keys` and `unexpected_keys` fields
            - `missing_keys` is a list of str containing the missing keys
            - `unexpected_keys` is a list of str containing the unexpected keys
    """
    # Load the index
    index_file = os.path.join(folder, WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME)
    safe_index_file = os.path.join(folder, SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME)

    index_present = os.path.isfile(index_file)
    safe_index_present = os.path.isfile(safe_index_file)

    if not index_present and not (safe_index_present and is_safetensors_available()):
        filenames = (
            (WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME) if is_safetensors_available() else (WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME,)
        )
        raise ValueError(f"Can't find a checkpoint index ({' or '.join(filenames)}) in {folder}.")

    load_safe = False
    if safe_index_present:
        if prefer_safe:
            if is_safetensors_available():
                load_safe = True  # load safe due to preference
            else:
                logger.warning(
                    f"Cannot load sharded checkpoint at {folder} safely since safetensors is not installed!"
                )
        elif not index_present:
            load_safe = True  # load safe since we have no other choice

    load_index = safe_index_file if load_safe else index_file

    with open(load_index, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        index = json.load(f)

    shard_files = list(set(index["weight_map"].values()))

    # If strict=True, error before loading any of the state dicts.
    loaded_keys = index["weight_map"].keys()
    model_keys = model.state_dict().keys()
    missing_keys = [key for key in model_keys if key not in loaded_keys]
    unexpected_keys = [key for key in loaded_keys if key not in model_keys]
    if strict and (len(missing_keys) > 0 or len(unexpected_keys) > 0):
        error_message = f"Error(s) in loading state_dict for {model.__class__.__name__}"
        if len(missing_keys) > 0:
            str_missing_keys = ",".join([f'"{k}"' for k in missing_keys])
            error_message += f"\nMissing key(s): {str_missing_keys}."
        if len(unexpected_keys) > 0:
            str_unexpected_keys = ",".join([f'"{k}"' for k in unexpected_keys])
            error_message += f"\nMissing key(s): {str_unexpected_keys}."
        raise RuntimeError(error_message)

    loader = safe_load_file if load_safe else partial(torch.load, map_location="cpu")

    for shard_file in shard_files:
        state_dict = loader(os.path.join(folder, shard_file))
        model.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=False)

        # Make sure memory is freed before we load the next state dict.
        del state_dict
        gc.collect()

    # Return the same thing as PyTorch load_state_dict function.
    return torch.nn.modules.module._IncompatibleKeys(missing_keys, unexpected_keys)


def load_state_dict(checkpoint_file: Union[str, os.PathLike]):
    """
    Reads a PyTorch checkpoint file, returning properly formatted errors if they arise.
    """
    if checkpoint_file.endswith(".safetensors") and is_safetensors_available():
        # Check format of the archive
        with safe_open(checkpoint_file, framework="pt") as f:
            metadata = f.metadata()
        if metadata.get("format") not in ["pt", "tf", "flax"]:
            raise OSError(
                f"The safetensors archive passed at {checkpoint_file} does not contain the valid metadata. Make sure "
                "you save your model with the `save_pretrained` method."
            )
        elif metadata["format"] != "pt":
            raise NotImplementedError(
                f"Conversion from a {metadata['format']} safetensors archive to PyTorch is not implemented yet."
            )
        return safe_load_file(checkpoint_file)
    try:
        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled() and torch.distributed.is_initialized() and torch.distributed.get_rank() > 0:
            map_location = "meta"
        else:
            map_location = "cpu"
        return torch.load(checkpoint_file, map_location=map_location)
    except Exception as e:
        try:
            with open(checkpoint_file) as f:
                if f.read(7) == "version":
                    raise OSError(
                        "You seem to have cloned a repository without having git-lfs installed. Please install "
                        "git-lfs and run `git lfs install` followed by `git lfs pull` in the folder "
                        "you cloned."
                    )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Unable to locate the file {checkpoint_file} which is necessary to load this pretrained "
                        "model. Make sure you have saved the model properly."
                    ) from e
        except (UnicodeDecodeError, ValueError):
            raise OSError(
                f"Unable to load weights from pytorch checkpoint file for '{checkpoint_file}' "
                f"at '{checkpoint_file}'. "
                "If you tried to load a PyTorch model from a TF 2.0 checkpoint, please set from_tf=True."
            )


def set_initialized_submodules(model, state_dict_keys):
    """
    Sets the `_is_hf_initialized` flag in all submodules of a given model when all its weights are in the loaded state
    dict.
    """
    for module_name, module in model.named_modules():
        loaded_keys = [k.replace(f"{module_name}.", "") for k in state_dict_keys if k.startswith(f"{module_name}.")]
        if len(set(module.state_dict().keys()) - set(loaded_keys)) == 0:
            module._is_hf_initialized = True


def _load_state_dict_into_model(model_to_load, state_dict, start_prefix):
    # Convert old format to new format if needed from a PyTorch state_dict
    old_keys = []
    new_keys = []
    for key in state_dict.keys():
        new_key = None
        if "gamma" in key:
            new_key = key.replace("gamma", "weight")
        if "beta" in key:
            new_key = key.replace("beta", "bias")
        if new_key:
            old_keys.append(key)
            new_keys.append(new_key)
    for old_key, new_key in zip(old_keys, new_keys):
        state_dict[new_key] = state_dict.pop(old_key)

    # copy state_dict so _load_from_state_dict can modify it
    metadata = getattr(state_dict, "_metadata", None)
    state_dict = state_dict.copy()
    if metadata is not None:
        state_dict._metadata = metadata

    error_msgs = []

    # PyTorch's `_load_from_state_dict` does not copy parameters in a module's descendants
    # so we need to apply the function recursively.
    def load(module: nn.Module, state_dict, prefix=""):
        local_metadata = {} if metadata is None else metadata.get(prefix[:-1], {})
        args = (state_dict, prefix, local_metadata, True, [], [], error_msgs)
        # Parameters of module and children will start with prefix. We can exit early if there are none in this
        # state_dict
        if len([key for key in state_dict if key.startswith(prefix)]) > 0:
            if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
                import deepspeed

                # In sharded models, each shard has only part of the full state_dict, so only gather
                # parameters that are in the current state_dict.
                named_parameters = dict(module.named_parameters(prefix=prefix[:-1], recurse=False))
                params_to_gather = [named_parameters[k] for k in state_dict.keys() if k in named_parameters]
                if len(params_to_gather) > 0:
                    # because zero3 puts placeholders in model params, this context
                    # manager gathers (unpartitions) the params of the current layer, then loads from
                    # the state dict and then re-partitions them again
                    with deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(params_to_gather, modifier_rank=0):
                        if torch.distributed.get_rank() == 0:
                            module._load_from_state_dict(*args)
            else:
                module._load_from_state_dict(*args)

        for name, child in module._modules.items():
            if child is not None:
                load(child, state_dict, prefix + name + ".")

    load(model_to_load, state_dict, prefix=start_prefix)
    # Delete `state_dict` so it could be collected by GC earlier. Note that `state_dict` is a copy of the argument, so
    # it's safe to delete it.
    del state_dict

    return error_msgs


def find_submodule_and_param_name(model, long_key, start_prefix):
    """
    A helper util to find the last sub-module and the param/buffer name. If `start_prefix` is supplied it'll be removed
    from the start of the key
    """

    if len(start_prefix) > 0 and long_key.startswith(start_prefix):
        long_key = ".".join(long_key.split(".")[1:])

    split_key = long_key.split(".")
    submodule = model
    while len(split_key) > 1:
        if hasattr(submodule, split_key[0]):
            submodule = getattr(submodule, split_key[0])
            del split_key[0]
        else:
            submodule = None
            break
    if submodule == model:
        submodule = None
    return submodule, split_key[0]


def _move_model_to_meta(model, loaded_state_dict_keys, start_prefix):
    """
    Moves `loaded_state_dict_keys` in model to meta device which frees up the memory taken by those params.

    `start_prefix` is used for models which insert their name into model keys, e.g. `bert` in
    `bert.pooler.dense.weight`

    """

    # dematerialize param storage for keys that are going to be replaced by state_dict, by
    # putting those on the meta device
    for k in loaded_state_dict_keys:
        submodule, param_name = find_submodule_and_param_name(model, k, start_prefix)
        if submodule is not None:
            # selectively switch to the meta device only those params/buffers that will
            # be next replaced from state_dict. This a complex way to do p.to_("meta")
            # since we have no in-place to_ for tensors.
            new_val = getattr(submodule, param_name)
            if isinstance(new_val, torch.nn.Parameter):
                # isinstance returns False for Params on meta device, so switch after the check
                new_val = torch.nn.Parameter(new_val.to("meta"))
            else:
                new_val = new_val.to("meta")
            setattr(submodule, param_name, new_val)


def _load_state_dict_into_meta_model(
    model,
    state_dict,
    loaded_state_dict_keys,  # left for now but could be removed, see below
    start_prefix,
    expected_keys,
    device_map=None,
    offload_folder=None,
    offload_index=None,
    state_dict_folder=None,
    state_dict_index=None,
    dtype=None,
    is_quantized=False,
    is_safetensors=False,
    keep_in_fp32_modules=None,
):
    """
    This is somewhat similar to `_load_state_dict_into_model`, but deals with a model that has some or all of its
    params on a `meta` device. It replaces the model params with the data from the `state_dict`, while moving the
    params back to the normal device, but only for `loaded_state_dict_keys`.

    `start_prefix` is used for models which insert their name into model keys, e.g. `bert` in
    `bert.pooler.dense.weight`

    """

    # XXX: remaining features to implement to be fully compatible with _load_state_dict_into_model
    # - deepspeed zero 3 support
    # - need to copy metadata if any - see _load_state_dict_into_model
    # - handling error_msgs - mimicking the error handling in module._load_from_state_dict()
    # - Is there a situation where some keys aren't in `loaded_state_dict_keys` and in which case
    #   they won't get loaded.

    if is_quantized:
        from .utils.bitsandbytes import set_module_quantized_tensor_to_device

    error_msgs = []

    old_keys = []
    new_keys = []
    for key in state_dict.keys():
        new_key = None
        if "gamma" in key:
            new_key = key.replace("gamma", "weight")
        if "beta" in key:
            new_key = key.replace("beta", "bias")
        if new_key:
            old_keys.append(key)
            new_keys.append(new_key)
    for old_key, new_key in zip(old_keys, new_keys):
        state_dict[new_key] = state_dict.pop(old_key)

    for param_name, param in state_dict.items():
        # First part of the test is always true as load_state_dict_keys always contains state_dict keys.
        if param_name not in loaded_state_dict_keys or param_name not in expected_keys:
            continue

        if param_name.startswith(start_prefix):
            param_name = param_name[len(start_prefix) :]

        module_name = param_name
        set_module_kwargs = {}

        # We convert floating dtypes to the `dtype` passed. We want to keep the buffers/params
        # in int/uint/bool and not cast them.
        if dtype is not None and torch.is_floating_point(param):
            if (
                keep_in_fp32_modules is not None
                and any(module_to_keep_in_fp32 in param_name for module_to_keep_in_fp32 in keep_in_fp32_modules)
                and dtype == torch.float16
            ):
                param = param.to(torch.float32)

                # For backward compatibility with older versions of `accelerate`
                # TODO: @sgugger replace this check with version check at the next `accelerate` release
                if "dtype" in list(inspect.signature(set_module_tensor_to_device).parameters):
                    set_module_kwargs["dtype"] = torch.float32
            else:
                param = param.to(dtype)

        # For compatibility with PyTorch load_state_dict which converts state dict dtype to existing dtype in model
        if dtype is None:
            old_param = model
            splits = param_name.split(".")
            for split in splits:
                old_param = getattr(old_param, split)
                if old_param is None:
                    break

            if old_param is not None:
                param = param.to(old_param.dtype)

        set_module_kwargs["value"] = param

        if device_map is None:
            param_device = "cpu"
        else:
            # find next higher level module that is defined in device_map:
            # bert.lm_head.weight -> bert.lm_head -> bert -> ''
            while len(module_name) > 0 and module_name not in device_map:
                module_name = ".".join(module_name.split(".")[:-1])
            if module_name == "" and "" not in device_map:
                # TODO: group all errors and raise at the end.
                raise ValueError(f"{param_name} doesn't have any device set.")
            param_device = device_map[module_name]

        if param_device == "disk":
            if not is_safetensors:
                offload_index = offload_weight(param, param_name, offload_folder, offload_index)
        elif param_device == "cpu" and state_dict_index is not None:
            state_dict_index = offload_weight(param, param_name, state_dict_folder, state_dict_index)
        elif not is_quantized:
            # For backward compatibility with older versions of `accelerate`
            set_module_tensor_to_device(model, param_name, param_device, **set_module_kwargs)
        else:
            if param.dtype == torch.int8 and param_name.replace("weight", "SCB") in state_dict.keys():
                fp16_statistics = state_dict[param_name.replace("weight", "SCB")]
            else:
                fp16_statistics = None

            if "SCB" not in param_name:
                set_module_quantized_tensor_to_device(
                    model, param_name, param_device, value=param, fp16_statistics=fp16_statistics
                )

    return error_msgs, offload_index, state_dict_index


def _add_variant(weights_name: str, variant: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    if variant is not None:
        splits = weights_name.split(".")
        splits = splits[:-1] + [variant] + splits[-1:]
        weights_name = ".".join(splits)

    return weights_name


class ModuleUtilsMixin:
    """
    A few utilities for `torch.nn.Modules`, to be used as a mixin.
    """

    @staticmethod
    def _hook_rss_memory_pre_forward(module, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            import psutil
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError("You need to install psutil (pip install psutil) to use memory tracing.")

        process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
        mem = process.memory_info()
        module.mem_rss_pre_forward = mem.rss
        return None

    @staticmethod
    def _hook_rss_memory_post_forward(module, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            import psutil
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError("You need to install psutil (pip install psutil) to use memory tracing.")

        process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
        mem = process.memory_info()
        module.mem_rss_post_forward = mem.rss
        mem_rss_diff = module.mem_rss_post_forward - module.mem_rss_pre_forward
        module.mem_rss_diff = mem_rss_diff + (module.mem_rss_diff if hasattr(module, "mem_rss_diff") else 0)
        return None

    def add_memory_hooks(self):
        """
        Add a memory hook before and after each sub-module forward pass to record increase in memory consumption.

        Increase in memory consumption is stored in a `mem_rss_diff` attribute for each module and can be reset to zero
        with `model.reset_memory_hooks_state()`.
        """
        for module in self.modules():
            module.register_forward_pre_hook(self._hook_rss_memory_pre_forward)
            module.register_forward_hook(self._hook_rss_memory_post_forward)
        self.reset_memory_hooks_state()

    def reset_memory_hooks_state(self):
        """
        Reset the `mem_rss_diff` attribute of each module (see [`~modeling_utils.ModuleUtilsMixin.add_memory_hooks`]).
        """
        for module in self.modules():
            module.mem_rss_diff = 0
            module.mem_rss_post_forward = 0
            module.mem_rss_pre_forward = 0

    @property
    def device(self) -> torch.device:
        """
        `torch.device`: The device on which the module is (assuming that all the module parameters are on the same
        device).
        """
        return get_parameter_device(self)

    @property
    def dtype(self) -> torch.dtype:
        """
        `torch.dtype`: The dtype of the module (assuming that all the module parameters have the same dtype).
        """
        return get_parameter_dtype(self)

    def invert_attention_mask(self, encoder_attention_mask: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        """
        Invert an attention mask (e.g., switches 0. and 1.).

        Args:
            encoder_attention_mask (`torch.Tensor`): An attention mask.

        Returns:
            `torch.Tensor`: The inverted attention mask.
        """
        if encoder_attention_mask.dim() == 3:
            encoder_extended_attention_mask = encoder_attention_mask[:, None, :, :]
        if encoder_attention_mask.dim() == 2:
            encoder_extended_attention_mask = encoder_attention_mask[:, None, None, :]
        # T5 has a mask that can compare sequence ids, we can simulate this here with this transposition
        # Cf. https://github.com/tensorflow/mesh/blob/8d2465e9bc93129b913b5ccc6a59aa97abd96ec6/mesh_tensorflow
        # /transformer/transformer_layers.py#L270
        # encoder_extended_attention_mask = (encoder_extended_attention_mask ==
        # encoder_extended_attention_mask.transpose(-1, -2))
        encoder_extended_attention_mask = encoder_extended_attention_mask.to(dtype=self.dtype)  # fp16 compatibility
        encoder_extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - encoder_extended_attention_mask) * torch.finfo(self.dtype).min

        return encoder_extended_attention_mask

    @staticmethod
    def create_extended_attention_mask_for_decoder(input_shape, attention_mask, device=None):
        if device is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "The `device` argument is deprecated and will be removed in v5 of Transformers.", FutureWarning
            )
        else:
            device = attention_mask.device
        batch_size, seq_length = input_shape
        seq_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, device=device)
        causal_mask = seq_ids[None, None, :].repeat(batch_size, seq_length, 1) <= seq_ids[None, :, None]
        # in case past_key_values are used we need to add a prefix ones mask to the causal mask
        # causal and attention masks must have same type with pytorch version < 1.3
        causal_mask = causal_mask.to(attention_mask.dtype)

        if causal_mask.shape[1] < attention_mask.shape[1]:
            prefix_seq_len = attention_mask.shape[1] - causal_mask.shape[1]
            causal_mask = torch.cat(
                [
                    torch.ones((batch_size, seq_length, prefix_seq_len), device=device, dtype=causal_mask.dtype),
                    causal_mask,
                ],
                axis=-1,
            )

        extended_attention_mask = causal_mask[:, None, :, :] * attention_mask[:, None, None, :]
        return extended_attention_mask

    def get_extended_attention_mask(
        self, attention_mask: Tensor, input_shape: Tuple[int], device: torch.device = None, dtype: torch.float = None
    ) -> Tensor:
        """
        Makes broadcastable attention and causal masks so that future and masked tokens are ignored.

        Arguments:
            attention_mask (`torch.Tensor`):
                Mask with ones indicating tokens to attend to, zeros for tokens to ignore.
            input_shape (`Tuple[int]`):
                The shape of the input to the model.

        Returns:
            `torch.Tensor` The extended attention mask, with a the same dtype as `attention_mask.dtype`.
        """
        if dtype is None:
            dtype = self.dtype

        if not (attention_mask.dim() == 2 and self.config.is_decoder):
            # show warning only if it won't be shown in `create_extended_attention_mask_for_decoder`
            if device is not None:
                warnings.warn(
                    "The `device` argument is deprecated and will be removed in v5 of Transformers.", FutureWarning
                )
        # We can provide a self-attention mask of dimensions [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]
        # ourselves in which case we just need to make it broadcastable to all heads.
        if attention_mask.dim() == 3:
            extended_attention_mask = attention_mask[:, None, :, :]
        elif attention_mask.dim() == 2:
            # Provided a padding mask of dimensions [batch_size, seq_length]
            # - if the model is a decoder, apply a causal mask in addition to the padding mask
            # - if the model is an encoder, make the mask broadcastable to [batch_size, num_heads, seq_length, seq_length]
            if self.config.is_decoder:
                extended_attention_mask = ModuleUtilsMixin.create_extended_attention_mask_for_decoder(
                    input_shape, attention_mask, device
                )
            else:
                extended_attention_mask = attention_mask[:, None, None, :]
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Wrong shape for input_ids (shape {input_shape}) or attention_mask (shape {attention_mask.shape})"
            )

        # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for
        # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for
        # positions we want to attend and the dtype's smallest value for masked positions.
        # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is
        # effectively the same as removing these entirely.
        extended_attention_mask = extended_attention_mask.to(dtype=dtype)  # fp16 compatibility
        extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - extended_attention_mask) * torch.finfo(dtype).min
        return extended_attention_mask

    def get_head_mask(
        self, head_mask: Optional[Tensor], num_hidden_layers: int, is_attention_chunked: bool = False
    ) -> Tensor:
        """
        Prepare the head mask if needed.

        Args:
            head_mask (`torch.Tensor` with shape `[num_heads]` or `[num_hidden_layers x num_heads]`, *optional*):
                The mask indicating if we should keep the heads or not (1.0 for keep, 0.0 for discard).
            num_hidden_layers (`int`):
                The number of hidden layers in the model.
            is_attention_chunked (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not the attentions scores are computed by chunks or not.

        Returns:
            `torch.Tensor` with shape `[num_hidden_layers x batch x num_heads x seq_length x seq_length]` or list with
            `[None]` for each layer.
        """
        if head_mask is not None:
            head_mask = self._convert_head_mask_to_5d(head_mask, num_hidden_layers)
            if is_attention_chunked is True:
                head_mask = head_mask.unsqueeze(-1)
        else:
            head_mask = [None] * num_hidden_layers

        return head_mask

    def _convert_head_mask_to_5d(self, head_mask, num_hidden_layers):
        """-> [num_hidden_layers x batch x num_heads x seq_length x seq_length]"""
        if head_mask.dim() == 1:
            head_mask = head_mask.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
            head_mask = head_mask.expand(num_hidden_layers, -1, -1, -1, -1)
        elif head_mask.dim() == 2:
            head_mask = head_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)  # We can specify head_mask for each layer
        assert head_mask.dim() == 5, f"head_mask.dim != 5, instead {head_mask.dim()}"
        head_mask = head_mask.to(dtype=self.dtype)  # switch to float if need + fp16 compatibility
        return head_mask

    def num_parameters(self, only_trainable: bool = False, exclude_embeddings: bool = False) -> int:
        """
        Get number of (optionally, trainable or non-embeddings) parameters in the module.

        Args:
            only_trainable (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to return only the number of trainable parameters

            exclude_embeddings (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to return only the number of non-embeddings parameters

        Returns:
            `int`: The number of parameters.
        """

        if exclude_embeddings:
            embedding_param_names = [
                f"{name}.weight" for name, module_type in self.named_modules() if isinstance(module_type, nn.Embedding)
            ]
            non_embedding_parameters = [
                parameter for name, parameter in self.named_parameters() if name not in embedding_param_names
            ]
            return sum(p.numel() for p in non_embedding_parameters if p.requires_grad or not only_trainable)
        else:
            return sum(p.numel() for p in self.parameters() if p.requires_grad or not only_trainable)

    def estimate_tokens(self, input_dict: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]) -> int:
        """
        Helper function to estimate the total number of tokens from the model inputs.

        Args:
            inputs (`dict`): The model inputs.

        Returns:
            `int`: The total number of tokens.
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "warnings_issued"):
            self.warnings_issued = {}
        if self.main_input_name in input_dict:
            return input_dict[self.main_input_name].numel()
        elif "estimate_tokens" not in self.warnings_issued:
            logger.warning(
                "Could not estimate the number of tokens of the input, floating-point operations will not be computed"
            )
            self.warnings_issued["estimate_tokens"] = True
        return 0

    def floating_point_ops(
        self, input_dict: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]], exclude_embeddings: bool = True
    ) -> int:
        """
        Get number of (optionally, non-embeddings) floating-point operations for the forward and backward passes of a
        batch with this transformer model. Default approximation neglects the quadratic dependency on the number of
        tokens (valid if `12 * d_model << sequence_length`) as laid out in [this
        paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08361.pdf) section 2.1. Should be overridden for transformers with parameter
        re-use e.g. Albert or Universal Transformers, or if doing long-range modeling with very high sequence lengths.

        Args:
            batch_size (`int`):
                The batch size for the forward pass.

            sequence_length (`int`):
                The number of tokens in each line of the batch.

            exclude_embeddings (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
                Whether or not to count embedding and softmax operations.

        Returns:
            `int`: The number of floating-point operations.
        """

        return 6 * self.estimate_tokens(input_dict) * self.num_parameters(exclude_embeddings=exclude_embeddings)


class PreTrainedModel(nn.Module, ModuleUtilsMixin, GenerationMixin, PushToHubMixin):
    r"""
    Base class for all models.

    [`PreTrainedModel`] takes care of storing the configuration of the models and handles methods for loading,
    downloading and saving models as well as a few methods common to all models to:

        - resize the input embeddings,
        - prune heads in the self-attention heads.

    Class attributes (overridden by derived classes):

        - **config_class** ([`PretrainedConfig`]) -- A subclass of [`PretrainedConfig`] to use as configuration class
          for this model architecture.
        - **load_tf_weights** (`Callable`) -- A python *method* for loading a TensorFlow checkpoint in a PyTorch model,
          taking as arguments:

            - **model** ([`PreTrainedModel`]) -- An instance of the model on which to load the TensorFlow checkpoint.
            - **config** ([`PreTrainedConfig`]) -- An instance of the configuration associated to the model.
            - **path** (`str`) -- A path to the TensorFlow checkpoint.

        - **base_model_prefix** (`str`) -- A string indicating the attribute associated to the base model in derived
          classes of the same architecture adding modules on top of the base model.
        - **is_parallelizable** (`bool`) -- A flag indicating whether this model supports model parallelization.
        - **main_input_name** (`str`) -- The name of the principal input to the model (often `input_ids` for NLP
          models, `pixel_values` for vision models and `input_values` for speech models).
    """
    config_class = None
    base_model_prefix = ""
    main_input_name = "input_ids"
    _auto_class = None
    _no_split_modules = None
    _skip_keys_device_placement = None
    _keep_in_fp32_modules = None

    # a list of `re` patterns of `state_dict` keys that should be removed from the list of missing
    # keys we find (keys inside the model but not in the checkpoint) and avoid unnecessary warnings.
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = None
    # a list of `re` patterns of `state_dict` keys that should be removed from the list of
    # unexpected keys we find (keys inside the checkpoint but not the model) and avoid unnecessary
    # warnings.
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = None
    # a list of `state_dict` keys to ignore when saving the model (useful for keys that aren't
    # trained, but which are either deterministic or tied variables)
    _keys_to_ignore_on_save = None
    # a list of `state_dict` keys that are potentially tied to another key in the state_dict.
    _tied_weights_keys = None

    is_parallelizable = False
    supports_gradient_checkpointing = False

    @property
    def dummy_inputs(self) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        `Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`: Dummy inputs to do a forward pass in the network.
        """
        return {"input_ids": torch.tensor(DUMMY_INPUTS)}

    @property
    def framework(self) -> str:
        """
        :str: Identifies that this is a PyTorch model.
        """
        return "pt"

    def __init__(self, config: PretrainedConfig, *inputs, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        if not isinstance(config, PretrainedConfig):
            raise ValueError(
                f"Parameter config in `{self.__class__.__name__}(config)` should be an instance of class "
                "`PretrainedConfig`. To create a model from a pretrained model use "
                f"`model = {self.__class__.__name__}.from_pretrained(PRETRAINED_MODEL_NAME)`"
            )
        # Save config and origin of the pretrained weights if given in model
        self.config = config
        self.name_or_path = config.name_or_path
        self.warnings_issued = {}
        self.generation_config = GenerationConfig.from_model_config(config) if self.can_generate() else None

    def post_init(self):
        """
        A method executed at the end of each Transformer model initialization, to execute code that needs the model's
        modules properly initialized (such as weight initialization).
        """
        self.init_weights()
        self._backward_compatibility_gradient_checkpointing()

    def _backward_compatibility_gradient_checkpointing(self):
        if self.supports_gradient_checkpointing and getattr(self.config, "gradient_checkpointing", False):
            self.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
            # Remove the attribute now that is has been consumed, so it's no saved in the config.
            delattr(self.config, "gradient_checkpointing")

    @classmethod
    def _from_config(cls, config, **kwargs):
        """
        All context managers that the model should be initialized under go here.

        Args:
            torch_dtype (`torch.dtype`, *optional*):
                Override the default `torch.dtype` and load the model under this dtype.
        """
        torch_dtype = kwargs.pop("torch_dtype", None)

        # override default dtype if needed
        dtype_orig = None
        if torch_dtype is not None:
            dtype_orig = cls._set_default_torch_dtype(torch_dtype)

        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            logger.info("Detected DeepSpeed ZeRO-3: activating zero.init() for this model")
            # this immediately partitions the model across all gpus, to avoid the overhead in time
            # and memory copying it on CPU or each GPU first
            with deepspeed.zero.Init(config_dict_or_path=deepspeed_config()):
                model = cls(config, **kwargs)
        else:
            model = cls(config, **kwargs)

        # restore default dtype if it was modified
        if dtype_orig is not None:
            torch.set_default_dtype(dtype_orig)

        return model

    @classmethod
    def _set_default_torch_dtype(cls, dtype: torch.dtype) -> torch.dtype:
        """
        Change the default dtype and return the previous one. This is needed when wanting to instantiate the model
        under specific dtype.

        Args:
            dtype (`torch.dtype`):
                a floating dtype to set to.

        Returns:
            `torch.dtype`: the original `dtype` that can be used to restore `torch.set_default_dtype(dtype)` if it was
            modified. If it wasn't, returns `None`.

        Note `set_default_dtype` currently only works with floating-point types and asserts if for example,
        `torch.int64` is passed. So if a non-float `dtype` is passed this functions will throw an exception.
        """
        if not dtype.is_floating_point:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Can't instantiate {cls.__name__} model under dtype={dtype} since it is not a floating point dtype"
            )

        logger.info(f"Instantiating {cls.__name__} model under default dtype {dtype}.")
        dtype_orig = torch.get_default_dtype()
        torch.set_default_dtype(dtype)
        return dtype_orig

    @property
    def base_model(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        `torch.nn.Module`: The main body of the model.
        """
        return getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix, self)

    @classmethod
    def can_generate(cls) -> bool:
        """
        Returns whether this model can generate sequences with `.generate()`.

        Returns:
            `bool`: Whether this model can generate sequences with `.generate()`.
        """
        # Detects whether `prepare_inputs_for_generation` has been overwritten, which is a requirement for generation
        if "GenerationMixin" in str(cls.prepare_inputs_for_generation):
            return False
        return True

    def enable_input_require_grads(self):
        """
        Enables the gradients for the input embeddings. This is useful for fine-tuning adapter weights while keeping
        the model weights fixed.
        """

        def make_inputs_require_grads(module, input, output):
            output.requires_grad_(True)

        self._require_grads_hook = self.get_input_embeddings().register_forward_hook(make_inputs_require_grads)

    def disable_input_require_grads(self):
        """
        Removes the `_require_grads_hook`.
        """
        self._require_grads_hook.remove()

    def get_input_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Returns the model's input embeddings.

        Returns:
            `nn.Module`: A torch module mapping vocabulary to hidden states.
        """
        base_model = getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix, self)
        if base_model is not self:
            return base_model.get_input_embeddings()
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

    def set_input_embeddings(self, value: nn.Module):
        """
        Set model's input embeddings.

        Args:
            value (`nn.Module`): A module mapping vocabulary to hidden states.
        """
        base_model = getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix, self)
        if base_model is not self:
            base_model.set_input_embeddings(value)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

    def get_output_embeddings(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Returns the model's output embeddings.

        Returns:
            `nn.Module`: A torch module mapping hidden states to vocabulary.
        """
        return None  # Overwrite for models with output embeddings

    def _init_weights(self, module):
        """
        Initialize the weights. This method should be overridden by derived class.
        """
        pass

    def _initialize_weights(self, module):
        """
        Initialize the weights if they are not already initialized.
        """
        if getattr(module, "_is_hf_initialized", False):
            return
        self._init_weights(module)
        module._is_hf_initialized = True

    def tie_weights(self):
        """
        Tie the weights between the input embeddings and the output embeddings.

        If the `torchscript` flag is set in the configuration, can't handle parameter sharing so we are cloning the
        weights instead.
        """
        if getattr(self.config, "tie_word_embeddings", True):
            output_embeddings = self.get_output_embeddings()
            if output_embeddings is not None:
                self._tie_or_clone_weights(output_embeddings, self.get_input_embeddings())

        if getattr(self.config, "is_encoder_decoder", False) and getattr(self.config, "tie_encoder_decoder", False):
            if hasattr(self, self.base_model_prefix):
                self = getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix)
            self._tie_encoder_decoder_weights(self.encoder, self.decoder, self.base_model_prefix)

        for module in self.modules():
            if hasattr(module, "_tie_weights"):
                module._tie_weights()

    @staticmethod
    def _tie_encoder_decoder_weights(encoder: nn.Module, decoder: nn.Module, base_model_prefix: str):
        uninitialized_encoder_weights: List[str] = []
        if decoder.__class__ != encoder.__class__:
            logger.info(
                f"{decoder.__class__} and {encoder.__class__} are not equal. In this case make sure that all encoder"
                " weights are correctly initialized."
            )

        def tie_encoder_to_decoder_recursively(
            decoder_pointer: nn.Module,
            encoder_pointer: nn.Module,
            module_name: str,
            uninitialized_encoder_weights: List[str],
            depth=0,
        ):
            assert isinstance(decoder_pointer, nn.Module) and isinstance(
                encoder_pointer, nn.Module
            ), f"{decoder_pointer} and {encoder_pointer} have to be of type nn.Module"
            if hasattr(decoder_pointer, "weight"):
                assert hasattr(encoder_pointer, "weight")
                encoder_pointer.weight = decoder_pointer.weight
                if hasattr(decoder_pointer, "bias"):
                    assert hasattr(encoder_pointer, "bias")
                    encoder_pointer.bias = decoder_pointer.bias
                return

            encoder_modules = encoder_pointer._modules
            decoder_modules = decoder_pointer._modules
            if len(decoder_modules) > 0:
                assert (
                    len(encoder_modules) > 0
                ), f"Encoder module {encoder_pointer} does not match decoder module {decoder_pointer}"

                all_encoder_weights = {module_name + "/" + sub_name for sub_name in encoder_modules.keys()}
                encoder_layer_pos = 0
                for name, module in decoder_modules.items():
                    if name.isdigit():
                        encoder_name = str(int(name) + encoder_layer_pos)
                        decoder_name = name
                        if not isinstance(decoder_modules[decoder_name], type(encoder_modules[encoder_name])) and len(
                            encoder_modules
                        ) != len(decoder_modules):
                            # this can happen if the name corresponds to the position in a list module list of layers
                            # in this case the decoder has added a cross-attention that the encoder does not have
                            # thus skip this step and subtract one layer pos from encoder
                            encoder_layer_pos -= 1
                            continue
                    elif name not in encoder_modules:
                        continue
                    elif depth > 500:
                        raise ValueError(
                            "Max depth of recursive function `tie_encoder_to_decoder` reached. It seems that there is"
                            " a circular dependency between two or more `nn.Modules` of your model."
                        )
                    else:
                        decoder_name = encoder_name = name
                    tie_encoder_to_decoder_recursively(
                        decoder_modules[decoder_name],
                        encoder_modules[encoder_name],
                        module_name + "/" + name,
                        uninitialized_encoder_weights,
                        depth=depth + 1,
                    )
                    all_encoder_weights.remove(module_name + "/" + encoder_name)

                uninitialized_encoder_weights += list(all_encoder_weights)

        # tie weights recursively
        tie_encoder_to_decoder_recursively(decoder, encoder, base_model_prefix, uninitialized_encoder_weights)
        if len(uninitialized_encoder_weights) > 0:
            logger.warning(
                f"The following encoder weights were not tied to the decoder {uninitialized_encoder_weights}"
            )

    def _tie_or_clone_weights(self, output_embeddings, input_embeddings):
        """Tie or clone module weights depending of whether we are using TorchScript or not"""
        if self.config.torchscript:
            output_embeddings.weight = nn.Parameter(input_embeddings.weight.clone())
        else:
            output_embeddings.weight = input_embeddings.weight

        if getattr(output_embeddings, "bias", None) is not None:
            output_embeddings.bias.data = nn.functional.pad(
                output_embeddings.bias.data,
                (
                    0,
                    output_embeddings.weight.shape[0] - output_embeddings.bias.shape[0],
                ),
                "constant",
                0,
            )
        if hasattr(output_embeddings, "out_features") and hasattr(input_embeddings, "num_embeddings"):
            output_embeddings.out_features = input_embeddings.num_embeddings

    def resize_token_embeddings(self, new_num_tokens: Optional[int] = None) -> nn.Embedding:
        """
        Resizes input token embeddings matrix of the model if `new_num_tokens != config.vocab_size`.

        Takes care of tying weights embeddings afterwards if the model class has a `tie_weights()` method.

        Arguments:
            new_num_tokens (`int`, *optional*):
                The number of new tokens in the embedding matrix. Increasing the size will add newly initialized
                vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end. If not provided or `None`, just
                returns a pointer to the input tokens `torch.nn.Embedding` module of the model without doing anything.

        Return:
            `torch.nn.Embedding`: Pointer to the input tokens Embeddings Module of the model.
        """
        model_embeds = self._resize_token_embeddings(new_num_tokens)
        if new_num_tokens is None:
            return model_embeds

        # Update base model and current model config
        self.config.vocab_size = new_num_tokens
        self.vocab_size = new_num_tokens

        # Tie weights again if needed
        self.tie_weights()

        return model_embeds

    def _resize_token_embeddings(self, new_num_tokens):
        old_embeddings = self.get_input_embeddings()
        new_embeddings = self._get_resized_embeddings(old_embeddings, new_num_tokens)
        self.set_input_embeddings(new_embeddings)

        # if word embeddings are not tied, make sure that lm head is resized as well
        if self.get_output_embeddings() is not None and not self.config.tie_word_embeddings:
            old_lm_head = self.get_output_embeddings()
            new_lm_head = self._get_resized_lm_head(old_lm_head, new_num_tokens)
            self.set_output_embeddings(new_lm_head)

        return self.get_input_embeddings()

    def _get_resized_embeddings(
        self, old_embeddings: nn.Embedding, new_num_tokens: Optional[int] = None
    ) -> nn.Embedding:
        """
        Build a resized Embedding Module from a provided token Embedding Module. Increasing the size will add newly
        initialized vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end

        Args:
            old_embeddings (`torch.nn.Embedding`):
                Old embeddings to be resized.
            new_num_tokens (`int`, *optional*):
                New number of tokens in the embedding matrix.

                Increasing the size will add newly initialized vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove
                vectors from the end. If not provided or `None`, just returns a pointer to the input tokens
                `torch.nn.Embedding` module of the model without doing anything.

        Return:
            `torch.nn.Embedding`: Pointer to the resized Embedding Module or the old Embedding Module if
            `new_num_tokens` is `None`
        """
        if new_num_tokens is None:
            return old_embeddings

        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            with deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(old_embeddings.weight, modifier_rank=None):
                old_num_tokens, old_embedding_dim = old_embeddings.weight.size()
        else:
            old_num_tokens, old_embedding_dim = old_embeddings.weight.size()

        if old_num_tokens == new_num_tokens:
            return old_embeddings

        if not isinstance(old_embeddings, nn.Embedding):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Old embeddings are of type {type(old_embeddings)}, which is not an instance of {nn.Embedding}. You"
                " should either use a different resize function or make sure that `old_embeddings` are an instance of"
                f" {nn.Embedding}."
            )

        # Build new embeddings
        new_embeddings = nn.Embedding(new_num_tokens, old_embedding_dim)
        new_embeddings.to(old_embeddings.weight.device, dtype=old_embeddings.weight.dtype)

        # initialize all new embeddings (in particular added tokens)
        self._init_weights(new_embeddings)

        # Copy token embeddings from the previous weights

        # numbers of tokens to copy
        n = min(old_num_tokens, new_num_tokens)
        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            with deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(old_embeddings.weight, modifier_rank=0):
                if torch.distributed.get_rank() == 0:
                    new_embeddings.weight.data[:n, :] = old_embeddings.weight.data[:n, :]
        else:
            new_embeddings.weight.data[:n, :] = old_embeddings.weight.data[:n, :]

        return new_embeddings

    def _get_resized_lm_head(
        self, old_lm_head: nn.Linear, new_num_tokens: Optional[int] = None, transposed: Optional[bool] = False
    ) -> nn.Linear:
        """
        Build a resized Linear Module from a provided old Linear Module. Increasing the size will add newly initialized
        vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end

        Args:
            old_lm_head (`torch.nn.Linear`):
                Old lm head liner layer to be resized.
            new_num_tokens (`int`, *optional*):
                New number of tokens in the linear matrix.

                Increasing the size will add newly initialized vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove
                vectors from the end. If not provided or `None`, just returns a pointer to the input tokens
                `torch.nn.Linear` module of the model without doing anything. transposed (`bool`, *optional*, defaults
                to `False`): Whether `old_lm_head` is transposed or not. If True `old_lm_head.size()` is `lm_head_dim,
                vocab_size` else `vocab_size, lm_head_dim`.

        Return:
            `torch.nn.Linear`: Pointer to the resized Linear Module or the old Linear Module if `new_num_tokens` is
            `None`
        """
        if new_num_tokens is None:
            return old_lm_head

        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            with deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(old_lm_head.weight, modifier_rank=None):
                old_num_tokens, old_lm_head_dim = (
                    old_lm_head.weight.size() if not transposed else old_lm_head.weight.t().size()
                )
        else:
            old_num_tokens, old_lm_head_dim = (
                old_lm_head.weight.size() if not transposed else old_lm_head.weight.t().size()
            )

        if old_num_tokens == new_num_tokens:
            return old_lm_head

        if not isinstance(old_lm_head, nn.Linear):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Old language model head is of type {type(old_lm_head)}, which is not an instance of {nn.Linear}. You"
                " should either use a different resize function or make sure that `old_lm_head` are an instance of"
                f" {nn.Linear}."
            )

        # Build new lm head
        new_lm_head_shape = (old_lm_head_dim, new_num_tokens) if not transposed else (new_num_tokens, old_lm_head_dim)
        has_new_lm_head_bias = old_lm_head.bias is not None
        new_lm_head = nn.Linear(*new_lm_head_shape, bias=has_new_lm_head_bias)
        new_lm_head = new_lm_head.to(old_lm_head.weight.device, dtype=old_lm_head.weight.dtype)

        # initialize new lm head (in particular added tokens)
        self._init_weights(new_lm_head)

        num_tokens_to_copy = min(old_num_tokens, new_num_tokens)

        # XXX: put the long block of code in a wrapper
        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            params = [old_lm_head.weight, old_lm_head.bias, new_lm_head.weight, new_lm_head.bias]
            with deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(params, modifier_rank=0):
                if torch.distributed.get_rank() == 0:
                    # Copy old lm head weights to new lm head
                    if not transposed:
                        new_lm_head.weight.data[:num_tokens_to_copy, :] = old_lm_head.weight.data[
                            :num_tokens_to_copy, :
                        ]
                    else:
                        new_lm_head.weight.data[:, :num_tokens_to_copy] = old_lm_head.weight.data[
                            :, :num_tokens_to_copy
                        ]

                    # Copy bias weights to new lm head
                    if has_new_lm_head_bias:
                        new_lm_head.bias.data[:num_tokens_to_copy] = old_lm_head.bias.data[:num_tokens_to_copy]
        else:
            # Copy old lm head weights to new lm head
            if not transposed:
                new_lm_head.weight.data[:num_tokens_to_copy, :] = old_lm_head.weight.data[:num_tokens_to_copy, :]
            else:
                new_lm_head.weight.data[:, :num_tokens_to_copy] = old_lm_head.weight.data[:, :num_tokens_to_copy]

            # Copy bias weights to new lm head
            if has_new_lm_head_bias:
                new_lm_head.bias.data[:num_tokens_to_copy] = old_lm_head.bias.data[:num_tokens_to_copy]

        return new_lm_head

    def resize_position_embeddings(self, new_num_position_embeddings: int):
        raise NotImplementedError(
            f"`resize_position_embeddings` is not implemented for {self.__class__}`. To implement it, you should "
            f"overwrite this method in the class {self.__class__} in `modeling_{self.__class__.__module__}.py`"
        )

    def get_position_embeddings(self) -> Union[nn.Embedding, Tuple[nn.Embedding]]:
        raise NotImplementedError(
            f"`get_position_embeddings` is not implemented for {self.__class__}`. To implement it, you should "
            f"overwrite this method in the class {self.__class__} in `modeling_{self.__class__.__module__}.py`"
        )

    def init_weights(self):
        """
        If needed prunes and maybe initializes weights. If using a custom `PreTrainedModel`, you need to implement any
        initialization logic in `_init_weights`.
        """
        # Prune heads if needed
        if self.config.pruned_heads:
            self.prune_heads(self.config.pruned_heads)

        if _init_weights:
            # Initialize weights
            self.apply(self._initialize_weights)

            # Tie weights should be skipped when not initializing all weights
            # since from_pretrained(...) calls tie weights anyways
            self.tie_weights()

    def prune_heads(self, heads_to_prune: Dict[int, List[int]]):
        """
        Prunes heads of the base model.

        Arguments:
            heads_to_prune (`Dict[int, List[int]]`):
                Dictionary with keys being selected layer indices (`int`) and associated values being the list of heads
                to prune in said layer (list of `int`). For instance {1: [0, 2], 2: [2, 3]} will prune heads 0 and 2 on
                layer 1 and heads 2 and 3 on layer 2.
        """
        # save new sets of pruned heads as union of previously stored pruned heads and newly pruned heads
        for layer, heads in heads_to_prune.items():
            union_heads = set(self.config.pruned_heads.get(layer, [])) | set(heads)
            self.config.pruned_heads[layer] = list(union_heads)  # Unfortunately we have to store it as list for JSON

        self.base_model._prune_heads(heads_to_prune)

    def gradient_checkpointing_enable(self):
        """
        Activates gradient checkpointing for the current model.

        Note that in other frameworks this feature can be referred to as "activation checkpointing" or "checkpoint
        activations".
        """
        if not self.supports_gradient_checkpointing:
            raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not support gradient checkpointing.")
        self.apply(partial(self._set_gradient_checkpointing, value=True))

    def gradient_checkpointing_disable(self):
        """
        Deactivates gradient checkpointing for the current model.

        Note that in other frameworks this feature can be referred to as "activation checkpointing" or "checkpoint
        activations".
        """
        if self.supports_gradient_checkpointing:
            self.apply(partial(self._set_gradient_checkpointing, value=False))

    @property
    def is_gradient_checkpointing(self) -> bool:
        """
        Whether gradient checkpointing is activated for this model or not.

        Note that in other frameworks this feature can be referred to as "activation checkpointing" or "checkpoint
        activations".
        """
        return any(hasattr(m, "gradient_checkpointing") and m.gradient_checkpointing for m in self.modules())

    def save_pretrained(
        self,
        save_directory: Union[str, os.PathLike],
        is_main_process: bool = True,
        state_dict: Optional[dict] = None,
        save_function: Callable = torch.save,
        push_to_hub: bool = False,
        max_shard_size: Union[int, str] = "10GB",
        safe_serialization: bool = False,
        variant: Optional[str] = None,
        token: Optional[Union[str, bool]] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Save a model and its configuration file to a directory, so that it can be re-loaded using the
        [`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] class method.

        Arguments:
            save_directory (`str` or `os.PathLike`):
                Directory to which to save. Will be created if it doesn't exist.
            is_main_process (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
                Whether the process calling this is the main process or not. Useful when in distributed training like
                TPUs and need to call this function on all processes. In this case, set `is_main_process=True` only on
                the main process to avoid race conditions.
            state_dict (nested dictionary of `torch.Tensor`):
                The state dictionary of the model to save. Will default to `self.state_dict()`, but can be used to only
                save parts of the model or if special precautions need to be taken when recovering the state dictionary
                of a model (like when using model parallelism).
            save_function (`Callable`):
                The function to use to save the state dictionary. Useful on distributed training like TPUs when one
                need to replace `torch.save` by another method.
            push_to_hub (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to push your model to the Hugging Face model hub after saving it. You can specify the
                repository you want to push to with `repo_id` (will default to the name of `save_directory` in your
                namespace).
            max_shard_size (`int` or `str`, *optional*, defaults to `"10GB"`):
                The maximum size for a checkpoint before being sharded. Checkpoints shard will then be each of size
                lower than this size. If expressed as a string, needs to be digits followed by a unit (like `"5MB"`).

                <Tip warning={true}>

                If a single weight of the model is bigger than `max_shard_size`, it will be in its own checkpoint shard
                which will be bigger than `max_shard_size`.

                </Tip>

            safe_serialization (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether to save the model using `safetensors` or the traditional PyTorch way (that uses `pickle`).
            variant (`str`, *optional*):
                If specified, weights are saved in the format pytorch_model.<variant>.bin.
            token (`str` or `bool`, *optional*):
                The token to use as HTTP bearer authorization for remote files. If `True`, or not specified, will use
                the token generated when running `huggingface-cli login` (stored in `~/.huggingface`).
            kwargs (`Dict[str, Any]`, *optional*):
                Additional key word arguments passed along to the [`~utils.PushToHubMixin.push_to_hub`] method.
        """
        use_auth_token = kwargs.pop("use_auth_token", None)

        if use_auth_token is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "The `use_auth_token` argument is deprecated and will be removed in v5 of Transformers.", FutureWarning
            )
            if token is not None:
                raise ValueError(
                    "`token` and `use_auth_token` are both specified. Please set only the argument `token`."
                )
            token = use_auth_token

        if token is not None:
            kwargs["token"] = token

        # Checks if the model has been loaded in 8-bit
        if getattr(self, "is_loaded_in_8bit", False) and getattr(self, "is_8bit_serializable", False):
            warnings.warn(
                "You are calling `save_pretrained` to a 8-bit converted model you may likely encounter unexepected"
                " behaviors. If you want to save 8-bit models, make sure to have `bitsandbytes>0.37.2` installed.",
                UserWarning,
            )

        if getattr(self, "is_loaded_in_4bit", False):
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "You are calling `save_pretrained` on a 4-bit converted model. This is currently not supported"
            )

        if "save_config" in kwargs:
            warnings.warn(
                "`save_config` is deprecated and will be removed in v5 of Transformers. Use `is_main_process` instead."
            )
            is_main_process = kwargs.pop("save_config")
        if safe_serialization and not is_safetensors_available():
            raise ImportError("`safe_serialization` requires the `safetensors library: `pip install safetensors`.")

        if os.path.isfile(save_directory):
            logger.error(f"Provided path ({save_directory}) should be a directory, not a file")
            return

        os.makedirs(save_directory, exist_ok=True)

        if push_to_hub:
            commit_message = kwargs.pop("commit_message", None)
            repo_id = kwargs.pop("repo_id", save_directory.split(os.path.sep)[-1])
            repo_id = self._create_repo(repo_id, **kwargs)
            files_timestamps = self._get_files_timestamps(save_directory)

        # Only save the model itself if we are using distributed training
        model_to_save = unwrap_model(self)

        # save the string version of dtype to the config, e.g. convert torch.float32 => "float32"
        # we currently don't use this setting automatically, but may start to use with v5
        dtype = get_parameter_dtype(model_to_save)
        model_to_save.config.torch_dtype = str(dtype).split(".")[1]

        # Attach architecture to the config
        model_to_save.config.architectures = [model_to_save.__class__.__name__]

        # If we have a custom model, we copy the file defining it in the folder and set the attributes so it can be
        # loaded from the Hub.
        if self._auto_class is not None:
            custom_object_save(self, save_directory, config=self.config)

        # Save the config
        if is_main_process:
            model_to_save.config.save_pretrained(save_directory)
            if self.can_generate():
                model_to_save.generation_config.save_pretrained(save_directory)

        # Save the model
        if state_dict is None:
            state_dict = model_to_save.state_dict()

        # Translate state_dict from smp to hf if saving with smp >= 1.10
        if IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10:
            for smp_to_hf, _ in smp.state.module_manager.translate_functions:
                state_dict = smp_to_hf(state_dict)

        # Handle the case where some state_dict keys shouldn't be saved
        if self._keys_to_ignore_on_save is not None:
            for ignore_key in self._keys_to_ignore_on_save:
                if ignore_key in state_dict.keys():
                    del state_dict[ignore_key]
        if safe_serialization:
            # Safetensors does not allow tensor aliasing.
            # We're going to remove aliases before saving
            ptrs = collections.defaultdict(list)
            for name, tensor in state_dict.items():
                ptrs[id_tensor_storage(tensor)].append(name)

            # These are all the pointers of shared tensors.
            shared_ptrs = {ptr: names for ptr, names in ptrs.items() if len(names) > 1}
            warn_names = set()
            for names in shared_ptrs.values():
                # Removing the keys which are declared as known duplicates on
                # load. This allows to make sure the name which is kept is consistent.
                if self._tied_weights_keys is not None:
                    found = 0
                    for name in sorted(names):
                        matches_pattern = any(re.search(pat, name) for pat in self._tied_weights_keys)
                        if matches_pattern and name in state_dict:
                            found += 1
                            if found < len(names):
                                del state_dict[name]

                # When not all duplicates have been cleaned, still remove those keys, but put a clear warning.
                # If the link between tensors was done at runtime then `from_pretrained` will not get
                # the key back leading to random tensor. A proper warning will be shown
                # during reload (if applicable), but since the file is not necessarily compatible with
                # the config, better show a proper warning.
                found = 0
                for name in names:
                    if name in state_dict:
                        found += 1
                        if found > 1:
                            del state_dict[name]
                            warn_names.add(name)
            if len(warn_names) > 0:
                logger.warning_once(
                    f"Removed shared tensor {warn_names} while saving. This should be OK, but check by verifying that you don't receive any warning while reloading",
                )

        # Shard the model if it is too big.
        weights_name = SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME if safe_serialization else WEIGHTS_NAME
        weights_name = _add_variant(weights_name, variant)

        shards, index = shard_checkpoint(state_dict, max_shard_size=max_shard_size, weights_name=weights_name)

        # Clean the folder from a previous save
        for filename in os.listdir(save_directory):
            full_filename = os.path.join(save_directory, filename)
            # If we have a shard file that is not going to be replaced, we delete it, but only from the main process
            # in distributed settings to avoid race conditions.
            weights_no_suffix = weights_name.replace(".bin", "").replace(".safetensors", "")

            # make sure that file to be deleted matches format of sharded file, e.g. pytorch_model-00001-of-00005
            filename_no_suffix = filename.replace(".bin", "").replace(".safetensors", "")
            reg = re.compile(r"(.*?)-\d{5}-of-\d{5}")

            if (
                filename.startswith(weights_no_suffix)
                and os.path.isfile(full_filename)
                and filename not in shards.keys()
                and is_main_process
                and reg.fullmatch(filename_no_suffix) is not None
            ):
                os.remove(full_filename)

        # Save the model
        for shard_file, shard in shards.items():
            if safe_serialization:
                # At some point we will need to deal better with save_function (used for TPU and other distributed
                # joyfulness), but for now this enough.
                safe_save_file(shard, os.path.join(save_directory, shard_file), metadata={"format": "pt"})
            else:
                save_function(shard, os.path.join(save_directory, shard_file))

        if index is None:
            path_to_weights = os.path.join(save_directory, _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant))
            logger.info(f"Model weights saved in {path_to_weights}")
        else:
            save_index_file = SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME if safe_serialization else WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME
            save_index_file = os.path.join(save_directory, _add_variant(save_index_file, variant))
            # Save the index as well
            with open(save_index_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                content = json.dumps(index, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n"
                f.write(content)
            logger.info(
                f"The model is bigger than the maximum size per checkpoint ({max_shard_size}) and is going to be "
                f"split in {len(shards)} checkpoint shards. You can find where each parameters has been saved in the "
                f"index located at {save_index_file}."
            )

        if push_to_hub:
            self._upload_modified_files(
                save_directory,
                repo_id,
                files_timestamps,
                commit_message=commit_message,
                token=token,
            )

    def get_memory_footprint(self, return_buffers=True):
        r"""
        Get the memory footprint of a model. This will return the memory footprint of the current model in bytes.
        Useful to benchmark the memory footprint of the current model and design some tests. Solution inspired from the
        PyTorch discussions: https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/gpu-memory-that-model-uses/56822/2

        Arguments:
            return_buffers (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
                Whether to return the size of the buffer tensors in the computation of the memory footprint. Buffers
                are tensors that do not require gradients and not registered as parameters. E.g. mean and std in batch
                norm layers. Please see: https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/what-pytorch-means-by-buffers/120266/2
        """
        mem = sum([param.nelement() * param.element_size() for param in self.parameters()])
        if return_buffers:
            mem_bufs = sum([buf.nelement() * buf.element_size() for buf in self.buffers()])
            mem = mem + mem_bufs
        return mem

    @wraps(torch.nn.Module.cuda)
    def cuda(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Checks if the model has been loaded in 8-bit
        if getattr(self, "is_quantized", False):
            raise ValueError(
                "Calling `cuda()` is not supported for `4-bit` or `8-bit` quantized models. Please use the model as it is, since the"
                " model has already been set to the correct devices and casted to the correct `dtype`."
            )
        else:
            return super().cuda(*args, **kwargs)

    @wraps(torch.nn.Module.to)
    def to(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Checks if the model has been loaded in 8-bit
        if getattr(self, "is_quantized", False):
            raise ValueError(
                "`.to` is not supported for `4-bit` or `8-bit` models. Please use the model as it is, since the"
                " model has already been set to the correct devices and casted to the correct `dtype`."
            )
        else:
            return super().to(*args, **kwargs)

    def half(self, *args):
        # Checks if the model has been loaded in 8-bit
        if getattr(self, "is_quantized", False):
            raise ValueError(
                "`.half()` is not supported for `4-bit` or `8-bit` models. Please use the model as it is, since the"
                " model has already been casted to the correct `dtype`."
            )
        else:
            return super().half(*args)

    def float(self, *args):
        # Checks if the model has been loaded in 8-bit
        if getattr(self, "is_quantized", False):
            raise ValueError(
                "`.float()` is not supported for `4-bit` or `8-bit` models. Please use the model as it is, since the"
                " model has already been casted to the correct `dtype`."
            )
        else:
            return super().float(*args)

    @classmethod
    def from_pretrained(
        cls,
        pretrained_model_name_or_path: Optional[Union[str, os.PathLike]],
        *model_args,
        config: Optional[Union[PretrainedConfig, str, os.PathLike]] = None,
        cache_dir: Optional[Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None,
        ignore_mismatched_sizes: bool = False,
        force_download: bool = False,
        local_files_only: bool = False,
        token: Optional[Union[str, bool]] = None,
        revision: str = "main",
        use_safetensors: bool = None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        r"""
        Instantiate a pretrained pytorch model from a pre-trained model configuration.

        The model is set in evaluation mode by default using `model.eval()` (Dropout modules are deactivated). To train
        the model, you should first set it back in training mode with `model.train()`.

        The warning *Weights from XXX not initialized from pretrained model* means that the weights of XXX do not come
        pretrained with the rest of the model. It is up to you to train those weights with a downstream fine-tuning
        task.

        The warning *Weights from XXX not used in YYY* means that the layer XXX is not used by YYY, therefore those
        weights are discarded.

        Parameters:
            pretrained_model_name_or_path (`str` or `os.PathLike`, *optional*):
                Can be either:

                    - A string, the *model id* of a pretrained model hosted inside a model repo on huggingface.co.
                      Valid model ids can be located at the root-level, like `bert-base-uncased`, or namespaced under a
                      user or organization name, like `dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased`.
                    - A path to a *directory* containing model weights saved using
                      [`~PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained`], e.g., `./my_model_directory/`.
                    - A path or url to a *tensorflow index checkpoint file* (e.g, `./tf_model/model.ckpt.index`). In
                      this case, `from_tf` should be set to `True` and a configuration object should be provided as
                      `config` argument. This loading path is slower than converting the TensorFlow checkpoint in a
                      PyTorch model using the provided conversion scripts and loading the PyTorch model afterwards.
                    - A path or url to a model folder containing a *flax checkpoint file* in *.msgpack* format (e.g,
                      `./flax_model/` containing `flax_model.msgpack`). In this case, `from_flax` should be set to
                      `True`.
                    - `None` if you are both providing the configuration and state dictionary (resp. with keyword
                      arguments `config` and `state_dict`).
            model_args (sequence of positional arguments, *optional*):
                All remaining positional arguments will be passed to the underlying model's `__init__` method.
            config (`Union[PretrainedConfig, str, os.PathLike]`, *optional*):
                Can be either:

                    - an instance of a class derived from [`PretrainedConfig`],
                    - a string or path valid as input to [`~PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained`].

                Configuration for the model to use instead of an automatically loaded configuration. Configuration can
                be automatically loaded when:

                    - The model is a model provided by the library (loaded with the *model id* string of a pretrained
                      model).
                    - The model was saved using [`~PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained`] and is reloaded by supplying the
                      save directory.
                    - The model is loaded by supplying a local directory as `pretrained_model_name_or_path` and a
                      configuration JSON file named *config.json* is found in the directory.
            state_dict (`Dict[str, torch.Tensor]`, *optional*):
                A state dictionary to use instead of a state dictionary loaded from saved weights file.

                This option can be used if you want to create a model from a pretrained configuration but load your own
                weights. In this case though, you should check if using [`~PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained`] and
                [`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`] is not a simpler option.
            cache_dir (`Union[str, os.PathLike]`, *optional*):
                Path to a directory in which a downloaded pretrained model configuration should be cached if the
                standard cache should not be used.
            from_tf (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Load the model weights from a TensorFlow checkpoint save file (see docstring of
                `pretrained_model_name_or_path` argument).
            from_flax (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Load the model weights from a Flax checkpoint save file (see docstring of
                `pretrained_model_name_or_path` argument).
            ignore_mismatched_sizes (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to raise an error if some of the weights from the checkpoint do not have the same size
                as the weights of the model (if for instance, you are instantiating a model with 10 labels from a
                checkpoint with 3 labels).
            force_download (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to force the (re-)download of the model weights and configuration files, overriding the
                cached versions if they exist.
            resume_download (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to delete incompletely received files. Will attempt to resume the download if such a
                file exists.
            proxies (`Dict[str, str]`, *optional*):
                A dictionary of proxy servers to use by protocol or endpoint, e.g., `{'http': 'foo.bar:3128',
                'http://hostname': 'foo.bar:4012'}`. The proxies are used on each request.
            output_loading_info(`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether ot not to also return a dictionary containing missing keys, unexpected keys and error messages.
            local_files_only(`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to only look at local files (i.e., do not try to download the model).
            token (`str` or `bool`, *optional*):
                The token to use as HTTP bearer authorization for remote files. If `True`, or not specified, will use
                the token generated when running `huggingface-cli login` (stored in `~/.huggingface`).
            revision (`str`, *optional*, defaults to `"main"`):
                The specific model version to use. It can be a branch name, a tag name, or a commit id, since we use a
                git-based system for storing models and other artifacts on huggingface.co, so `revision` can be any
                identifier allowed by git.

                <Tip>

                To test a pull request you made on the Hub, you can pass `revision="refs/pr/<pr_number>".

                </Tip>

            mirror (`str`, *optional*):
                Mirror source to accelerate downloads in China. If you are from China and have an accessibility
                problem, you can set this option to resolve it. Note that we do not guarantee the timeliness or safety.
                Please refer to the mirror site for more information.
            _fast_init(`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `True`):
                Whether or not to disable fast initialization.

                <Tip warning={true}>

                One should only disable *_fast_init* to ensure backwards compatibility with `transformers.__version__ <
                4.6.0` for seeded model initialization. This argument will be removed at the next major version. See
                [pull request 11471](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/11471) for more information.

                </Tip>

            > Parameters for big model inference

            low_cpu_mem_usage(`bool`, *optional*):
                Tries to not use more than 1x model size in CPU memory (including peak memory) while loading the model.
                This is an experimental feature and a subject to change at any moment.
            torch_dtype (`str` or `torch.dtype`, *optional*):
                Override the default `torch.dtype` and load the model under a specific `dtype`. The different options
                are:

                1. `torch.float16` or `torch.bfloat16` or `torch.float`: load in a specified
                  `dtype`, ignoring the model's `config.torch_dtype` if one exists. If not specified
                  - the model will get loaded in `torch.float` (fp32).

                2. `"auto"` - A `torch_dtype` entry in the `config.json` file of the model will be
                  attempted to be used. If this entry isn't found then next check the `dtype` of the first weight in
                  the checkpoint that's of a floating point type and use that as `dtype`. This will load the model
                  using the `dtype` it was saved in at the end of the training. It can't be used as an indicator of how
                  the model was trained. Since it could be trained in one of half precision dtypes, but saved in fp32.

                <Tip>

                For some models the `dtype` they were trained in is unknown - you may try to check the model's paper or
                reach out to the authors and ask them to add this information to the model's card and to insert the
                `torch_dtype` entry in `config.json` on the hub.

                </Tip>

            device_map (`str` or `Dict[str, Union[int, str, torch.device]]` or `int` or `torch.device`, *optional*):
                A map that specifies where each submodule should go. It doesn't need to be refined to each
                parameter/buffer name, once a given module name is inside, every submodule of it will be sent to the
                same device. If we only pass the device (*e.g.*, `"cpu"`, `"cuda:1"`, `"mps"`, or a GPU ordinal rank
                like `1`) on which the model will be allocated, the device map will map the entire model to this
                device. Passing `device_map = 0` means put the whole model on GPU 0.

                To have Accelerate compute the most optimized `device_map` automatically, set `device_map="auto"`. For
                more information about each option see [designing a device
                map](https://hf.co/docs/accelerate/main/en/usage_guides/big_modeling#designing-a-device-map).
            max_memory (`Dict`, *optional*):
                A dictionary device identifier to maximum memory. Will default to the maximum memory available for each
                GPU and the available CPU RAM if unset.
            offload_folder (`str` or `os.PathLike`, *optional*):
                If the `device_map` contains any value `"disk"`, the folder where we will offload weights.
            offload_state_dict (`bool`, *optional*):
                If `True`, will temporarily offload the CPU state dict to the hard drive to avoid getting out of CPU
                RAM if the weight of the CPU state dict + the biggest shard of the checkpoint does not fit. Defaults to
                `True` when there is some disk offload.
            load_in_8bit (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                If `True`, will convert the loaded model into mixed-8bit quantized model. To use this feature please
                install `bitsandbytes` (`pip install -U bitsandbytes`).
            load_in_4bit (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                If `True`, will convert the loaded model into 4bit precision quantized model. To use this feature
                install the latest version of `bitsandbytes` (`pip install -U bitsandbytes`).
            quantization_config (`Dict`, *optional*):
                A dictionary of configuration parameters for the `bitsandbytes` library and loading the model using
                advanced features such as offloading in fp32 on CPU or on disk.
            subfolder (`str`, *optional*, defaults to `""`):
                In case the relevant files are located inside a subfolder of the model repo on huggingface.co, you can
                specify the folder name here.
            variant (`str`, *optional*):
                If specified load weights from `variant` filename, *e.g.* pytorch_model.<variant>.bin. `variant` is
                ignored when using `from_tf` or `from_flax`.
            use_safetensors (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `None`):
                Whether or not to use `safetensors` checkpoints. Defaults to `None`. If not specified and `safetensors`
                is not installed, it will be set to `False`.

            kwargs (remaining dictionary of keyword arguments, *optional*):
                Can be used to update the configuration object (after it being loaded) and initiate the model (e.g.,
                `output_attentions=True`). Behaves differently depending on whether a `config` is provided or
                automatically loaded:

                    - If a configuration is provided with `config`, `**kwargs` will be directly passed to the
                      underlying model's `__init__` method (we assume all relevant updates to the configuration have
                      already been done)
                    - If a configuration is not provided, `kwargs` will be first passed to the configuration class
                      initialization function ([`~PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained`]). Each key of `kwargs` that
                      corresponds to a configuration attribute will be used to override said attribute with the
                      supplied `kwargs` value. Remaining keys that do not correspond to any configuration attribute
                      will be passed to the underlying model's `__init__` function.

        <Tip>

        Activate the special ["offline-mode"](https://huggingface.co/transformers/installation.html#offline-mode) to
        use this method in a firewalled environment.

        </Tip>

        Examples:

        ```python
        >>> from transformers import BertConfig, BertModel

        >>> # Download model and configuration from huggingface.co and cache.
        >>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
        >>> # Model was saved using *save_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')* (for example purposes, not runnable).
        >>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained("./test/saved_model/")
        >>> # Update configuration during loading.
        >>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased", output_attentions=True)
        >>> assert model.config.output_attentions == True
        >>> # Loading from a TF checkpoint file instead of a PyTorch model (slower, for example purposes, not runnable).
        >>> config = BertConfig.from_json_file("./tf_model/my_tf_model_config.json")
        >>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained("./tf_model/my_tf_checkpoint.ckpt.index", from_tf=True, config=config)
        >>> # Loading from a Flax checkpoint file instead of a PyTorch model (slower)
        >>> model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased", from_flax=True)
        ```

        * `low_cpu_mem_usage` algorithm:

        This is an experimental function that loads the model using ~1x model size CPU memory

        Here is how it works:

        1. save which state_dict keys we have
        2. drop state_dict before the model is created, since the latter takes 1x model size CPU memory
        3. after the model has been instantiated switch to the meta device all params/buffers that
        are going to be replaced from the loaded state_dict
        4. load state_dict 2nd time
        5. replace the params/buffers from the state_dict

        Currently, it can't handle deepspeed ZeRO stage 3 and ignores loading errors

        """
        state_dict = kwargs.pop("state_dict", None)
        from_tf = kwargs.pop("from_tf", False)
        from_flax = kwargs.pop("from_flax", False)
        resume_download = kwargs.pop("resume_download", False)
        proxies = kwargs.pop("proxies", None)
        output_loading_info = kwargs.pop("output_loading_info", False)
        use_auth_token = kwargs.pop("use_auth_token", None)
        trust_remote_code = kwargs.pop("trust_remote_code", None)
        _ = kwargs.pop("mirror", None)
        from_pipeline = kwargs.pop("_from_pipeline", None)
        from_auto_class = kwargs.pop("_from_auto", False)
        _fast_init = kwargs.pop("_fast_init", True)
        torch_dtype = kwargs.pop("torch_dtype", None)
        low_cpu_mem_usage = kwargs.pop("low_cpu_mem_usage", None)
        device_map = kwargs.pop("device_map", None)
        max_memory = kwargs.pop("max_memory", None)
        offload_folder = kwargs.pop("offload_folder", None)
        offload_state_dict = kwargs.pop("offload_state_dict", False)
        load_in_8bit = kwargs.pop("load_in_8bit", False)
        load_in_4bit = kwargs.pop("load_in_4bit", False)
        quantization_config = kwargs.pop("quantization_config", None)
        subfolder = kwargs.pop("subfolder", "")
        commit_hash = kwargs.pop("_commit_hash", None)
        variant = kwargs.pop("variant", None)

        if use_auth_token is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "The `use_auth_token` argument is deprecated and will be removed in v5 of Transformers.", FutureWarning
            )
            if token is not None:
                raise ValueError(
                    "`token` and `use_auth_token` are both specified. Please set only the argument `token`."
                )
            token = use_auth_token

        if use_safetensors is None and not is_safetensors_available():
            use_safetensors = False

        if is_bitsandbytes_available():
            is_8bit_serializable = version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("bitsandbytes")) > version.parse("0.37.2")
        else:
            is_8bit_serializable = False

        if trust_remote_code is True:
            logger.warning(
                "The argument `trust_remote_code` is to be used with Auto classes. It has no effect here and is"
                " ignored."
            )

        # change device_map into a map if we passed an int, a str or a torch.device
        if isinstance(device_map, torch.device):
            device_map = {"": device_map}
        elif isinstance(device_map, str) and device_map not in ["auto", "balanced", "balanced_low_0", "sequential"]:
            try:
                device_map = {"": torch.device(device_map)}
            except RuntimeError:
                raise ValueError(
                    "When passing device_map as a string, the value needs to be a device name (e.g. cpu, cuda:0) or "
                    f"'auto', 'balanced', 'balanced_low_0', 'sequential' but found {device_map}."
                )
        elif isinstance(device_map, int):
            if device_map < 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You can't pass device_map as a negative int. If you want to put the model on the cpu, pass device_map = 'cpu' "
                )
            else:
                device_map = {"": device_map}

        if device_map is not None:
            if low_cpu_mem_usage is None:
                low_cpu_mem_usage = True
            elif not low_cpu_mem_usage:
                raise ValueError("Passing along a `device_map` requires `low_cpu_mem_usage=True`")

        if low_cpu_mem_usage:
            if device_map is not None:
                # The max memory utils require PyTorch >= 1.10 to have torch.cuda.mem_get_info.
                require_version_core("torch>=1.10")

            if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
                raise ValueError(
                    "DeepSpeed Zero-3 is not compatible with `low_cpu_mem_usage=True` or with passing a `device_map`."
                )
            elif not is_accelerate_available():
                raise ImportError(
                    "Using `low_cpu_mem_usage=True` or a `device_map` requires Accelerate: `pip install accelerate`"
                )

        if quantization_config is None:
            quantization_config, kwargs = BitsAndBytesConfig.from_dict(
                config_dict={"load_in_8bit": load_in_8bit, "load_in_4bit": load_in_4bit},
                return_unused_kwargs=True,
                **kwargs,
            )
        elif quantization_config is not None:
            load_in_8bit = quantization_config.load_in_8bit
            load_in_4bit = quantization_config.load_in_4bit

            quantization_config_kwargs = {
                k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in inspect.signature(BitsAndBytesConfig).parameters
            }

            if len(quantization_config_kwargs) > 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You can't pass `load_in_8bit` or any other `BitsAndBytesConfig` argument as a kwarg when passing "
                    "`quantization_config` argument at the same time."
                )

        if load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit:
            if not (is_accelerate_available() and is_bitsandbytes_available()):
                raise ImportError(
                    "Using `load_in_8bit=True` requires Accelerate: `pip install accelerate` and the latest version of"
                    " bitsandbytes `pip install -i https://test.pypi.org/simple/ bitsandbytes` or"
                    " pip install bitsandbytes` "
                )

            if torch_dtype is None:
                # We force the `dtype` to be float16, this is a requirement from `bitsandbytes`
                logger.info(
                    f"Overriding torch_dtype={torch_dtype} with `torch_dtype=torch.float16` due to "
                    "requirements of `bitsandbytes` to enable model loading in 8-bit or 4-bit. "
                    "Pass your own torch_dtype to specify the dtype of the remaining non-linear layers or pass"
                    " torch_dtype=torch.float16 to remove this warning."
                )
                torch_dtype = torch.float16

            if device_map is None:
                if torch.cuda.is_available():
                    device_map = {"": torch.cuda.current_device()}
                else:
                    raise RuntimeError("No GPU found. A GPU is needed for quantization.")
                logger.info(
                    "The device_map was not initialized."
                    "Setting device_map to {'':torch.cuda.current_device()}."
                    "If you want to use the model for inference, please set device_map ='auto' "
                )
                if low_cpu_mem_usage is None:
                    low_cpu_mem_usage = True

            if from_tf or from_flax:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Converting into 4-bit or 8-bit weights from tf/flax weights is currently not supported, please make"
                    " sure the weights are in PyTorch format."
                )

        from_pt = not (from_tf | from_flax)

        user_agent = {"file_type": "model", "framework": "pytorch", "from_auto_class": from_auto_class}
        if from_pipeline is not None:
            user_agent["using_pipeline"] = from_pipeline

        if is_offline_mode() and not local_files_only:
            logger.info("Offline mode: forcing local_files_only=True")
            local_files_only = True

        # Load config if we don't provide a configuration
        if not isinstance(config, PretrainedConfig):
            config_path = config if config is not None else pretrained_model_name_or_path
            config, model_kwargs = cls.config_class.from_pretrained(
                config_path,
                cache_dir=cache_dir,
                return_unused_kwargs=True,
                force_download=force_download,
                resume_download=resume_download,
                proxies=proxies,
                local_files_only=local_files_only,
                token=token,
                revision=revision,
                subfolder=subfolder,
                _from_auto=from_auto_class,
                _from_pipeline=from_pipeline,
                **kwargs,
            )
        else:
            model_kwargs = kwargs

        if is_8bit_serializable and quantization_config is not None and load_in_8bit:
            if hasattr(config, "quantization_config"):
                logger.warning(
                    "You passed `quantization_config` to `from_pretrained` but the model you're loading already has a"
                    " `quantization_config` attribute. The `quantization_config` attribute will be overwritten with the"
                    " one you passed to `from_pretrained`."
                )
            config.quantization_config = quantization_config
        elif is_8bit_serializable and not load_in_8bit and hasattr(config, "quantization_config"):
            quantization_config = config.quantization_config
            if isinstance(quantization_config, dict):
                quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig.from_dict(quantization_config, return_unused_kwargs=False)
            elif isinstance(quantization_config, BitsAndBytesConfig):
                pass
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid type for `quantization_config`: {type(quantization_config)}. Should be a `dict` or a"
                    " `BitsAndBytesConfig` instance."
                )

            load_in_8bit = quantization_config.load_in_8bit

            if load_in_8bit:
                if torch_dtype is None:
                    torch_dtype = torch.float16
                if device_map is None:
                    if torch.cuda.is_available():
                        device_map = {"": torch.cuda.current_device()}
                    else:
                        raise RuntimeError("No GPU found. A GPU is needed for quantization.")
                    logger.info(
                        "The device_map was not initialized."
                        "Setting device_map to {'':torch.cuda.current_device()}."
                        "If you want to use the model for inference, please set device_map ='auto' "
                    )
                    if low_cpu_mem_usage is None:
                        low_cpu_mem_usage = True

        elif not is_8bit_serializable and not load_in_8bit and hasattr(config, "quantization_config"):
            logger.warning(
                "Detected the presence of a `quantization_config` attribute in the model's configuration but you don't have the correct"
                " `bitsandbytes` version to support int8 serialization. Please install the latest version of `bitsandbytes` with "
                " `pip install --upgrade bitsandbytes`."
            )

        if commit_hash is None:
            commit_hash = getattr(config, "_commit_hash", None)

        # This variable will flag if we're loading a sharded checkpoint. In this case the archive file is just the
        # index of the files.
        is_sharded = False
        sharded_metadata = None
        # Load model
        loading_info = None

        # Keep in fp32 modules
        keep_in_fp32_modules = None
        use_keep_in_fp32_modules = False

        if pretrained_model_name_or_path is not None:
            pretrained_model_name_or_path = str(pretrained_model_name_or_path)
            is_local = os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_name_or_path)
            if is_local:
                if from_tf and os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME + ".index")
                ):
                    # Load from a TF 1.0 checkpoint in priority if from_tf
                    archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME + ".index")
                elif from_tf and os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME)
                ):
                    # Load from a TF 2.0 checkpoint in priority if from_tf
                    archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME)
                elif from_flax and os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME)
                ):
                    # Load from a Flax checkpoint in priority if from_flax
                    archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME)
                elif use_safetensors is not False and os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant))
                ):
                    # Load from a safetensors checkpoint
                    archive_file = os.path.join(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)
                    )
                elif use_safetensors is not False and os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant)
                    )
                ):
                    # Load from a sharded safetensors checkpoint
                    archive_file = os.path.join(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant)
                    )
                    is_sharded = True
                elif os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant))
                ):
                    # Load from a PyTorch checkpoint
                    archive_file = os.path.join(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)
                    )
                elif os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant))
                ):
                    # Load from a sharded PyTorch checkpoint
                    archive_file = os.path.join(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, _add_variant(WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant)
                    )
                    is_sharded = True
                # At this stage we don't have a weight file so we will raise an error.
                elif os.path.isfile(
                    os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME + ".index")
                ) or os.path.isfile(os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME)):
                    raise EnvironmentError(
                        f"Error no file named {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} found in directory"
                        f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path} but there is a file for TensorFlow weights. Use"
                        " `from_tf=True` to load this model from those weights."
                    )
                elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder, FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME)):
                    raise EnvironmentError(
                        f"Error no file named {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} found in directory"
                        f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path} but there is a file for Flax weights. Use `from_flax=True`"
                        " to load this model from those weights."
                    )
                elif use_safetensors:
                    raise EnvironmentError(
                        f"Error no file named {_add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} found in directory"
                        f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path}."
                    )
                else:
                    raise EnvironmentError(
                        f"Error no file named {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)}, {TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME},"
                        f" {TF_WEIGHTS_NAME + '.index'} or {FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME} found in directory"
                        f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path}."
                    )
            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(subfolder, pretrained_model_name_or_path)):
                archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path
                is_local = True
            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(subfolder, pretrained_model_name_or_path + ".index")):
                if not from_tf:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"We found a TensorFlow checkpoint at {pretrained_model_name_or_path + '.index'}, please set "
                        "from_tf to True to load from this checkpoint."
                    )
                archive_file = os.path.join(subfolder, pretrained_model_name_or_path + ".index")
                is_local = True
            elif is_remote_url(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
                filename = pretrained_model_name_or_path
                resolved_archive_file = download_url(pretrained_model_name_or_path)
            else:
                # set correct filename
                if from_tf:
                    filename = TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME
                elif from_flax:
                    filename = FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME
                elif use_safetensors is not False:
                    filename = _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)
                else:
                    filename = _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)

                try:
                    # Load from URL or cache if already cached
                    cached_file_kwargs = {
                        "cache_dir": cache_dir,
                        "force_download": force_download,
                        "proxies": proxies,
                        "resume_download": resume_download,
                        "local_files_only": local_files_only,
                        "token": token,
                        "user_agent": user_agent,
                        "revision": revision,
                        "subfolder": subfolder,
                        "_raise_exceptions_for_missing_entries": False,
                        "_commit_hash": commit_hash,
                    }
                    resolved_archive_file = cached_file(pretrained_model_name_or_path, filename, **cached_file_kwargs)

                    # Since we set _raise_exceptions_for_missing_entries=False, we don't get an exception but a None
                    # result when internet is up, the repo and revision exist, but the file does not.
                    if resolved_archive_file is None and filename == _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant):
                        # Maybe the checkpoint is sharded, we try to grab the index name in this case.
                        resolved_archive_file = cached_file(
                            pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                            _add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant),
                            **cached_file_kwargs,
                        )
                        if resolved_archive_file is not None:
                            is_sharded = True
                        elif use_safetensors:
                            raise EnvironmentError(
                                f" {_add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} or {_add_variant(SAFE_WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant)} and thus cannot be loaded with `safetensors`. Please make sure that the model has been saved with `safe_serialization=True` or do not set `use_safetensors=True`."
                            )
                        else:
                            # This repo has no safetensors file of any kind, we switch to PyTorch.
                            filename = _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)
                            resolved_archive_file = cached_file(
                                pretrained_model_name_or_path, filename, **cached_file_kwargs
                            )
                    if resolved_archive_file is None and filename == _add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant):
                        # Maybe the checkpoint is sharded, we try to grab the index name in this case.
                        resolved_archive_file = cached_file(
                            pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                            _add_variant(WEIGHTS_INDEX_NAME, variant),
                            **cached_file_kwargs,
                        )
                        if resolved_archive_file is not None:
                            is_sharded = True
                    if resolved_archive_file is None:
                        # Otherwise, maybe there is a TF or Flax model file.  We try those to give a helpful error
                        # message.
                        has_file_kwargs = {
                            "revision": revision,
                            "proxies": proxies,
                            "token": token,
                        }
                        if has_file(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME, **has_file_kwargs):
                            raise EnvironmentError(
                                f"{pretrained_model_name_or_path} does not appear to have a file named"
                                f" {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} but there is a file for TensorFlow weights."
                                " Use `from_tf=True` to load this model from those weights."
                            )
                        elif has_file(pretrained_model_name_or_path, FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME, **has_file_kwargs):
                            raise EnvironmentError(
                                f"{pretrained_model_name_or_path} does not appear to have a file named"
                                f" {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} but there is a file for Flax weights. Use"
                                " `from_flax=True` to load this model from those weights."
                            )
                        elif variant is not None and has_file(
                            pretrained_model_name_or_path, WEIGHTS_NAME, **has_file_kwargs
                        ):
                            raise EnvironmentError(
                                f"{pretrained_model_name_or_path} does not appear to have a file named"
                                f" {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)} but there is a file without the variant"
                                f" {variant}. Use `variant=None` to load this model from those weights."
                            )
                        else:
                            raise EnvironmentError(
                                f"{pretrained_model_name_or_path} does not appear to have a file named"
                                f" {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)}, {TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME}, {TF_WEIGHTS_NAME} or"
                                f" {FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME}."
                            )
                except EnvironmentError:
                    # Raise any environment error raise by `cached_file`. It will have a helpful error message adapted
                    # to the original exception.
                    raise
                except Exception:
                    # For any other exception, we throw a generic error.
                    raise EnvironmentError(
                        f"Can't load the model for '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}'. If you were trying to load it"
                        " from 'https://huggingface.co/models', make sure you don't have a local directory with the"
                        f" same name. Otherwise, make sure '{pretrained_model_name_or_path}' is the correct path to a"
                        f" directory containing a file named {_add_variant(WEIGHTS_NAME, variant)},"
                        f" {TF2_WEIGHTS_NAME}, {TF_WEIGHTS_NAME} or {FLAX_WEIGHTS_NAME}."
                    )

            if is_local:
                logger.info(f"loading weights file {archive_file}")
                resolved_archive_file = archive_file
            else:
                logger.info(f"loading weights file {filename} from cache at {resolved_archive_file}")
        else:
            resolved_archive_file = None

        # We'll need to download and cache each checkpoint shard if the checkpoint is sharded.
        if is_sharded:
            # rsolved_archive_file becomes a list of files that point to the different checkpoint shards in this case.
            resolved_archive_file, sharded_metadata = get_checkpoint_shard_files(
                pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                resolved_archive_file,
                cache_dir=cache_dir,
                force_download=force_download,
                proxies=proxies,
                resume_download=resume_download,
                local_files_only=local_files_only,
                token=token,
                user_agent=user_agent,
                revision=revision,
                subfolder=subfolder,
                _commit_hash=commit_hash,
            )

        # load pt weights early so that we know which dtype to init the model under
        if from_pt:
            if not is_sharded and state_dict is None:
                # Time to load the checkpoint
                state_dict = load_state_dict(resolved_archive_file)

            # set dtype to instantiate the model under:
            # 1. If torch_dtype is not None, we use that dtype
            # 2. If torch_dtype is "auto", we auto-detect dtype from the loaded state_dict, by checking its first
            #    weights entry that is of a floating type - we assume all floating dtype weights are of the same dtype
            # we also may have config.torch_dtype available, but we won't rely on it till v5
            dtype_orig = None

            if torch_dtype is not None:
                if isinstance(torch_dtype, str):
                    if torch_dtype == "auto":
                        if hasattr(config, "torch_dtype") and config.torch_dtype is not None:
                            torch_dtype = config.torch_dtype
                            logger.info(f"Will use torch_dtype={torch_dtype} as defined in model's config object")
                        else:
                            if is_sharded and "dtype" in sharded_metadata:
                                torch_dtype = sharded_metadata["dtype"]
                            elif not is_sharded:
                                torch_dtype = get_state_dict_dtype(state_dict)
                            else:
                                one_state_dict = load_state_dict(resolved_archive_file[0])
                                torch_dtype = get_state_dict_dtype(one_state_dict)
                                del one_state_dict  # free CPU memory
                            logger.info(
                                "Since the `torch_dtype` attribute can't be found in model's config object, "
                                "will use torch_dtype={torch_dtype} as derived from model's weights"
                            )
                    else:
                        raise ValueError(
                            f'`torch_dtype` can be either `torch.dtype` or `"auto"`, but received {torch_dtype}'
                        )
                dtype_orig = cls._set_default_torch_dtype(torch_dtype)

            # Check if `_keep_in_fp32_modules` is not None
            use_keep_in_fp32_modules = (
                (cls._keep_in_fp32_modules is not None)
                and is_accelerate_available()
                and (torch_dtype == torch.float16 or load_in_4bit or load_in_8bit)
            )
            if (
                (cls._keep_in_fp32_modules is not None)
                and not is_accelerate_available()
                and torch_dtype == torch.float16
            ):
                logger.warning(
                    "For stability purposes, it is recommended to have accelerate installed when using this model in"
                    " torch.float16, please install it with `pip install accelerate`"
                )

            if is_sharded:
                loaded_state_dict_keys = sharded_metadata["all_checkpoint_keys"]
            else:
                loaded_state_dict_keys = list(state_dict.keys())
            if low_cpu_mem_usage or use_keep_in_fp32_modules:
                state_dict = None

        config.name_or_path = pretrained_model_name_or_path

        # Instantiate model.
        init_contexts = [no_init_weights(_enable=_fast_init)]

        if is_deepspeed_zero3_enabled():
            import deepspeed

            logger.info("Detected DeepSpeed ZeRO-3: activating zero.init() for this model")
            init_contexts = [deepspeed.zero.Init(config_dict_or_path=deepspeed_config())] + init_contexts
        elif load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit or low_cpu_mem_usage:
            init_contexts.append(init_empty_weights())

        with ContextManagers(init_contexts):
            model = cls(config, *model_args, **model_kwargs)

        # Check first if we are `from_pt`
        if use_keep_in_fp32_modules:
            low_cpu_mem_usage = True
            keep_in_fp32_modules = model._keep_in_fp32_modules
        else:
            keep_in_fp32_modules = []

        if load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit:
            from .utils.bitsandbytes import get_keys_to_not_convert, replace_with_bnb_linear

            llm_int8_skip_modules = quantization_config.llm_int8_skip_modules
            load_in_8bit_fp32_cpu_offload = quantization_config.llm_int8_enable_fp32_cpu_offload
            if load_in_8bit:
                logger.info("Detected 8-bit loading: activating 8-bit loading for this model")
            else:
                logger.info("Detected 4-bit loading: activating 4-bit loading for this model")

            # We keep some modules such as the lm_head in their original dtype for numerical stability reasons
            if llm_int8_skip_modules is None:
                modules_to_not_convert = get_keys_to_not_convert(model)
            else:
                modules_to_not_convert = llm_int8_skip_modules

            if not isinstance(modules_to_not_convert, list):
                modules_to_not_convert = [modules_to_not_convert]

            modules_to_not_convert.extend(keep_in_fp32_modules)

            # Extend the modules to not convert to keys that are supposed to be offloaded to `cpu` or `disk`
            if isinstance(device_map, dict) and len(device_map.keys()) > 1:
                keys_on_cpu = [key for key, value in device_map.items() if value in ["disk", "cpu"]]

                if len(keys_on_cpu) > 0 and not load_in_8bit_fp32_cpu_offload:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "If you want to offload some keys to `cpu` or `disk`, you need to set "
                        "`llm_int8_enable_fp32_cpu_offload=True`. Note that these modules will not be "
                        " converted to 8-bit but kept in 32-bit."
                    )

                modules_to_not_convert.extend(keys_on_cpu)

            supports_4bit = version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("bitsandbytes")) >= version.parse("0.39.0")

            if load_in_4bit and not supports_4bit:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You have a version of `bitsandbytes` that is not compatible with 4bit inference and training"
                    " make sure you have the latest version of `bitsandbytes` installed"
                )

            model = replace_with_bnb_linear(
                model, modules_to_not_convert=modules_to_not_convert, quantization_config=quantization_config
            )
            # training in 8-bit is only available in 0.37.0+
            model._is_quantized_training_enabled = version.parse(
                importlib.metadata.version("bitsandbytes")
            ) >= version.parse("0.37.0")

            model.config.quantization_config = quantization_config
            model.is_8bit_serializable = is_8bit_serializable

        if load_in_8bit and torch_dtype is None:
            logger.warning(
                "You are loading your model in 8bit but you did not specify a `torch_dtype` attribute."
                "All non-linear modules will be loaded in full precision."
                " If you want to load the other modules in other precision, please specify a `torch_dtype` attribute."
            )

        if isinstance(device_map, str):
            special_dtypes = {}
            if load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit:
                special_dtypes.update(
                    {
                        name: torch_dtype
                        for name, _ in model.named_parameters()
                        if any(m in name for m in modules_to_not_convert)
                    }
                )

            special_dtypes.update(
                {
                    name: torch.float32
                    for name, _ in model.named_parameters()
                    if any(m in name for m in keep_in_fp32_modules)
                }
            )

            target_dtype = torch_dtype

            if load_in_4bit:
                if version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("accelerate")) > version.parse("0.19.0"):
                    from accelerate.utils import CustomDtype

                    target_dtype = CustomDtype.INT4
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "You are using `device_map='auto'` on a 4bit loaded version of the model. To automatically compute"
                        " the appropriate device map, you should upgrade your `accelerate` library,"
                        "`pip install --upgrade accelerate` or install it from source to support fp4 auto device map"
                        "calculation. You may encounter unexpected behavior, or pass your own device map"
                    )
            elif load_in_8bit:
                target_dtype = torch.int8

            if model._no_split_modules is None:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"{model.__class__.__name__} does not support `device_map='{device_map}'`. To implement support, the model"
                    "class needs to implement the `_no_split_modules` attribute."
                )
            no_split_modules = model._no_split_modules
            if device_map not in ["auto", "balanced", "balanced_low_0", "sequential"]:
                raise ValueError(
                    "If passing a string for `device_map`, please choose 'auto', 'balanced', 'balanced_low_0' or "
                    "'sequential'."
                )

            kwargs = {"no_split_module_classes": no_split_modules}
            if "special_dtypes" in inspect.signature(infer_auto_device_map).parameters:
                kwargs["special_dtypes"] = special_dtypes
            elif len(special_dtypes) > 0:
                logger.warn(
                    "This model has some weights that should be kept in higher precision, you need to upgrade "
                    "`accelerate` to properly deal with them (`pip install --upgrade accelerate`)."
                )
            if device_map != "sequential":
                max_memory = get_balanced_memory(
                    model,
                    dtype=target_dtype,
                    low_zero=(device_map == "balanced_low_0"),
                    max_memory=max_memory,
                    **kwargs,
                )
            kwargs["max_memory"] = max_memory
            # Make sure tied weights are tied before creating the device map.
            model.tie_weights()
            device_map = infer_auto_device_map(model, dtype=target_dtype, **kwargs)

            if load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit:
                # The LM head / tied weights or any last module can stay on disk / CPU
                device_map_without_lm_head = {
                    key: device_map[key] for key in device_map.keys() if key not in modules_to_not_convert
                }
                if "cpu" in device_map_without_lm_head.values() or "disk" in device_map_without_lm_head.values():
                    raise ValueError(
                        """
                        Some modules are dispatched on the CPU or the disk. Make sure you have enough GPU RAM to fit
                        the quantized model. If you want to dispatch the model on the CPU or the disk while keeping
                        these modules in 32-bit, you need to set `load_in_8bit_fp32_cpu_offload=True` and pass a custom
                        `device_map` to `from_pretrained`. Check
                        https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/main_classes/quantization#offload-between-cpu-and-gpu
                        for more details.
                        """
                    )
                del device_map_without_lm_head

        elif device_map is not None:
            model.tie_weights()
            tied_params = find_tied_parameters(model)
            # check if we don't have tied param in different devices
            check_tied_parameters_on_same_device(tied_params, device_map)

        if from_tf:
            if resolved_archive_file.endswith(".index"):
                # Load from a TensorFlow 1.X checkpoint - provided by original authors
                model = cls.load_tf_weights(model, config, resolved_archive_file[:-6])  # Remove the '.index'
            else:
                # Load from our TensorFlow 2.0 checkpoints
                try:
                    from .modeling_tf_pytorch_utils import load_tf2_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model

                    model, loading_info = load_tf2_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model(
                        model, resolved_archive_file, allow_missing_keys=True, output_loading_info=True
                    )
                except ImportError:
                    logger.error(
                        "Loading a TensorFlow model in PyTorch, requires both PyTorch and TensorFlow to be installed."
                        " Please see https://pytorch.org/ and https://www.tensorflow.org/install/ for installation"
                        " instructions."
                    )
                    raise
        elif from_flax:
            try:
                from .modeling_flax_pytorch_utils import load_flax_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model

                model = load_flax_checkpoint_in_pytorch_model(model, resolved_archive_file)
            except ImportError:
                logger.error(
                    "Loading a Flax model in PyTorch, requires both PyTorch and Flax to be installed. Please see"
                    " https://pytorch.org/ and https://flax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html for"
                    " installation instructions."
                )
                raise
        elif from_pt:
            # restore default dtype
            if dtype_orig is not None:
                torch.set_default_dtype(dtype_orig)

            (
                model,
                missing_keys,
                unexpected_keys,
                mismatched_keys,
                offload_index,
                error_msgs,
            ) = cls._load_pretrained_model(
                model,
                state_dict,
                loaded_state_dict_keys,  # XXX: rename?
                resolved_archive_file,
                pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                ignore_mismatched_sizes=ignore_mismatched_sizes,
                sharded_metadata=sharded_metadata,
                _fast_init=_fast_init,
                low_cpu_mem_usage=low_cpu_mem_usage,
                device_map=device_map,
                offload_folder=offload_folder,
                offload_state_dict=offload_state_dict,
                dtype=torch_dtype,
                is_quantized=(load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit),
                keep_in_fp32_modules=keep_in_fp32_modules,
            )

        model.is_loaded_in_4bit = load_in_4bit
        model.is_loaded_in_8bit = load_in_8bit
        model.is_quantized = load_in_8bit or load_in_4bit

        # make sure token embedding weights are still tied if needed
        model.tie_weights()

        # Set model in evaluation mode to deactivate DropOut modules by default
        model.eval()

        # If it is a model with generation capabilities, attempt to load the generation config
        if model.can_generate():
            try:
                model.generation_config = GenerationConfig.from_pretrained(
                    pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                    cache_dir=cache_dir,
                    force_download=force_download,
                    resume_download=resume_download,
                    proxies=proxies,
                    local_files_only=local_files_only,
                    token=token,
                    revision=revision,
                    subfolder=subfolder,
                    _from_auto=from_auto_class,
                    _from_pipeline=from_pipeline,
                    **kwargs,
                )
            except (OSError, TypeError):
                logger.info(
                    "Generation config file not found, using a generation config created from the model config."
                )
                pass

        # Dispatch model with hooks on all devices if necessary
        if device_map is not None:
            kwargs = {"device_map": device_map, "offload_dir": offload_folder, "offload_index": offload_index}
            if "skip_keys" in inspect.signature(dispatch_model).parameters:
                kwargs["skip_keys"] = model._skip_keys_device_placement
            dispatch_model(model, **kwargs)

        if output_loading_info:
            if loading_info is None:
                loading_info = {
                    "missing_keys": missing_keys,
                    "unexpected_keys": unexpected_keys,
                    "mismatched_keys": mismatched_keys,
                    "error_msgs": error_msgs,
                }
            return model, loading_info

        return model

    @classmethod
    def _load_pretrained_model(
        cls,
        model,
        state_dict,
        loaded_keys,
        resolved_archive_file,
        pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        ignore_mismatched_sizes=False,
        sharded_metadata=None,
        _fast_init=True,
        low_cpu_mem_usage=False,
        device_map=None,
        offload_folder=None,
        offload_state_dict=None,
        dtype=None,
        is_quantized=False,
        keep_in_fp32_modules=None,
    ):
        is_safetensors = False
        if is_quantized:
            from .utils.bitsandbytes import set_module_quantized_tensor_to_device

        if device_map is not None and "disk" in device_map.values():
            archive_file = (
                resolved_archive_file[0] if isinstance(resolved_archive_file, (list, tuple)) else resolved_archive_file
            )
            is_safetensors = archive_file.endswith(".safetensors")
            if offload_folder is None and not is_safetensors:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The current `device_map` had weights offloaded to the disk. Please provide an `offload_folder`"
                    " for them. Alternatively, make sure you have `safetensors` installed if the model you are using"
                    " offers the weights in this format."
                )
            if offload_folder is not None:
                os.makedirs(offload_folder, exist_ok=True)
            if offload_state_dict is None:
                offload_state_dict = True

        is_sharded_safetensors = is_safetensors and sharded_metadata is not None
        # Retrieve missing & unexpected_keys
        model_state_dict = model.state_dict()
        expected_keys = list(model_state_dict.keys())
        prefix = model.base_model_prefix

        def _fix_key(key):
            if "beta" in key:
                return key.replace("beta", "bias")
            if "gamma" in key:
                return key.replace("gamma", "weight")
            return key

        original_loaded_keys = loaded_keys
        loaded_keys = [_fix_key(key) for key in loaded_keys]

        if len(prefix) > 0:
            has_prefix_module = any(s.startswith(prefix) for s in loaded_keys)
            expects_prefix_module = any(s.startswith(prefix) for s in expected_keys)
        else:
            has_prefix_module = False
            expects_prefix_module = False

        # key re-naming operations are never done on the keys
        # that are loaded, but always on the keys of the newly initialized model
        remove_prefix_from_model = not has_prefix_module and expects_prefix_module
        add_prefix_to_model = has_prefix_module and not expects_prefix_module

        if remove_prefix_from_model:
            _prefix = f"{prefix}."
            expected_keys_not_prefixed = [s for s in expected_keys if not s.startswith(_prefix)]
            expected_keys = [s[len(_prefix) :] if s.startswith(_prefix) else s for s in expected_keys]
        elif add_prefix_to_model:
            expected_keys = [".".join([prefix, s]) for s in expected_keys]

        missing_keys = list(set(expected_keys) - set(loaded_keys))
        unexpected_keys = set(loaded_keys) - set(expected_keys)
        # Remove nonpersistent buffers from unexpected keys: they are not in the state dict but will be in the model
        # buffers
        model_buffers = {n for n, _ in model.named_buffers()}
        if remove_prefix_from_model:
            model_buffers = {key[len(_prefix) :] if key.startswith(_prefix) else key for key in model_buffers}
        elif add_prefix_to_model:
            model_buffers = {".".join([prefix, key]) for key in model_buffers}
        unexpected_keys = list(unexpected_keys - model_buffers)

        model.tie_weights()
        if device_map is None:
            ptrs = collections.defaultdict(list)
            for name, tensor in model.state_dict().items():
                id_tensor = id_tensor_storage(tensor)
                ptrs[id_tensor].append(name)

            # These are all the pointers of shared tensors.
            tied_params = [names for _, names in ptrs.items() if len(names) > 1]
        else:
            # id function doesn't work for meta tensor so we need this function
            tied_params = find_tied_parameters(model)

        for group in tied_params:
            if remove_prefix_from_model:
                group = [key[len(_prefix) :] if key.startswith(_prefix) else key for key in group]
            elif add_prefix_to_model:
                group = [".".join([prefix, key]) for key in group]
            missing_in_group = [k for k in missing_keys if k in group]
            if len(missing_in_group) > 0 and len(missing_in_group) < len(group):
                missing_keys = [k for k in missing_keys if k not in missing_in_group]

        # Some models may have keys that are not in the state by design, removing them before needlessly warning
        # the user.
        if cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing is not None:
            for pat in cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing:
                missing_keys = [k for k in missing_keys if re.search(pat, k) is None]

        if cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected is not None:
            for pat in cls._keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected:
                unexpected_keys = [k for k in unexpected_keys if re.search(pat, k) is None]

        # retrieve weights on meta device and put them back on CPU.
        # This is not ideal in terms of memory, but if we don't do that not, we can't initialize them in the next step
        if low_cpu_mem_usage:
            for key in missing_keys:
                if key in list(model_state_dict.keys()):
                    key = key
                elif f"{prefix}.{key}" in list(model_state_dict.keys()):
                    key = f"{prefix}.{key}"
                elif key.startswith(prefix) and ".".join(key.split(".")[1:]) in list(model_state_dict.keys()):
                    key = ".".join(key.split(".")[1:])
                param = model_state_dict[key]

                # upcast in fp32 if any
                target_dtype = dtype
                if (
                    keep_in_fp32_modules is not None
                    and dtype == torch.float16
                    and any(module_to_keep_in_fp32 in key for module_to_keep_in_fp32 in keep_in_fp32_modules)
                ):
                    target_dtype = torch.float32

                if param.device == torch.device("meta"):
                    if not (is_quantized):
                        set_module_tensor_to_device(model, key, "cpu", torch.empty(*param.size(), dtype=target_dtype))
                    else:
                        set_module_quantized_tensor_to_device(
                            model, key, "cpu", torch.empty(*param.size(), dtype=target_dtype)
                        )

        # retrieve unintialized modules and initialize before maybe overriding that with the pretrained weights.
        if _fast_init:
            if remove_prefix_from_model:
                _loaded_keys = [f"{prefix}.{k}" for k in loaded_keys]
            elif add_prefix_to_model:
                _loaded_keys = [k[len(prefix) + 1 :] for k in loaded_keys]
            else:
                _loaded_keys = loaded_keys
            set_initialized_submodules(model, _loaded_keys)
            # This will only initialize submodules that are not marked as initialized by the line above.
            model.apply(model._initialize_weights)

        # Set some modules to fp32 if any
        if keep_in_fp32_modules is not None:
            for name, param in model.named_parameters():
                if any(module_to_keep_in_fp32 in name for module_to_keep_in_fp32 in keep_in_fp32_modules):
                    param = param.to(torch.float32)

        # Make sure we are able to load base models as well as derived models (with heads)
        start_prefix = ""
        model_to_load = model
        if len(cls.base_model_prefix) > 0 and not hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and has_prefix_module:
            start_prefix = cls.base_model_prefix + "."
        if len(cls.base_model_prefix) > 0 and hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and not has_prefix_module:
            model_to_load = getattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix)
            base_model_expected_keys = list(model_to_load.state_dict().keys())
            if any(key in expected_keys_not_prefixed and key not in base_model_expected_keys for key in loaded_keys):
                raise ValueError(
                    "The state dictionary of the model you are trying to load is corrupted. Are you sure it was "
                    "properly saved?"
                )
            if device_map is not None:
                device_map = {k.replace(f"{cls.base_model_prefix}.", ""): v for k, v in device_map.items()}

        def _find_mismatched_keys(
            state_dict,
            model_state_dict,
            loaded_keys,
            add_prefix_to_model,
            remove_prefix_from_model,
            ignore_mismatched_sizes,
        ):
            mismatched_keys = []
            if ignore_mismatched_sizes:
                for checkpoint_key in loaded_keys:
                    # If the checkpoint is sharded, we may not have the key here.
                    if checkpoint_key not in state_dict:
                        continue
                    model_key = checkpoint_key
                    if remove_prefix_from_model:
                        # The model key starts with `prefix` but `checkpoint_key` doesn't so we add it.
                        model_key = f"{prefix}.{checkpoint_key}"
                    elif add_prefix_to_model:
                        # The model key doesn't start with `prefix` but `checkpoint_key` does so we remove it.
                        model_key = ".".join(checkpoint_key.split(".")[1:])

                    if (
                        model_key in model_state_dict
                        and state_dict[checkpoint_key].shape != model_state_dict[model_key].shape
                    ):
                        mismatched_keys.append(
                            (checkpoint_key, state_dict[checkpoint_key].shape, model_state_dict[model_key].shape)
                        )
                        del state_dict[checkpoint_key]
            return mismatched_keys

        if resolved_archive_file is not None:
            folder = os.path.sep.join(resolved_archive_file[0].split(os.path.sep)[:-1])
        else:
            folder = None
        if device_map is not None and is_safetensors:
            param_device_map = expand_device_map(device_map, original_loaded_keys)

            str_dtype = str(dtype).replace("torch.", "") if dtype is not None else "float32"
            if sharded_metadata is None:
                archive_file = (
                    resolved_archive_file[0]
                    if isinstance(resolved_archive_file, (list, tuple))
                    else resolved_archive_file
                )
                weight_map = {p: archive_file for p in original_loaded_keys}
            else:
                weight_map = {p: os.path.join(folder, f) for p, f in sharded_metadata["weight_map"].items()}
            offload_index = {
                p: {"safetensors_file": f, "weight_name": p, "dtype": str_dtype}
                for p, f in weight_map.items()
                if param_device_map[p] == "disk"
            }

        if state_dict is not None:
            # Whole checkpoint
            mismatched_keys = _find_mismatched_keys(
                state_dict,
                model_state_dict,
                original_loaded_keys,
                add_prefix_to_model,
                remove_prefix_from_model,
                ignore_mismatched_sizes,
            )
            error_msgs = _load_state_dict_into_model(model_to_load, state_dict, start_prefix)
            offload_index = None
        else:
            # Sharded checkpoint or whole but low_cpu_mem_usage==True

            # This should always be a list but, just to be sure.
            if not isinstance(resolved_archive_file, list):
                resolved_archive_file = [resolved_archive_file]

            error_msgs = []
            mismatched_keys = []
            if not is_safetensors:
                offload_index = {} if device_map is not None and "disk" in device_map.values() else None
            if offload_state_dict:
                state_dict_folder = tempfile.mkdtemp()
                state_dict_index = {}
            else:
                state_dict_folder = None
                state_dict_index = None

            if is_sharded_safetensors:
                disk_only_shard_files = get_disk_only_shard_files(device_map, sharded_metadata=sharded_metadata)
                disk_only_shard_files = [os.path.join(folder, f) for f in disk_only_shard_files]
            else:
                disk_only_shard_files = []

            if len(resolved_archive_file) > 1:
                resolved_archive_file = logging.tqdm(resolved_archive_file, desc="Loading checkpoint shards")
            for shard_file in resolved_archive_file:
                # Skip the load for shards that only contain disk-offloaded weights when using safetensors for the offload.
                if shard_file in disk_only_shard_files:
                    continue
                state_dict = load_state_dict(shard_file)

                # Mistmatched keys contains tuples key/shape1/shape2 of weights in the checkpoint that have a shape not
                # matching the weights in the model.
                mismatched_keys += _find_mismatched_keys(
                    state_dict,
                    model_state_dict,
                    original_loaded_keys,
                    add_prefix_to_model,
                    remove_prefix_from_model,
                    ignore_mismatched_sizes,
                )

                if low_cpu_mem_usage:
                    new_error_msgs, offload_index, state_dict_index = _load_state_dict_into_meta_model(
                        model_to_load,
                        state_dict,
                        loaded_keys,
                        start_prefix,
                        expected_keys,
                        device_map=device_map,
                        offload_folder=offload_folder,
                        offload_index=offload_index,
                        state_dict_folder=state_dict_folder,
                        state_dict_index=state_dict_index,
                        dtype=dtype,
                        is_quantized=is_quantized,
                        is_safetensors=is_safetensors,
                        keep_in_fp32_modules=keep_in_fp32_modules,
                    )
                    error_msgs += new_error_msgs
                else:
                    error_msgs += _load_state_dict_into_model(model_to_load, state_dict, start_prefix)

                # force memory release
                del state_dict
                gc.collect()

            if offload_index is not None and len(offload_index) > 0:
                if model != model_to_load:
                    # We need to add the prefix of the base model
                    prefix = cls.base_model_prefix
                    if not is_safetensors:
                        for weight_name in offload_index:
                            shutil.move(
                                os.path.join(offload_folder, f"{weight_name}.dat"),
                                os.path.join(offload_folder, f"{prefix}.{weight_name}.dat"),
                            )
                    offload_index = {f"{prefix}.{key}": value for key, value in offload_index.items()}
                if not is_safetensors:
                    save_offload_index(offload_index, offload_folder)
                    offload_index = None

            if offload_state_dict:
                # Load back temporarily offloaded state dict
                load_offloaded_weights(model_to_load, state_dict_index, state_dict_folder)
                shutil.rmtree(state_dict_folder)

        if len(error_msgs) > 0:
            error_msg = "\n\t".join(error_msgs)
            if "size mismatch" in error_msg:
                error_msg += (
                    "\n\tYou may consider adding `ignore_mismatched_sizes=True` in the model `from_pretrained` method."
                )
            raise RuntimeError(f"Error(s) in loading state_dict for {model.__class__.__name__}:\n\t{error_msg}")

        if is_quantized:
            unexpected_keys = [elem for elem in unexpected_keys if "SCB" not in elem]
            missing_keys = [elem for elem in missing_keys if "SCB" not in elem]

        if len(unexpected_keys) > 0:
            archs = [] if model.config.architectures is None else model.config.architectures
            warner = logger.warn if model.__class__.__name__ in archs else logger.info
            warner(
                f"Some weights of the model checkpoint at {pretrained_model_name_or_path} were not used when"
                f" initializing {model.__class__.__name__}: {unexpected_keys}\n- This IS expected if you are"
                f" initializing {model.__class__.__name__} from the checkpoint of a model trained on another task or"
                " with another architecture (e.g. initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a"
                " BertForPreTraining model).\n- This IS NOT expected if you are initializing"
                f" {model.__class__.__name__} from the checkpoint of a model that you expect to be exactly identical"
                " (initializing a BertForSequenceClassification model from a BertForSequenceClassification model)."
            )
        else:
            logger.info(f"All model checkpoint weights were used when initializing {model.__class__.__name__}.\n")
        if len(missing_keys) > 0:
            logger.warning(
                f"Some weights of {model.__class__.__name__} were not initialized from the model checkpoint at"
                f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path} and are newly initialized: {missing_keys}\nYou should probably"
                " TRAIN this model on a down-stream task to be able to use it for predictions and inference."
            )
        elif len(mismatched_keys) == 0:
            logger.info(
                f"All the weights of {model.__class__.__name__} were initialized from the model checkpoint at"
                f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path}.\nIf your task is similar to the task the model of the checkpoint"
                f" was trained on, you can already use {model.__class__.__name__} for predictions without further"
                " training."
            )
        if len(mismatched_keys) > 0:
            mismatched_warning = "\n".join(
                [
                    f"- {key}: found shape {shape1} in the checkpoint and {shape2} in the model instantiated"
                    for key, shape1, shape2 in mismatched_keys
                ]
            )
            logger.warning(
                f"Some weights of {model.__class__.__name__} were not initialized from the model checkpoint at"
                f" {pretrained_model_name_or_path} and are newly initialized because the shapes did not"
                f" match:\n{mismatched_warning}\nYou should probably TRAIN this model on a down-stream task to be able"
                " to use it for predictions and inference."
            )

        return model, missing_keys, unexpected_keys, mismatched_keys, offload_index, error_msgs

    def retrieve_modules_from_names(self, names, add_prefix=False, remove_prefix=False):
        module_keys = {".".join(key.split(".")[:-1]) for key in names}

        # torch.nn.ParameterList is a special case where two parameter keywords
        # are appended to the module name, *e.g.* bert.special_embeddings.0
        module_keys = module_keys.union(
            {".".join(key.split(".")[:-2]) for key in names if len(key) > 0 and key[-1].isdigit()}
        )

        retrieved_modules = []
        # retrieve all modules that has at least one missing weight name
        for name, module in self.named_modules():
            if remove_prefix:
                _prefix = f"{self.base_model_prefix}."
                name = name[len(_prefix) :] if name.startswith(_prefix) else name
            elif add_prefix:
                name = ".".join([self.base_model_prefix, name]) if len(name) > 0 else self.base_model_prefix

            if name in module_keys:
                retrieved_modules.append(module)

        return retrieved_modules

    @staticmethod
    def _load_pretrained_model_low_mem(model, loaded_state_dict_keys, resolved_archive_file, start_prefix=""):
        """
        This is an experimental function that loads the model using ~1.x model size CPU memory

        Before you call it do:

        1. save which state_dict keys are available
        2. drop state_dict before model is created, since the latter takes 1x model size memory

        Here then we continue:

        3. switch to the meta device all params/buffers that are going to be replaced from the loaded state_dict
        4. load state_dict 2nd time
        5. replace the params/buffers from the state_dict

        Currently, it doesn't handle missing_keys, unexpected_keys, mismatched_keys. It can't handle deepspeed.
        """

        _move_model_to_meta(model, loaded_state_dict_keys, start_prefix)
        state_dict = load_state_dict(resolved_archive_file)
        error_msgs = _load_state_dict_into_meta_model(model, state_dict, loaded_state_dict_keys, start_prefix)
        return error_msgs

    @classmethod
    def register_for_auto_class(cls, auto_class="AutoModel"):
        """
        Register this class with a given auto class. This should only be used for custom models as the ones in the
        library are already mapped with an auto class.

        <Tip warning={true}>

        This API is experimental and may have some slight breaking changes in the next releases.

        </Tip>

        Args:
            auto_class (`str` or `type`, *optional*, defaults to `"AutoModel"`):
                The auto class to register this new model with.
        """
        if not isinstance(auto_class, str):
            auto_class = auto_class.__name__

        import transformers.models.auto as auto_module

        if not hasattr(auto_module, auto_class):
            raise ValueError(f"{auto_class} is not a valid auto class.")

        cls._auto_class = auto_class

    def to_bettertransformer(self) -> "PreTrainedModel":
        """
        Converts the model to use [PyTorch's native attention
        implementation](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.MultiheadAttention.html), integrated to
        Transformers through [Optimum library](https://huggingface.co/docs/optimum/bettertransformer/overview). Only a
        subset of all Transformers models are supported.

        PyTorch's attention fastpath allows to speed up inference through kernel fusions and the use of [nested
        tensors](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nested.html). Detailed benchmarks can be found in [this blog
        post](https://medium.com/pytorch/bettertransformer-out-of-the-box-performance-for-huggingface-transformers-3fbe27d50ab2).

        Returns:
            [`PreTrainedModel`]: The model converted to BetterTransformer.
        """
        if not is_optimum_available():
            raise ImportError("The package `optimum` is required to use Better Transformer.")

        from optimum.version import __version__ as optimum_version

        if version.parse(optimum_version) < version.parse("1.7.0"):
            raise ImportError(
                f"Please install optimum>=1.7.0 to use Better Transformer. The version {optimum_version} was found."
            )

        from optimum.bettertransformer import BetterTransformer

        return BetterTransformer.transform(self)

    def reverse_bettertransformer(self):
        """
        Reverts the transformation from [`~PreTrainedModel.to_bettertransformer`] so that the original modeling is
        used, for example in order to save the model.

        Returns:
            [`PreTrainedModel`]: The model converted back to the original modeling.
        """
        if not is_optimum_available():
            raise ImportError("The package `optimum` is required to use Better Transformer.")

        from optimum.version import __version__ as optimum_version

        if version.parse(optimum_version) < version.parse("1.7.0"):
            raise ImportError(
                f"Please install optimum>=1.7.0 to use Better Transformer. The version {optimum_version} was found."
            )

        from optimum.bettertransformer import BetterTransformer

        return BetterTransformer.reverse(self)

    def warn_if_padding_and_no_attention_mask(self, input_ids, attention_mask):
        """
        Shows a one-time warning if the input_ids appear to contain padding and no attention mask was given.
        """
        if (attention_mask is not None) or (self.config.pad_token_id is None):
            return

        # Check only the first and last input IDs to reduce overhead.
        if self.config.pad_token_id in input_ids[:, [-1, 0]]:
            warn_string = (
                "We strongly recommend passing in an `attention_mask` since your input_ids may be padded. See "
                "https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/troubleshooting"
                "#incorrect-output-when-padding-tokens-arent-masked."
            )

            # If the pad token is equal to either BOS, EOS, or SEP, we do not know whether the user should use an
            # attention_mask or not. In this case, we should still show a warning because this is a rare case.
            if (
                (self.config.bos_token_id is not None and self.config.bos_token_id == self.config.pad_token_id)
                or (self.config.eos_token_id is not None and self.config.eos_token_id == self.config.pad_token_id)
                or (self.config.sep_token_id is not None and self.config.sep_token_id == self.config.pad_token_id)
            ):
                warn_string += (
                    f"\nYou may ignore this warning if your `pad_token_id` ({self.config.pad_token_id}) is identical "
                    f"to the `bos_token_id` ({self.config.bos_token_id}), `eos_token_id` ({self.config.eos_token_id}), "
                    f"or the `sep_token_id` ({self.config.sep_token_id}), and your input is not padded."
                )

            logger.warning_once(warn_string)


PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub = copy_func(PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub)
if PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub.__doc__ is not None:
    PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub.__doc__ = PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub.__doc__.format(
        object="model", object_class="AutoModel", object_files="model file"
    )


class PoolerStartLogits(nn.Module):
    """
    Compute SQuAD start logits from sequence hidden states.

    Args:
        config ([`PretrainedConfig`]):
            The config used by the model, will be used to grab the `hidden_size` of the model.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: PretrainedConfig):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1)

    def forward(
        self, hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor, p_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None
    ) -> torch.FloatTensor:
        """
        Args:
            hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`):
                The final hidden states of the model.
            p_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len)`, *optional*):
                Mask for tokens at invalid position, such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS). 1.0 means token
                should be masked.

        Returns:
            `torch.FloatTensor`: The start logits for SQuAD.
        """
        x = self.dense(hidden_states).squeeze(-1)

        if p_mask is not None:
            if get_parameter_dtype(self) == torch.float16:
                x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 65500 * p_mask
            else:
                x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 1e30 * p_mask

        return x


class PoolerEndLogits(nn.Module):
    """
    Compute SQuAD end logits from sequence hidden states.

    Args:
        config ([`PretrainedConfig`]):
            The config used by the model, will be used to grab the `hidden_size` of the model and the `layer_norm_eps`
            to use.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: PretrainedConfig):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense_0 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size * 2, config.hidden_size)
        self.activation = nn.Tanh()
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.dense_1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor,
        start_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        p_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
    ) -> torch.FloatTensor:
        """
        Args:
            hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`):
                The final hidden states of the model.
            start_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`, *optional*):
                The hidden states of the first tokens for the labeled span.
            start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                The position of the first token for the labeled span.
            p_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len)`, *optional*):
                Mask for tokens at invalid position, such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS). 1.0 means token
                should be masked.

        <Tip>

        One of `start_states` or `start_positions` should be not `None`. If both are set, `start_positions` overrides
        `start_states`.

        </Tip>

        Returns:
            `torch.FloatTensor`: The end logits for SQuAD.
        """
        assert (
            start_states is not None or start_positions is not None
        ), "One of start_states, start_positions should be not None"
        if start_positions is not None:
            slen, hsz = hidden_states.shape[-2:]
            start_positions = start_positions[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz)  # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = hidden_states.gather(-2, start_positions)  # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = start_states.expand(-1, slen, -1)  # shape (bsz, slen, hsz)

        x = self.dense_0(torch.cat([hidden_states, start_states], dim=-1))
        x = self.activation(x)
        x = self.LayerNorm(x)
        x = self.dense_1(x).squeeze(-1)

        if p_mask is not None:
            if get_parameter_dtype(self) == torch.float16:
                x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 65500 * p_mask
            else:
                x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 1e30 * p_mask

        return x


class PoolerAnswerClass(nn.Module):
    """
    Compute SQuAD 2.0 answer class from classification and start tokens hidden states.

    Args:
        config ([`PretrainedConfig`]):
            The config used by the model, will be used to grab the `hidden_size` of the model.
    """

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense_0 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size * 2, config.hidden_size)
        self.activation = nn.Tanh()
        self.dense_1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1, bias=False)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor,
        start_states: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        cls_index: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
    ) -> torch.FloatTensor:
        """
        Args:
            hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`):
                The final hidden states of the model.
            start_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`, *optional*):
                The hidden states of the first tokens for the labeled span.
            start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                The position of the first token for the labeled span.
            cls_index (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                Position of the CLS token for each sentence in the batch. If `None`, takes the last token.

        <Tip>

        One of `start_states` or `start_positions` should be not `None`. If both are set, `start_positions` overrides
        `start_states`.

        </Tip>

        Returns:
            `torch.FloatTensor`: The SQuAD 2.0 answer class.
        """
        # No dependency on end_feature so that we can obtain one single `cls_logits` for each sample.
        hsz = hidden_states.shape[-1]
        assert (
            start_states is not None or start_positions is not None
        ), "One of start_states, start_positions should be not None"
        if start_positions is not None:
            start_positions = start_positions[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz)  # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = hidden_states.gather(-2, start_positions).squeeze(-2)  # shape (bsz, hsz)

        if cls_index is not None:
            cls_index = cls_index[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz)  # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            cls_token_state = hidden_states.gather(-2, cls_index).squeeze(-2)  # shape (bsz, hsz)
        else:
            cls_token_state = hidden_states[:, -1, :]  # shape (bsz, hsz)

        x = self.dense_0(torch.cat([start_states, cls_token_state], dim=-1))
        x = self.activation(x)
        x = self.dense_1(x).squeeze(-1)

        return x


@dataclass
class SquadHeadOutput(ModelOutput):
    """
    Base class for outputs of question answering models using a [`~modeling_utils.SQuADHead`].

    Args:
        loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, *optional*, returned if both `start_positions` and `end_positions` are provided):
            Classification loss as the sum of start token, end token (and is_impossible if provided) classification
            losses.
        start_top_log_probs (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.start_n_top)`, *optional*, returned if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is not provided):
            Log probabilities for the top config.start_n_top start token possibilities (beam-search).
        start_top_index (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.start_n_top)`, *optional*, returned if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is not provided):
            Indices for the top config.start_n_top start token possibilities (beam-search).
        end_top_log_probs (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top)`, *optional*, returned if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is not provided):
            Log probabilities for the top `config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top` end token possibilities
            (beam-search).
        end_top_index (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top)`, *optional*, returned if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is not provided):
            Indices for the top `config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top` end token possibilities (beam-search).
        cls_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*, returned if `start_positions` or `end_positions` is not provided):
            Log probabilities for the `is_impossible` label of the answers.

    """

    loss: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None
    start_top_log_probs: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None
    start_top_index: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None
    end_top_log_probs: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None
    end_top_index: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None
    cls_logits: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None


class SQuADHead(nn.Module):
    r"""
    A SQuAD head inspired by XLNet.

    Args:
        config ([`PretrainedConfig`]):
            The config used by the model, will be used to grab the `hidden_size` of the model and the `layer_norm_eps`
            to use.
    """

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.start_n_top = config.start_n_top
        self.end_n_top = config.end_n_top

        self.start_logits = PoolerStartLogits(config)
        self.end_logits = PoolerEndLogits(config)
        self.answer_class = PoolerAnswerClass(config)

    @replace_return_docstrings(output_type=SquadHeadOutput, config_class=PretrainedConfig)
    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        end_positions: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        cls_index: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        is_impossible: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
        p_mask: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
        return_dict: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[SquadHeadOutput, Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]]:
        """
        Args:
            hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)`):
                Final hidden states of the model on the sequence tokens.
            start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                Positions of the first token for the labeled span.
            end_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                Positions of the last token for the labeled span.
            cls_index (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                Position of the CLS token for each sentence in the batch. If `None`, takes the last token.
            is_impossible (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, *optional*):
                Whether the question has a possible answer in the paragraph or not.
            p_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len)`, *optional*):
                Mask for tokens at invalid position, such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS). 1.0 means token
                should be masked.
            return_dict (`bool`, *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Whether or not to return a [`~utils.ModelOutput`] instead of a plain tuple.

        Returns:
        """
        start_logits = self.start_logits(hidden_states, p_mask=p_mask)

        if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None:
            # If we are on multi-GPU, let's remove the dimension added by batch splitting
            for x in (start_positions, end_positions, cls_index, is_impossible):
                if x is not None and x.dim() > 1:
                    x.squeeze_(-1)

            # during training, compute the end logits based on the ground truth of the start position
            end_logits = self.end_logits(hidden_states, start_positions=start_positions, p_mask=p_mask)

            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
            start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions)
            end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions)
            total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2

            if cls_index is not None and is_impossible is not None:
                # Predict answerability from the representation of CLS and START
                cls_logits = self.answer_class(hidden_states, start_positions=start_positions, cls_index=cls_index)
                loss_fct_cls = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss()
                cls_loss = loss_fct_cls(cls_logits, is_impossible)

                # note(zhiliny): by default multiply the loss by 0.5 so that the scale is comparable to start_loss and end_loss
                total_loss += cls_loss * 0.5

            return SquadHeadOutput(loss=total_loss) if return_dict else (total_loss,)

        else:
            # during inference, compute the end logits based on beam search
            bsz, slen, hsz = hidden_states.size()
            start_log_probs = nn.functional.softmax(start_logits, dim=-1)  # shape (bsz, slen)

            start_top_log_probs, start_top_index = torch.topk(
                start_log_probs, self.start_n_top, dim=-1
            )  # shape (bsz, start_n_top)
            start_top_index_exp = start_top_index.unsqueeze(-1).expand(-1, -1, hsz)  # shape (bsz, start_n_top, hsz)
            start_states = torch.gather(hidden_states, -2, start_top_index_exp)  # shape (bsz, start_n_top, hsz)
            start_states = start_states.unsqueeze(1).expand(-1, slen, -1, -1)  # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top, hsz)

            hidden_states_expanded = hidden_states.unsqueeze(2).expand_as(
                start_states
            )  # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top, hsz)
            p_mask = p_mask.unsqueeze(-1) if p_mask is not None else None
            end_logits = self.end_logits(hidden_states_expanded, start_states=start_states, p_mask=p_mask)
            end_log_probs = nn.functional.softmax(end_logits, dim=1)  # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top)

            end_top_log_probs, end_top_index = torch.topk(
                end_log_probs, self.end_n_top, dim=1
            )  # shape (bsz, end_n_top, start_n_top)
            end_top_log_probs = end_top_log_probs.view(-1, self.start_n_top * self.end_n_top)
            end_top_index = end_top_index.view(-1, self.start_n_top * self.end_n_top)

            start_states = torch.einsum("blh,bl->bh", hidden_states, start_log_probs)
            cls_logits = self.answer_class(hidden_states, start_states=start_states, cls_index=cls_index)

            if not return_dict:
                return (start_top_log_probs, start_top_index, end_top_log_probs, end_top_index, cls_logits)
            else:
                return SquadHeadOutput(
                    start_top_log_probs=start_top_log_probs,
                    start_top_index=start_top_index,
                    end_top_log_probs=end_top_log_probs,
                    end_top_index=end_top_index,
                    cls_logits=cls_logits,
                )


class SequenceSummary(nn.Module):
    r"""
    Compute a single vector summary of a sequence hidden states.

    Args:
        config ([`PretrainedConfig`]):
            The config used by the model. Relevant arguments in the config class of the model are (refer to the actual
            config class of your model for the default values it uses):

            - **summary_type** (`str`) -- The method to use to make this summary. Accepted values are:

                - `"last"` -- Take the last token hidden state (like XLNet)
                - `"first"` -- Take the first token hidden state (like Bert)
                - `"mean"` -- Take the mean of all tokens hidden states
                - `"cls_index"` -- Supply a Tensor of classification token position (GPT/GPT-2)
                - `"attn"` -- Not implemented now, use multi-head attention

            - **summary_use_proj** (`bool`) -- Add a projection after the vector extraction.
            - **summary_proj_to_labels** (`bool`) -- If `True`, the projection outputs to `config.num_labels` classes
              (otherwise to `config.hidden_size`).
            - **summary_activation** (`Optional[str]`) -- Set to `"tanh"` to add a tanh activation to the output,
              another string or `None` will add no activation.
            - **summary_first_dropout** (`float`) -- Optional dropout probability before the projection and activation.
            - **summary_last_dropout** (`float`)-- Optional dropout probability after the projection and activation.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: PretrainedConfig):
        super().__init__()

        self.summary_type = getattr(config, "summary_type", "last")
        if self.summary_type == "attn":
            # We should use a standard multi-head attention module with absolute positional embedding for that.
            # Cf. https://github.com/zihangdai/xlnet/blob/master/modeling.py#L253-L276
            # We can probably just use the multi-head attention module of PyTorch >=1.1.0
            raise NotImplementedError

        self.summary = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, "summary_use_proj") and config.summary_use_proj:
            if hasattr(config, "summary_proj_to_labels") and config.summary_proj_to_labels and config.num_labels > 0:
                num_classes = config.num_labels
            else:
                num_classes = config.hidden_size
            self.summary = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_classes)

        activation_string = getattr(config, "summary_activation", None)
        self.activation: Callable = get_activation(activation_string) if activation_string else Identity()

        self.first_dropout = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, "summary_first_dropout") and config.summary_first_dropout > 0:
            self.first_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.summary_first_dropout)

        self.last_dropout = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, "summary_last_dropout") and config.summary_last_dropout > 0:
            self.last_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.summary_last_dropout)

    def forward(
        self, hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor, cls_index: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None
    ) -> torch.FloatTensor:
        """
        Compute a single vector summary of a sequence hidden states.

        Args:
            hidden_states (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `[batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size]`):
                The hidden states of the last layer.
            cls_index (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `[batch_size]` or `[batch_size, ...]` where ... are optional leading dimensions of `hidden_states`, *optional*):
                Used if `summary_type == "cls_index"` and takes the last token of the sequence as classification token.

        Returns:
            `torch.FloatTensor`: The summary of the sequence hidden states.
        """
        if self.summary_type == "last":
            output = hidden_states[:, -1]
        elif self.summary_type == "first":
            output = hidden_states[:, 0]
        elif self.summary_type == "mean":
            output = hidden_states.mean(dim=1)
        elif self.summary_type == "cls_index":
            if cls_index is None:
                cls_index = torch.full_like(
                    hidden_states[..., :1, :],
                    hidden_states.shape[-2] - 1,
                    dtype=torch.long,
                )
            else:
                cls_index = cls_index.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
                cls_index = cls_index.expand((-1,) * (cls_index.dim() - 1) + (hidden_states.size(-1),))
            # shape of cls_index: (bsz, XX, 1, hidden_size) where XX are optional leading dim of hidden_states
            output = hidden_states.gather(-2, cls_index).squeeze(-2)  # shape (bsz, XX, hidden_size)
        elif self.summary_type == "attn":
            raise NotImplementedError

        output = self.first_dropout(output)
        output = self.summary(output)
        output = self.activation(output)
        output = self.last_dropout(output)

        return output


def unwrap_model(model: nn.Module) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Recursively unwraps a model from potential containers (as used in distributed training).

    Args:
        model (`torch.nn.Module`): The model to unwrap.
    """
    # since there could be multiple levels of wrapping, unwrap recursively
    if hasattr(model, "module"):
        return unwrap_model(model.module)
    else:
        return model


def expand_device_map(device_map, param_names):
    """
    Expand a device map to return the correspondance parameter name to device.
    """
    new_device_map = {}
    for module, device in device_map.items():
        new_device_map.update({p: device for p in param_names if p == module or p.startswith(f"{module}.")})
    return new_device_map


def get_disk_only_shard_files(device_map, sharded_metadata):
    """
    Returns the list of shard files containing only weights offloaded to disk.
    """
    files_content = collections.defaultdict(list)
    for weight_name, filename in sharded_metadata["weight_map"].items():
        while len(weight_name) > 0 and weight_name not in device_map:
            weight_name = ".".join(weight_name.split(".")[:-1])
        files_content[filename].append(device_map[weight_name])

    return [fname for fname, devices in files_content.items() if set(devices) == {"disk"}]