task.py

import abc
from dataclasses import dataclass, field, asdict

import re
import ast
import yaml
import evaluate
import random
import itertools
import functools
from tqdm import tqdm

import datasets
import numpy as np

from typing import Union, List, Any, Tuple, Literal
from collections.abc import Callable

from lm_eval import utils
from lm_eval.api import samplers
from lm_eval.api.instance import Instance
from lm_eval.api.filter import FilterEnsemble

from lm_eval.logger import eval_logger
from lm_eval.prompts import get_prompt
from lm_eval.filters import build_filter_ensemble
from lm_eval.api.metrics import (
    mean,
    weighted_perplexity,
    bits_per_byte,
    metric_max_over_ground_truths,
)
from lm_eval.api.registry import (
    get_metric,
    get_aggregation,
    get_default_aggregation,
    is_higher_better,
    DEFAULT_METRIC_REGISTRY,
    OUTPUT_TYPE_REGISTRY,
    AGGREGATION_REGISTRY,
)

ALL_OUTPUT_TYPES = [
    "loglikelihood",
    "multiple_choice",
    "loglikelihood_rolling",
    "greedy_until",
]


@dataclass
class TaskConfig(dict):
    # task naming/registry
    task: str = None
    group: Union[str, list] = None
    # HF dataset options.
    # which dataset to use,
    # and what splits for what purpose
    dataset_path: str = None
    dataset_name: str = None
    dataset_kwargs: dict = None
    training_split: str = None
    validation_split: str = None
    test_split: str = None
    fewshot_split: str = None  # TODO: assert that this not None if num_fewshot > 0. (?) assert if this is same split as one evaling (?)
    # formatting / prompting options.
    # see docs/advanced_task_guide.md for more info
    process_docs: Callable = None
    doc_to_text: Union[Callable, str] = None
    doc_to_target: Union[Callable, str] = None
    doc_to_choice: Union[Callable, str, dict, list] = None
    gold_alias: Union[Callable, str] = None
    process_results: Union[Callable, str] = None
    use_prompt: str = None
    description: str = ""
    target_delimiter: str = " "
    fewshot_delimiter: str = "\n\n"
    # runtime configuration options
    num_fewshot: int = 0
    # scoring options
    metric_list: str = None
    output_type: str = "greedy_until"
    generation_kwargs: dict = None
    repeats: int = 1
    filter_list: Union[str, list] = None
    should_decontaminate: bool = False
    doc_to_decontamination_query: str = None

    metadata: str = None  # by default, not used in the code. allows for users to pass arbitrary info to tasks

    def __post_init__(self):

        if self.generation_kwargs is not None:
            if self.output_type != "greedy_until":
                eval_logger.warning(
                    "passed `generation_kwargs`, but not using `output_type: greedy_until`!"
                )
                assert self.output_type != "greedy_until"

            if "temperature" in self.generation_kwargs:
                self.generation_kwargs["temperature"] = float(
                    self.generation_kwargs["temperature"]
                )

            if "until" not in self.generation_kwargs:
                self.generation_kwargs["until"] = [self.fewshot_delimiter]
        else:
            if self.output_type == "greedy_until":
                # ensure that we greedily generate in absence of explicit arguments otherwise
                self.generation_kwargs = {
                    "until": None
                    if self.fewshot_delimiter is None
                    else [self.fewshot_delimiter],
                    "do_sample": False,
                    "temperature": 0.0,
                }

        # TODO: how to make TaskConfigs be de- and re-serializable, even when using the !function constructor?

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return getattr(self, item)

    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
        return setattr(self, item, value)

    def to_dict(self):
        """dumps the current config as a dictionary object, as a printable format.
        null fields will not be printed.
        Used for dumping results alongside full task configuration

        :return: dict
            A printable dictionary version of the TaskConfig object.

        # TODO: should any default value in the TaskConfig not be printed?
        """
        cfg_dict = asdict(self)
        # remove values that are `None`
        for k, v in list(cfg_dict.items()):
            if v is None:
                cfg_dict.pop(k)
            elif isinstance(v, Callable):
                # TODO: this should handle Promptsource template objects as a separate case?
                cfg_dict[k] = str(v)
        return cfg_dict


class Task(abc.ABC):
    """A task represents an entire benchmark including its dataset, problems,
    answers, and evaluation methods. See BoolQ for a simple example implementation

    A `doc` can be any python object which represents one instance of evaluation.
    This is usually a dictionary e.g.
        {"question": ..., "answer": ...} or
        {"question": ..., question, answer)
    """

    VERSION = None

    # The name of the `Task` benchmark as denoted in the HuggingFace datasets Hub
    # or a path to a custom `datasets` loading script.
    DATASET_PATH: str = None

    # The name of a subset within `DATASET_PATH`.
    DATASET_NAME: str = None

    OUTPUT_TYPE: str = None

    def __init__(
        self,
        data_dir=None,
        cache_dir=None,
        download_mode=None,
        config=None,
    ):
        """
        :param data_dir: str
            Stores the path to a local folder containing the `Task`'s data files.
            Use this to specify the path to manually downloaded data (usually when
            the dataset is not publicly accessible).
        :param cache_dir: str
            The directory to read/write the `Task` dataset. This follows the
            HuggingFace `datasets` API with the default cache directory located at:
                `~/.cache/huggingface/datasets`
            NOTE: You can change the cache location globally for a given process
            by setting the shell environment variable, `HF_DATASETS_CACHE`,
            to another directory:
                `export HF_DATASETS_CACHE="/path/to/another/directory"`
        :param download_mode: datasets.DownloadMode
            How to treat pre-existing `Task` downloads and data.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.REUSE_DATASET_IF_EXISTS`
                Reuse download and reuse dataset.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.REUSE_CACHE_IF_EXISTS`
                Reuse download with fresh dataset.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.FORCE_REDOWNLOAD`
                Fresh download and fresh dataset.
        """
        self.download(data_dir, cache_dir, download_mode)
        self._training_docs = None
        self._fewshot_docs = None
        self._instances = None

        self._config = TaskConfig(**config) if config else TaskConfig()

        if not hasattr(self, "_filters"):
            self._filters = []
            for name, components in self._config.get(
                "filters", [["none", [["take_first", None]]]]
            ):
                filter_pipeline = build_filter_ensemble(name, components)
                self._filters.append(filter_pipeline)

        self.sampler = samplers.Sampler(
            list(self.fewshot_docs()), self, rnd=random.Random(1234)
        )

    def download(self, data_dir=None, cache_dir=None, download_mode=None):
        """Downloads and returns the task dataset.
        Override this method to download the dataset from a custom API.

        :param data_dir: str
            Stores the path to a local folder containing the `Task`'s data files.
            Use this to specify the path to manually downloaded data (usually when
            the dataset is not publicly accessible).
        :param cache_dir: str
            The directory to read/write the `Task` dataset. This follows the
            HuggingFace `datasets` API with the default cache directory located at:
                `~/.cache/huggingface/datasets`
            NOTE: You can change the cache location globally for a given process
            by setting the shell environment variable, `HF_DATASETS_CACHE`,
            to another directory:
                `export HF_DATASETS_CACHE="/path/to/another/directory"`
        :param download_mode: datasets.DownloadMode
            How to treat pre-existing `Task` downloads and data.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.REUSE_DATASET_IF_EXISTS`
                Reuse download and reuse dataset.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.REUSE_CACHE_IF_EXISTS`
                Reuse download with fresh dataset.
            - `datasets.DownloadMode.FORCE_REDOWNLOAD`
                Fresh download and fresh dataset.
        """
        self.dataset = datasets.load_dataset(
            path=self.DATASET_PATH,
            name=self.DATASET_NAME,
            data_dir=data_dir,
            cache_dir=cache_dir,
            download_mode=download_mode,
        )

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def has_training_docs(self):
        """Whether the task has a training set"""
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def has_validation_docs(self):
        """Whether the task has a validation set"""
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def has_test_docs(self):
        """Whether the task has a test set"""
        pass

    def training_docs(self):
        """
        :return: Iterable[obj]
            A iterable of any object, that doc_to_text can handle
        """
        return []

    def validation_docs(self):
        """
        :return: Iterable[obj]
            A iterable of any object, that doc_to_text can handle
        """
        return []

    def test_docs(self):
        """
        :return: Iterable[obj]
            A iterable of any object, that doc_to_text can handle
        """
        return []

    def fewshot_docs(self):
        """
        :return: Iterable[obj]
            A iterable of any object, that doc_to_text can handle
        """
        if self.has_training_docs():
            return self.training_docs()
        elif self.has_validation_docs():
            return self.validation_docs()
        else:
            eval_logger.warning(
                "has_training_docs and has_validation_docs are False"
                ", using test_docs as fewshot_docs but this is not recommended."
            )
            return self.test_docs()

    def _process_doc(self, doc):
        """
        Override this to process (detokenize, strip, replace, etc.) individual
        documents. This can be used in a map over documents of a data split.
        E.g. `map(self._process_doc, self.dataset["validation"])`

        :return: dict
            The processed version of the specified `doc`.
        """
        return doc

    @property
    def instances(self):
        """After calling `task.build_all_requests()`, tasks
        maintain a list of the dataset instances which will be evaluated.
        """
        return self._instances

    def fewshot_examples(self, k, rnd):
        if self._training_docs is None:
            self._training_docs = list(self.training_docs())

        return rnd.sample(self._training_docs, k)

    def doc_to_decontamination_query(self, doc):
        print(
            "Override doc_to_decontamination_query with document specific decontamination query."
        )
        assert False

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def doc_to_text(self, doc):
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def doc_to_target(self, doc):
        pass

    def build_all_requests(self, limit=None, rank=None, world_size=None):
        """Build a set of Instances for a task, and store them in task.instances"""
        if self.has_test_docs():
            docs = self.test_docs()
        elif self.has_validation_docs():
            docs = self.validation_docs()
        else:
            assert (
                False
            ), f"Task dataset (path={self.DATASET_PATH}, name={self.DATASET_NAME}) must have valid or test docs!"

        eval_logger.info(
            f"Building contexts for task '{self._config.task}' on rank {rank}..."
        )

        instances = []
        for doc_id, doc in utils.create_iterator(
            enumerate(docs), rank, world_size, limit
        ):
            # sample fewshot context #TODO: need to offset doc_id by rank now!
            fewshot_ctx = self.fewshot_context(
                doc,
                self._config.num_fewshot,
            )

            # TODO: we should override self._config.repeats if doing greedy gen so users don't waste time+compute
            inst = self.construct_requests(
                doc=doc,
                ctx=fewshot_ctx,
                metadata=(self._config["task"], doc_id, self._config.repeats),
            )

            if not isinstance(inst, list):
                inst = [inst]

            instances.extend(inst)

        self._instances = instances
        assert len(self._instances) != 0, "task.build_requests() did not find any docs!"

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def construct_requests(self, doc, ctx, **kwargs):
        """Uses RequestFactory to construct Requests and returns an iterable of
        Requests which will be sent to the LM.

        :param doc:
            The document as returned from training_docs, validation_docs, or test_docs.
        :param ctx: str
            The context string, generated by fewshot_context. This includes the natural
            language description, as well as the few shot examples, and the question
            part of the document for `doc`.
        :param doc_idx: int
            The index of a document within `self.test_docs()` or `self.validation_docs()`,
            whichever is the main split used.
        :param repeats: int
        TODO: update this docstring
            The number of times each instance in a dataset is inferred on. Defaults to 1,
            can be increased for techniques like majority voting.
        """
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def process_results(self, doc, results):
        """Take a single document and the LM results and evaluates, returning a
        dict where keys are the names of submetrics and values are the values of
        the metric for that one document

        :param doc:
            The document as returned from training_docs, validation_docs, or test_docs.
        :param results:
            The results of the requests created in construct_requests.
        """
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def aggregation(self):
        """
        :returns: {str: [metric_score] -> float}
            A dictionary where keys are the names of submetrics and values are
            functions that aggregate a list of metric scores
        """
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def higher_is_better(self):
        """
        :returns: {str: bool}
            A dictionary where keys are the names of submetrics and values are
            whether a higher value of the submetric is better
        """
        pass

    @classmethod
    def count_bytes(cls, doc):
        """Used for byte-level perplexity metrics in rolling loglikelihood"""
        return len(doc.encode("utf-8"))

    @classmethod
    def count_words(cls, doc):
        """Downstream loglikelihood_rolling perplexity tasks with custom word boundaries should override this!"""
        return len(re.split(r"\s+", doc))

    @utils.positional_deprecated
    def fewshot_context(self, doc, num_fewshot):
        """Returns a fewshot context string that is made up of a prepended description
        (if provided), the `num_fewshot` number of examples, and an appended prompt example.

        :param doc: str
            The document as returned from training_docs, validation_docs, or test_docs.
        :param num_fewshot: int
            The number of fewshot examples to provide in the returned context string.
        :returns: str
            The fewshot context.
        """

        if num_fewshot == 0:
            # always prepend the (possibly empty) task description
            labeled_examples = self._config.description
        else:
            labeled_examples = self._config.description + self.sampler.get_context(
                doc, num_fewshot
            )

        example = self.doc_to_text(doc)
        if type(example) == str:
            return labeled_examples + example
        elif type(example) == list:
            return [labeled_examples + ex for ex in example]
        elif type(example) == int:
            choices = self.doc_to_choice(doc)
            return labeled_examples + choices[example]

    def apply_filters(self):

        if hasattr(self, "_filters"):
            for f in self._filters:
                f.apply(self._instances)
        else:
            eval_logger.warning("No filter defined, passing through instances")
            return self._instances

    def dump_config(self) -> dict:
        """Returns a dictionary representing the task's config.

        :returns: str
            The fewshot context.
        """
        # TODO: this should only return the overrides applied to a non-YAML task's configuration.
        # (num_fewshot)
        return self._config.to_dict()


class ConfigurableTask(Task):
    VERSION = "Yaml"
    OUTPUT_TYPE = None
    CONFIG = None

    def __init__(
        self, data_dir=None, cache_dir=None, download_mode=None, config: dict = None
    ):  # TODO no super() call here
        # Get pre-configured attributes
        self._config = self.CONFIG

        # Use new configurations if there was no preconfiguration
        if self._config is None:
            self._config = TaskConfig(**config)
        # Overwrite configs
        else:
            if config is not None:
                self._config.__dict__.update(config)

        if self._config is None:
            raise ValueError(
                "Must pass a config to ConfigurableTask, either in cls.CONFIG or `config` kwarg"
            )

        if self._config.output_type is not None:
            assert self._config.output_type in ALL_OUTPUT_TYPES
            self.OUTPUT_TYPE = self._config.output_type

        if self._config.dataset_path is not None:
            self.DATASET_PATH = self._config.dataset_path

        if self._config.dataset_name is not None:
            self.DATASET_NAME = self._config.dataset_name

        self._metric_fn_list = {}
        self._metric_fn_kwargs = {}
        self._aggregation_list = {}
        self._higher_is_better = {}

        _metric_list = DEFAULT_METRIC_REGISTRY[self._config.output_type]
        if self._config.metric_list is None:
            # TODO: handle this in TaskConfig.__post_init__ ?
            for metric_name in _metric_list:
                self._metric_fn_list[metric_name] = get_metric(metric_name)
                self._aggregation_list[metric_name] = get_default_aggregation(
                    metric_name
                )
                self._higher_is_better[metric_name] = is_higher_better(metric_name)
        else:
            for metric_config in self._config.metric_list:
                assert "metric" in metric_config
                metric_name = metric_config["metric"]
                kwargs = {
                    key: metric_config[key]
                    for key in metric_config
                    if key not in ["metric", "aggregation", "higher_is_better"]
                }

                if self._config.process_results is not None:
                    self._metric_fn_list[metric_name] = None
                    self._metric_fn_kwargs[metric_name] = {}
                elif callable(metric_name):
                    metric_fn = metric_name.__call__
                    metric_name = metric_name.__name__
                    self._metric_fn_list[metric_name] = metric_fn
                    self._metric_fn_kwargs[metric_name] = kwargs
                else:
                    self._metric_fn_list[metric_name] = get_metric(metric_name)
                    self._metric_fn_kwargs[metric_name] = kwargs

                if "aggregation" in metric_config:
                    agg_name = metric_config["aggregation"]
                    if type(agg_name) == str:
                        self._aggregation_list[metric_name] = get_aggregation(agg_name)
                    elif callable(agg_name):
                        self._aggregation_list[metric_name] = metric_config[
                            "aggregation"
                        ]
                else:

                    INV_AGG_REGISTRY = {v: k for k, v in AGGREGATION_REGISTRY.items()}
                    metric_agg = get_default_aggregation(metric_name)
                    eval_logger.warning(
                        f"metric {metric_name} is defined, but aggregation is not. "
                        f"using default "
                        f"aggregation={INV_AGG_REGISTRY[metric_agg]}"
                    )
                    self._aggregation_list[metric_name] = metric_agg

                if "higher_is_better" in metric_config:
                    self._higher_is_better[metric_name] = metric_config[
                        "higher_is_better"
                    ]
                else:
                    eval_logger.warning(
                        f"metric {metric_name} is defined, but higher_is_better is not. "
                        f"using default "
                        f"higher_is_better={is_higher_better(metric_name)}"
                    )
                    self._higher_is_better[metric_name] = is_higher_better(metric_name)

        self.download(self._config.dataset_kwargs)
        self._training_docs = None
        self._fewshot_docs = None

        if self._config.filter_list is not None:
            self._filters = []
            for filter_config in self._config.filter_list:
                for filter_pipeline in filter_config:
                    filter_name = filter_config["name"]
                    filter_functions = filter_config["filter"]
                    components = []
                    for function in filter_functions:
                        kwargs = {
                            key: function[key] for key in function if key != "function"
                        }
                        components.append([function["function"], kwargs])
                    filter_pipeline = build_filter_ensemble(filter_name, components)
                self._filters.append(filter_pipeline)
        else:
            self._filters = [build_filter_ensemble("none", [["take_first", None]])]

        if self._config.use_prompt is not None:
            eval_logger.info(f"loading prompt {self._config.use_prompt}")
            self.prompt = get_prompt(
                self._config.use_prompt, self.DATASET_PATH, self.DATASET_NAME
            )
        else:
            self.prompt = None

        if self.fewshot_docs() is not None:
            self.sampler = samplers.Sampler(
                list(self.fewshot_docs()), self, rnd=random.Random(1234)
            )

        if self.has_test_docs():
            docs = self.test_docs()
        elif self.has_validation_docs():
            docs = self.validation_docs()
        else:
            assert (
                False
            ), f"Task dataset (path={self.DATASET_PATH}, name={self.DATASET_NAME}) must have valid or test docs!"

        # Test One Doc
        self.features = list(docs.features.keys())
        self.multiple_input = 0
        self.multiple_target = 0
        test_doc = docs[0]
        test_text = self.doc_to_text(test_doc)
        test_target = self.doc_to_target(test_doc)

        if self._config.doc_to_choice is not None:
            test_choice = self.doc_to_choice(test_doc)
            if type(test_choice) is not list:
                eval_logger.error("doc_to_choice must return list")
            else:
                num_choice = len(test_choice)

            if type(test_text) is int:
                self.multiple_input = num_choice

        if type(test_target) is list:
            self.multiple_target = len(test_target)

    def download(self, dataset_kwargs=None):

        self.dataset = datasets.load_dataset(
            path=self.DATASET_PATH,
            name=self.DATASET_NAME,
            **dataset_kwargs if dataset_kwargs is not None else {},
        )

    def has_training_docs(self) -> bool:
        if self._config.training_split is not None:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def has_validation_docs(self) -> bool:
        if self._config.validation_split is not None:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def has_test_docs(self) -> bool:
        if self._config.test_split is not None:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def training_docs(self) -> datasets.Dataset:
        if self.has_training_docs():
            if self._config.process_docs is not None:
                return self._config.process_docs(
                    self.dataset[self._config.training_split]
                )
            return self.dataset[self._config.training_split]

    def validation_docs(self) -> datasets.Dataset:
        if self.has_validation_docs():
            if self._config.process_docs is not None:
                return self._config.process_docs(
                    self.dataset[self._config.validation_split]
                )
            return self.dataset[self._config.validation_split]

    def test_docs(self) -> datasets.Dataset:
        if self.has_test_docs():
            if self._config.process_docs is not None:
                return self._config.process_docs(self.dataset[self._config.test_split])
            return self.dataset[self._config.test_split]

    def fewshot_docs(self):
        if self._config.fewshot_split is not None:
            return self.dataset[self._config.fewshot_split]
        else:
            if self._config.num_fewshot > 0:
                eval_logger.warning(
                    f"Task '{self._config.task}': "
                    "num_fewshot > 0 but fewshot_split is None. "
                    "using preconfigured rule."
                )
            return super().fewshot_docs()

    def should_decontaminate(self):
        return self._config.should_decontaminate

    def doc_to_decontamination_query(self, doc):
        if self._config.should_decontaminate:
            if self._config.doc_to_decontamination_query in self.features:
                return doc[self._config.doc_to_decontamination_query]
            else:
                return ast.literal_eval(
                    utils.apply_template(self._config.doc_to_decontamination_query, doc)
                )

    def _process_doc(self, doc):
        """
        Override this to process (detokenize, strip, replace, etc.) individual
        documents. This can be used in a map over documents of a data split.
        E.g. `map(self._process_doc, self.dataset["validation"])`

        :return: dict
            The processed version of the specified `doc`.
        """
        return doc

    def doc_to_text(self, doc):

        if self.prompt is not None:
            doc_to_text = self.prompt
        else:
            doc_to_text = self._config.doc_to_text

        if type(doc_to_text) == int:
            return doc_to_text
        elif type(doc_to_text) == str:
            if doc_to_text in self.features:
                # if self._config.doc_to_choice is not None:
                #     return self.doc_to_choice(doc)[doc[doc_to_text]]
                # else:
                return doc[doc_to_text]
            else:
                text_string = utils.apply_template(doc_to_text, doc)
                if text_string.isdigit():
                    return ast.literal_eval(text_string)
                else:
                    return text_string
        elif callable(doc_to_text):
            return doc_to_text(doc)
        # Used when applying a Promptsource template
        elif hasattr(doc_to_text, "apply"):
            return doc_to_text.apply(doc)[0]
        else:
            print(type(doc_to_text))
            raise TypeError

    def doc_to_target(self, doc: dict) -> Union[int, str, list]:

        if self.prompt is not None:
            doc_to_target = self.prompt
        else:
            doc_to_target = self._config.doc_to_target

        if type(doc_to_target) == int:
            return doc_to_target
        elif type(doc_to_target) == str:
            if doc_to_target in self.features:
                # if self._config.doc_to_choice is not None:
                #     return self.doc_to_choice(doc)[doc[doc_to_target]]
                # else:
                return doc[doc_to_target]
            else:
                target_string = utils.apply_template(doc_to_target, doc)
                if target_string.isdigit():
                    return ast.literal_eval(target_string)
                elif (target_string[0] == "[") and (target_string[-1] == "]"):
                    return ast.literal_eval(target_string)
                else:
                    return target_string
        elif type(doc_to_target) == list:
            return doc_to_target
        elif callable(doc_to_target):
            return doc_to_target(doc)
        # Used when applying a Promptsource template
        elif hasattr(doc_to_target, "apply"):
            return doc_to_target.apply(doc)[1]
        else:
            raise TypeError

    def doc_to_choice(self, doc: Any) -> List[str]:

        if self.prompt is not None:
            doc_to_choice = self.prompt
        elif self._config.doc_to_choice is None:
            eval_logger.error("doc_to_choice was called but not set in config")
        else:
            doc_to_choice = self._config.doc_to_choice

        if type(doc_to_choice) == str:
            return ast.literal_eval(utils.apply_template(doc_to_choice, doc))
        elif type(doc_to_choice) == list:
            return doc_to_choice
        elif type(doc_to_choice) == dict:
            return list(doc_to_choice.values())
        elif callable(doc_to_choice):
            return doc_to_choice(doc)
        elif hasattr(doc_to_choice, "get_answer_choices_list"):
            return doc_to_choice.get_answer_choices_list(doc)
        else:
            raise TypeError

    def gold_alias(self, doc):
        # returns a version of the gold target answer to a document,
        # which should be passed into metric for scoring as the ground truth.

        # in multiple_choice tasks, this should be castable to an int corresponding to the index
        # within the answer choices, while doc_to_target is the string version of {{answer_choices[gold]}}.
        if self._config.gold_alias is not None:
            doc_to_target = self._config.gold_alias
        else:
            return self.doc_to_target(doc)

        if type(doc_to_target) == str:
            return utils.apply_template(doc_to_target, doc)
        elif callable(doc_to_target):
            return doc_to_target(doc)
        elif hasattr(doc_to_target, "apply"):
            return doc_to_target.apply(doc)[1]
        else:
            raise TypeError

    def construct_requests(
        self, doc: dict, ctx: str, **kwargs
    ) -> Union[List[Instance], Instance]:

        if self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "loglikelihood":
            arguments = (ctx, self.doc_to_target(doc))
        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "loglikelihood_rolling":
            arguments = (self.doc_to_target(doc),)
        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "multiple_choice":

            choices = self.doc_to_choice(doc)
            target_delimiter = self._config.target_delimiter
            if self.multiple_input:
                # If there are multiple inputs, choices are placed in the ctx
                cont = self.doc_to_target(doc)
                arguments = [(ctx, f"{target_delimiter}{cont}") for ctx in choices]
            else:
                # Otherwise they are placed in the continuation
                arguments = [(ctx, f"{target_delimiter}{cont}") for cont in choices]

            request_list = [
                Instance(
                    request_type="loglikelihood",
                    doc=doc,
                    arguments=arg,
                    idx=i,
                    **kwargs,
                )
                for i, arg in enumerate(arguments)
            ]
            # TODO: we should raise a warning telling users this will at most ~2x runtime.
            if "acc_mutual_info" in self._metric_fn_list.keys():
                # if we are calculating multiple choice accuracy
                # using mutual information instead of raw loglikelihood as metric, need unconditional lls.

                # here mutual info refers to calculating
                # log(P(choice|ctx) / P(choice)) = log(P(choice|ctx)) - log(P(choice))
                # in other words normalizing by subtracting the unconditional logprob of each choice.
                request_list.extend(
                    [
                        Instance(
                            request_type="loglikelihood",
                            doc=doc,
                            arguments=("", "{}".format(choice)),
                            idx=i,
                            **kwargs,
                        )
                        for i, choice in enumerate(choices)
                    ]
                )
            return request_list

        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "greedy_until":
            arguments = (ctx, self._config.generation_kwargs)

        return Instance(
            request_type=self.OUTPUT_TYPE, doc=doc, arguments=arguments, idx=0, **kwargs
        )

    def process_results(self, doc, results):

        if callable(self._config.process_results):
            return self._config.process_results(doc, results)

        result_dict = {}
        use_metric = list(self._metric_fn_list.keys())
        if self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "loglikelihood":
            results = results[0]
            ll, is_greedy = results
            return {
                **({"perplexity": ll} if "perplexity" in use_metric else {}),
                **({"acc": int(is_greedy)} if "acc" in use_metric else {}),
            }
        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "loglikelihood_rolling":
            (loglikelihood,) = results
            _words = self.count_words(self.doc_to_target(doc))
            _bytes = self.count_bytes(self.doc_to_target(doc))
            return {
                **(
                    {"word_perplexity": (loglikelihood, _words)}
                    if "word_perplexity" in use_metric
                    else {}
                ),
                **(
                    {"byte_perplexity": (loglikelihood, _bytes)}
                    if "byte_perplexity" in use_metric
                    else {}
                ),
                **(
                    {"bits_per_byte": (loglikelihood, _bytes)}
                    if "bits_per_byte" in use_metric
                    else {}
                ),
            }
        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "multiple_choice":

            lls, is_greedy = zip(*results)

            # retrieve choices in List[str] form, to compute choice lengths, etc.
            choices = self.doc_to_choice(doc)
            completion_len = np.array([float(len(i)) for i in choices])

            if (
                2 * len(choices) == len(lls)
                and "acc_mutual_info" in self._metric_fn_list.keys()
            ):
                # then we are doing mutual info.
                # this stores the "dryrun" / unconditional answer loglikelihoods
                lls_unconditional = lls[1::2]
                assert len(lls_unconditional) == len(choices)
                # and this stores our "regular" conditional loglikelihoods
                lls = lls[::2]

            pred = np.argmax(lls)
            pred_norm = np.argmax(lls / completion_len)

            if self.multiple_input:
                gold = self.doc_to_text(doc)
            else:
                gold = self.doc_to_target(doc)
                if type(gold) is str:
                    gold = choices.index(gold)

            if self.multiple_target:
                acc = 1.0 if pred in gold else 0.0
                acc_norm = 1.0 if pred_norm in gold else 0.0
                exact_match = int(any([is_greedy[i] for i in gold]))
            else:
                acc = 1.0 if pred == gold else 0.0
                acc_norm = 1.0 if pred_norm == gold else 0.0
                # TODO: this gets score of 0 on arc_challenge for pythia-70m. need to test that this works properly
                exact_match = int(is_greedy[gold])

            result_dict = {
                **({"acc": acc} if "acc" in use_metric else {}),
                **({"f1": (gold, pred)} if "f1" in use_metric else {}),
                **({"mcc": (gold, pred)} if "mcc" in use_metric else {}),
                **({"acc_norm": acc_norm} if "acc_norm" in use_metric else {}),
                **({"exact_match": exact_match} if "exact_match" in use_metric else {}),
            }

            if "acc_mutual_info" in use_metric:
                lls_mutual_info = [
                    ll_c - ll_u for ll_c, ll_u in zip(lls, lls_unconditional)
                ]
                acc_mutual_info = 1.0 if np.argmax(lls_mutual_info) == gold else 0.0
                result_dict["acc_mutual_info"] = acc_mutual_info

        elif self.OUTPUT_TYPE == "greedy_until":

            gold = self.doc_to_target(doc)
            if type(gold) == int:
                choices = self.doc_to_choice(doc)
                gold = choices[gold]

            for key, result in zip(self._metric_fn_list.keys(), results):
                if self.multiple_target:
                    # in the case where we have multiple targets,
                    # return true if any are true
                    # TODO: this may break for multipLe_target, non zero-or-1 metrics
                    scores = []
                    for gold_option in gold:
                        res = self._metric_fn_list[key](
                            references=[gold_option],
                            predictions=[result],
                            **self._metric_fn_kwargs[key],
                        )
                        if isinstance(res, dict):
                            # TODO: this handles the case where HF evaluate returns a dict.
                            res = res[key]
                        scores.append(res)
                    if any(scores):
                        result_score = 1.0
                    else:
                        result_score = 0.0
                else:
                    result_score = self._metric_fn_list[key](
                        references=[gold],
                        predictions=[result],
                        **self._metric_fn_kwargs[key],
                    )

                if isinstance(result_score, dict):
                    result_dict.update(result_score)
                else:
                    result_dict[key] = result_score
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Passed invalid output_type '{self.OUTPUT_TYPE}' ! Please use one of ",
                "'loglikelihood', 'loglikelihood_rolling', 'greedy_until' or 'multiple_choice'",
            )

        return result_dict

    def aggregation(self):
        return self._aggregation_list

    def higher_is_better(self):
        return self._higher_is_better


class MultipleChoiceTask(Task):
    OUTPUT_TYPE: str = "loglikelihood"

    def doc_to_target(self, doc: dict) -> str:
        return " " + doc["choices"][doc["gold"]]

    def construct_requests(self, doc: dict, ctx: str, **kwargs) -> List[Instance]:
        # TODO: add mutual info here?
        return [
            Instance(
                request_type="loglikelihood",
                doc=doc,
                arguments=(ctx, " {}".format(choice)),
                idx=i,
                **kwargs,
            )
            for i, choice in enumerate(doc["choices"])
        ]

    def process_results(self, doc: dict, results: List[Tuple[float, bool]]) -> dict:
        results = [
            res[0] for res in results
        ]  # only retain loglikelihoods, discard is_greedy TODO: do we need is_greedy anywhere?
        gold = doc["gold"]

        acc = 1.0 if np.argmax(results) == gold else 0.0
        completion_len = np.array([float(len(i)) for i in doc["choices"]])
        acc_norm = 1.0 if np.argmax(results / completion_len) == gold else 0.0

        return {
            "acc": acc,
            "acc_norm": acc_norm,
        }

    def higher_is_better(self) -> dict:
        return {
            "acc": True,
            "acc_norm": True,
        }

    def aggregation(self) -> dict:
        return {
            "acc": mean,
            "acc_norm": mean,
        }


class PerplexityTask(Task):
    OUTPUT_TYPE = "loglikelihood_rolling"

    def has_training_docs(self) -> bool:
        return False

    def fewshot_examples(self, k: int, rnd) -> List:
        assert k == 0
        return []

    def fewshot_context(self, doc: dict, num_fewshot: int) -> Literal[""]:
        assert (
            num_fewshot == 0
        ), "The number of fewshot examples must be 0 for perplexity tasks."

        return ""

    def higher_is_better(self) -> dict:
        return {
            "word_perplexity": False,
            "byte_perplexity": False,
            "bits_per_byte": False,
        }

    def doc_to_decontamination_query(self, doc):
        return doc

    def doc_to_text(self, doc):
        return ""

    def doc_to_target(self, doc):
        return doc

    def construct_requests(self, doc: dict, ctx: Union[str, None], **kwargs):
        assert not ctx

        return Instance(
            request_type=self.OUTPUT_TYPE,
            doc=doc,
            arguments=(self.doc_to_target(doc),),
            idx=0,
            **kwargs,
        )

    def process_results(self, doc: dict, results: float) -> dict:
        (loglikelihood,) = results
        words = self.count_words(self.doc_to_target(doc))
        bytes_ = self.count_bytes(self.doc_to_target(doc))
        return {
            "word_perplexity": (loglikelihood, words),
            "byte_perplexity": (loglikelihood, bytes_),
            "bits_per_byte": (loglikelihood, bytes_),
        }

    def aggregation(self) -> dict:
        return {
            "word_perplexity": weighted_perplexity,
            "byte_perplexity": weighted_perplexity,
            "bits_per_byte": bits_per_byte,
        }

    @classmethod
    def count_bytes(cls, doc) -> int:
        return len(doc.encode("utf-8"))

    @classmethod
    def count_words(cls, doc) -> int:
        """Downstream tasks with custom word boundaries should override this!"""
        return len(re.split(r"\s+", doc))