trainer.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2020-present the HuggingFace Inc. team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
The Trainer class, to easily train a 🤗 Transformers from scratch or finetune it on a new task.
"""

import collections
import inspect
import math
import os
import re
import shutil
import time
import warnings
from pathlib import Path
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union


# Integrations must be imported before ML frameworks:
from .integrations import (  # isort: split
    default_hp_search_backend,
    get_reporting_integration_callbacks,
    hp_params,
    is_fairscale_available,
    is_optuna_available,
    is_ray_tune_available,
    run_hp_search_optuna,
    run_hp_search_ray,
    init_deepspeed,
)

import numpy as np
import torch
from packaging import version
from torch import nn
from torch.utils.data.dataloader import DataLoader
from torch.utils.data.dataset import Dataset
from torch.utils.data.distributed import DistributedSampler
from torch.utils.data.sampler import RandomSampler, SequentialSampler

from .data.data_collator import DataCollator, DataCollatorWithPadding, default_data_collator
from .file_utils import (
    WEIGHTS_NAME,
    is_apex_available,
    is_datasets_available,
    is_in_notebook,
    is_sagemaker_distributed_available,
    is_torch_tpu_available,
)
from .modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel
from .models.auto.modeling_auto import MODEL_FOR_QUESTION_ANSWERING_MAPPING
from .optimization import Adafactor, AdamW, get_scheduler
from .tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
from .trainer_callback import (
    CallbackHandler,
    DefaultFlowCallback,
    PrinterCallback,
    ProgressCallback,
    TrainerCallback,
    TrainerControl,
    TrainerState,
)
from .trainer_pt_utils import (
    DistributedLengthGroupedSampler,
    DistributedTensorGatherer,
    LabelSmoother,
    LengthGroupedSampler,
    SequentialDistributedSampler,
    distributed_broadcast_scalars,
    distributed_concat,
    nested_concat,
    nested_detach,
    nested_numpify,
    nested_xla_mesh_reduce,
    reissue_pt_warnings,
)
from .trainer_utils import (
    PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR,
    BestRun,
    EvalPrediction,
    HPSearchBackend,
    PredictionOutput,
    TrainOutput,
    default_compute_objective,
    default_hp_space,
    set_seed,
    speed_metrics,
)
from .training_args import ParallelMode, TrainingArguments
from .utils import logging


_is_native_amp_available = False

DEFAULT_CALLBACKS = [DefaultFlowCallback]
DEFAULT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK = ProgressCallback

if is_in_notebook():
    from .utils.notebook import NotebookProgressCallback

    DEFAULT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK = NotebookProgressCallback

if is_apex_available():
    from apex import amp

if version.parse(torch.__version__) >= version.parse("1.6"):
    _is_native_amp_available = True
    from torch.cuda.amp import autocast

if is_datasets_available():
    import datasets

if is_torch_tpu_available():
    import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
    import torch_xla.debug.metrics as met
    import torch_xla.distributed.parallel_loader as pl

if is_fairscale_available():
    from fairscale.nn.data_parallel import ShardedDataParallel as ShardedDDP
    from fairscale.optim import OSS
    from fairscale.optim.grad_scaler import ShardedGradScaler

if is_sagemaker_distributed_available():
    import smdistributed.dataparallel.torch.distributed as dist
    from smdistributed.dataparallel.torch.parallel.distributed import DistributedDataParallel as DDP
else:
    import torch.distributed as dist

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import optuna

logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)


def _model_unwrap(model: nn.Module) -> nn.Module:
    # since there could be multiple levels of wrapping, unwrap recursively
    if hasattr(model, "module"):
        return _model_unwrap(model.module)
    else:
        return model


class Trainer:
    """
    Trainer is a simple but feature-complete training and eval loop for PyTorch, optimized for 🤗 Transformers.

    Args:
        model (:class:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel` or :obj:`torch.nn.Module`, `optional`):
            The model to train, evaluate or use for predictions. If not provided, a ``model_init`` must be passed.

            .. note::

                :class:`~transformers.Trainer` is optimized to work with the :class:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel`
                provided by the library. You can still use your own models defined as :obj:`torch.nn.Module` as long as
                they work the same way as the 🤗 Transformers models.
        args (:class:`~transformers.TrainingArguments`, `optional`):
            The arguments to tweak for training. Will default to a basic instance of
            :class:`~transformers.TrainingArguments` with the ``output_dir`` set to a directory named `tmp_trainer` in
            the current directory if not provided.
        data_collator (:obj:`DataCollator`, `optional`):
            The function to use to form a batch from a list of elements of :obj:`train_dataset` or :obj:`eval_dataset`.
            Will default to :func:`~transformers.default_data_collator` if no ``tokenizer`` is provided, an instance of
            :func:`~transformers.DataCollatorWithPadding` otherwise.
        train_dataset (:obj:`torch.utils.data.dataset.Dataset`, `optional`):
            The dataset to use for training. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`, columns not accepted by the
            ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed.
        eval_dataset (:obj:`torch.utils.data.dataset.Dataset`, `optional`):
             The dataset to use for evaluation. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`, columns not accepted by the
             ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed.
        tokenizer (:class:`PreTrainedTokenizerBase`, `optional`):
            The tokenizer used to preprocess the data. If provided, will be used to automatically pad the inputs the
            maximum length when batching inputs, and it will be saved along the model to make it easier to rerun an
            interrupted training or reuse the fine-tuned model.
        model_init (:obj:`Callable[[], PreTrainedModel]`, `optional`):
            A function that instantiates the model to be used. If provided, each call to
            :meth:`~transformers.Trainer.train` will start from a new instance of the model as given by this function.

            The function may have zero argument, or a single one containing the optuna/Ray Tune trial object, to be
            able to choose different architectures according to hyper parameters (such as layer count, sizes of inner
            layers, dropout probabilities etc).
        compute_metrics (:obj:`Callable[[EvalPrediction], Dict]`, `optional`):
            The function that will be used to compute metrics at evaluation. Must take a
            :class:`~transformers.EvalPrediction` and return a dictionary string to metric values.
        callbacks (List of :obj:`~transformers.TrainerCallback`, `optional`):
            A list of callbacks to customize the training loop. Will add those to the list of default callbacks
            detailed in :doc:`here <callback>`.

            If you want to remove one of the default callbacks used, use the :meth:`Trainer.remove_callback` method.
        optimizers (:obj:`Tuple[torch.optim.Optimizer, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR`, `optional`): A tuple
            containing the optimizer and the scheduler to use. Will default to an instance of
            :class:`~transformers.AdamW` on your model and a scheduler given by
            :func:`~transformers.get_linear_schedule_with_warmup` controlled by :obj:`args`.

    Important attributes:

        - **model** -- Always points to the core model. If using a transformers model, it will be a
          :class:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel` subclass.
        - **model_wrapped** -- Always points to the most external model in case one or more other modules wrap the
          original model. This is the model that should be used for the forward pass. For example, under ``DeepSpeed``,
          the inner model is wrapped in ``DeepSpeed`` and then again in ``torch.nn.DistributedDataParallel``. If the
          inner model hasn't been wrapped, then ``self.model_wrapped`` is the same as ``self.model``.
        - **is_model_parallel** -- Whether or not a model has been switched to a model parallel mode (different from
          data parallelism, this means some of the model layers are split on different GPUs).
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: Union[PreTrainedModel, torch.nn.Module] = None,
        args: TrainingArguments = None,
        data_collator: Optional[DataCollator] = None,
        train_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None,
        eval_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None,
        tokenizer: Optional["PreTrainedTokenizerBase"] = None,
        model_init: Callable[[], PreTrainedModel] = None,
        compute_metrics: Optional[Callable[[EvalPrediction], Dict]] = None,
        callbacks: Optional[List[TrainerCallback]] = None,
        optimizers: Tuple[torch.optim.Optimizer, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR] = (None, None),
    ):
        if args is None:
            output_dir = "tmp_trainer"
            logger.info(f"No `TrainingArguments` passed, using `output_dir={output_dir}`.")
            args = TrainingArguments(output_dir=output_dir)
        self.args = args
        # Seed must be set before instantiating the model when using model
        set_seed(self.args.seed)
        self.hp_name = None
        self.deepspeed = None

        if model is None:
            if model_init is not None:
                self.model_init = model_init
                model = self.call_model_init()
            else:
                raise RuntimeError("`Trainer` requires either a `model` or `model_init` argument")
        else:
            if model_init is not None:
                warnings.warn(
                    "`Trainer` requires either a `model` or `model_init` argument, but not both. "
                    "`model_init` will overwrite your model when calling the `train` method. This will become a fatal error in the next release.",
                    FutureWarning,
                )
            self.model_init = model_init

        if hasattr(model, "is_parallelizable") and model.is_parallelizable and model.model_parallel:
            self.is_model_parallel = True
        else:
            self.is_model_parallel = False

        default_collator = default_data_collator if tokenizer is None else DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer)
        self.data_collator = data_collator if data_collator is not None else default_collator
        self.train_dataset = train_dataset
        self.eval_dataset = eval_dataset
        self.tokenizer = tokenizer

        # postpone switching model to cuda when:
        # 1. MP - since we are trying to fit a much bigger than 1 gpu model
        # 2. fp16-enabled DeepSpeed loads the model in half the size and it doesn't need .to() anyway
        if not (self.is_model_parallel or args.deepspeed):
            model = model.to(args.device)

        # Force n_gpu to 1 to avoid DataParallel as MP will manage the GPUs
        if self.is_model_parallel:
            self.args._n_gpu = 1

        # later use `self.model is self.model_wrapped` to check if it's wrapped or not
        self.model_wrapped = model
        self.model = model

        self.compute_metrics = compute_metrics
        self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = optimizers
        if model_init is not None and (self.optimizer is not None or self.lr_scheduler is not None):
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Passing a `model_init` is incompatible with providing the `optimizers` argument."
                "You should subclass `Trainer` and override the `create_optimizer_and_scheduler` method."
            )
        default_callbacks = DEFAULT_CALLBACKS + get_reporting_integration_callbacks(self.args.report_to)
        callbacks = default_callbacks if callbacks is None else default_callbacks + callbacks
        self.callback_handler = CallbackHandler(
            callbacks, self.model, self.tokenizer, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler
        )
        self.add_callback(PrinterCallback if self.args.disable_tqdm else DEFAULT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK)

        # Will be set to True by `self._setup_loggers()` on first call to `self.log()`.
        self._loggers_initialized = False

        # Create output directory if needed
        if self.is_world_process_zero():
            os.makedirs(self.args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
        if is_torch_tpu_available() and isinstance(self.model, PreTrainedModel):
            # Set an xla_device flag on the model's config.
            # We'll find a more elegant and not need to do this in the future.
            self.model.config.xla_device = True
        if not callable(self.data_collator) and callable(getattr(self.data_collator, "collate_batch", None)):
            raise ValueError("The `data_collator` should be a simple callable (function, class with `__call__`).")

        if args.max_steps > 0:
            logger.info("max_steps is given, it will override any value given in num_train_epochs")

        # Enforce rules on using datasets with no __len__
        if train_dataset is not None and not isinstance(train_dataset, collections.abc.Sized) and args.max_steps <= 0:
            raise ValueError("train_dataset does not implement __len__, max_steps has to be specified")
        if eval_dataset is not None and not isinstance(eval_dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("eval_dataset must implement __len__")

        if is_datasets_available():
            if isinstance(train_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
                self._remove_unused_columns(self.train_dataset, description="training")
            if isinstance(eval_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
                self._remove_unused_columns(self.eval_dataset, description="evaluation")

        # Setup Sharded DDP training
        self.sharded_dpp = False
        if args.sharded_ddp:
            if args.deepspeed:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Using --sharded_ddp together with --deepspeed is not possible, deactivate one of those flags."
                )

            if args.local_rank == -1:
                raise ValueError("Using sharded DDP only works in distributed training.")
            elif not is_fairscale_available():
                raise ImportError("Sharded DDP training requires fairscale: `pip install fairscale`.")
            else:
                self.sharded_dpp = True

        # Mixed precision setup
        self.use_apex = False
        self.use_amp = False
        self.fp16_backend = None

        if args.fp16:
            if args.fp16_backend == "auto":
                self.fp16_backend = "amp" if _is_native_amp_available else "apex"
            else:
                self.fp16_backend = args.fp16_backend
            logger.info(f"Using {self.fp16_backend} fp16 backend")

        if args.fp16 and not args.deepspeed:  # deepspeed manages its own fp16
            if self.fp16_backend == "amp":
                self.use_amp = True
                self.scaler = ShardedGradScaler() if self.sharded_dpp else torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler()
            else:
                if not is_apex_available():
                    raise ImportError(
                        "Using FP16 with APEX but APEX is not installed, please refer to https://www.github.com/nvidia/apex."
                    )
                self.use_apex = True

        # Label smoothing
        if self.args.label_smoothing_factor != 0:
            self.label_smoother = LabelSmoother(epsilon=self.args.label_smoothing_factor)
        else:
            self.label_smoother = None

        self.state = TrainerState()
        self.control = TrainerControl()
        # Internal variable for total_flos used to count as tensors (for distributed + TPU), will be sent in the
        # state at each call to self.log.
        self._total_flos = None
        self.hp_search_backend = None
        self.use_tune_checkpoints = False
        default_label_names = (
            ["start_positions", "end_positions"]
            if type(self.model) in MODEL_FOR_QUESTION_ANSWERING_MAPPING.values()
            else ["labels"]
        )
        self.label_names = default_label_names if self.args.label_names is None else self.args.label_names
        self.control = self.callback_handler.on_init_end(self.args, self.state, self.control)

    def add_callback(self, callback):
        """
        Add a callback to the current list of :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`.

        Args:
           callback (:obj:`type` or :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`):
               A :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback` class or an instance of a :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`.
               In the first case, will instantiate a member of that class.
        """
        self.callback_handler.add_callback(callback)

    def pop_callback(self, callback):
        """
        Remove a callback from the current list of :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback` and returns it.

        If the callback is not found, returns :obj:`None` (and no error is raised).

        Args:
           callback (:obj:`type` or :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`):
               A :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback` class or an instance of a :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`.
               In the first case, will pop the first member of that class found in the list of callbacks.

        Returns:
            :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`: The callback removed, if found.
        """
        return self.callback_handler.pop_callback(callback)

    def remove_callback(self, callback):
        """
        Remove a callback from the current list of :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`.

        Args:
           callback (:obj:`type` or :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`):
               A :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback` class or an instance of a :class:`~transformer.TrainerCallback`.
               In the first case, will remove the first member of that class found in the list of callbacks.
        """
        self.callback_handler.remove_callback(callback)

    def _remove_unused_columns(self, dataset: "datasets.Dataset", description: Optional[str] = None):
        if not self.args.remove_unused_columns:
            return
        # Inspect model forward signature to keep only the arguments it accepts.
        signature = inspect.signature(self.model.forward)
        signature_columns = list(signature.parameters.keys())
        # Labels may be named label or label_ids, the default data collator handles that.
        signature_columns += ["label", "label_ids"]
        columns = [k for k in signature_columns if k in dataset.column_names]
        ignored_columns = list(set(dataset.column_names) - set(signature_columns))
        dset_description = "" if description is None else f"in the {description} set "
        logger.info(
            f"The following columns {dset_description}don't have a corresponding argument in `{self.model.__class__.__name__}.forward` and have been ignored: {', '.join(ignored_columns)}."
        )
        dataset.set_format(type=dataset.format["type"], columns=columns)

    def _get_train_sampler(self) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.sampler.Sampler]:
        if isinstance(self.train_dataset, torch.utils.data.IterableDataset) or not isinstance(
            self.train_dataset, collections.abc.Sized
        ):
            return None

        # Gather the number of processes and this process index.
        if self.args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.TPU:
            num_processes = xm.xrt_world_size()
            process_index = xm.get_ordinal()
        elif (
            self.args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.DISTRIBUTED
            or self.args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.SAGEMAKER_DISTRIBUTED
        ):
            num_processes = dist.get_world_size()
            process_index = dist.get_rank()
        else:
            num_processes = 1
            process_index = 0

        # Build the sampler.
        if self.args.group_by_length:
            if num_processes <= 1:
                return LengthGroupedSampler(self.train_dataset, self.args.train_batch_size)
            else:
                return DistributedLengthGroupedSampler(
                    self.train_dataset, self.args.train_batch_size, num_replicas=num_processes, rank=process_index
                )

        else:
            if num_processes <= 1:
                return RandomSampler(self.train_dataset)
            else:
                return DistributedSampler(self.train_dataset, num_replicas=num_processes, rank=process_index)

    def get_train_dataloader(self) -> DataLoader:
        """
        Returns the training :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`.

        Will use no sampler if :obj:`self.train_dataset` does not implement :obj:`__len__`, a random sampler (adapted
        to distributed training if necessary) otherwise.

        Subclass and override this method if you want to inject some custom behavior.
        """
        if self.train_dataset is None:
            raise ValueError("Trainer: training requires a train_dataset.")
        train_sampler = self._get_train_sampler()

        return DataLoader(
            self.train_dataset,
            batch_size=self.args.train_batch_size,
            sampler=train_sampler,
            collate_fn=self.data_collator,
            drop_last=self.args.dataloader_drop_last,
            num_workers=self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
            pin_memory=self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
        )

    def _get_eval_sampler(self, eval_dataset: Dataset) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.sampler.Sampler]:
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            return SequentialDistributedSampler(eval_dataset, num_replicas=xm.xrt_world_size(), rank=xm.get_ordinal())
        elif self.args.local_rank != -1:
            return SequentialDistributedSampler(eval_dataset)
        else:
            return SequentialSampler(eval_dataset)

    def get_eval_dataloader(self, eval_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None) -> DataLoader:
        """
        Returns the evaluation :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`.

        Subclass and override this method if you want to inject some custom behavior.

        Args:
            eval_dataset (:obj:`torch.utils.data.dataset.Dataset`, `optional`):
                If provided, will override :obj:`self.eval_dataset`. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`, columns not
                accepted by the ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed. It must implement :obj:`__len__`.
        """
        if eval_dataset is None and self.eval_dataset is None:
            raise ValueError("Trainer: evaluation requires an eval_dataset.")
        elif eval_dataset is not None and not isinstance(eval_dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("eval_dataset must implement __len__")
        elif is_datasets_available() and isinstance(eval_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
            self._remove_unused_columns(eval_dataset, description="evaluation")
        eval_dataset = eval_dataset if eval_dataset is not None else self.eval_dataset
        eval_sampler = self._get_eval_sampler(eval_dataset)

        return DataLoader(
            eval_dataset,
            sampler=eval_sampler,
            batch_size=self.args.eval_batch_size,
            collate_fn=self.data_collator,
            drop_last=self.args.dataloader_drop_last,
            num_workers=self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
            pin_memory=self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
        )

    def get_test_dataloader(self, test_dataset: Dataset) -> DataLoader:
        """
        Returns the test :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader`.

        Subclass and override this method if you want to inject some custom behavior.

        Args:
            test_dataset (:obj:`torch.utils.data.dataset.Dataset`, `optional`):
                The test dataset to use. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`, columns not accepted by the
                ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed. It must implement :obj:`__len__`.
        """
        if not isinstance(test_dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("test_dataset must implement __len__")
        elif is_datasets_available() and isinstance(test_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
            self._remove_unused_columns(test_dataset, description="test")
        test_sampler = self._get_eval_sampler(test_dataset)

        # We use the same batch_size as for eval.
        return DataLoader(
            test_dataset,
            sampler=test_sampler,
            batch_size=self.args.eval_batch_size,
            collate_fn=self.data_collator,
            drop_last=self.args.dataloader_drop_last,
            pin_memory=self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
        )

    def create_optimizer_and_scheduler(self, num_training_steps: int):
        """
        Setup the optimizer and the learning rate scheduler.

        We provide a reasonable default that works well. If you want to use something else, you can pass a tuple in the
        Trainer's init through :obj:`optimizers`, or subclass and override this method in a subclass.
        """
        if self.optimizer is None:
            no_decay = ["bias", "LayerNorm.weight"]
            optimizer_grouped_parameters = [
                {
                    "params": [p for n, p in self.model.named_parameters() if not any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)],
                    "weight_decay": self.args.weight_decay,
                },
                {
                    "params": [p for n, p in self.model.named_parameters() if any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)],
                    "weight_decay": 0.0,
                },
            ]
            optimizer_cls = Adafactor if self.args.adafactor else AdamW
            if self.args.adafactor:
                optimizer_cls = Adafactor
                optimizer_kwargs = {"scale_parameter": False, "relative_step": False}
            else:
                optimizer_cls = AdamW
                optimizer_kwargs = {
                    "betas": (self.args.adam_beta1, self.args.adam_beta2),
                    "eps": self.args.adam_epsilon,
                }
            optimizer_kwargs["lr"] = self.args.learning_rate
            if self.sharded_dpp:
                self.optimizer = OSS(
                    params=optimizer_grouped_parameters,
                    optim=optimizer_cls,
                    **optimizer_kwargs,
                )
            else:
                self.optimizer = optimizer_cls(optimizer_grouped_parameters, **optimizer_kwargs)

        if self.lr_scheduler is None:
            self.lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
                self.args.lr_scheduler_type,
                self.optimizer,
                num_warmup_steps=self.args.warmup_steps,
                num_training_steps=num_training_steps,
            )

    def num_examples(self, dataloader: DataLoader) -> int:
        """
        Helper to get number of samples in a :class:`~torch.utils.data.DataLoader` by accessing its dataset.

        Will raise an exception if the underlying dataset dese not implement method :obj:`__len__`
        """
        return len(dataloader.dataset)

    def _hp_search_setup(self, trial: Union["optuna.Trial", Dict[str, Any]]):
        """ HP search setup code """
        self._trial = trial

        if self.hp_search_backend is None or trial is None:
            return

        params = self.hp_space(trial) if self.hp_search_backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA else trial
        for key, value in params.items():
            if not hasattr(self.args, key):
                raise AttributeError(
                    f"Trying to set {key} in the hyperparameter search but there is no corresponding field in `TrainingArguments`."
                )
            old_attr = getattr(self.args, key, None)
            # Casting value to the proper type
            if old_attr is not None:
                value = type(old_attr)(value)
            setattr(self.args, key, value)
        if self.hp_search_backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA:
            logger.info("Trial:", trial.params)

    def _report_to_hp_search(
        self, trial: Union["optuna.Trial", Dict[str, Any]], epoch: int, metrics: Dict[str, float]
    ):
        if self.hp_search_backend is None or trial is None:
            return
        self.objective = self.compute_objective(metrics.copy())
        if self.hp_search_backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA:
            import optuna

            trial.report(self.objective, epoch)
            if trial.should_prune():
                raise optuna.TrialPruned()
        elif self.hp_search_backend == HPSearchBackend.RAY:
            from ray import tune

            if self.state.global_step % self.args.save_steps == 0:
                self._tune_save_checkpoint()
            tune.report(objective=self.objective, **metrics)

    def _tune_save_checkpoint(self):
        from ray import tune

        if not self.use_tune_checkpoints:
            return
        with tune.checkpoint_dir(step=self.state.global_step) as checkpoint_dir:
            self.args.output_dir = checkpoint_dir
            output_dir = os.path.join(self.args.output_dir, f"{PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR}-{self.state.global_step}")
            self.save_model(output_dir)
            if self.is_world_process_zero():
                self.state.save_to_json(os.path.join(output_dir, "trainer_state.json"))
                torch.save(self.optimizer.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "optimizer.pt"))
                torch.save(self.lr_scheduler.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "scheduler.pt"))

    def call_model_init(self, trial=None):
        model_init_argcount = len(inspect.signature(self.model_init).parameters)
        if model_init_argcount == 0:
            model = self.model_init()
        elif model_init_argcount == 1:
            model = self.model_init(trial)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("model_init should have 0 or 1 argument.")

        if model is None:
            raise RuntimeError("model_init should not return None.")

        return model

    def train(
        self,
        resume_from_checkpoint: Optional[str] = None,
        trial: Union["optuna.Trial", Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Main training entry point.

        Args:
            resume_from_checkpoint (:obj:`str`, `optional`):
                Local path to a saved checkpoint as saved by a previous instance of :class:`~transformers.Trainer`. If
                present, training will resume from the model/optimizer/scheduler states loaded here.
            trial (:obj:`optuna.Trial` or :obj:`Dict[str, Any]`, `optional`):
                The trial run or the hyperparameter dictionary for hyperparameter search.
            kwargs:
                Additional keyword arguments used to hide deprecated arguments
        """
        if "model_path" in kwargs:
            resume_from_checkpoint = kwargs.pop("model_path")
            warnings.warn(
                "`model_path` is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use `resume_from_checkpoint` "
                "instead.",
                FutureWarning,
            )
        if len(kwargs) > 0:
            raise TypeError(f"train() received got unexpected keyword arguments: {', '.join(list(kwargs.keys()))}.")
        # This might change the seed so needs to run first.
        self._hp_search_setup(trial)

        # Model re-init
        model_reloaded = False
        if self.model_init is not None:
            # Seed must be set before instantiating the model when using model_init.
            set_seed(self.args.seed)
            self.model = self.call_model_init(trial)
            model_reloaded = True
            # Reinitializes optimizer and scheduler
            self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = None, None

        # Load potential model checkpoint
        if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, WEIGHTS_NAME)):
            logger.info(f"Loading model from {resume_from_checkpoint}).")
            if isinstance(self.model, PreTrainedModel):
                self.model = self.model.from_pretrained(resume_from_checkpoint)
                model_reloaded = True
            else:
                state_dict = torch.load(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, WEIGHTS_NAME))
                self.model.load_state_dict(state_dict)

        # If model was re-initialized, put it on the right device and update self.model_wrapped
        if model_reloaded:
            if not self.is_model_parallel:
                self.model = self.model.to(self.args.device)
            self.model_wrapped = self.model

        # Keeping track whether we can can len() on the dataset or not
        train_dataset_is_sized = isinstance(self.train_dataset, collections.abc.Sized)

        # Data loader and number of training steps
        train_dataloader = self.get_train_dataloader()

        # Setting up training control variables:
        # number of training epochs: num_train_epochs
        # number of training steps per epoch: num_update_steps_per_epoch
        # total number of training steps to execute: max_steps
        if train_dataset_is_sized:
            num_update_steps_per_epoch = len(train_dataloader) // self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps
            num_update_steps_per_epoch = max(num_update_steps_per_epoch, 1)
            if self.args.max_steps > 0:
                max_steps = self.args.max_steps
                num_train_epochs = self.args.max_steps // num_update_steps_per_epoch + int(
                    self.args.max_steps % num_update_steps_per_epoch > 0
                )
            else:
                max_steps = math.ceil(self.args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch)
                num_train_epochs = math.ceil(self.args.num_train_epochs)
        else:
            # see __init__. max_steps is set when the dataset has no __len__
            max_steps = self.args.max_steps
            num_train_epochs = 1
            num_update_steps_per_epoch = max_steps

        if self.args.deepspeed:
            model, optimizer, lr_scheduler = init_deepspeed(self, num_training_steps=max_steps)
            self.model = model.module
            self.model_wrapped = model  # will get further wrapped in DDP
            self.deepspeed = model  # DeepSpeedEngine object
            self.optimizer = optimizer
            self.lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler
        else:
            self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)

        self.state = TrainerState()
        self.state.is_hyper_param_search = trial is not None

        # Check if saved optimizer or scheduler states exist
        self._load_optimizer_and_scheduler(resume_from_checkpoint)

        model = self.model_wrapped

        # Mixed precision training with apex (torch < 1.6)
        if self.use_apex:
            model, self.optimizer = amp.initialize(model, self.optimizer, opt_level=self.args.fp16_opt_level)

        # Multi-gpu training (should be after apex fp16 initialization)
        if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
            model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model)

        # Distributed training (should be after apex fp16 initialization)
        if self.sharded_dpp:
            model = ShardedDDP(model, self.optimizer)
        elif is_sagemaker_distributed_available():
            model = DDP(model, device_ids=[dist.get_local_rank()], broadcast_buffers=False)
        elif self.deepspeed:
            pass  # already initialized its own DDP earlier
        elif self.args.local_rank != -1:
            if self.args.ddp_find_unused_parameters is not None:
                find_unused_parameters = self.args.ddp_find_unused_parameters
            elif isinstance(model, PreTrainedModel):
                # find_unused_parameters breaks checkpointing as per
                # https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/4659#issuecomment-643356021
                find_unused_parameters = not getattr(model.config, "gradient_checkpointing", False)
            else:
                find_unused_parameters = True
            model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(
                model,
                device_ids=[self.args.local_rank],
                output_device=self.args.local_rank,
                find_unused_parameters=find_unused_parameters,
            )

        # for the rest of this function `model` is the outside model, whether it was wrapped or not
        if model is not self.model:
            self.model_wrapped = model

        # important: at this point:
        # self.model         is the Transformers Model
        # self.model_wrapped is DDP(Transformers Model), DDP(Deepspeed(Transformers Model)), etc.

        # Train!
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            world_size = xm.xrt_world_size()
        elif self.args.local_rank != -1:
            world_size = dist.get_world_size()
        else:
            world_size = 1

        total_train_batch_size = self.args.train_batch_size * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps * world_size
        num_examples = (
            self.num_examples(train_dataloader)
            if train_dataset_is_sized
            else total_train_batch_size * self.args.max_steps
        )

        logger.info("***** Running training *****")
        logger.info(f"  Num examples = {num_examples}")
        logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {num_train_epochs}")
        logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {self.args.per_device_train_batch_size}")
        logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_train_batch_size}")
        logger.info(f"  Gradient Accumulation steps = {self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
        logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {max_steps}")

        self.state.epoch = 0
        start_time = time.time()
        epochs_trained = 0
        steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0

        # Check if continuing training from a checkpoint
        if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and os.path.isfile(
            os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, "trainer_state.json")
        ):
            self.state = TrainerState.load_from_json(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, "trainer_state.json"))
            epochs_trained = self.state.global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch
            if not self.args.ignore_data_skip:
                steps_trained_in_current_epoch = self.state.global_step % (num_update_steps_per_epoch)
                steps_trained_in_current_epoch *= self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps
            else:
                steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0

            logger.info("  Continuing training from checkpoint, will skip to saved global_step")
            logger.info(f"  Continuing training from epoch {epochs_trained}")
            logger.info(f"  Continuing training from global step {self.state.global_step}")
            if not self.args.ignore_data_skip:
                logger.info(
                    f"  Will skip the first {epochs_trained} epochs then the first {steps_trained_in_current_epoch} "
                    "batches in the first epoch."
                )

        # Update the references
        self.callback_handler.model = self.model
        self.callback_handler.optimizer = self.optimizer
        self.callback_handler.lr_scheduler = self.lr_scheduler
        self.callback_handler.train_dataloader = train_dataloader
        self.state.trial_name = self.hp_name(trial) if self.hp_name is not None else None
        self.state.trial_params = hp_params(trial) if trial is not None else None
        # This should be the same if the state has been saved but in case the training arguments changed, it's safer
        # to set this after the load.
        self.state.max_steps = max_steps
        self.state.num_train_epochs = num_train_epochs
        self.state.is_local_process_zero = self.is_local_process_zero()
        self.state.is_world_process_zero = self.is_world_process_zero()

        # tr_loss is a tensor to avoid synchronization of TPUs through .item()
        tr_loss = torch.tensor(0.0).to(self.args.device)
        # _total_loss_scalar is updated everytime .item() has to be called on tr_loss and stores the sum of all losses
        self._total_loss_scalar = 0.0
        self._globalstep_last_logged = self.state.global_step
        self._total_flos = self.state.total_flos
        model.zero_grad()

        self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_begin(self.args, self.state, self.control)

        # Skip the first epochs_trained epochs to get the random state of the dataloader at the right point.
        if not self.args.ignore_data_skip:
            for epoch in range(epochs_trained):
                # We just need to begin an iteration to create the randomization of the sampler.
                for _ in train_dataloader:
                    break

        for epoch in range(epochs_trained, num_train_epochs):
            if isinstance(train_dataloader, DataLoader) and isinstance(train_dataloader.sampler, DistributedSampler):
                train_dataloader.sampler.set_epoch(epoch)

            if is_torch_tpu_available():
                parallel_loader = pl.ParallelLoader(train_dataloader, [self.args.device]).per_device_loader(
                    self.args.device
                )
                epoch_iterator = parallel_loader
            else:
                epoch_iterator = train_dataloader

            # Reset the past mems state at the beginning of each epoch if necessary.
            if self.args.past_index >= 0:
                self._past = None

            steps_in_epoch = (
                len(epoch_iterator)
                if train_dataset_is_sized
                else self.args.max_steps * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps
            )
            self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_begin(self.args, self.state, self.control)

            for step, inputs in enumerate(epoch_iterator):

                # Skip past any already trained steps if resuming training
                if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
                    steps_trained_in_current_epoch -= 1
                    continue

                if (step + 1) % self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
                    self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_begin(self.args, self.state, self.control)

                if ((step + 1) % self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps != 0) and self.args.local_rank != -1:
                    # Avoid unnecessary DDP synchronization since there will be no backward pass on this example.
                    with model.no_sync():
                        tr_loss += self.training_step(model, inputs)
                else:
                    tr_loss += self.training_step(model, inputs)
                self._total_flos += self.floating_point_ops(inputs)

                if (step + 1) % self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0 or (
                    # last step in epoch but step is always smaller than gradient_accumulation_steps
                    steps_in_epoch <= self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps
                    and (step + 1) == steps_in_epoch
                ):
                    # Gradient clipping
                    if self.args.max_grad_norm is not None and self.args.max_grad_norm > 0 and not self.deepspeed:
                        # deepspeed does its own clipping

                        if self.use_amp:
                            # AMP: gradients need unscaling
                            self.scaler.unscale_(self.optimizer)

                        if hasattr(self.optimizer, "clip_grad_norm"):
                            # Some optimizers (like the sharded optimizer) have a specific way to do gradient clipping
                            self.optimizer.clip_grad_norm(self.args.max_grad_norm)
                        else:
                            # Revert to normal clipping otherwise, handling Apex or full precision
                            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                                amp.master_params(self.optimizer) if self.use_apex else model.parameters(),
                                self.args.max_grad_norm,
                            )

                    # Optimizer step
                    if self.deepspeed:
                        self.deepspeed.step()
                    elif is_torch_tpu_available():
                        xm.optimizer_step(self.optimizer)
                    elif self.use_amp:
                        self.scaler.step(self.optimizer)
                        self.scaler.update()
                    else:
                        self.optimizer.step()

                    self.lr_scheduler.step()
                    model.zero_grad()
                    self.state.global_step += 1
                    self.state.epoch = epoch + (step + 1) / steps_in_epoch
                    self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_end(self.args, self.state, self.control)

                    self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(tr_loss, model, trial, epoch)

                if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
                    break

            self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_end(self.args, self.state, self.control)
            self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(tr_loss, model, trial, epoch)

            if self.args.tpu_metrics_debug or self.args.debug:
                if is_torch_tpu_available():
                    # tpu-comment: Logging debug metrics for PyTorch/XLA (compile, execute times, ops, etc.)
                    xm.master_print(met.metrics_report())
                else:
                    logger.warning(
                        "You enabled PyTorch/XLA debug metrics but you don't have a TPU "
                        "configured. Check your training configuration if this is unexpected."
                    )
            if self.control.should_training_stop:
                break

        if self.args.past_index and hasattr(self, "_past"):
            # Clean the state at the end of training
            delattr(self, "_past")

        logger.info("\n\nTraining completed. Do not forget to share your model on huggingface.co/models =)\n\n")
        if self.args.load_best_model_at_end and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None:
            logger.info(
                f"Loading best model from {self.state.best_model_checkpoint} (score: {self.state.best_metric})."
            )
            if isinstance(self.model, PreTrainedModel):
                self.model = self.model.from_pretrained(self.state.best_model_checkpoint)
                if not self.is_model_parallel:
                    self.model = self.model.to(self.args.device)
            else:
                state_dict = torch.load(os.path.join(self.state.best_model_checkpoint, WEIGHTS_NAME))
                self.model.load_state_dict(state_dict)

            if self.deepspeed:
                self.deepspeed.load_checkpoint(
                    self.state.best_model_checkpoint, load_optimizer_states=False, load_lr_scheduler_states=False
                )

        metrics = speed_metrics("train", start_time, self.state.max_steps)
        if self._total_flos is not None:
            self.store_flos()
            metrics["total_flos"] = self.state.total_flos
        self.log(metrics)

        self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_end(self.args, self.state, self.control)
        # add remaining tr_loss
        self._total_loss_scalar += tr_loss.item()

        return TrainOutput(self.state.global_step, self._total_loss_scalar / self.state.global_step, metrics)

    def _maybe_log_save_evaluate(self, tr_loss, model, trial, epoch):
        if self.control.should_log:
            logs: Dict[str, float] = {}
            tr_loss_scalar = tr_loss.item()
            # reset tr_loss to zero
            tr_loss -= tr_loss

            logs["loss"] = round(tr_loss_scalar / (self.state.global_step - self._globalstep_last_logged), 4)
            # backward compatibility for pytorch schedulers
            logs["learning_rate"] = (
                self.lr_scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]
                if version.parse(torch.__version__) >= version.parse("1.4")
                else self.lr_scheduler.get_lr()[0]
            )
            self._total_loss_scalar += tr_loss_scalar
            self._globalstep_last_logged = self.state.global_step

            self.log(logs)

        metrics = None
        if self.control.should_evaluate:
            metrics = self.evaluate()
            self._report_to_hp_search(trial, epoch, metrics)

        if self.control.should_save:
            self._save_checkpoint(model, trial, metrics=metrics)
            self.control = self.callback_handler.on_save(self.args, self.state, self.control)

    def _save_checkpoint(self, model, trial, metrics=None):
        # In all cases, including ddp/dp/deepspeed, self.model is always a reference to the model we
        # want to save.
        assert _model_unwrap(model) is self.model, "internal model should be a reference to self.model"

        # Save model checkpoint
        checkpoint_folder = f"{PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR}-{self.state.global_step}"

        if self.hp_search_backend is not None and trial is not None:
            if self.hp_search_backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA:
                run_id = trial.number
            else:
                from ray import tune

                run_id = tune.get_trial_id()
            run_name = self.hp_name(trial) if self.hp_name is not None else f"run-{run_id}"
            output_dir = os.path.join(self.args.output_dir, run_name, checkpoint_folder)
        else:
            output_dir = os.path.join(self.args.output_dir, checkpoint_folder)

            self.store_flos()

        self.save_model(output_dir)
        if self.deepspeed:
            self.deepspeed.save_checkpoint(output_dir)

        # Save optimizer and scheduler
        if self.sharded_dpp:
            self.optimizer.consolidate_state_dict()

        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            xm.rendezvous("saving_optimizer_states")
            xm.save(self.optimizer.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "optimizer.pt"))
            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught_warnings:
                xm.save(self.lr_scheduler.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "scheduler.pt"))
                reissue_pt_warnings(caught_warnings)
        elif self.is_world_process_zero() and not self.deepspeed:
            # deepspeed.save_checkpoint above saves model/optim/sched
            torch.save(self.optimizer.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "optimizer.pt"))
            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught_warnings:
                torch.save(self.lr_scheduler.state_dict(), os.path.join(output_dir, "scheduler.pt"))
            reissue_pt_warnings(caught_warnings)

        # Determine the new best metric / best model checkpoint
        if metrics is not None and self.args.metric_for_best_model is not None:
            metric_to_check = self.args.metric_for_best_model
            if not metric_to_check.startswith("eval_"):
                metric_to_check = f"eval_{metric_to_check}"
            metric_value = metrics[metric_to_check]

            operator = np.greater if self.args.greater_is_better else np.less
            if (
                self.state.best_metric is None
                or self.state.best_model_checkpoint is None
                or operator(metric_value, self.state.best_metric)
            ):
                self.state.best_metric = metric_value
                self.state.best_model_checkpoint = output_dir

        # Save the Trainer state
        if self.is_world_process_zero():
            self.state.save_to_json(os.path.join(output_dir, "trainer_state.json"))

        # Maybe delete some older checkpoints.
        if self.is_world_process_zero():
            self._rotate_checkpoints(use_mtime=True)

    def _load_optimizer_and_scheduler(self, checkpoint):
        """If optimizer and scheduler states exist, load them."""
        if checkpoint is None:
            return

        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(checkpoint, "optimizer.pt")) and os.path.isfile(
            os.path.join(checkpoint, "scheduler.pt")
        ):
            # Load in optimizer and scheduler states
            if is_torch_tpu_available():
                # On TPU we have to take some extra precautions to properly load the states on the right device.
                optimizer_state = torch.load(os.path.join(checkpoint, "optimizer.pt"), map_location="cpu")
                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught_warnings:
                    lr_scheduler_state = torch.load(os.path.join(checkpoint, "scheduler.pt"), map_location="cpu")
                reissue_pt_warnings(caught_warnings)

                xm.send_cpu_data_to_device(optimizer_state, self.args.device)
                xm.send_cpu_data_to_device(lr_scheduler_state, self.args.device)

                self.optimizer.load_state_dict(optimizer_state)
                self.lr_scheduler.load_state_dict(lr_scheduler_state)
            else:
                self.optimizer.load_state_dict(
                    torch.load(os.path.join(checkpoint, "optimizer.pt"), map_location=self.args.device)
                )
                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught_warnings:
                    self.lr_scheduler.load_state_dict(torch.load(os.path.join(checkpoint, "scheduler.pt")))
                reissue_pt_warnings(caught_warnings)

        if self.deepspeed:
            # Not sure how to check if there is a saved deepspeed checkpoint, but since it just return None if it fails to find a deepspeed checkpoint this is sort of a check-n-load function
            self.deepspeed.load_checkpoint(checkpoint, load_optimizer_states=True, load_lr_scheduler_states=True)

    def hyperparameter_search(
        self,
        hp_space: Optional[Callable[["optuna.Trial"], Dict[str, float]]] = None,
        compute_objective: Optional[Callable[[Dict[str, float]], float]] = None,
        n_trials: int = 20,
        direction: str = "minimize",
        backend: Optional[Union["str", HPSearchBackend]] = None,
        hp_name: Optional[Callable[["optuna.Trial"], str]] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> BestRun:
        """
        Launch an hyperparameter search using ``optuna`` or ``Ray Tune``. The optimized quantity is determined by
        :obj:`compute_objective`, which defaults to a function returning the evaluation loss when no metric is
        provided, the sum of all metrics otherwise.

        .. warning::

            To use this method, you need to have provided a ``model_init`` when initializing your
            :class:`~transformers.Trainer`: we need to reinitialize the model at each new run. This is incompatible
            with the ``optimizers`` argument, so you need to subclass :class:`~transformers.Trainer` and override the
            method :meth:`~transformers.Trainer.create_optimizer_and_scheduler` for custom optimizer/scheduler.

        Args:
            hp_space (:obj:`Callable[["optuna.Trial"], Dict[str, float]]`, `optional`):
                A function that defines the hyperparameter search space. Will default to
                :func:`~transformers.trainer_utils.default_hp_space_optuna` or
                :func:`~transformers.trainer_utils.default_hp_space_ray` depending on your backend.
            compute_objective (:obj:`Callable[[Dict[str, float]], float]`, `optional`):
                A function computing the objective to minimize or maximize from the metrics returned by the
                :obj:`evaluate` method. Will default to :func:`~transformers.trainer_utils.default_compute_objective`.
            n_trials (:obj:`int`, `optional`, defaults to 100):
                The number of trial runs to test.
            direction(:obj:`str`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`"minimize"`):
                Whether to optimize greater or lower objects. Can be :obj:`"minimize"` or :obj:`"maximize"`, you should
                pick :obj:`"minimize"` when optimizing the validation loss, :obj:`"maximize"` when optimizing one or
                several metrics.
            backend(:obj:`str` or :class:`~transformers.training_utils.HPSearchBackend`, `optional`):
                The backend to use for hyperparameter search. Will default to optuna or Ray Tune, depending on which
                one is installed. If both are installed, will default to optuna.
            kwargs:
                Additional keyword arguments passed along to :obj:`optuna.create_study` or :obj:`ray.tune.run`. For
                more information see:

                - the documentation of `optuna.create_study
                  <https://optuna.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/alias_generated/optuna.create_study.html#optuna.create_study>`__
                - the documentation of `tune.run
                  <https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/tune/api_docs/execution.html#tune-run>`__

        Returns:
            :class:`transformers.trainer_utils.BestRun`: All the information about the best run.
        """
        if backend is None:
            backend = default_hp_search_backend()
            if backend is None:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "At least one of optuna or ray should be installed. "
                    "To install optuna run `pip install optuna`."
                    "To install ray run `pip install ray[tune]`."
                )
        backend = HPSearchBackend(backend)
        if backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA and not is_optuna_available():
            raise RuntimeError("You picked the optuna backend, but it is not installed. Use `pip install optuna`.")
        if backend == HPSearchBackend.RAY and not is_ray_tune_available():
            raise RuntimeError(
                "You picked the Ray Tune backend, but it is not installed. Use `pip install 'ray[tune]'`."
            )
        self.hp_search_backend = backend
        if self.model_init is None:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "To use hyperparameter search, you need to pass your model through a model_init function."
            )

        self.hp_space = default_hp_space[backend] if hp_space is None else hp_space
        self.hp_name = hp_name
        self.compute_objective = default_compute_objective if compute_objective is None else compute_objective

        run_hp_search = run_hp_search_optuna if backend == HPSearchBackend.OPTUNA else run_hp_search_ray
        best_run = run_hp_search(self, n_trials, direction, **kwargs)

        self.hp_search_backend = None
        return best_run

    def log(self, logs: Dict[str, float]) -> None:
        """
        Log :obj:`logs` on the various objects watching training.

        Subclass and override this method to inject custom behavior.

        Args:
            logs (:obj:`Dict[str, float]`):
                The values to log.
        """
        if self.state.epoch is not None:
            logs["epoch"] = round(self.state.epoch, 2)

        output = {**logs, **{"step": self.state.global_step}}
        self.state.log_history.append(output)
        self.control = self.callback_handler.on_log(self.args, self.state, self.control, logs)

    def _prepare_inputs(self, inputs: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]:
        """
        Prepare :obj:`inputs` before feeding them to the model, converting them to tensors if they are not already and
        handling potential state.
        """
        for k, v in inputs.items():
            if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor):
                inputs[k] = v.to(self.args.device)

        if self.args.past_index >= 0 and self._past is not None:
            inputs["mems"] = self._past

        return inputs

    def training_step(self, model: nn.Module, inputs: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Perform a training step on a batch of inputs.

        Subclass and override to inject custom behavior.

        Args:
            model (:obj:`nn.Module`):
                The model to train.
            inputs (:obj:`Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]`):
                The inputs and targets of the model.

                The dictionary will be unpacked before being fed to the model. Most models expect the targets under the
                argument :obj:`labels`. Check your model's documentation for all accepted arguments.

        Return:
            :obj:`torch.Tensor`: The tensor with training loss on this batch.
        """

        model.train()
        inputs = self._prepare_inputs(inputs)

        if self.use_amp:
            with autocast():
                loss = self.compute_loss(model, inputs)
        else:
            loss = self.compute_loss(model, inputs)

        if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
            loss = loss.mean()  # mean() to average on multi-gpu parallel training

        if self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps > 1:
            loss = loss / self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps

        if self.use_amp:
            self.scaler.scale(loss).backward()
        elif self.use_apex:
            with amp.scale_loss(loss, self.optimizer) as scaled_loss:
                scaled_loss.backward()
        elif self.deepspeed:
            self.deepspeed.backward(loss)
        else:
            loss.backward()

        return loss.detach()

    def compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False):
        """
        How the loss is computed by Trainer. By default, all models return the loss in the first element.

        Subclass and override for custom behavior.
        """
        if self.label_smoother is not None and "labels" in inputs:
            labels = inputs.pop("labels")
        else:
            labels = None
        outputs = model(**inputs)
        # Save past state if it exists
        # TODO: this needs to be fixed and made cleaner later.
        if self.args.past_index >= 0:
            self._past = outputs[self.args.past_index]

        if labels is not None:
            loss = self.label_smoother(outputs, labels)
        else:
            # We don't use .loss here since the model may return tuples instead of ModelOutput.
            loss = outputs["loss"] if isinstance(outputs, dict) else outputs[0]

        return (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss

    def is_local_process_zero(self) -> bool:
        """
        Whether or not this process is the local (e.g., on one machine if training in a distributed fashion on several
        machines) main process.
        """
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            return xm.is_master_ordinal(local=True)
        else:
            return self.args.local_rank in [-1, 0]

    def is_world_process_zero(self) -> bool:
        """
        Whether or not this process is the global main process (when training in a distributed fashion on several
        machines, this is only going to be :obj:`True` for one process).
        """
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            return xm.is_master_ordinal(local=False)
        else:
            return self.args.local_rank == -1 or dist.get_rank() == 0

    def save_model(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        Will save the model, so you can reload it using :obj:`from_pretrained()`.

        Will only save from the world_master process (unless in TPUs).
        """

        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            self._save_tpu(output_dir)
        elif self.is_world_process_zero():
            self._save(output_dir)

        # If on sagemaker and we are saving the main model (not a checkpoint so output_dir=None), save a copy to
        # SM_MODEL_DIR for easy deployment.
        if output_dir is None and os.getenv("SM_MODEL_DIR") is not None:
            self.save_model(output_dir=os.getenv("SM_MODEL_DIR"))

    def _save_tpu(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None):
        output_dir = output_dir if output_dir is not None else self.args.output_dir
        logger.info("Saving model checkpoint to %s", output_dir)

        if xm.is_master_ordinal():
            os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
            torch.save(self.args, os.path.join(output_dir, "training_args.bin"))

        # Save a trained model and configuration using `save_pretrained()`.
        # They can then be reloaded using `from_pretrained()`
        xm.rendezvous("saving_checkpoint")
        if not isinstance(self.model, PreTrainedModel):
            logger.info("Trainer.model is not a `PreTrainedModel`, only saving its state dict.")
            state_dict = self.model.state_dict()
            xm.save(state_dict, os.path.join(output_dir, WEIGHTS_NAME))
        else:
            self.model.save_pretrained(output_dir)
        if self.tokenizer is not None and self.is_world_process_zero():
            self.tokenizer.save_pretrained(output_dir)

    def _save(self, output_dir: Optional[str] = None):
        output_dir = output_dir if output_dir is not None else self.args.output_dir
        os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
        logger.info("Saving model checkpoint to %s", output_dir)
        # Save a trained model and configuration using `save_pretrained()`.
        # They can then be reloaded using `from_pretrained()`
        if not isinstance(self.model, PreTrainedModel):
            logger.info("Trainer.model is not a `PreTrainedModel`, only saving its state dict.")
            state_dict = self.model.state_dict()
            torch.save(state_dict, os.path.join(output_dir, WEIGHTS_NAME))
        else:
            self.model.save_pretrained(output_dir)
        if self.tokenizer is not None and self.is_world_process_zero():
            self.tokenizer.save_pretrained(output_dir)

        # Good practice: save your training arguments together with the trained model
        torch.save(self.args, os.path.join(output_dir, "training_args.bin"))

    def store_flos(self):
        # Storing the number of floating-point operations that went into the model
        if self._total_flos is not None:
            if self.args.local_rank != -1:
                self.state.total_flos = distributed_broadcast_scalars([self._total_flos]).sum().item()
            else:
                self.state.total_flos = self._total_flos

    def _sorted_checkpoints(self, checkpoint_prefix=PREFIX_CHECKPOINT_DIR, use_mtime=False) -> List[str]:
        ordering_and_checkpoint_path = []

        glob_checkpoints = [str(x) for x in Path(self.args.output_dir).glob(f"{checkpoint_prefix}-*")]

        for path in glob_checkpoints:
            if use_mtime:
                ordering_and_checkpoint_path.append((os.path.getmtime(path), path))
            else:
                regex_match = re.match(f".*{checkpoint_prefix}-([0-9]+)", path)
                if regex_match and regex_match.groups():
                    ordering_and_checkpoint_path.append((int(regex_match.groups()[0]), path))

        checkpoints_sorted = sorted(ordering_and_checkpoint_path)
        checkpoints_sorted = [checkpoint[1] for checkpoint in checkpoints_sorted]
        # Make sure we don't delete the best model.
        if self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None:
            best_model_index = checkpoints_sorted.index(str(Path(self.state.best_model_checkpoint)))
            checkpoints_sorted[best_model_index], checkpoints_sorted[-1] = (
                checkpoints_sorted[-1],
                checkpoints_sorted[best_model_index],
            )
        return checkpoints_sorted

    def _rotate_checkpoints(self, use_mtime=False) -> None:
        if self.args.save_total_limit is None or self.args.save_total_limit <= 0:
            return

        # Check if we should delete older checkpoint(s)
        checkpoints_sorted = self._sorted_checkpoints(use_mtime=use_mtime)
        if len(checkpoints_sorted) <= self.args.save_total_limit:
            return

        number_of_checkpoints_to_delete = max(0, len(checkpoints_sorted) - self.args.save_total_limit)
        checkpoints_to_be_deleted = checkpoints_sorted[:number_of_checkpoints_to_delete]
        for checkpoint in checkpoints_to_be_deleted:
            logger.info("Deleting older checkpoint [{}] due to args.save_total_limit".format(checkpoint))
            shutil.rmtree(checkpoint)

    def evaluate(
        self,
        eval_dataset: Optional[Dataset] = None,
        ignore_keys: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        metric_key_prefix: str = "eval",
    ) -> Dict[str, float]:
        """
        Run evaluation and returns metrics.

        The calling script will be responsible for providing a method to compute metrics, as they are task-dependent
        (pass it to the init :obj:`compute_metrics` argument).

        You can also subclass and override this method to inject custom behavior.

        Args:
            eval_dataset (:obj:`Dataset`, `optional`):
                Pass a dataset if you wish to override :obj:`self.eval_dataset`. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`,
                columns not accepted by the ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed. It must implement the
                :obj:`__len__` method.
            ignore_keys (:obj:`Lst[str]`, `optional`):
                A list of keys in the output of your model (if it is a dictionary) that should be ignored when
                gathering predictions.
            metric_key_prefix (:obj:`str`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`"eval"`):
                An optional prefix to be used as the metrics key prefix. For example the metrics "bleu" will be named
                "eval_bleu" if the prefix is "eval" (default)

        Returns:
            A dictionary containing the evaluation loss and the potential metrics computed from the predictions. The
            dictionary also contains the epoch number which comes from the training state.
        """
        if eval_dataset is not None and not isinstance(eval_dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("eval_dataset must implement __len__")

        eval_dataloader = self.get_eval_dataloader(eval_dataset)
        start_time = time.time()

        output = self.prediction_loop(
            eval_dataloader,
            description="Evaluation",
            # No point gathering the predictions if there are no metrics, otherwise we defer to
            # self.args.prediction_loss_only
            prediction_loss_only=True if self.compute_metrics is None else None,
            ignore_keys=ignore_keys,
            metric_key_prefix=metric_key_prefix,
        )

        n_samples = len(eval_dataset if eval_dataset is not None else self.eval_dataset)
        output.metrics.update(speed_metrics(metric_key_prefix, start_time, n_samples))
        self.log(output.metrics)

        if self.args.tpu_metrics_debug or self.args.debug:
            # tpu-comment: Logging debug metrics for PyTorch/XLA (compile, execute times, ops, etc.)
            xm.master_print(met.metrics_report())

        self.control = self.callback_handler.on_evaluate(self.args, self.state, self.control, output.metrics)
        return output.metrics

    def predict(
        self, test_dataset: Dataset, ignore_keys: Optional[List[str]] = None, metric_key_prefix: str = "eval"
    ) -> PredictionOutput:
        """
        Run prediction and returns predictions and potential metrics.

        Depending on the dataset and your use case, your test dataset may contain labels. In that case, this method
        will also return metrics, like in :obj:`evaluate()`.

        Args:
            test_dataset (:obj:`Dataset`):
                Dataset to run the predictions on. If it is an :obj:`datasets.Dataset`, columns not accepted by the
                ``model.forward()`` method are automatically removed. Has to implement the method :obj:`__len__`
            ignore_keys (:obj:`Lst[str]`, `optional`):
                A list of keys in the output of your model (if it is a dictionary) that should be ignored when
                gathering predictions.
            metric_key_prefix (:obj:`str`, `optional`, defaults to :obj:`"eval"`):
                An optional prefix to be used as the metrics key prefix. For example the metrics "bleu" will be named
                "eval_bleu" if the prefix is "eval" (default)

        .. note::

            If your predictions or labels have different sequence length (for instance because you're doing dynamic
            padding in a token classification task) the predictions will be padded (on the right) to allow for
            concatenation into one array. The padding index is -100.

        Returns: `NamedTuple` A namedtuple with the following keys:

            - predictions (:obj:`np.ndarray`): The predictions on :obj:`test_dataset`.
            - label_ids (:obj:`np.ndarray`, `optional`): The labels (if the dataset contained some).
            - metrics (:obj:`Dict[str, float]`, `optional`): The potential dictionary of metrics (if the dataset
              contained labels).
        """
        if test_dataset is not None and not isinstance(test_dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("test_dataset must implement __len__")

        test_dataloader = self.get_test_dataloader(test_dataset)
        start_time = time.time()

        output = self.prediction_loop(
            test_dataloader, description="Prediction", ignore_keys=ignore_keys, metric_key_prefix=metric_key_prefix
        )
        output.metrics.update(speed_metrics(metric_key_prefix, start_time, len(test_dataset)))
        return output

    def prediction_loop(
        self,
        dataloader: DataLoader,
        description: str,
        prediction_loss_only: Optional[bool] = None,
        ignore_keys: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        metric_key_prefix: str = "eval",
    ) -> PredictionOutput:
        """
        Prediction/evaluation loop, shared by :obj:`Trainer.evaluate()` and :obj:`Trainer.predict()`.

        Works both with or without labels.
        """
        if not isinstance(dataloader.dataset, collections.abc.Sized):
            raise ValueError("dataset must implement __len__")
        prediction_loss_only = (
            prediction_loss_only if prediction_loss_only is not None else self.args.prediction_loss_only
        )

        model = self.model
        # multi-gpu eval
        if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
            model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model)
        # Note: in torch.distributed mode, there's no point in wrapping the model
        # inside a DistributedDataParallel as we'll be under `no_grad` anyways.

        batch_size = dataloader.batch_size
        num_examples = self.num_examples(dataloader)
        logger.info("***** Running %s *****", description)
        logger.info("  Num examples = %d", num_examples)
        logger.info("  Batch size = %d", batch_size)
        losses_host: torch.Tensor = None
        preds_host: Union[torch.Tensor, List[torch.Tensor]] = None
        labels_host: Union[torch.Tensor, List[torch.Tensor]] = None

        world_size = 1
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            world_size = xm.xrt_world_size()
        elif self.args.local_rank != -1:
            world_size = dist.get_world_size()
        world_size = max(1, world_size)

        eval_losses_gatherer = DistributedTensorGatherer(world_size, num_examples, make_multiple_of=batch_size)
        if not prediction_loss_only:
            preds_gatherer = DistributedTensorGatherer(world_size, num_examples)
            labels_gatherer = DistributedTensorGatherer(world_size, num_examples)

        model.eval()

        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            dataloader = pl.ParallelLoader(dataloader, [self.args.device]).per_device_loader(self.args.device)

        if self.args.past_index >= 0:
            self._past = None

        self.callback_handler.eval_dataloader = dataloader

        for step, inputs in enumerate(dataloader):
            loss, logits, labels = self.prediction_step(model, inputs, prediction_loss_only, ignore_keys=ignore_keys)
            if loss is not None:
                losses = loss.repeat(batch_size)
                losses_host = losses if losses_host is None else torch.cat((losses_host, losses), dim=0)
            if logits is not None:
                preds_host = logits if preds_host is None else nested_concat(preds_host, logits, padding_index=-100)
            if labels is not None:
                labels_host = labels if labels_host is None else nested_concat(labels_host, labels, padding_index=-100)
            self.control = self.callback_handler.on_prediction_step(self.args, self.state, self.control)

            # Gather all tensors and put them back on the CPU if we have done enough accumulation steps.
            if self.args.eval_accumulation_steps is not None and (step + 1) % self.args.eval_accumulation_steps == 0:
                eval_losses_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(losses_host, "eval_losses"))
                if not prediction_loss_only:
                    preds_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(preds_host, "eval_preds"))
                    labels_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(labels_host, "eval_label_ids"))

                # Set back to None to begin a new accumulation
                losses_host, preds_host, labels_host = None, None, None

        if self.args.past_index and hasattr(self, "_past"):
            # Clean the state at the end of the evaluation loop
            delattr(self, "_past")

        # Gather all remaining tensors and put them back on the CPU
        eval_losses_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(losses_host, "eval_losses"))
        if not prediction_loss_only:
            preds_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(preds_host, "eval_preds"))
            labels_gatherer.add_arrays(self._gather_and_numpify(labels_host, "eval_label_ids"))

        eval_loss = eval_losses_gatherer.finalize()
        preds = preds_gatherer.finalize() if not prediction_loss_only else None
        label_ids = labels_gatherer.finalize() if not prediction_loss_only else None

        if self.compute_metrics is not None and preds is not None and label_ids is not None:
            metrics = self.compute_metrics(EvalPrediction(predictions=preds, label_ids=label_ids))
        else:
            metrics = {}

        if eval_loss is not None:
            metrics[f"{metric_key_prefix}_loss"] = eval_loss.mean().item()

        # Prefix all keys with metric_key_prefix + '_'
        for key in list(metrics.keys()):
            if not key.startswith(f"{metric_key_prefix}_"):
                metrics[f"{metric_key_prefix}_{key}"] = metrics.pop(key)

        return PredictionOutput(predictions=preds, label_ids=label_ids, metrics=metrics)

    def _gather_and_numpify(self, tensors, name):
        """
        Gather value of `tensors` (tensor or list/tuple of nested tensors) and convert them to numpy before
        concatenating them to `gathered`
        """
        if tensors is None:
            return
        if is_torch_tpu_available():
            tensors = nested_xla_mesh_reduce(tensors, name)
        elif self.args.local_rank != -1:
            tensors = distributed_concat(tensors)

        return nested_numpify(tensors)

    def prediction_step(
        self,
        model: nn.Module,
        inputs: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]],
        prediction_loss_only: bool,
        ignore_keys: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    ) -> Tuple[Optional[float], Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
        """
        Perform an evaluation step on :obj:`model` using obj:`inputs`.

        Subclass and override to inject custom behavior.

        Args:
            model (:obj:`nn.Module`):
                The model to evaluate.
            inputs (:obj:`Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]`):
                The inputs and targets of the model.

                The dictionary will be unpacked before being fed to the model. Most models expect the targets under the
                argument :obj:`labels`. Check your model's documentation for all accepted arguments.
            prediction_loss_only (:obj:`bool`):
                Whether or not to return the loss only.
            ignore_keys (:obj:`Lst[str]`, `optional`):
                A list of keys in the output of your model (if it is a dictionary) that should be ignored when
                gathering predictions.

        Return:
            Tuple[Optional[float], Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[torch.Tensor]]: A tuple with the loss, logits and
            labels (each being optional).
        """
        has_labels = all(inputs.get(k) is not None for k in self.label_names)
        inputs = self._prepare_inputs(inputs)
        if ignore_keys is None:
            if hasattr(self.model, "config"):
                ignore_keys = getattr(self.model.config, "keys_to_ignore_at_inference", [])
            else:
                ignore_keys = []

        with torch.no_grad():
            if has_labels:
                loss, outputs = self.compute_loss(model, inputs, return_outputs=True)
                loss = loss.mean().detach()
                if isinstance(outputs, dict):
                    logits = tuple(v for k, v in outputs.items() if k not in ignore_keys + ["loss"])
                else:
                    logits = outputs[1:]
            else:
                loss = None
                if self.use_amp:
                    with autocast():
                        outputs = model(**inputs)
                else:
                    outputs = model(**inputs)
                if isinstance(outputs, dict):
                    logits = tuple(v for k, v in outputs.items() if k not in ignore_keys)
                else:
                    logits = outputs
                # TODO: this needs to be fixed and made cleaner later.
                if self.args.past_index >= 0:
                    self._past = outputs[self.args.past_index - 1]

        if prediction_loss_only:
            return (loss, None, None)

        logits = nested_detach(logits)
        if len(logits) == 1:
            logits = logits[0]

        if has_labels:
            labels = nested_detach(tuple(inputs.get(name) for name in self.label_names))
            if len(labels) == 1:
                labels = labels[0]
        else:
            labels = None

        return (loss, logits, labels)

    def floating_point_ops(self, inputs: Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]):
        """
        For models that inherit from :class:`~transformers.PreTrainedModel`, uses that method to compute the number of
        floating point operations for every backward + forward pass. If using another model, either implement such a
        method in the model or subclass and override this method.

        Args:
            inputs (:obj:`Dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]]`):
                The inputs and targets of the model.

        Returns:
            :obj:`int`: The number of floating-point operations.
        """
        if hasattr(self.model, "floating_point_ops"):
            return self.model.floating_point_ops(inputs)
        else:
            return 0