train_dreambooth.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2023 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

import argparse
import copy
import gc
import hashlib
import importlib
import itertools
import logging
import math
import os
import shutil
import warnings
from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.utils.checkpoint
import transformers
from accelerate import Accelerator
from accelerate.logging import get_logger
from accelerate.utils import ProjectConfiguration, set_seed
from huggingface_hub import create_repo, model_info, upload_folder
from packaging import version
from PIL import Image
from PIL.ImageOps import exif_transpose
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torchvision import transforms
from tqdm.auto import tqdm
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, PretrainedConfig

import diffusers
from diffusers import (
    AutoencoderKL,
    DDPMScheduler,
    DiffusionPipeline,
    StableDiffusionPipeline,
    UNet2DConditionModel,
)
from diffusers.optimization import get_scheduler
from diffusers.training_utils import compute_snr
from diffusers.utils import check_min_version, is_wandb_available
from diffusers.utils.import_utils import is_xformers_available


if is_wandb_available():
    import wandb

# Will error if the minimal version of diffusers is not installed. Remove at your own risks.
check_min_version("0.22.0.dev0")

logger = get_logger(__name__)


def save_model_card(
    repo_id: str,
    images=None,
    base_model=str,
    train_text_encoder=False,
    prompt=str,
    repo_folder=None,
    pipeline: DiffusionPipeline = None,
):
    img_str = ""
    for i, image in enumerate(images):
        image.save(os.path.join(repo_folder, f"image_{i}.png"))
        img_str += f"![img_{i}](./image_{i}.png)\n"

    yaml = f"""
---
license: creativeml-openrail-m
base_model: {base_model}
instance_prompt: {prompt}
tags:
- {'stable-diffusion' if isinstance(pipeline, StableDiffusionPipeline) else 'if'}
- {'stable-diffusion-diffusers' if isinstance(pipeline, StableDiffusionPipeline) else 'if-diffusers'}
- text-to-image
- diffusers
- dreambooth
inference: true
---
    """
    model_card = f"""
# DreamBooth - {repo_id}

This is a dreambooth model derived from {base_model}. The weights were trained on {prompt} using [DreamBooth](https://dreambooth.github.io/).
You can find some example images in the following. \n
{img_str}

DreamBooth for the text encoder was enabled: {train_text_encoder}.
"""
    with open(os.path.join(repo_folder, "README.md"), "w") as f:
        f.write(yaml + model_card)


def log_validation(
    text_encoder,
    tokenizer,
    unet,
    vae,
    args,
    accelerator,
    weight_dtype,
    global_step,
    prompt_embeds,
    negative_prompt_embeds,
):
    logger.info(
        f"Running validation... \n Generating {args.num_validation_images} images with prompt:"
        f" {args.validation_prompt}."
    )

    pipeline_args = {}

    if vae is not None:
        pipeline_args["vae"] = vae

    if text_encoder is not None:
        text_encoder = accelerator.unwrap_model(text_encoder)

    # create pipeline (note: unet and vae are loaded again in float32)
    pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        text_encoder=text_encoder,
        unet=accelerator.unwrap_model(unet),
        revision=args.revision,
        torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
        **pipeline_args,
    )

    # We train on the simplified learning objective. If we were previously predicting a variance, we need the scheduler to ignore it
    scheduler_args = {}

    if "variance_type" in pipeline.scheduler.config:
        variance_type = pipeline.scheduler.config.variance_type

        if variance_type in ["learned", "learned_range"]:
            variance_type = "fixed_small"

        scheduler_args["variance_type"] = variance_type

    module = importlib.import_module("diffusers")
    scheduler_class = getattr(module, args.validation_scheduler)
    pipeline.scheduler = scheduler_class.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config, **scheduler_args)
    pipeline = pipeline.to(accelerator.device)
    pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

    if args.pre_compute_text_embeddings:
        pipeline_args = {
            "prompt_embeds": prompt_embeds,
            "negative_prompt_embeds": negative_prompt_embeds,
        }
    else:
        pipeline_args = {"prompt": args.validation_prompt}

    # run inference
    generator = None if args.seed is None else torch.Generator(device=accelerator.device).manual_seed(args.seed)
    images = []
    if args.validation_images is None:
        for _ in range(args.num_validation_images):
            with torch.autocast("cuda"):
                image = pipeline(**pipeline_args, num_inference_steps=25, generator=generator).images[0]
            images.append(image)
    else:
        for image in args.validation_images:
            image = Image.open(image)
            image = pipeline(**pipeline_args, image=image, generator=generator).images[0]
            images.append(image)

    for tracker in accelerator.trackers:
        if tracker.name == "tensorboard":
            np_images = np.stack([np.asarray(img) for img in images])
            tracker.writer.add_images("validation", np_images, global_step, dataformats="NHWC")
        if tracker.name == "wandb":
            tracker.log(
                {
                    "validation": [
                        wandb.Image(image, caption=f"{i}: {args.validation_prompt}") for i, image in enumerate(images)
                    ]
                }
            )

    del pipeline
    torch.cuda.empty_cache()

    return images


def import_model_class_from_model_name_or_path(pretrained_model_name_or_path: str, revision: str):
    text_encoder_config = PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained(
        pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="text_encoder",
        revision=revision,
    )
    model_class = text_encoder_config.architectures[0]

    if model_class == "CLIPTextModel":
        from transformers import CLIPTextModel

        return CLIPTextModel
    elif model_class == "RobertaSeriesModelWithTransformation":
        from diffusers.pipelines.alt_diffusion.modeling_roberta_series import RobertaSeriesModelWithTransformation

        return RobertaSeriesModelWithTransformation
    elif model_class == "T5EncoderModel":
        from transformers import T5EncoderModel

        return T5EncoderModel
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"{model_class} is not supported.")


def parse_args(input_args=None):
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple example of a training script.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pretrained_model_name_or_path",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="Path to pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--revision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help=(
            "Revision of pretrained model identifier from huggingface.co/models. Trainable model components should be"
            " float32 precision."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--tokenizer_name",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="A folder containing the training data of instance images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="A folder containing the training data of class images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="The prompt with identifier specifying the instance",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The prompt to specify images in the same class as provided instance images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--with_prior_preservation",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help="Flag to add prior preservation loss.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--prior_loss_weight", type=float, default=1.0, help="The weight of prior preservation loss.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_class_images",
        type=int,
        default=100,
        help=(
            "Minimal class images for prior preservation loss. If there are not enough images already present in"
            " class_data_dir, additional images will be sampled with class_prompt."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output_dir",
        type=str,
        default="text-inversion-model",
        help="The output directory where the model predictions and checkpoints will be written.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=None, help="A seed for reproducible training.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resolution",
        type=int,
        default=512,
        help=(
            "The resolution for input images, all the images in the train/validation dataset will be resized to this"
            " resolution"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--center_crop",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether to center crop the input images to the resolution. If not set, the images will be randomly"
            " cropped. The images will be resized to the resolution first before cropping."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_text_encoder",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to train the text encoder. If set, the text encoder should be float32 precision.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for the training dataloader."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--sample_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for sampling images."
    )
    parser.add_argument("--num_train_epochs", type=int, default=1)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max_train_steps",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help="Total number of training steps to perform.  If provided, overrides num_train_epochs.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpointing_steps",
        type=int,
        default=500,
        help=(
            "Save a checkpoint of the training state every X updates. Checkpoints can be used for resuming training via `--resume_from_checkpoint`. "
            "In the case that the checkpoint is better than the final trained model, the checkpoint can also be used for inference."
            "Using a checkpoint for inference requires separate loading of the original pipeline and the individual checkpointed model components."
            "See https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/training/dreambooth#performing-inference-using-a-saved-checkpoint for step by step"
            "instructions."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpoints_total_limit",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "Max number of checkpoints to store. Passed as `total_limit` to the `Accelerator` `ProjectConfiguration`."
            " See Accelerator::save_state https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/package_reference/accelerator#accelerate.Accelerator.save_state"
            " for more details"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resume_from_checkpoint",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "Whether training should be resumed from a previous checkpoint. Use a path saved by"
            ' `--checkpointing_steps`, or `"latest"` to automatically select the last available checkpoint.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_accumulation_steps",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of updates steps to accumulate before performing a backward/update pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_checkpointing",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to use gradient checkpointing to save memory at the expense of slower backward pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--learning_rate",
        type=float,
        default=5e-6,
        help="Initial learning rate (after the potential warmup period) to use.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--scale_lr",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Scale the learning rate by the number of GPUs, gradient accumulation steps, and batch size.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_scheduler",
        type=str,
        default="constant",
        help=(
            'The scheduler type to use. Choose between ["linear", "cosine", "cosine_with_restarts", "polynomial",'
            ' "constant", "constant_with_warmup"]'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_warmup_steps", type=int, default=500, help="Number of steps for the warmup in the lr scheduler."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_num_cycles",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of hard resets of the lr in cosine_with_restarts scheduler.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--lr_power", type=float, default=1.0, help="Power factor of the polynomial scheduler.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--use_8bit_adam", action="store_true", help="Whether or not to use 8-bit Adam from bitsandbytes."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataloader_num_workers",
        type=int,
        default=0,
        help=(
            "Number of subprocesses to use for data loading. 0 means that the data will be loaded in the main process."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument("--adam_beta1", type=float, default=0.9, help="The beta1 parameter for the Adam optimizer.")
    parser.add_argument("--adam_beta2", type=float, default=0.999, help="The beta2 parameter for the Adam optimizer.")
    parser.add_argument("--adam_weight_decay", type=float, default=1e-2, help="Weight decay to use.")
    parser.add_argument("--adam_epsilon", type=float, default=1e-08, help="Epsilon value for the Adam optimizer")
    parser.add_argument("--max_grad_norm", default=1.0, type=float, help="Max gradient norm.")
    parser.add_argument("--push_to_hub", action="store_true", help="Whether or not to push the model to the Hub.")
    parser.add_argument("--hub_token", type=str, default=None, help="The token to use to push to the Model Hub.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--hub_model_id",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The name of the repository to keep in sync with the local `output_dir`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logging_dir",
        type=str,
        default="logs",
        help=(
            "[TensorBoard](https://www.tensorflow.org/tensorboard) log directory. Will default to"
            " *output_dir/runs/**CURRENT_DATETIME_HOSTNAME***."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow_tf32",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether or not to allow TF32 on Ampere GPUs. Can be used to speed up training. For more information, see"
            " https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--report_to",
        type=str,
        default="tensorboard",
        help=(
            'The integration to report the results and logs to. Supported platforms are `"tensorboard"`'
            ' (default), `"wandb"` and `"comet_ml"`. Use `"all"` to report to all integrations.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="A prompt that is used during validation to verify that the model is learning.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_validation_images",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help="Number of images that should be generated during validation with `validation_prompt`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_steps",
        type=int,
        default=100,
        help=(
            "Run validation every X steps. Validation consists of running the prompt"
            " `args.validation_prompt` multiple times: `args.num_validation_images`"
            " and logging the images."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mixed_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Whether to use mixed precision. Choose between fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to the value of accelerate config of the current system or the"
            " flag passed with the `accelerate.launch` command. Use this argument to override the accelerate config."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prior_generation_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp32", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Choose prior generation precision between fp32, fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to  fp16 if a GPU is available else fp32."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int, default=-1, help="For distributed training: local_rank")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--enable_xformers_memory_efficient_attention", action="store_true", help="Whether or not to use xformers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--set_grads_to_none",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Save more memory by using setting grads to None instead of zero. Be aware, that this changes certain"
            " behaviors, so disable this argument if it causes any problems. More info:"
            " https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.optim.Optimizer.zero_grad.html"
        ),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--offset_noise",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help=(
            "Fine-tuning against a modified noise"
            " See: https://www.crosslabs.org//blog/diffusion-with-offset-noise for more information."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--snr_gamma",
        type=float,
        default=None,
        help="SNR weighting gamma to be used if rebalancing the loss. Recommended value is 5.0. "
        "More details here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09556.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pre_compute_text_embeddings",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to pre-compute text embeddings. If text embeddings are pre-computed, the text encoder will not be kept in memory during training and will leave more GPU memory available for training the rest of the model. This is not compatible with `--train_text_encoder`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--tokenizer_max_length",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="The maximum length of the tokenizer. If not set, will default to the tokenizer's max length.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--text_encoder_use_attention_mask",
        action="store_true",
        required=False,
        help="Whether to use attention mask for the text encoder",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--skip_save_text_encoder", action="store_true", required=False, help="Set to not save text encoder"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_images",
        required=False,
        default=None,
        nargs="+",
        help="Optional set of images to use for validation. Used when the target pipeline takes an initial image as input such as when training image variation or superresolution.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_labels_conditioning",
        required=False,
        default=None,
        help="The optional `class_label` conditioning to pass to the unet, available values are `timesteps`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_scheduler",
        type=str,
        default="DPMSolverMultistepScheduler",
        choices=["DPMSolverMultistepScheduler", "DDPMScheduler"],
        help="Select which scheduler to use for validation. DDPMScheduler is recommended for DeepFloyd IF.",
    )

    if input_args is not None:
        args = parser.parse_args(input_args)
    else:
        args = parser.parse_args()

    env_local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", -1))
    if env_local_rank != -1 and env_local_rank != args.local_rank:
        args.local_rank = env_local_rank

    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        if args.class_data_dir is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify a data directory for class images.")
        if args.class_prompt is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify prompt for class images.")
    else:
        # logger is not available yet
        if args.class_data_dir is not None:
            warnings.warn("You need not use --class_data_dir without --with_prior_preservation.")
        if args.class_prompt is not None:
            warnings.warn("You need not use --class_prompt without --with_prior_preservation.")

    if args.train_text_encoder and args.pre_compute_text_embeddings:
        raise ValueError("`--train_text_encoder` cannot be used with `--pre_compute_text_embeddings`")

    return args


class DreamBoothDataset(Dataset):
    """
    A dataset to prepare the instance and class images with the prompts for fine-tuning the model.
    It pre-processes the images and the tokenizes prompts.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        instance_data_root,
        instance_prompt,
        tokenizer,
        class_data_root=None,
        class_prompt=None,
        class_num=None,
        size=512,
        center_crop=False,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states=None,
        tokenizer_max_length=None,
    ):
        self.size = size
        self.center_crop = center_crop
        self.tokenizer = tokenizer
        self.encoder_hidden_states = encoder_hidden_states
        self.class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states
        self.tokenizer_max_length = tokenizer_max_length

        self.instance_data_root = Path(instance_data_root)
        if not self.instance_data_root.exists():
            raise ValueError(f"Instance {self.instance_data_root} images root doesn't exists.")

        self.instance_images_path = list(Path(instance_data_root).iterdir())
        self.num_instance_images = len(self.instance_images_path)
        self.instance_prompt = instance_prompt
        self._length = self.num_instance_images

        if class_data_root is not None:
            self.class_data_root = Path(class_data_root)
            self.class_data_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            self.class_images_path = list(self.class_data_root.iterdir())
            if class_num is not None:
                self.num_class_images = min(len(self.class_images_path), class_num)
            else:
                self.num_class_images = len(self.class_images_path)
            self._length = max(self.num_class_images, self.num_instance_images)
            self.class_prompt = class_prompt
        else:
            self.class_data_root = None

        self.image_transforms = transforms.Compose(
            [
                transforms.Resize(size, interpolation=transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR),
                transforms.CenterCrop(size) if center_crop else transforms.RandomCrop(size),
                transforms.ToTensor(),
                transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5]),
            ]
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self._length

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        instance_image = Image.open(self.instance_images_path[index % self.num_instance_images])
        instance_image = exif_transpose(instance_image)

        if not instance_image.mode == "RGB":
            instance_image = instance_image.convert("RGB")
        example["instance_images"] = self.image_transforms(instance_image)

        if self.encoder_hidden_states is not None:
            example["instance_prompt_ids"] = self.encoder_hidden_states
        else:
            text_inputs = tokenize_prompt(
                self.tokenizer, self.instance_prompt, tokenizer_max_length=self.tokenizer_max_length
            )
            example["instance_prompt_ids"] = text_inputs.input_ids
            example["instance_attention_mask"] = text_inputs.attention_mask

        if self.class_data_root:
            class_image = Image.open(self.class_images_path[index % self.num_class_images])
            class_image = exif_transpose(class_image)

            if not class_image.mode == "RGB":
                class_image = class_image.convert("RGB")
            example["class_images"] = self.image_transforms(class_image)

            if self.class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states is not None:
                example["class_prompt_ids"] = self.class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states
            else:
                class_text_inputs = tokenize_prompt(
                    self.tokenizer, self.class_prompt, tokenizer_max_length=self.tokenizer_max_length
                )
                example["class_prompt_ids"] = class_text_inputs.input_ids
                example["class_attention_mask"] = class_text_inputs.attention_mask

        return example


def collate_fn(examples, with_prior_preservation=False):
    has_attention_mask = "instance_attention_mask" in examples[0]

    input_ids = [example["instance_prompt_ids"] for example in examples]
    pixel_values = [example["instance_images"] for example in examples]

    if has_attention_mask:
        attention_mask = [example["instance_attention_mask"] for example in examples]

    # Concat class and instance examples for prior preservation.
    # We do this to avoid doing two forward passes.
    if with_prior_preservation:
        input_ids += [example["class_prompt_ids"] for example in examples]
        pixel_values += [example["class_images"] for example in examples]

        if has_attention_mask:
            attention_mask += [example["class_attention_mask"] for example in examples]

    pixel_values = torch.stack(pixel_values)
    pixel_values = pixel_values.to(memory_format=torch.contiguous_format).float()

    input_ids = torch.cat(input_ids, dim=0)

    batch = {
        "input_ids": input_ids,
        "pixel_values": pixel_values,
    }

    if has_attention_mask:
        attention_mask = torch.cat(attention_mask, dim=0)
        batch["attention_mask"] = attention_mask

    return batch


class PromptDataset(Dataset):
    "A simple dataset to prepare the prompts to generate class images on multiple GPUs."

    def __init__(self, prompt, num_samples):
        self.prompt = prompt
        self.num_samples = num_samples

    def __len__(self):
        return self.num_samples

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        example["prompt"] = self.prompt
        example["index"] = index
        return example


def model_has_vae(args):
    config_file_name = os.path.join("vae", AutoencoderKL.config_name)
    if os.path.isdir(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path):
        config_file_name = os.path.join(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, config_file_name)
        return os.path.isfile(config_file_name)
    else:
        files_in_repo = model_info(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, revision=args.revision).siblings
        return any(file.rfilename == config_file_name for file in files_in_repo)


def tokenize_prompt(tokenizer, prompt, tokenizer_max_length=None):
    if tokenizer_max_length is not None:
        max_length = tokenizer_max_length
    else:
        max_length = tokenizer.model_max_length

    text_inputs = tokenizer(
        prompt,
        truncation=True,
        padding="max_length",
        max_length=max_length,
        return_tensors="pt",
    )

    return text_inputs


def encode_prompt(text_encoder, input_ids, attention_mask, text_encoder_use_attention_mask=None):
    text_input_ids = input_ids.to(text_encoder.device)

    if text_encoder_use_attention_mask:
        attention_mask = attention_mask.to(text_encoder.device)
    else:
        attention_mask = None

    prompt_embeds = text_encoder(
        text_input_ids,
        attention_mask=attention_mask,
    )
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds[0]

    return prompt_embeds


def main(args):
    logging_dir = Path(args.output_dir, args.logging_dir)

    accelerator_project_config = ProjectConfiguration(project_dir=args.output_dir, logging_dir=logging_dir)

    accelerator = Accelerator(
        gradient_accumulation_steps=args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
        mixed_precision=args.mixed_precision,
        log_with=args.report_to,
        project_config=accelerator_project_config,
    )

    if args.report_to == "wandb":
        if not is_wandb_available():
            raise ImportError("Make sure to install wandb if you want to use it for logging during training.")

    # Currently, it's not possible to do gradient accumulation when training two models with accelerate.accumulate
    # This will be enabled soon in accelerate. For now, we don't allow gradient accumulation when training two models.
    # TODO (patil-suraj): Remove this check when gradient accumulation with two models is enabled in accelerate.
    if args.train_text_encoder and args.gradient_accumulation_steps > 1 and accelerator.num_processes > 1:
        raise ValueError(
            "Gradient accumulation is not supported when training the text encoder in distributed training. "
            "Please set gradient_accumulation_steps to 1. This feature will be supported in the future."
        )

    # Make one log on every process with the configuration for debugging.
    logging.basicConfig(
        format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
        datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
        level=logging.INFO,
    )
    logger.info(accelerator.state, main_process_only=False)
    if accelerator.is_local_main_process:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_warning()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_info()
    else:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()

    # If passed along, set the training seed now.
    if args.seed is not None:
        set_seed(args.seed)

    # Generate class images if prior preservation is enabled.
    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        class_images_dir = Path(args.class_data_dir)
        if not class_images_dir.exists():
            class_images_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
        cur_class_images = len(list(class_images_dir.iterdir()))

        if cur_class_images < args.num_class_images:
            torch_dtype = torch.float16 if accelerator.device.type == "cuda" else torch.float32
            if args.prior_generation_precision == "fp32":
                torch_dtype = torch.float32
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "fp16":
                torch_dtype = torch.float16
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "bf16":
                torch_dtype = torch.bfloat16
            pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
                args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
                safety_checker=None,
                revision=args.revision,
            )
            pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

            num_new_images = args.num_class_images - cur_class_images
            logger.info(f"Number of class images to sample: {num_new_images}.")

            sample_dataset = PromptDataset(args.class_prompt, num_new_images)
            sample_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(sample_dataset, batch_size=args.sample_batch_size)

            sample_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(sample_dataloader)
            pipeline.to(accelerator.device)

            for example in tqdm(
                sample_dataloader, desc="Generating class images", disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process
            ):
                images = pipeline(example["prompt"]).images

                for i, image in enumerate(images):
                    hash_image = hashlib.sha1(image.tobytes()).hexdigest()
                    image_filename = class_images_dir / f"{example['index'][i] + cur_class_images}-{hash_image}.jpg"
                    image.save(image_filename)

            del pipeline
            if torch.cuda.is_available():
                torch.cuda.empty_cache()

    # Handle the repository creation
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        if args.output_dir is not None:
            os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)

        if args.push_to_hub:
            repo_id = create_repo(
                repo_id=args.hub_model_id or Path(args.output_dir).name, exist_ok=True, token=args.hub_token
            ).repo_id

    # Load the tokenizer
    if args.tokenizer_name:
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.tokenizer_name, revision=args.revision, use_fast=False)
    elif args.pretrained_model_name_or_path:
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
            args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
            subfolder="tokenizer",
            revision=args.revision,
            use_fast=False,
        )

    # import correct text encoder class
    text_encoder_cls = import_model_class_from_model_name_or_path(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, args.revision)

    # Load scheduler and models
    noise_scheduler = DDPMScheduler.from_pretrained(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="scheduler")
    text_encoder = text_encoder_cls.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="text_encoder", revision=args.revision
    )

    if model_has_vae(args):
        vae = AutoencoderKL.from_pretrained(
            args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="vae", revision=args.revision
        )
    else:
        vae = None

    unet = UNet2DConditionModel.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="unet", revision=args.revision
    )

    # create custom saving & loading hooks so that `accelerator.save_state(...)` serializes in a nice format
    def save_model_hook(models, weights, output_dir):
        if accelerator.is_main_process:
            for model in models:
                sub_dir = "unet" if isinstance(model, type(accelerator.unwrap_model(unet))) else "text_encoder"
                model.save_pretrained(os.path.join(output_dir, sub_dir))

                # make sure to pop weight so that corresponding model is not saved again
                weights.pop()

    def load_model_hook(models, input_dir):
        while len(models) > 0:
            # pop models so that they are not loaded again
            model = models.pop()

            if isinstance(model, type(accelerator.unwrap_model(text_encoder))):
                # load transformers style into model
                load_model = text_encoder_cls.from_pretrained(input_dir, subfolder="text_encoder")
                model.config = load_model.config
            else:
                # load diffusers style into model
                load_model = UNet2DConditionModel.from_pretrained(input_dir, subfolder="unet")
                model.register_to_config(**load_model.config)

            model.load_state_dict(load_model.state_dict())
            del load_model

    accelerator.register_save_state_pre_hook(save_model_hook)
    accelerator.register_load_state_pre_hook(load_model_hook)

    if vae is not None:
        vae.requires_grad_(False)

    if not args.train_text_encoder:
        text_encoder.requires_grad_(False)

    if args.enable_xformers_memory_efficient_attention:
        if is_xformers_available():
            import xformers

            xformers_version = version.parse(xformers.__version__)
            if xformers_version == version.parse("0.0.16"):
                logger.warn(
                    "xFormers 0.0.16 cannot be used for training in some GPUs. If you observe problems during training, please update xFormers to at least 0.0.17. See https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/optimization/xformers for more details."
                )
            unet.enable_xformers_memory_efficient_attention()
        else:
            raise ValueError("xformers is not available. Make sure it is installed correctly")

    if args.gradient_checkpointing:
        unet.enable_gradient_checkpointing()
        if args.train_text_encoder:
            text_encoder.gradient_checkpointing_enable()

    # Check that all trainable models are in full precision
    low_precision_error_string = (
        "Please make sure to always have all model weights in full float32 precision when starting training - even if"
        " doing mixed precision training. copy of the weights should still be float32."
    )

    if accelerator.unwrap_model(unet).dtype != torch.float32:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Unet loaded as datatype {accelerator.unwrap_model(unet).dtype}. {low_precision_error_string}"
        )

    if args.train_text_encoder and accelerator.unwrap_model(text_encoder).dtype != torch.float32:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Text encoder loaded as datatype {accelerator.unwrap_model(text_encoder).dtype}."
            f" {low_precision_error_string}"
        )

    # Enable TF32 for faster training on Ampere GPUs,
    # cf https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices
    if args.allow_tf32:
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True

    if args.scale_lr:
        args.learning_rate = (
            args.learning_rate * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes
        )

    # Use 8-bit Adam for lower memory usage or to fine-tune the model in 16GB GPUs
    if args.use_8bit_adam:
        try:
            import bitsandbytes as bnb
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                "To use 8-bit Adam, please install the bitsandbytes library: `pip install bitsandbytes`."
            )

        optimizer_class = bnb.optim.AdamW8bit
    else:
        optimizer_class = torch.optim.AdamW

    # Optimizer creation
    params_to_optimize = (
        itertools.chain(unet.parameters(), text_encoder.parameters()) if args.train_text_encoder else unet.parameters()
    )
    optimizer = optimizer_class(
        params_to_optimize,
        lr=args.learning_rate,
        betas=(args.adam_beta1, args.adam_beta2),
        weight_decay=args.adam_weight_decay,
        eps=args.adam_epsilon,
    )

    if args.pre_compute_text_embeddings:

        def compute_text_embeddings(prompt):
            with torch.no_grad():
                text_inputs = tokenize_prompt(tokenizer, prompt, tokenizer_max_length=args.tokenizer_max_length)
                prompt_embeds = encode_prompt(
                    text_encoder,
                    text_inputs.input_ids,
                    text_inputs.attention_mask,
                    text_encoder_use_attention_mask=args.text_encoder_use_attention_mask,
                )

            return prompt_embeds

        pre_computed_encoder_hidden_states = compute_text_embeddings(args.instance_prompt)
        validation_prompt_negative_prompt_embeds = compute_text_embeddings("")

        if args.validation_prompt is not None:
            validation_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = compute_text_embeddings(args.validation_prompt)
        else:
            validation_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = None

        if args.class_prompt is not None:
            pre_computed_class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = compute_text_embeddings(args.class_prompt)
        else:
            pre_computed_class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = None

        text_encoder = None
        tokenizer = None

        gc.collect()
        torch.cuda.empty_cache()
    else:
        pre_computed_encoder_hidden_states = None
        validation_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = None
        validation_prompt_negative_prompt_embeds = None
        pre_computed_class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states = None

    # Dataset and DataLoaders creation:
    train_dataset = DreamBoothDataset(
        instance_data_root=args.instance_data_dir,
        instance_prompt=args.instance_prompt,
        class_data_root=args.class_data_dir if args.with_prior_preservation else None,
        class_prompt=args.class_prompt,
        class_num=args.num_class_images,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        size=args.resolution,
        center_crop=args.center_crop,
        encoder_hidden_states=pre_computed_encoder_hidden_states,
        class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states=pre_computed_class_prompt_encoder_hidden_states,
        tokenizer_max_length=args.tokenizer_max_length,
    )

    train_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        train_dataset,
        batch_size=args.train_batch_size,
        shuffle=True,
        collate_fn=lambda examples: collate_fn(examples, args.with_prior_preservation),
        num_workers=args.dataloader_num_workers,
    )

    # Scheduler and math around the number of training steps.
    overrode_max_train_steps = False
    num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
    if args.max_train_steps is None:
        args.max_train_steps = args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch
        overrode_max_train_steps = True

    lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
        args.lr_scheduler,
        optimizer=optimizer,
        num_warmup_steps=args.lr_warmup_steps * accelerator.num_processes,
        num_training_steps=args.max_train_steps * accelerator.num_processes,
        num_cycles=args.lr_num_cycles,
        power=args.lr_power,
    )

    # Prepare everything with our `accelerator`.
    if args.train_text_encoder:
        unet, text_encoder, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
            unet, text_encoder, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
        )
    else:
        unet, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
            unet, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
        )

    # For mixed precision training we cast all non-trainable weigths (vae, non-lora text_encoder and non-lora unet) to half-precision
    # as these weights are only used for inference, keeping weights in full precision is not required.
    weight_dtype = torch.float32
    if accelerator.mixed_precision == "fp16":
        weight_dtype = torch.float16
    elif accelerator.mixed_precision == "bf16":
        weight_dtype = torch.bfloat16

    # Move vae and text_encoder to device and cast to weight_dtype
    if vae is not None:
        vae.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)

    if not args.train_text_encoder and text_encoder is not None:
        text_encoder.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)

    # We need to recalculate our total training steps as the size of the training dataloader may have changed.
    num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
    if overrode_max_train_steps:
        args.max_train_steps = args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch
    # Afterwards we recalculate our number of training epochs
    args.num_train_epochs = math.ceil(args.max_train_steps / num_update_steps_per_epoch)

    # We need to initialize the trackers we use, and also store our configuration.
    # The trackers initializes automatically on the main process.
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        tracker_config = vars(copy.deepcopy(args))
        tracker_config.pop("validation_images")
        accelerator.init_trackers("dreambooth", config=tracker_config)

    # Train!
    total_batch_size = args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes * args.gradient_accumulation_steps

    logger.info("***** Running training *****")
    logger.info(f"  Num examples = {len(train_dataset)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num batches each epoch = {len(train_dataloader)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {args.num_train_epochs}")
    logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {args.train_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
    logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {args.max_train_steps}")
    global_step = 0
    first_epoch = 0

    # Potentially load in the weights and states from a previous save
    if args.resume_from_checkpoint:
        if args.resume_from_checkpoint != "latest":
            path = os.path.basename(args.resume_from_checkpoint)
        else:
            # Get the mos recent checkpoint
            dirs = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
            dirs = [d for d in dirs if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
            dirs = sorted(dirs, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))
            path = dirs[-1] if len(dirs) > 0 else None

        if path is None:
            accelerator.print(
                f"Checkpoint '{args.resume_from_checkpoint}' does not exist. Starting a new training run."
            )
            args.resume_from_checkpoint = None
        else:
            accelerator.print(f"Resuming from checkpoint {path}")
            accelerator.load_state(os.path.join(args.output_dir, path))
            global_step = int(path.split("-")[1])

            resume_global_step = global_step * args.gradient_accumulation_steps
            first_epoch = global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch
            resume_step = resume_global_step % (num_update_steps_per_epoch * args.gradient_accumulation_steps)

    # Only show the progress bar once on each machine.
    progress_bar = tqdm(range(global_step, args.max_train_steps), disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process)
    progress_bar.set_description("Steps")

    for epoch in range(first_epoch, args.num_train_epochs):
        unet.train()
        if args.train_text_encoder:
            text_encoder.train()
        for step, batch in enumerate(train_dataloader):
            # Skip steps until we reach the resumed step
            if args.resume_from_checkpoint and epoch == first_epoch and step < resume_step:
                if step % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
                    progress_bar.update(1)
                continue

            with accelerator.accumulate(unet):
                pixel_values = batch["pixel_values"].to(dtype=weight_dtype)

                if vae is not None:
                    # Convert images to latent space
                    model_input = vae.encode(batch["pixel_values"].to(dtype=weight_dtype)).latent_dist.sample()
                    model_input = model_input * vae.config.scaling_factor
                else:
                    model_input = pixel_values

                # Sample noise that we'll add to the model input
                if args.offset_noise:
                    noise = torch.randn_like(model_input) + 0.1 * torch.randn(
                        model_input.shape[0], model_input.shape[1], 1, 1, device=model_input.device
                    )
                else:
                    noise = torch.randn_like(model_input)
                bsz, channels, height, width = model_input.shape
                # Sample a random timestep for each image
                timesteps = torch.randint(
                    0, noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps, (bsz,), device=model_input.device
                )
                timesteps = timesteps.long()

                # Add noise to the model input according to the noise magnitude at each timestep
                # (this is the forward diffusion process)
                noisy_model_input = noise_scheduler.add_noise(model_input, noise, timesteps)

                # Get the text embedding for conditioning
                if args.pre_compute_text_embeddings:
                    encoder_hidden_states = batch["input_ids"]
                else:
                    encoder_hidden_states = encode_prompt(
                        text_encoder,
                        batch["input_ids"],
                        batch["attention_mask"],
                        text_encoder_use_attention_mask=args.text_encoder_use_attention_mask,
                    )

                if accelerator.unwrap_model(unet).config.in_channels == channels * 2:
                    noisy_model_input = torch.cat([noisy_model_input, noisy_model_input], dim=1)

                if args.class_labels_conditioning == "timesteps":
                    class_labels = timesteps
                else:
                    class_labels = None

                # Predict the noise residual
                model_pred = unet(
                    noisy_model_input, timesteps, encoder_hidden_states, class_labels=class_labels
                ).sample

                if model_pred.shape[1] == 6:
                    model_pred, _ = torch.chunk(model_pred, 2, dim=1)

                # Get the target for loss depending on the prediction type
                if noise_scheduler.config.prediction_type == "epsilon":
                    target = noise
                elif noise_scheduler.config.prediction_type == "v_prediction":
                    target = noise_scheduler.get_velocity(model_input, noise, timesteps)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"Unknown prediction type {noise_scheduler.config.prediction_type}")

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Chunk the noise and model_pred into two parts and compute the loss on each part separately.
                    model_pred, model_pred_prior = torch.chunk(model_pred, 2, dim=0)
                    target, target_prior = torch.chunk(target, 2, dim=0)
                    # Compute prior loss
                    prior_loss = F.mse_loss(model_pred_prior.float(), target_prior.float(), reduction="mean")

                # Compute instance loss
                if args.snr_gamma is None:
                    loss = F.mse_loss(model_pred.float(), target.float(), reduction="mean")
                else:
                    # Compute loss-weights as per Section 3.4 of https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09556.
                    # Since we predict the noise instead of x_0, the original formulation is slightly changed.
                    # This is discussed in Section 4.2 of the same paper.
                    snr = compute_snr(noise_scheduler, timesteps)
                    base_weight = (
                        torch.stack([snr, args.snr_gamma * torch.ones_like(timesteps)], dim=1).min(dim=1)[0] / snr
                    )

                    if noise_scheduler.config.prediction_type == "v_prediction":
                        # Velocity objective needs to be floored to an SNR weight of one.
                        mse_loss_weights = base_weight + 1
                    else:
                        # Epsilon and sample both use the same loss weights.
                        mse_loss_weights = base_weight
                    loss = F.mse_loss(model_pred.float(), target.float(), reduction="none")
                    loss = loss.mean(dim=list(range(1, len(loss.shape)))) * mse_loss_weights
                    loss = loss.mean()

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Add the prior loss to the instance loss.
                    loss = loss + args.prior_loss_weight * prior_loss

                accelerator.backward(loss)
                if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                    params_to_clip = (
                        itertools.chain(unet.parameters(), text_encoder.parameters())
                        if args.train_text_encoder
                        else unet.parameters()
                    )
                    accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(params_to_clip, args.max_grad_norm)
                optimizer.step()
                lr_scheduler.step()
                optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=args.set_grads_to_none)

            # Checks if the accelerator has performed an optimization step behind the scenes
            if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                progress_bar.update(1)
                global_step += 1

                if accelerator.is_main_process:
                    if global_step % args.checkpointing_steps == 0:
                        # _before_ saving state, check if this save would set us over the `checkpoints_total_limit`
                        if args.checkpoints_total_limit is not None:
                            checkpoints = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
                            checkpoints = [d for d in checkpoints if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
                            checkpoints = sorted(checkpoints, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))

                            # before we save the new checkpoint, we need to have at _most_ `checkpoints_total_limit - 1` checkpoints
                            if len(checkpoints) >= args.checkpoints_total_limit:
                                num_to_remove = len(checkpoints) - args.checkpoints_total_limit + 1
                                removing_checkpoints = checkpoints[0:num_to_remove]

                                logger.info(
                                    f"{len(checkpoints)} checkpoints already exist, removing {len(removing_checkpoints)} checkpoints"
                                )
                                logger.info(f"removing checkpoints: {', '.join(removing_checkpoints)}")

                                for removing_checkpoint in removing_checkpoints:
                                    removing_checkpoint = os.path.join(args.output_dir, removing_checkpoint)
                                    shutil.rmtree(removing_checkpoint)

                        save_path = os.path.join(args.output_dir, f"checkpoint-{global_step}")
                        accelerator.save_state(save_path)
                        logger.info(f"Saved state to {save_path}")

                    images = []

                    if args.validation_prompt is not None and global_step % args.validation_steps == 0:
                        images = log_validation(
                            text_encoder,
                            tokenizer,
                            unet,
                            vae,
                            args,
                            accelerator,
                            weight_dtype,
                            global_step,
                            validation_prompt_encoder_hidden_states,
                            validation_prompt_negative_prompt_embeds,
                        )

            logs = {"loss": loss.detach().item(), "lr": lr_scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]}
            progress_bar.set_postfix(**logs)
            accelerator.log(logs, step=global_step)

            if global_step >= args.max_train_steps:
                break

    # Create the pipeline using using the trained modules and save it.
    accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        pipeline_args = {}

        if text_encoder is not None:
            pipeline_args["text_encoder"] = accelerator.unwrap_model(text_encoder)

        if args.skip_save_text_encoder:
            pipeline_args["text_encoder"] = None

        pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
            args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
            unet=accelerator.unwrap_model(unet),
            revision=args.revision,
            **pipeline_args,
        )

        # We train on the simplified learning objective. If we were previously predicting a variance, we need the scheduler to ignore it
        scheduler_args = {}

        if "variance_type" in pipeline.scheduler.config:
            variance_type = pipeline.scheduler.config.variance_type

            if variance_type in ["learned", "learned_range"]:
                variance_type = "fixed_small"

            scheduler_args["variance_type"] = variance_type

        pipeline.scheduler = pipeline.scheduler.from_config(pipeline.scheduler.config, **scheduler_args)

        pipeline.save_pretrained(args.output_dir)

        if args.push_to_hub:
            save_model_card(
                repo_id,
                images=images,
                base_model=args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                train_text_encoder=args.train_text_encoder,
                prompt=args.instance_prompt,
                repo_folder=args.output_dir,
                pipeline=pipeline,
            )
            upload_folder(
                repo_id=repo_id,
                folder_path=args.output_dir,
                commit_message="End of training",
                ignore_patterns=["step_*", "epoch_*"],
            )

    accelerator.end_training()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    args = parse_args()
    main(args)