modeling_utils.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HuggingFace Inc. team.
# Copyright (c) 2018, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""PyTorch BERT model."""

from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function,
                        unicode_literals)

import copy
import json
import logging
import os
from io import open

import six
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss
from torch.nn import functional as F

from .file_utils import cached_path

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

CONFIG_NAME = "config.json"
WEIGHTS_NAME = "pytorch_model.bin"
TF_WEIGHTS_NAME = 'model.ckpt'


try:
    from torch.nn import Identity
except ImportError:
    # Older PyTorch compatibility
    class Identity(nn.Module):
        r"""A placeholder identity operator that is argument-insensitive.
        """
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(Identity, self).__init__()

        def forward(self, input):
            return input


if not six.PY2:
    def add_start_docstrings(*docstr):
        def docstring_decorator(fn):
            fn.__doc__ = ''.join(docstr) + fn.__doc__
            return fn
        return docstring_decorator
else:
    # Not possible to update class docstrings on python2
    def add_start_docstrings(*docstr):
        def docstring_decorator(fn):
            return fn
        return docstring_decorator


class PretrainedConfig(object):
    r""" Base class for all configuration classes.
        Handles a few parameters common to all models' configurations as well as methods for loading/downloading/saving configurations.

        Class attributes (overridden by derived classes):
            - ``pretrained_config_archive_map``: a python ``dict`` of with `short-cut-names` (string) as keys and `url` (string) of associated pretrained model configurations as values.

        Parameters:
            ``finetuning_task``: string, default `None`. Name of the task used to fine-tune the model. This can be used when converting from an original (TensorFlow or PyTorch) checkpoint.
            ``num_labels``: integer, default `2`. Number of classes to use when the model is a classification model (sequences/tokens)
            ``output_attentions``: boolean, default `False`. Should the model returns attentions weights.
            ``output_hidden_states``: string, default `False`. Should the model returns all hidden-states.
            ``torchscript``: string, default `False`. Is the model used with Torchscript.
    """
    pretrained_config_archive_map = {}

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        self.finetuning_task = kwargs.pop('finetuning_task', None)
        self.num_labels = kwargs.pop('num_labels', 2)
        self.output_attentions = kwargs.pop('output_attentions', False)
        self.output_hidden_states = kwargs.pop('output_hidden_states', False)
        self.torchscript = kwargs.pop('torchscript', False)

    def save_pretrained(self, save_directory):
        """ Save a configuration object to the directory `save_directory`, so that it
            can be re-loaded using the :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained` class method.
        """
        assert os.path.isdir(save_directory), "Saving path should be a directory where the model and configuration can be saved"

        # If we save using the predefined names, we can load using `from_pretrained`
        output_config_file = os.path.join(save_directory, CONFIG_NAME)

        self.to_json_file(output_config_file)

    @classmethod
    def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path, **kwargs):
        r""" Instantiate a :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig` (or a derived class) from a pre-trained model configuration.

        Parameters:
            pretrained_model_name_or_path: either:

                - a string with the `shortcut name` of a pre-trained model configuration to load from cache or download, e.g.: ``bert-base-uncased``.
                - a path to a `directory` containing a configuration file saved using the :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig.save_pretrained` method, e.g.: ``./my_model_directory/``.
                - a path or url to a saved configuration JSON `file`, e.g.: ``./my_model_directory/configuration.json``.

            cache_dir: (`optional`) string:
                Path to a directory in which a downloaded pre-trained model
                configuration should be cached if the standard cache should not be used.

            kwargs: (`optional`) dict: key/value pairs with which to update the configuration object after loading.

                - The values in kwargs of any keys which are configuration attributes will be used to override the loaded values.
                - Behavior concerning key/value pairs whose keys are *not* configuration attributes is controlled by the `return_unused_kwargs` keyword parameter.

            return_unused_kwargs: (`optional`) bool:

                - If False, then this function returns just the final configuration object.
                - If True, then this functions returns a tuple `(config, unused_kwargs)` where `unused_kwargs` is a dictionary consisting of the key/value pairs whose keys are not configuration attributes: ie the part of kwargs which has not been used to update `config` and is otherwise ignored.

        Examples::

            # We can't instantiate directly the base class `PretrainedConfig` so let's show the examples on a
            # derived class: BertConfig
            config = BertConfig.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')    # Download configuration from S3 and cache.
            config = BertConfig.from_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')  # E.g. config (or model) was saved using `save_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')`
            config = BertConfig.from_pretrained('./test/saved_model/my_configuration.json')
            config = BertConfig.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased', output_attention=True, foo=False)
            assert config.output_attention == True
            config, unused_kwargs = BertConfig.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased', output_attention=True,
                                                               foo=False, return_unused_kwargs=True)
            assert config.output_attention == True
            assert unused_kwargs == {'foo': False}

        """
        cache_dir = kwargs.pop('cache_dir', None)
        return_unused_kwargs = kwargs.pop('return_unused_kwargs', False)

        if pretrained_model_name_or_path in cls.pretrained_config_archive_map:
            config_file = cls.pretrained_config_archive_map[pretrained_model_name_or_path]
        elif os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
            config_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, CONFIG_NAME)
        else:
            config_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path
        # redirect to the cache, if necessary
        try:
            resolved_config_file = cached_path(config_file, cache_dir=cache_dir)
        except EnvironmentError:
            if pretrained_model_name_or_path in cls.pretrained_config_archive_map:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't reach server at '{}' to download pretrained model configuration file.".format(
                        config_file))
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Model name '{}' was not found in model name list ({}). "
                    "We assumed '{}' was a path or url but couldn't find any file "
                    "associated to this path or url.".format(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                        ', '.join(cls.pretrained_config_archive_map.keys()),
                        config_file))
            return None
        if resolved_config_file == config_file:
            logger.info("loading configuration file {}".format(config_file))
        else:
            logger.info("loading configuration file {} from cache at {}".format(
                config_file, resolved_config_file))

        # Load config
        config = cls.from_json_file(resolved_config_file)

        # Update config with kwargs if needed
        to_remove = []
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            if hasattr(config, key):
                setattr(config, key, value)
                to_remove.append(key)
        for key in to_remove:
            kwargs.pop(key, None)

        logger.info("Model config %s", config)
        if return_unused_kwargs:
            return config, kwargs
        else:
            return config

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, json_object):
        """Constructs a `Config` from a Python dictionary of parameters."""
        config = cls(vocab_size_or_config_json_file=-1)
        for key, value in json_object.items():
            config.__dict__[key] = value
        return config

    @classmethod
    def from_json_file(cls, json_file):
        """Constructs a `BertConfig` from a json file of parameters."""
        with open(json_file, "r", encoding='utf-8') as reader:
            text = reader.read()
        return cls.from_dict(json.loads(text))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.to_json_string())

    def to_dict(self):
        """Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary."""
        output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__)
        return output

    def to_json_string(self):
        """Serializes this instance to a JSON string."""
        return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n"

    def to_json_file(self, json_file_path):
        """ Save this instance to a json file."""
        with open(json_file_path, "w", encoding='utf-8') as writer:
            writer.write(self.to_json_string())


class PreTrainedModel(nn.Module):
    r""" Base class for all models.

        :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel` takes care of storing the configuration of the models and handles methods for loading/downloading/saving models
        as well as a few methods commons to all models to (i) resize the input embeddings and (ii) prune heads in the self-attention heads.

        Class attributes (overridden by derived classes):
            - ``config_class``: a class derived from :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig` to use as configuration class for this model architecture.
            - ``pretrained_model_archive_map``: a python ``dict`` of with `short-cut-names` (string) as keys and `url` (string) of associated pretrained weights as values.
            - ``load_tf_weights``: a python ``method`` for loading a TensorFlow checkpoint in a PyTorch model, taking as arguments:

                - ``model``: an instance of the relevant subclass of :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel`,
                - ``config``: an instance of the relevant subclass of :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig`,
                - ``path``: a path (string) to the TensorFlow checkpoint.

            - ``base_model_prefix``: a string indicating the attribute associated to the base model in derived classes of the same architecture adding modules on top of the base model.
    """
    config_class = None
    pretrained_model_archive_map = {}
    load_tf_weights = lambda model, config, path: None
    base_model_prefix = ""

    def __init__(self, config, *inputs, **kwargs):
        super(PreTrainedModel, self).__init__()
        if not isinstance(config, PretrainedConfig):
            raise ValueError(
                "Parameter config in `{}(config)` should be an instance of class `PretrainedConfig`. "
                "To create a model from a pretrained model use "
                "`model = {}.from_pretrained(PRETRAINED_MODEL_NAME)`".format(
                    self.__class__.__name__, self.__class__.__name__
                ))
        # Save config in model
        self.config = config

    def _get_resized_embeddings(self, old_embeddings, new_num_tokens=None):
        """ Build a resized Embedding Module from a provided token Embedding Module.
            Increasing the size will add newly initialized vectors at the end
            Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end

        Args:
            new_num_tokens: (`optional`) int
                New number of tokens in the embedding matrix.
                Increasing the size will add newly initialized vectors at the end
                Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end
                If not provided or None: return the provided token Embedding Module.
        Return: ``torch.nn.Embeddings``
            Pointer to the resized Embedding Module or the old Embedding Module if new_num_tokens is None
        """
        if new_num_tokens is None:
            return old_embeddings

        old_num_tokens, old_embedding_dim = old_embeddings.weight.size()
        if old_num_tokens == new_num_tokens:
            return old_embeddings

        # Build new embeddings
        new_embeddings = nn.Embedding(new_num_tokens, old_embedding_dim)
        new_embeddings.to(old_embeddings.weight.device)

        # initialize all new embeddings (in particular added tokens)
        self.init_weights(new_embeddings)

        # Copy word embeddings from the previous weights
        num_tokens_to_copy = min(old_num_tokens, new_num_tokens)
        new_embeddings.weight.data[:num_tokens_to_copy, :] = old_embeddings.weight.data[:num_tokens_to_copy, :]

        return new_embeddings

    def _tie_or_clone_weights(self, first_module, second_module):
        """ Tie or clone module weights depending of weither we are using TorchScript or not
        """
        if self.config.torchscript:
            first_module.weight = nn.Parameter(second_module.weight.clone())
        else:
            first_module.weight = second_module.weight

    def resize_token_embeddings(self, new_num_tokens=None):
        """ Resize input token embeddings matrix of the model if new_num_tokens != config.vocab_size.
        Take care of tying weights embeddings afterwards if the model class has a `tie_weights()` method.

        Arguments:

            new_num_tokens: (`optional`) int:
                New number of tokens in the embedding matrix. Increasing the size will add newly initialized vectors at the end. Reducing the size will remove vectors from the end. 
                If not provided or None: does nothing and just returns a pointer to the input tokens ``torch.nn.Embeddings`` Module of the model.

        Return: ``torch.nn.Embeddings``
            Pointer to the input tokens Embeddings Module of the model
        """
        base_model = getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix, self)  # get the base model if needed
        model_embeds = base_model._resize_token_embeddings(new_num_tokens)
        if new_num_tokens is None:
            return model_embeds

        # Update base model and current model config
        self.config.vocab_size = new_num_tokens
        base_model.vocab_size = new_num_tokens

        # Tie weights again if needed
        if hasattr(self, 'tie_weights'):
            self.tie_weights()

        return model_embeds

    def prune_heads(self, heads_to_prune):
        """ Prunes heads of the base model.

            Arguments:

                heads_to_prune: dict with keys being selected layer indices (`int`) and associated values being the list of heads to prune in said layer (list of `int`).
        """
        base_model = getattr(self, self.base_model_prefix, self)  # get the base model if needed
        base_model._prune_heads(heads_to_prune)

    def save_pretrained(self, save_directory):
        """ Save a model and its configuration file to a directory, so that it
            can be re-loaded using the `:func:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`` class method.
        """
        assert os.path.isdir(save_directory), "Saving path should be a directory where the model and configuration can be saved"

        # Only save the model it-self if we are using distributed training
        model_to_save = self.module if hasattr(self, 'module') else self

        # Save configuration file
        model_to_save.config.save_pretrained(save_directory)

        # If we save using the predefined names, we can load using `from_pretrained`
        output_model_file = os.path.join(save_directory, WEIGHTS_NAME)

        torch.save(model_to_save.state_dict(), output_model_file)

    @classmethod
    def from_pretrained(cls, pretrained_model_name_or_path, *model_args, **kwargs):
        r"""Instantiate a pretrained pytorch model from a pre-trained model configuration.

        The model is set in evaluation mode by default using ``model.eval()`` (Dropout modules are deactivated)
        To train the model, you should first set it back in training mode with ``model.train()``

        Parameters:
            pretrained_model_name_or_path: either:

                - a string with the `shortcut name` of a pre-trained model to load from cache or download, e.g.: ``bert-base-uncased``.
                - a path to a `directory` containing model weights saved using :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained`, e.g.: ``./my_model_directory/``.
                - a path or url to a `tensorflow index checkpoint file` (e.g. `./tf_model/model.ckpt.index`). In this case, ``from_tf`` should be set to True and a configuration object should be provided as ``config`` argument. This loading path is slower than converting the TensorFlow checkpoint in a PyTorch model using the provided conversion scripts and loading the PyTorch model afterwards.

            model_args: (`optional`) Sequence of positional arguments:
                All remaning positional arguments will be passed to the underlying model's ``__init__`` method

            config: (`optional`) instance of a class derived from :class:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig`:
                Configuration for the model to use instead of an automatically loaded configuation. Configuration can be automatically loaded when:

                - the model is a model provided by the library (loaded with the ``shortcut-name`` string of a pretrained model), or
                - the model was saved using :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained` and is reloaded by suppling the save directory.
                - the model is loaded by suppling a local directory as ``pretrained_model_name_or_path`` and a configuration JSON file named `config.json` is found in the directory.

            state_dict: (`optional`) dict:
                an optional state dictionnary for the model to use instead of a state dictionary loaded from saved weights file.
                This option can be used if you want to create a model from a pretrained configuration but load your own weights.
                In this case though, you should check if using :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel.save_pretrained` and :func:`~pytorch_transformers.PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained` is not a simpler option.

            cache_dir: (`optional`) string:
                Path to a directory in which a downloaded pre-trained model
                configuration should be cached if the standard cache should not be used.

            output_loading_info: (`optional`) boolean:
                Set to ``True`` to also return a dictionnary containing missing keys, unexpected keys and error messages.

            kwargs: (`optional`) Remaining dictionary of keyword arguments:
                Can be used to update the configuration object (after it being loaded) and initiate the model. (e.g. ``output_attention=True``). Behave differently depending on whether a `config` is provided or automatically loaded:

                - If a configuration is provided with ``config``, ``**kwargs`` will be directly passed to the underlying model's ``__init__`` method (we assume all relevant updates to the configuration have already been done)
                - If a configuration is not provided, ``kwargs`` will be first passed to the configuration class initialization function (:func:`~pytorch_transformers.PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained`). Each key of ``kwargs`` that corresponds to a configuration attribute will be used to override said attribute with the supplied ``kwargs`` value. Remaining keys that do not correspond to any configuration attribute will be passed to the underlying model's ``__init__`` function.

        Examples::

            model = BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')    # Download model and configuration from S3 and cache.
            model = BertModel.from_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')  # E.g. model was saved using `save_pretrained('./test/saved_model/')`
            model = BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased', output_attention=True)  # Update configuration during loading
            assert model.config.output_attention == True
            # Loading from a TF checkpoint file instead of a PyTorch model (slower)
            config = BertConfig.from_json_file('./tf_model/my_tf_model_config.json')
            model = BertModel.from_pretrained('./tf_model/my_tf_checkpoint.ckpt.index', from_tf=True, config=config)

        """
        config = kwargs.pop('config', None)
        state_dict = kwargs.pop('state_dict', None)
        cache_dir = kwargs.pop('cache_dir', None)
        from_tf = kwargs.pop('from_tf', False)
        output_loading_info = kwargs.pop('output_loading_info', False)

        # Load config
        if config is None:
            config, model_kwargs = cls.config_class.from_pretrained(
                pretrained_model_name_or_path, *model_args,
                cache_dir=cache_dir, return_unused_kwargs=True,
                **kwargs
            )
        else:
            model_kwargs = kwargs

        # Load model
        if pretrained_model_name_or_path in cls.pretrained_model_archive_map:
            archive_file = cls.pretrained_model_archive_map[pretrained_model_name_or_path]
        elif os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_name_or_path):
            if from_tf:
                # Directly load from a TensorFlow checkpoint
                archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, TF_WEIGHTS_NAME + ".index")
            else:
                archive_file = os.path.join(pretrained_model_name_or_path, WEIGHTS_NAME)
        else:
            if from_tf:
                # Directly load from a TensorFlow checkpoint
                archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path + ".index"
            else:
                archive_file = pretrained_model_name_or_path
        # redirect to the cache, if necessary
        try:
            resolved_archive_file = cached_path(archive_file, cache_dir=cache_dir)
        except EnvironmentError:
            if pretrained_model_name_or_path in cls.pretrained_model_archive_map:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't reach server at '{}' to download pretrained weights.".format(
                        archive_file))
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Model name '{}' was not found in model name list ({}). "
                    "We assumed '{}' was a path or url but couldn't find any file "
                    "associated to this path or url.".format(
                        pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                        ', '.join(cls.pretrained_model_archive_map.keys()),
                        archive_file))
            return None
        if resolved_archive_file == archive_file:
            logger.info("loading weights file {}".format(archive_file))
        else:
            logger.info("loading weights file {} from cache at {}".format(
                archive_file, resolved_archive_file))

        # Instantiate model.
        model = cls(config, *model_args, **model_kwargs)

        if state_dict is None and not from_tf:
            state_dict = torch.load(resolved_archive_file, map_location='cpu')
        if from_tf:
            # Directly load from a TensorFlow checkpoint
            return cls.load_tf_weights(model, config, resolved_archive_file[:-6])  # Remove the '.index'

        # Convert old format to new format if needed from a PyTorch state_dict
        old_keys = []
        new_keys = []
        for key in state_dict.keys():
            new_key = None
            if 'gamma' in key:
                new_key = key.replace('gamma', 'weight')
            if 'beta' in key:
                new_key = key.replace('beta', 'bias')
            if new_key:
                old_keys.append(key)
                new_keys.append(new_key)
        for old_key, new_key in zip(old_keys, new_keys):
            state_dict[new_key] = state_dict.pop(old_key)

        # Load from a PyTorch state_dict
        missing_keys = []
        unexpected_keys = []
        error_msgs = []
        # copy state_dict so _load_from_state_dict can modify it
        metadata = getattr(state_dict, '_metadata', None)
        state_dict = state_dict.copy()
        if metadata is not None:
            state_dict._metadata = metadata

        def load(module, prefix=''):
            local_metadata = {} if metadata is None else metadata.get(prefix[:-1], {})
            module._load_from_state_dict(
                state_dict, prefix, local_metadata, True, missing_keys, unexpected_keys, error_msgs)
            for name, child in module._modules.items():
                if child is not None:
                    load(child, prefix + name + '.')

        # Make sure we are able to load base models as well as derived models (with heads)
        start_prefix = ''
        model_to_load = model
        if not hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and any(s.startswith(cls.base_model_prefix) for s in state_dict.keys()):
            start_prefix = cls.base_model_prefix + '.'
        if hasattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix) and not any(s.startswith(cls.base_model_prefix) for s in state_dict.keys()):
            model_to_load = getattr(model, cls.base_model_prefix)

        load(model_to_load, prefix=start_prefix)
        if len(missing_keys) > 0:
            logger.info("Weights of {} not initialized from pretrained model: {}".format(
                model.__class__.__name__, missing_keys))
        if len(unexpected_keys) > 0:
            logger.info("Weights from pretrained model not used in {}: {}".format(
                model.__class__.__name__, unexpected_keys))
        if len(error_msgs) > 0:
            raise RuntimeError('Error(s) in loading state_dict for {}:\n\t{}'.format(
                               model.__class__.__name__, "\n\t".join(error_msgs)))

        if hasattr(model, 'tie_weights'):
            model.tie_weights()  # make sure word embedding weights are still tied

        # Set model in evaluation mode to desactivate DropOut modules by default
        model.eval()

        if output_loading_info:
            loading_info = {"missing_keys": missing_keys, "unexpected_keys": unexpected_keys, "error_msgs": error_msgs}
            return model, loading_info

        return model


class Conv1D(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, nf, nx):
        """ Conv1D layer as defined by Radford et al. for OpenAI GPT (and also used in GPT-2)
            Basically works like a Linear layer but the weights are transposed
        """
        super(Conv1D, self).__init__()
        self.nf = nf
        w = torch.empty(nx, nf)
        nn.init.normal_(w, std=0.02)
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(w)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(nf))

    def forward(self, x):
        size_out = x.size()[:-1] + (self.nf,)
        x = torch.addmm(self.bias, x.view(-1, x.size(-1)), self.weight)
        x = x.view(*size_out)
        return x


class PoolerStartLogits(nn.Module):
    """ Compute SQuAD start_logits from sequence hidden states. """
    def __init__(self, config):
        super(PoolerStartLogits, self).__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, p_mask=None):
        """ Args:
            **p_mask**: (`optional`) ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape `(batch_size, seq_len)`
                invalid position mask such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS)
                1.0 means token should be masked.
        """
        x = self.dense(hidden_states).squeeze(-1)

        if p_mask is not None:
            x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 1e30 * p_mask

        return x


class PoolerEndLogits(nn.Module):
    """ Compute SQuAD end_logits from sequence hidden states and start token hidden state.
    """
    def __init__(self, config):
        super(PoolerEndLogits, self).__init__()
        self.dense_0 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size * 2, config.hidden_size)
        self.activation = nn.Tanh()
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.dense_1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, start_states=None, start_positions=None, p_mask=None):
        """ Args:
            One of ``start_states``, ``start_positions`` should be not None.
            If both are set, ``start_positions`` overrides ``start_states``.

            **start_states**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape identical to hidden_states
                hidden states of the first tokens for the labeled span.
            **start_positions**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
                position of the first token for the labeled span:
            **p_mask**: (`optional`) ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, seq_len)``
                Mask of invalid position such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS)
                1.0 means token should be masked.
        """
        assert start_states is not None or start_positions is not None, "One of start_states, start_positions should be not None"
        if start_positions is not None:
            slen, hsz = hidden_states.shape[-2:]
            start_positions = start_positions[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz) # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = hidden_states.gather(-2, start_positions) # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = start_states.expand(-1, slen, -1) # shape (bsz, slen, hsz)

        x = self.dense_0(torch.cat([hidden_states, start_states], dim=-1))
        x = self.activation(x)
        x = self.LayerNorm(x)
        x = self.dense_1(x).squeeze(-1)

        if p_mask is not None:
            x = x * (1 - p_mask) - 1e30 * p_mask

        return x


class PoolerAnswerClass(nn.Module):
    """ Compute SQuAD 2.0 answer class from classification and start tokens hidden states. """
    def __init__(self, config):
        super(PoolerAnswerClass, self).__init__()
        self.dense_0 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size * 2, config.hidden_size)
        self.activation = nn.Tanh()
        self.dense_1 = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 1, bias=False)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, start_states=None, start_positions=None, cls_index=None):
        """
        Args:
            One of ``start_states``, ``start_positions`` should be not None.
            If both are set, ``start_positions`` overrides ``start_states``.

            **start_states**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape identical to ``hidden_states``.
                hidden states of the first tokens for the labeled span.
            **start_positions**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
                position of the first token for the labeled span.
            **cls_index**: torch.LongTensor of shape ``(batch_size,)``
                position of the CLS token. If None, take the last token.

            note(Original repo):
                no dependency on end_feature so that we can obtain one single `cls_logits`
                for each sample
        """
        hsz = hidden_states.shape[-1]
        assert start_states is not None or start_positions is not None, "One of start_states, start_positions should be not None"
        if start_positions is not None:
            start_positions = start_positions[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz) # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            start_states = hidden_states.gather(-2, start_positions).squeeze(-2) # shape (bsz, hsz)

        if cls_index is not None:
            cls_index = cls_index[:, None, None].expand(-1, -1, hsz) # shape (bsz, 1, hsz)
            cls_token_state = hidden_states.gather(-2, cls_index).squeeze(-2) # shape (bsz, hsz)
        else:
            cls_token_state = hidden_states[:, -1, :] # shape (bsz, hsz)

        x = self.dense_0(torch.cat([start_states, cls_token_state], dim=-1))
        x = self.activation(x)
        x = self.dense_1(x).squeeze(-1)

        return x


class SQuADHead(nn.Module):
    r""" A SQuAD head inspired by XLNet.

    Parameters:
        config (:class:`~pytorch_transformers.XLNetConfig`): Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model.

    Inputs:
        **hidden_states**: ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)``
            hidden states of sequence tokens
        **start_positions**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
            position of the first token for the labeled span.
        **end_positions**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
            position of the last token for the labeled span.
        **cls_index**: torch.LongTensor of shape ``(batch_size,)``
            position of the CLS token. If None, take the last token.
        **is_impossible**: ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
            Whether the question has a possible answer in the paragraph or not.
        **p_mask**: (`optional`) ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, seq_len)``
            Mask of invalid position such as query and special symbols (PAD, SEP, CLS)
            1.0 means token should be masked.

    Outputs: `Tuple` comprising various elements depending on the configuration (config) and inputs:
        **loss**: (`optional`, returned if both ``start_positions`` and ``end_positions`` are provided) ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(1,)``:
            Classification loss as the sum of start token, end token (and is_impossible if provided) classification losses.
        **start_top_log_probs**: (`optional`, returned if ``start_positions`` or ``end_positions`` is not provided)
            ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, config.start_n_top)``
            Log probabilities for the top config.start_n_top start token possibilities (beam-search).
        **start_top_index**: (`optional`, returned if ``start_positions`` or ``end_positions`` is not provided)
            ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, config.start_n_top)``
            Indices for the top config.start_n_top start token possibilities (beam-search).
        **end_top_log_probs**: (`optional`, returned if ``start_positions`` or ``end_positions`` is not provided)
            ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top)``
            Log probabilities for the top ``config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top`` end token possibilities (beam-search).
        **end_top_index**: (`optional`, returned if ``start_positions`` or ``end_positions`` is not provided)
            ``torch.LongTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size, config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top)``
            Indices for the top ``config.start_n_top * config.end_n_top`` end token possibilities (beam-search).
        **cls_logits**: (`optional`, returned if ``start_positions`` or ``end_positions`` is not provided)
            ``torch.FloatTensor`` of shape ``(batch_size,)``
            Log probabilities for the ``is_impossible`` label of the answers.
    """
    def __init__(self, config):
        super(SQuADHead, self).__init__()
        self.start_n_top = config.start_n_top
        self.end_n_top = config.end_n_top

        self.start_logits = PoolerStartLogits(config)
        self.end_logits = PoolerEndLogits(config)
        self.answer_class = PoolerAnswerClass(config)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, start_positions=None, end_positions=None,
                cls_index=None, is_impossible=None, p_mask=None):
        outputs = ()

        start_logits = self.start_logits(hidden_states, p_mask=p_mask)

        if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None:
            # If we are on multi-GPU, let's remove the dimension added by batch splitting
            for x in (start_positions, end_positions, cls_index, is_impossible):
                if x is not None and x.dim() > 1:
                    x.squeeze_(-1)

            # during training, compute the end logits based on the ground truth of the start position
            end_logits = self.end_logits(hidden_states, start_positions=start_positions, p_mask=p_mask)

            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()
            start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions)
            end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions)
            total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2

            if cls_index is not None and is_impossible is not None:
                # Predict answerability from the representation of CLS and START
                cls_logits = self.answer_class(hidden_states, start_positions=start_positions, cls_index=cls_index)
                loss_fct_cls = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss()
                cls_loss = loss_fct_cls(cls_logits, is_impossible)

                # note(zhiliny): by default multiply the loss by 0.5 so that the scale is comparable to start_loss and end_loss
                total_loss += cls_loss * 0.5

            outputs = (total_loss,) + outputs

        else:
            # during inference, compute the end logits based on beam search
            bsz, slen, hsz = hidden_states.size()
            start_log_probs = F.softmax(start_logits, dim=-1) # shape (bsz, slen)

            start_top_log_probs, start_top_index = torch.topk(start_log_probs, self.start_n_top, dim=-1) # shape (bsz, start_n_top)
            start_top_index_exp = start_top_index.unsqueeze(-1).expand(-1, -1, hsz) # shape (bsz, start_n_top, hsz)
            start_states = torch.gather(hidden_states, -2, start_top_index_exp) # shape (bsz, start_n_top, hsz)
            start_states = start_states.unsqueeze(1).expand(-1, slen, -1, -1) # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top, hsz)

            hidden_states_expanded = hidden_states.unsqueeze(2).expand_as(start_states) # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top, hsz)
            p_mask = p_mask.unsqueeze(-1) if p_mask is not None else None
            end_logits = self.end_logits(hidden_states_expanded, start_states=start_states, p_mask=p_mask)
            end_log_probs = F.softmax(end_logits, dim=1) # shape (bsz, slen, start_n_top)

            end_top_log_probs, end_top_index = torch.topk(end_log_probs, self.end_n_top, dim=1) # shape (bsz, end_n_top, start_n_top)
            end_top_log_probs = end_top_log_probs.view(-1, self.start_n_top * self.end_n_top)
            end_top_index = end_top_index.view(-1, self.start_n_top * self.end_n_top)

            start_states = torch.einsum("blh,bl->bh", hidden_states, start_log_probs)
            cls_logits = self.answer_class(hidden_states, start_states=start_states, cls_index=cls_index)

            outputs = (start_top_log_probs, start_top_index, end_top_log_probs, end_top_index, cls_logits) + outputs

        # return start_top_log_probs, start_top_index, end_top_log_probs, end_top_index, cls_logits
        # or (if labels are provided) (total_loss,)
        return outputs


class SequenceSummary(nn.Module):
    r""" Compute a single vector summary of a sequence hidden states according to various possibilities:
        Args of the config class:
            summary_type:
                - 'last' => [default] take the last token hidden state (like XLNet)
                - 'first' => take the first token hidden state (like Bert)
                - 'mean' => take the mean of all tokens hidden states
                - 'cls_index' => supply a Tensor of classification token position (GPT/GPT-2)
                - 'attn' => Not implemented now, use multi-head attention
            summary_use_proj: Add a projection after the vector extraction
            summary_proj_to_labels: If True, the projection outputs to config.num_labels classes (otherwise to hidden_size). Default: False.
            summary_activation: 'tanh' => add a tanh activation to the output, Other => no activation. Default
            summary_first_dropout: Add a dropout before the projection and activation
            summary_last_dropout: Add a dropout after the projection and activation
    """
    def __init__(self, config):
        super(SequenceSummary, self).__init__()

        self.summary_type = config.summary_type if hasattr(config, 'summary_use_proj') else 'last'
        if self.summary_type == 'attn':
            # We should use a standard multi-head attention module with absolute positional embedding for that.
            # Cf. https://github.com/zihangdai/xlnet/blob/master/modeling.py#L253-L276
            # We can probably just use the multi-head attention module of PyTorch >=1.1.0
            raise NotImplementedError

        self.summary = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, 'summary_use_proj') and config.summary_use_proj:
            if hasattr(config, 'summary_proj_to_labels') and config.summary_proj_to_labels and config.num_labels > 0:
                num_classes = config.num_labels
            else:
                num_classes = config.hidden_size
            self.summary = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_classes)

        self.activation = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, 'summary_activation') and config.summary_activation == 'tanh':
            self.activation = nn.Tanh()

        self.first_dropout = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, 'summary_first_dropout') and config.summary_first_dropout > 0:
            self.first_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.summary_first_dropout)

        self.last_dropout = Identity()
        if hasattr(config, 'summary_last_dropout') and config.summary_last_dropout > 0:
            self.last_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.summary_last_dropout)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, cls_index=None):
        """ hidden_states: float Tensor in shape [bsz, seq_len, hidden_size], the hidden-states of the last layer.
            cls_index: [optional] position of the classification token if summary_type == 'cls_index',
                shape (bsz,) or more generally (bsz, ...) where ... are optional leading dimensions of hidden_states.
                if summary_type == 'cls_index' and cls_index is None:
                    we take the last token of the sequence as classification token
        """
        if self.summary_type == 'last':
            output = hidden_states[:, -1]
        elif self.summary_type == 'first':
            output = hidden_states[:, 0]
        elif self.summary_type == 'mean':
            output = hidden_states.mean(dim=1)
        elif self.summary_type == 'cls_index':
            if cls_index is None:
                cls_index = torch.full_like(hidden_states[..., :1, :], hidden_states.shape[-2]-1, dtype=torch.long)
            else:
                cls_index = cls_index.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
                cls_index = cls_index.expand((-1,) * (cls_index.dim()-1) + (hidden_states.size(-1),))
            # shape of cls_index: (bsz, XX, 1, hidden_size) where XX are optional leading dim of hidden_states
            output = hidden_states.gather(-2, cls_index).squeeze(-2) # shape (bsz, XX, hidden_size)
        elif self.summary_type == 'attn':
            raise NotImplementedError

        output = self.first_dropout(output)
        output = self.summary(output)
        output = self.activation(output)
        output = self.last_dropout(output)

        return output


def prune_linear_layer(layer, index, dim=0):
    """ Prune a linear layer (a model parameters) to keep only entries in index.
        Return the pruned layer as a new layer with requires_grad=True.
        Used to remove heads.
    """
    index = index.to(layer.weight.device)
    W = layer.weight.index_select(dim, index).clone().detach()
    if layer.bias is not None:
        if dim == 1:
            b = layer.bias.clone().detach()
        else:
            b = layer.bias[index].clone().detach()
    new_size = list(layer.weight.size())
    new_size[dim] = len(index)
    new_layer = nn.Linear(new_size[1], new_size[0], bias=layer.bias is not None).to(layer.weight.device)
    new_layer.weight.requires_grad = False
    new_layer.weight.copy_(W.contiguous())
    new_layer.weight.requires_grad = True
    if layer.bias is not None:
        new_layer.bias.requires_grad = False
        new_layer.bias.copy_(b.contiguous())
        new_layer.bias.requires_grad = True
    return new_layer


def prune_conv1d_layer(layer, index, dim=1):
    """ Prune a Conv1D layer (a model parameters) to keep only entries in index.
        A Conv1D work as a Linear layer (see e.g. BERT) but the weights are transposed.
        Return the pruned layer as a new layer with requires_grad=True.
        Used to remove heads.
    """
    index = index.to(layer.weight.device)
    W = layer.weight.index_select(dim, index).clone().detach()
    if dim == 0:
        b = layer.bias.clone().detach()
    else:
        b = layer.bias[index].clone().detach()
    new_size = list(layer.weight.size())
    new_size[dim] = len(index)
    new_layer = Conv1D(new_size[1], new_size[0]).to(layer.weight.device)
    new_layer.weight.requires_grad = False
    new_layer.weight.copy_(W.contiguous())
    new_layer.weight.requires_grad = True
    new_layer.bias.requires_grad = False
    new_layer.bias.copy_(b.contiguous())
    new_layer.bias.requires_grad = True
    return new_layer


def prune_layer(layer, index, dim=None):
    """ Prune a Conv1D or nn.Linear layer (a model parameters) to keep only entries in index.
        Return the pruned layer as a new layer with requires_grad=True.
        Used to remove heads.
    """
    if isinstance(layer, nn.Linear):
        return prune_linear_layer(layer, index, dim=0 if dim is None else dim)
    elif isinstance(layer, Conv1D):
        return prune_conv1d_layer(layer, index, dim=1 if dim is None else dim)
    else:
        raise ValueError("Can't prune layer of class {}".format(layer.__class__))