1. 10 May, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Refactor] Improve layout equality checks and error messaging (#471) · c2480907
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Refactor] Simplify buffer_region_to_tile_region function in copy.py
      
      * Removed redundant logic for handling region extents in the buffer_region_to_tile_region function, streamlining the code for better readability and maintainability.
      * Enhanced error handling by focusing on essential checks while eliminating unnecessary complexity related to variable extents.
      
      * [Refactor] Improve layout equality checks and error messaging
      
      * Updated the `IsEqual` method in `FragmentNode` to ensure consistent evaluation of thread ranges.
      * Enhanced error messaging in `ParallelOp::InferLayout` to include source buffer information for better debugging.
      * Adjusted `ReduceOp::InferLayout` to set thread range during layout condensation, improving layout inference accuracy.
      
      * lintfix
      
      * [Refactor] Rename SetThreadRange to BindThreadRange for clarity
      
      * Updated the `SetThreadRange` method in `FragmentNode` and related classes to `BindThreadRange`, improving method naming consistency and clarity.
      * Adjusted all references to the renamed method across the codebase, ensuring proper functionality and maintaining existing behavior.
      * Enhanced layout equality checks to handle thread ranges more robustly in `IsEqual` method.
      * Updated layout inference methods in `Gemm`, `ParallelOp`, and `ReduceOp` to utilize the new method name, ensuring seamless integration with the updated API.
      
      * [Refactor] Update BindThreadRange usage across layout inference methods
      
      * Modified the implementation of `BindThreadRange` in `FragmentNode` to create a new object instance, enhancing thread range binding functionality.
      * Updated all references to `BindThreadRange` in layout inference methods across `Gemm`, `ParallelOp`, and `ReduceOp` to ensure consistency with the new implementation.
      * Adjusted the return statements in various layout inference functions to utilize the updated method, maintaining existing behavior while improving clarity.
      
      * lint fix
      c2480907
  2. 08 May, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Refactor] Update barrier functions and add new example for GEMM with warp specialization (#456) · a91bc2a9
      Lei Wang authored
      * Add example for warp specialization with flash attention
      
      * Introduced a new example script `example_warp_specialize_flashmla.py` demonstrating flash attention using warp specialization in TileLang.
      * Implemented the `flashattn` function with shared memory allocation and memory barrier synchronization for improved performance.
      * Added a reference program for validation against PyTorch's implementation, including profiling for latency and performance metrics.
      * Removed the outdated `example_warp_specialize_mla.py` to streamline examples and focus on the new implementation.
      
      * Add memory barrier functions to builtin.py
      
      * Introduced `barrier_wait` and `barrier_arrive` functions for memory barrier synchronization.
      * Enhanced documentation with detailed docstrings for both functions, clarifying their usage and parameters.
      * The `barrier_wait` function serves as a wrapper for `mbarrier_wait_parity`, supporting parity values 0 and 1.
      * Improved code organization and readability by adding blank lines for better separation of logical sections.
      
      * Enhance code readability by adding blank lines in example_warp_specialize_flashmla.py and builtin.py
      
      * Added blank lines to improve code organization and separation of logical sections in `example_warp_specialize_flashmla.py`.
      * Included blank lines in `builtin.py` around the `wait_wgmma` and `barrier_wait` functions for better readability.
      
      * [Refactor] Update barrier functions and add new example for GEMM with warp specialization
      
      * Refactored memory barrier functions in `example_warp_specialize_flashmla.py` to use the new `barrier_wait` and `barrier_arrive` methods for improved clarity and consistency.
      * Introduced a new example script `example_warp_specialize_gemm_copy_gemm_0_1.py` demonstrating matrix multiplication with warp specialization and shared memory allocation.
      * Enhanced the `layout.cc` and `elem.cc` files to improve structural equality checks and error handling in copy operations.
      * Updated `warpgroup.py` to refine thread ID calculations for better performance in warp specialization scenarios.
      * Added new shuffle operations in `builtin.py` for enhanced functionality in parallel computations.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * Update loop variable checks in SIMT loop and buffer region validation
      
      * Modified checks in `elem.cc` to ensure loop variable sizes are less than or equal to source and destination range sizes for better error handling.
      * Adjusted assertions in `copy.py` to reflect the updated logic, allowing for more flexible region extent comparisons and improved error messaging.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * test fix
      a91bc2a9
  3. 06 May, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Enhancement] Add new examples for warp specialization and TMA integration (#448) · b5faf25a
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Refactor] Update KernelLaunch to clarify CPU and GPU kernel launch logic
      
      * Added comments to distinguish between CPU and GPU kernel launch sections for better code readability.
      * Changed the creation of empty blocks to use a consistent "root" identifier, enhancing clarity in frame management.
      
      * [Refactor] Rename operations for consistency in lower_hopper_intrin and related files
      
      * Updated function names from CamelCase to snake_case for better consistency across the codebase.
      * Refactored calls to `CreateTMADescriptorOp`, `CreateListofMBarrierOp`, and similar functions to their new names: `create_tma_descriptor`, `create_list_of_mbarrier`, etc.
      * Adjusted corresponding test cases to reflect these changes, ensuring compatibility with the new naming conventions.
      
      * [Refactor] Rename operations to snake_case for consistency
      
      * Updated function names from CamelCase to snake_case across various files, including `CreateTMADescriptorOp` to `create_tma_descriptor`, `GetMBarrierOp` to `get_mbarrier`, and others.
      * Adjusted corresponding calls and definitions in the codebase to reflect these naming changes, ensuring uniformity and improved readability.
      * Enhanced layout inference and loop partitioning logic to accommodate the new naming conventions.
      
      * [Feature] Introduce Warp Specialization and Eliminate Storage Sync for MBarrier
      
      * Added a new example `gemm_ws.py` demonstrating matrix multiplication with warp specialization using TileLang.
      * Implemented `WarpSpecializeFrame` and `WarpSpecialize` functionality to manage warp group indices in TIR frames.
      * Introduced `EliminateStorageSyncForMBarrier` transformation to optimize storage synchronization in mbarrier regions.
      * Enhanced the TileLang API with new methods for retrieving block and thread extents.
      * Updated the `LowerAndLegalize` and `OptimizeForTarget` functions to incorporate the new transformation.
      * Improved layout inference and kernel launch logic for better performance and clarity.
      
      * [Refactor] Clean up code formatting and improve readability
      
      * Added blank lines for better separation of code blocks in `gemm_ws.py`, `phase.py`, `kernel.py`, and `warpgroup.py`.
      * Reformatted the `tilelang.compile` call in `gemm_ws.py` for improved clarity.
      * Updated comments in `warpgroup.py` to clarify the availability of the `WarpSpecialize` function for NVIDIA GPUs.
      * Ensured consistent spacing and formatting across multiple files to enhance overall code readability.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * [Refactor] Update mbarrier functions for improved clarity and consistency
      
      * Refactored `mbarrier_wait_parity` and `mbarrier_arrive` functions in `builtin.py` to accept explicit parameters for better readability.
      * Updated calls in `gemm_ws.py` to use the new function signatures, enhancing code clarity.
      * Adjusted `warpgroup.py` to remove unused thread extent variable, streamlining the code.
      * Added detailed docstrings to clarify usage examples for memory barrier functions.
      
      * Added blank lines in `mbarrier_wait_parity` and `mbarrier_arrive` functions in `builtin.py` for improved code readability and separation of logical sections.
      
      * [Feature] Add examples for warp specialization and TMA barrier integration
      
      * Introduced three new example scripts: `example_warp_specialize_gemm.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_barrier4.py`, and `example_warp_specialize_mla.py` demonstrating matrix multiplication with warp specialization and TMA barriers.
      * Implemented kernel functions with shared memory allocation and memory barrier synchronization for improved performance.
      * Enhanced the TileLang API with new methods for compiling and testing kernels in Python using PyTorch.
      * Updated the `phase.py` to include TMA barrier injection in the optimization process.
      * Improved documentation and comments for better clarity on usage and functionality.
      
      * [Feature] Add example for warp specialization in GEMM with TMA barriers
      
      * Introduced a new example script `example_warp_specialize_gemm_stage2.py` demonstrating matrix multiplication using warp specialization and TMA barriers.
      * Implemented a kernel function with shared memory allocation and memory barrier synchronization for enhanced performance.
      * Included functionality to compile the kernel into a PyTorch-compatible function and validate its correctness against PyTorch's reference implementation.
      * Enhanced documentation and comments for clarity on usage and functionality.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * [Feature] Implement WarpSpecializedDetector for TMA and MBarrier Detection
      
      * Added the `WarpSpecializedDetector` class to identify the presence of TMA operations and memory barrier operations within a given TIR statement.
      * Enhanced the `WarpSpecialized` pass to utilize the detector, allowing for conditional substitution based on the detection results.
      * Improved code organization by including necessary headers and utilizing the `IRVisitorWithAnalyzer` for analysis.
      * This addition aims to optimize warp specialization by ensuring that only relevant functions are transformed, enhancing performance and correctness.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * [Feature] Add new examples for warp specialization and TMA integration
      
      * Introduced multiple new example scripts demonstrating warp specialization techniques, including `example_warp_specialize_flashmla.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_barrierpipe_stage2.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_copy_0_gemm_1.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_copy_1_gemm_0.py`, and `example_warp_specialize_gemm_softpipe_stage2.py`.
      * Each example showcases matrix multiplication with warp specialization and TMA barriers, implementing kernel functions with shared memory allocation and memory barrier synchronization for enhanced performance.
      * Added a test suite in `test_example_warp_specialize.py` to validate the functionality of the new examples.
      * Updated the TileLang API to support these examples and improve kernel compilation and testing processes.
      * Removed outdated example scripts to streamline the codebase and enhance clarity on available functionalities.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * Remove outdated example scripts for warp specialization and TMA integration to streamline the codebase. This includes `example_warp_specialize_gemm.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_barrier4.py`, `example_warp_specialize_gemm_stage2.py`, and `example_warp_specialize_mla.py`, which are no longer needed following recent updates and improvements in the TileLang API.
      b5faf25a
  4. 30 Apr, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Language] Support explicit programming for identified warp groups (#445) · 6972aed7
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Refactor] Update KernelLaunch to clarify CPU and GPU kernel launch logic
      
      * Added comments to distinguish between CPU and GPU kernel launch sections for better code readability.
      * Changed the creation of empty blocks to use a consistent "root" identifier, enhancing clarity in frame management.
      
      * [Refactor] Rename operations for consistency in lower_hopper_intrin and related files
      
      * Updated function names from CamelCase to snake_case for better consistency across the codebase.
      * Refactored calls to `CreateTMADescriptorOp`, `CreateListofMBarrierOp`, and similar functions to their new names: `create_tma_descriptor`, `create_list_of_mbarrier`, etc.
      * Adjusted corresponding test cases to reflect these changes, ensuring compatibility with the new naming conventions.
      
      * [Refactor] Rename operations to snake_case for consistency
      
      * Updated function names from CamelCase to snake_case across various files, including `CreateTMADescriptorOp` to `create_tma_descriptor`, `GetMBarrierOp` to `get_mbarrier`, and others.
      * Adjusted corresponding calls and definitions in the codebase to reflect these naming changes, ensuring uniformity and improved readability.
      * Enhanced layout inference and loop partitioning logic to accommodate the new naming conventions.
      
      * [Feature] Introduce Warp Specialization and Eliminate Storage Sync for MBarrier
      
      * Added a new example `gemm_ws.py` demonstrating matrix multiplication with warp specialization using TileLang.
      * Implemented `WarpSpecializeFrame` and `WarpSpecialize` functionality to manage warp group indices in TIR frames.
      * Introduced `EliminateStorageSyncForMBarrier` transformation to optimize storage synchronization in mbarrier regions.
      * Enhanced the TileLang API with new methods for retrieving block and thread extents.
      * Updated the `LowerAndLegalize` and `OptimizeForTarget` functions to incorporate the new transformation.
      * Improved layout inference and kernel launch logic for better performance and clarity.
      
      * [Refactor] Clean up code formatting and improve readability
      
      * Added blank lines for better separation of code blocks in `gemm_ws.py`, `phase.py`, `kernel.py`, and `warpgroup.py`.
      * Reformatted the `tilelang.compile` call in `gemm_ws.py` for improved clarity.
      * Updated comments in `warpgroup.py` to clarify the availability of the `WarpSpecialize` function for NVIDIA GPUs.
      * Ensured consistent spacing and formatting across multiple files to enhance overall code readability.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * [Refactor] Update mbarrier functions for improved clarity and consistency
      
      * Refactored `mbarrier_wait_parity` and `mbarrier_arrive` functions in `builtin.py` to accept explicit parameters for better readability.
      * Updated calls in `gemm_ws.py` to use the new function signatures, enhancing code clarity.
      * Adjusted `warpgroup.py` to remove unused thread extent variable, streamlining the code.
      * Added detailed docstrings to clarify usage examples for memory barrier functions.
      
      * Added blank lines in `mbarrier_wait_parity` and `mbarrier_arrive` functions in `builtin.py` for improved code readability and separation of logical sections.
      6972aed7
  5. 28 Apr, 2025 1 commit
  6. 24 Apr, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Enhancement] Remove DeReplicate during parallel loop layout inference (#430) · bb1a5fd8
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Refactor] Adjust layout inference calculations in Gemm and ParallelOp
      
      * Updated block size calculation in Gemm to account for the range of thread bounds, improving accuracy in layout inference.
      * Simplified layout conflict error messages in ParallelOp for better clarity, enhancing debugging experience.
      * Removed redundant buffer checks in ParallelOp layout inference logic, streamlining the code.
      
      * [Refactor] Clean up layout inference logic in Gemm and ParallelOp
      
      * Removed unnecessary warning log in Gemm related to WGMMA conditions, streamlining the layout inference process.
      * Commented out redundant checks in ParallelOp's layout inference, improving code clarity while maintaining functionality.
      * Enhanced error messages in ParallelOp to provide clearer context for layout conflicts, aiding in debugging efforts.
      
      * lint fix
      bb1a5fd8
  7. 23 Apr, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Layout] Enhance layout inference pass (#427) · 97d63fab
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Enhancement] Improve layout inference in Copy operation (#426)
      
      * Updated the Copy operation to infer layouts at multiple levels (kCommon, kStrict, kFree) for enhanced flexibility in layout optimization.
      * Added detailed documentation for layout inference levels in ParallelOp, clarifying their purposes and use cases.
      * Refactored layout inference logic to accommodate new levels, improving overall robustness and performance in parallel operations.
      
      * lint fix
      97d63fab
  8. 22 Apr, 2025 2 commits
    • Yu Cheng's avatar
      [Refactor] Enhance layout inference logic in ParallelOp (#420) · bf27e641
      Yu Cheng authored
      * Updated the layout inference in ParallelOp to improve the selection of source buffers for layout accuracy.
      * Introduced logic to choose the read source buffer based on the number of indices, ensuring more precise layout inference.
      * Refactored the loop handling to maintain clarity and improve the overall robustness of the layout inference process.
      bf27e641
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Enhancement] Support Auto Layout Inference and Parallelism with variable constraint (#417) · 73a6cb8b
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Enhancement] Introduce thread range management in layout and operation handling
      
      * Added `SetThreadRange` method to `FragmentNode` for managing thread ranges.
      * Updated `LayoutNode::Inverse` to provide more informative error messages.
      * Refactored layout inference and operation lowering to utilize `thread_bounds` instead of `block_size`, enhancing flexibility for thread management.
      * Introduced new tests for tilelang operations to validate thread range functionality and ensure correctness in parallel execution scenarios.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * [Refactor] Improve thread variable handling in layout inference and operation lowering
      
      * Removed workaround for undefined thread_var in layout inference, ensuring proper handling of thread bounds.
      * Updated logic to define thread bounds based on the presence of thread_var, enhancing robustness in thread management.
      * Refactored thread_var initialization in lower_tile_op to maintain consistency across the codebase.
      
      * [Refactor] Update thread variable handling in layout inference and operation lowering
      
      * Refactored thread variable checks to ensure bounds are only accessed when defined, improving safety and clarity.
      * Initialized thread_var with a default range to prevent undefined behavior.
      * Updated logic in lower_tile_op to align with new thread variable handling, enhancing consistency across the codebase.
      73a6cb8b
  9. 15 Apr, 2025 1 commit
  10. 18 Mar, 2025 1 commit
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Refactor] Refactor for Better Layout Conflict Handling (#240) · 2a286ae6
      Lei Wang authored
      * [Feature] Add reduce_max functionality and corresponding tests
      
      * Introduced a new test file for the reduce_max operation in the tilelang language module.
      * Implemented the reduce_max functionality using T.prim_func, including local memory allocation and result copying.
      * Added tests for various input sizes and data types to ensure correctness of the reduce_max implementation.
      * Enhanced profiling assertions to validate the output against reference implementations.
      
      * Fix whitespace issues in reduce_max test file for improved readability
      
      * [Refactor] Update DebugOutput methods to return strings instead of void
      
      * Modified DebugOutput methods in LayoutNode, FragmentNode, and SwizzledLayoutNode to return std::string instead of void, enhancing usability for logging and debugging.
      * Updated corresponding header files to reflect the new return types.
      * Improved layout inference error messages by incorporating DebugOutput for better clarity in layout conflicts.
      
      * lint fix
      
      * Fix typo in matmul function: changed loop from T.Parallel to T.grid for correct parallel execution in webgpu code generation tests.
      
      * [Enhancement] Improve layout inference conflict handling in ParallelOp
      
      * Updated the layout inference logic in ParallelOp to better handle conflicts for local.fragment buffers.
      * Added checks to ensure that layout conflicts are reported only when both source and destination buffers are defined, improving clarity in error messages.
      * Enhanced the overall robustness of the layout inference process by addressing specific cases where conflicts may arise.
      
      * [Feature] Add IsEqual methods for layout comparison
      
      * Introduced IsEqual methods in LayoutNode, FragmentNode, and SwizzledLayoutNode to facilitate structural equality checks, allowing for optional index comparison.
      * Enhanced layout inference logic in Copy and ParallelOp to utilize the new IsEqual methods for better conflict detection in local.fragment layouts.
      * Improved error messages for layout conflicts to provide clearer guidance on potential issues.houm
      
      * [Refactor] Update profiler usage in benchmark_nsa_fwd.py and improve layout inference in elem.cc and parallel.cc
      
      * Modified the profiler call in benchmark_nsa_fwd.py to streamline latency measurement.
      * Updated layout inference logic in elem.cc and parallel.cc to use const pointers for FragmentNode, enhancing type safety and clarity.
      * Improved error messages in layout conflict checks to provide better guidance on potential issues.
      
      * [Refactor] Clean up pointer formatting in layout inference files
      
      * Standardized pointer formatting for FragmentNode in elem.cc and parallel.cc to improve code readability.
      * Minor adjustments to error message formatting in layout conflict checks for better clarity.
      2a286ae6
  11. 11 Jan, 2025 2 commits
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Lint] Overall Typo and Linting Fixes (#13) · fa511857
      Lei Wang authored
      * README.md fixed
      
      * update test ci
      
      * Lint and Typo Fix
      
      * Clang Format Lint Fix
      fa511857
    • Lei Wang's avatar
      [Initialization] Migration of Codebase from Dev Branch into Main (#10) · 57ab687c
      Lei Wang authored
      
      
      * Add format.sh script for code formatting and linting
      
      * docs update
      
      * center align the title
      
      * lint fix
      
      * add ignore
      
      * Add .gitignore for 3rdparty directory
      
      * Add requirements-dev.txt, requirements-test.txt, and requirements.txt
      
      * 3rdparty
      
      * Add gemm.h, CMakeLists.txt, _ffi_api.py, __init__.py, runtime.h, reduce.h, loop_partition.h, utils.h, and loop_vectorize.h
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt and include statements
      
      - Update CMakeLists.txt to use a newer version of CMake and add project name
      - Remove unnecessary include directories
      
      Fix include paths in layout.cc, codegen.cc, codegen.h, rt_mod.cc, frontend_legalize.cc, inject_pipeline.cc, layout_inference.cc, loop_vectorize.cc, and lower_tile_op.cc
      
      - Update include paths to use relative paths instead of absolute paths
      
      * Update submodule for 3rdparty/tvm
      
      * update
      
      * load dll first
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt and include statements
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt and include statements
      
      * git keep update
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt and include statements
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt and include statements
      
      * refactor code structure
      
      * Update Readme
      
      * CMakeLists Customized
      
      * update readme
      
      * update README
      
      * update readme
      
      * update usage
      
      * with TVM_IMPORT_PYTHON_PATH to handle own tvm build python import
      
      * annotate lower transform global func with `transform` prefix
      
      * Migrate Simplify Pass from tilelang tvm branch
      
      * enhance system environment handling with __init__ and CMake
      
      * Initial commit
      
      * CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md committed
      
      * LICENSE committed
      
      * README.md committed
      
      * SECURITY.md committed
      
      * SUPPORT.md committed
      
      * CODE_OF_CONDUCT Commit
      
      * LICENSE Commit
      
      * SECURITY Commit
      
      * SUPPORT Commit
      
      * Modify Support
      
      * Update README.md
      
      * security ci update
      
      * remove examples
      
      * Update and implement clang-format
      
      * add composable kernel components
      
      * Migrate from latest update
      
      * submodule update
      
      * Test update
      
      * Update License
      
      * Spell check
      
      * lint fix
      
      * add clang-tidy to apply static analysis for c source
      
      * update tilelang examples
      
      * Update Install Docs
      
      * Refactor filetree
      
      * Enhance Install
      
      * conflict resloved
      
      * annotate_version
      
      * Initial Update
      
      * test fix
      
      * install
      
      * Implement setup.py
      
      * lint fix
      
      * Separate Init
      
      * Separate test
      
      * docker file commit
      
      * add logo
      
      * Update Readme and Examples
      
      * update readme
      
      * update logo
      
      * Implement AMD Installation
      
      * Add License
      
      * Update AMD MI300x Benchmark
      
      * update README
      
      * update mi300 benchmark scripts
      
      * update ignore
      
      * enhance build scirpt
      
      * update image
      
      * enhance setup.py to remove duplicated libraries
      
      * remove debug files
      
      * update readme
      
      * update image
      
      * update gemm examples
      
      * update flashattention README
      
      * readme update
      
      * add cmake into requirements
      
      * libinfo fix
      
      * auto update submodule
      
      * lint fix
      
      * Fix AMD Build and Test
      
      * Update check for transpose attribute for CDNA Arch
      
      * typo fix for amd
      
      * Implement Matmul Benchmark
      
      * Refactor Code
      
      * [TypoFix] Fix GEMM Example
      
      * [Docs] Init Linear Attention README
      
      * [TYPO] Typo fix
      
      * [Lint] Lint Fix
      
      * enhance example with intrinsics
      
      * [Enhancement] Improve Buffer Collection during IR Parser
      
      * [Dev] Introduce Current classmethod to get current frame
      
      * submodule update
      
      * fake test pass update
      
      * support thread_extent_api
      
      * code optimize
      
      * Add GEMM function implementation for matrix multiplication
      
      * Update logging format to reflect TileLang in logger messages
      
      * Refactor CMakeLists.txt for improved readability and set default build type to Release
      
      * Support Gemm SS Primitives Implementation
      
      * [README] Upload Tile Language Logo (#5)
      
      * update logo
      
      * Update README.md to enhance formatting and center the title
      
      ---------
      Co-authored-by: default avatarmicrosoft-github-operations[bot] <55726097+microsoft-github-operations[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
      Co-authored-by: default avatarMicrosoft Open Source <microsoftopensource@users.noreply.github.com>
      Co-authored-by: default avatarYu Cheng <yu.cheng@pku.edu.cn>
      57ab687c