program.cpp

#include "migraphx/instruction_ref.hpp"
#include <functional>
#include <migraphx/program.hpp>
#include <migraphx/stringutils.hpp>
#include <migraphx/instruction.hpp>
#include <migraphx/op/identity.hpp>
#include <migraphx/target.hpp>
#include <migraphx/env.hpp>
#include <migraphx/ranges.hpp>
#include <migraphx/time.hpp>
#include <migraphx/pass_manager.hpp>
#include <migraphx/register_target.hpp>
#include <migraphx/iterator_for.hpp>
#include <migraphx/iterator.hpp>
#include <migraphx/algorithm.hpp>
#include <migraphx/output_iterator.hpp>
#include <migraphx/make_op.hpp>
#include <migraphx/marker.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <sstream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <utility>
#include <iomanip>

#include <unordered_set>
#include <map>
#include <cassert>

namespace migraphx {
inline namespace MIGRAPHX_INLINE_NS {

using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>;

struct program_impl
{
    // A map is used to keep references to modules of the program
    std::unordered_map<std::string, module> modules;
    context ctx;
    std::string target_name;
};

program::program() : impl(std::make_unique<program_impl>()) { this->create_module("main"); }

program::program(program&&) noexcept = default;
program::~program() noexcept         = default;

// copy constructor
program::program(const program& p) { assign(p); }

// copy assignment operator
program& program::operator=(program p)
{
    std::swap(p.impl, this->impl);
    return *this;
}

void program::assign(const program& p)
{
    if(!impl)
    {
        impl = std::make_unique<program_impl>();
    }
    else if(!impl->modules.empty())
    {
        impl->modules.clear();
    }

    impl->ctx         = p.impl->ctx;
    impl->target_name = p.impl->target_name;
    impl->modules     = p.impl->modules;

    // build a map from old ins to new ins
    // Build a map from old module to new module
    std::unordered_map<module_ref, module_ref> mod_map;
    std::transform(
        impl->modules.begin(),
        impl->modules.end(),
        std::inserter(mod_map, mod_map.begin()),
        [&](auto&& xp) { return std::make_pair(&p.impl->modules.at(xp.first), &xp.second); });

    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, instruction_ref> ins_map;
    for(auto&& pp : mod_map)
    {
        auto old_ins = iterator_for(*pp.first);
        auto new_ins = iterator_for(*pp.second);
        std::transform(old_ins.begin(),
                       old_ins.end(),
                       new_ins.begin(),
                       std::inserter(ins_map, ins_map.begin()),
                       [](auto x, auto y) { return std::make_pair(x, y); });
    }

    // Update all references from all modules
    for(auto&& mp : impl->modules)
    {
        for(auto ins : iterator_for(mp.second))
            instruction::replace_refs(ins, ins_map, mod_map);
    }
}

shape program::get_parameter_shape(std::string name) const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->get_parameter_shape(std::move(name));
}

std::vector<std::string> program::get_parameter_names() const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->get_parameter_names();
}

instruction_ref program::get_parameter(std::string name) const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->get_parameter(std::move(name));
}

std::unordered_map<std::string, shape> program::get_parameter_shapes() const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->get_parameter_shapes();
}

std::size_t program::size() const { return impl->modules.size(); }

std::vector<shape> program::get_output_shapes() const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->get_output_shapes();
}

context& program::get_context() const { return impl->ctx; }

instruction_ref program::validate() const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    return mm->validate();
}

bool program::is_compiled() const { return not this->impl->target_name.empty(); }

void program::compile(const target& t, compile_options options)
{
    assert(not this->is_compiled());
    this->impl->target_name = t.name();
    this->impl->ctx         = t.get_context();
    if(enabled(MIGRAPHX_TRACE_COMPILE{}))
        options.trace = tracer{std::cout};

    options.trace(*this);
    options.trace();

    auto&& passes = t.get_passes(this->impl->ctx, options);
    run_passes(*this, passes, options.trace);

    auto mods = this->get_modules();

    // Validate and finalize
    for(const auto& mod : reverse(mods))
    {
        auto invalid = mod->validate();
        if(invalid != mod->end())
        {
            MIGRAPHX_THROW("Invalid module " + mod->name() + " from compilation at instruction " +
                           std::to_string(std::distance(mod->begin(), invalid)));
        }
        auto dangling = mod->find_dangling_reference();
        if(dangling != mod->end())
        {
            auto index = std::distance(mod->begin(), dangling);
            MIGRAPHX_THROW("Dangling reference in module " + mod->name() + " from instruction " +
                           std::to_string(index) + ", (" + dangling->name() + ")");
        }
        mod->finalize(this->impl->ctx);
    }
}

void program::finalize()
{
    auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    mm->finalize(this->impl->ctx);
}

template <class T>
std::string classify(T x)
{
    switch(std::fpclassify(x))
    {
    case FP_INFINITE: return "inf";
    case FP_NAN: return "nan";
    case FP_NORMAL: return "normal";
    case FP_SUBNORMAL: return "subnormal";
    case FP_ZERO: return "zero";
    default: return "unknown";
    }
}

std::unordered_set<std::string> classify_argument(const argument& a)
{
    std::unordered_set<std::string> result;
    a.visit(
        [&](auto t) {
            for(const auto& x : t)
                result.insert(classify(x));
        },
        [&](const auto& xs) {
            for(const auto& x : xs)
            {
                auto r = classify_argument(x);
                result.insert(r.begin(), r.end());
            }
        });
    return result;
}

void preview_argument(std::ostream& os, const argument& a)
{
    a.visit(
        [&](auto t) {
            if(t.size() <= 10)
            {
                os << t;
            }
            else
            {
                os << to_string_range(t.begin(), t.begin() + 5);
                os << ", ..., ";
                os << to_string_range(t.end() - 5, t.end());
            }
        },
        [&](const auto& xs) {
            for(const auto& x : xs)
            {
                os << '{';
                preview_argument(os, x);
                os << '}';
            }
        });
}

template <class F>
std::vector<argument> generic_eval(const module* mod,
                                   context& ctx,
                                   std::unordered_map<std::string, argument> params,
                                   std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, argument> results,
                                   F make_trace)
{
    assert(mod->validate() == mod->end());
    results.reserve(mod->size() * 2);
    std::vector<argument> values;
    values.reserve(16);
    auto trace = make_trace(mod);
    for(auto ins : iterator_for(*mod))
    {
        assert(results.find(ins) == results.end());
        const auto& name = ins->name();
        if(name == "@literal")
        {
            results.emplace(ins, trace(ins, [&] { return ins->get_literal().get_argument(); }));
        }
        else if(name == "@param")
        {
            results.emplace(
                ins, trace(ins, [&] {
                    auto param_name = any_cast<builtin::param>(ins->get_operator()).parameter;
                    if(not contains(params, param_name))
                        MIGRAPHX_THROW("Parameter not found: " + param_name);
                    auto param = params[param_name];
                    if(param.get_shape() != ins->get_shape())
                        MIGRAPHX_THROW("Incorrect shape {" + to_string(param.get_shape()) +
                                       "} for parameter: " + param_name);
                    return param;
                }));
        }
        else if(name == "@outline")
        {
            results.emplace(ins, trace(ins, [&] { return argument{ins->get_shape(), nullptr}; }));
        }
        else if(name == "@return")
        {
            std::vector<argument> prog_outputs;
            std::transform(ins->inputs().begin(),
                           ins->inputs().end(),
                           std::back_inserter(prog_outputs),
                           [&](instruction_ref i) {
                               assert(results.find(i) != results.end());
                               return results[i];
                           });

            return prog_outputs;
        }
        else
        {
            values.resize(ins->inputs().size());
            std::transform(
                ins->inputs().begin(), ins->inputs().end(), values.begin(), [&](instruction_ref i) {
                    assert(results.find(i) != results.end());
                    return results[i];
                });

            const auto& mod_args = ins->module_inputs();
            auto module_eval     = [&](module_ref smod,
                                   const std::unordered_map<std::string, argument>& inputs) {
                auto ssctx = ctx;
                return generic_eval(smod, ssctx, inputs, results, make_trace);
            };

            results.emplace(ins, trace(ins, [&] {
                                return ins->normalized_operator().compute(
                                    ctx, ins->get_shape(), values, mod_args, module_eval);
                            }));
        }
        assert(results.find(ins) != results.end());
        assert(results.at(ins).get_shape() == ins->get_shape());
    }
    return {results.at(std::prev(mod->end()))};
}

template <class F>
std::vector<argument> generic_eval(const program& p,
                                   context& ctx,
                                   std::unordered_map<std::string, argument> params,
                                   F make_trace)
{
    const module* mm = p.get_main_module();
    return generic_eval(mm, ctx, params, {}, make_trace);
}

std::vector<argument> program::eval(parameter_map params) const
{
    auto& ctx = this->impl->ctx;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    auto with_check_context = [&](auto f) {
        return [=, &ctx](auto&&) {
            auto sctx          = std::make_shared<context>(ctx);
            auto check_context = [=, &ctx](auto g) {
                assert(is_shared(ctx, *sctx));
                auto x = g();
                *sctx  = ctx;
                return x;
            };
            return [=](auto&&... xs) { return f(xs..., check_context); };
        };
    };
#else
    auto with_check_context = [](auto f) {
        return [=](auto&&) {
            return [=](auto&&... xs) { return f(xs..., [](auto g) { return g(); }); };
        };
    };
#endif

    auto trace_level = value_of(MIGRAPHX_TRACE_EVAL{});

    if(trace_level > 0)
    {
        return generic_eval(*this,
                            ctx,
                            std::move(params),
                            with_check_context([&](auto& ins, auto f, auto&& check_context) {
                                ctx.finish();
                                std::cout << "Run instruction: ";
                                this->debug_print(ins);
                                timer t{};
                                auto result = check_context(f);
                                double t1   = t.record<milliseconds>();
                                ctx.finish();
                                double t2 = t.record<milliseconds>();
                                std::cout << "Time: " << t1 << "ms, " << t2 << "ms" << std::endl;
                                if(trace_level > 1 and ins->name().front() != '@' and
                                   ins->name() != "load" and not result.empty())
                                {
                                    target tgt  = make_target(this->impl->target_name);
                                    auto buffer = tgt.copy_from(result);
                                    if(trace_level == 2)
                                    {
                                        std::cout << "Output has "
                                                  << to_string_range(classify_argument(buffer))
                                                  << std::endl;
                                        std::cout << "Output: ";
                                        preview_argument(std::cout, buffer);
                                        std::cout << std::endl;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        std::cout << "Output: " << buffer << std::endl;
                                    }
                                }
                                return result;
                            }));
    }
    else
    {
        return generic_eval(*this,
                            ctx,
                            std::move(params),
                            with_check_context([&](auto&, auto f, auto&& check_context) {
                                return check_context(f);
                            }));
    }
}

const int program_file_version = 5;

value program::to_value() const
{
    value result;
    result["version"] = program_file_version;
    result["target"]  = this->impl->target_name;
    if(not this->impl->target_name.empty())
        result["context"] = this->impl->ctx.to_value();

    value module_vals = value::object{};
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;
    for(auto& mod : this->get_modules())
    {
        value mod_val;
        value nodes;
        mod_val["name"] = mod->name();
        names           = mod->print(
            [&](auto ins, auto ins_names) {
                value node;
                node["output"]     = ins_names.at(ins);
                node["name"]       = ins->name();
                node["shape"]      = migraphx::to_value(ins->get_shape());
                node["normalized"] = ins->is_normalized();
                if(ins->name() == "@literal")
                    node["literal"] = migraphx::to_value(ins->get_literal());
                node["operator"] = ins->get_operator().to_value();
                std::vector<std::string> inputs;
                std::transform(ins->inputs().begin(),
                               ins->inputs().end(),
                               std::back_inserter(inputs),
                               [&](auto i) {
                                   assert(contains(ins_names, i));
                                   return ins_names.at(i);
                               });
                node["inputs"]   = inputs;
                auto module_args = ins->module_inputs();
                if(not module_args.empty())
                {
                    std::vector<std::string> module_inputs;
                    std::transform(module_args.begin(),
                                   module_args.end(),
                                   std::back_inserter(module_inputs),
                                   [&](auto mod_ref) { return mod_ref->name(); });
                    node["module_inputs"] = module_inputs;
                }

                nodes.push_back(node);
            },
            names);
        mod_val["nodes"] = nodes;

        module_vals[mod->name()] = mod_val;
    }

    result["modules"] = module_vals;

    return result;
}

static void mod_from_val(module_ref mod,
                         const value& v,
                         std::unordered_map<std::string, instruction_ref>& instructions,
                         const std::unordered_map<std::string, module_ref>& map_mods)
{
    const auto& module_val = v.at(mod->name());
    for(const value& node : module_val.at("nodes"))
    {
        instruction_ref output;
        auto name       = node.at("name").to<std::string>();
        auto fields     = node.at("operator");
        auto normalized = node.at("normalized").to<bool>();

        if(name == "@param")
        {
            output = mod->add_parameter(fields["parameter"].to<std::string>(),
                                        migraphx::from_value<shape>(node.at("shape")));
        }
        else if(name == "@literal")
        {
            output = mod->add_literal(migraphx::from_value<literal>(node.at("literal")));
        }
        else
        {
            auto op = make_op(name, fields);
            std::vector<instruction_ref> inputs;
            std::transform(node.at("inputs").begin(),
                           node.at("inputs").end(),
                           std::back_inserter(inputs),
                           [&](const value& i) {
                               auto i_name = i.to<std::string>();
                               assert(contains(instructions, i_name));
                               return instructions.at(i_name);
                           });

            std::vector<module_ref> module_inputs;
            if(node.contains("module_inputs"))
            {
                std::transform(node.at("module_inputs").begin(),
                               node.at("module_inputs").end(),
                               std::back_inserter(module_inputs),
                               [&](const value& i) { return map_mods.at(i.to<std::string>()); });

                for(auto& smod : module_inputs)
                {
                    mod_from_val(smod, v, instructions, map_mods);
                }
            }

            if(name == "@return")
            {
                output = mod->add_return(inputs);
            }
            else if(module_inputs.empty())
            {
                output = mod->add_instruction(op, inputs);
            }
            else
            {
                output = mod->add_instruction(op, inputs, module_inputs);
            }
        }
        output->set_normalized(normalized);
        instructions[node.at("output").to<std::string>()] = output;
    }
}

void program::from_value(const value& v)
{
    auto version = v.at("version").to<int>();
    if(version != program_file_version)
    {
        MIGRAPHX_THROW("Warning: Program version mismatch");
    }

    this->impl->target_name = v.at("target").to<std::string>();
    if(not this->impl->target_name.empty())
    {
        target t        = make_target(this->impl->target_name);
        this->impl->ctx = t.get_context();
        this->impl->ctx.from_value(v.at("context"));
    }

    auto module_vals = v.at("modules");
    for(const auto& vv : module_vals)
    {
        const auto& name = vv.get_key();
        if(name == "main")
            continue;
        impl->modules.emplace(name, name);
    }
    std::unordered_map<std::string, module_ref> map_mods;
    std::transform(impl->modules.begin(),
                   impl->modules.end(),
                   std::inserter(map_mods, map_mods.end()),
                   [&](auto&& pp) { return std::make_pair(pp.first, &pp.second); });

    std::unordered_map<std::string, instruction_ref> map_insts;
    auto* mm = get_main_module();
    mod_from_val(mm, module_vals, map_insts, map_mods);

    this->finalize();
}

double common_average(const std::vector<double>& v)
{
    std::size_t n = v.size() / 4;
    double total  = std::accumulate(v.begin() + n, v.end() - n, 0.0);
    return total / std::distance(v.begin() + n, v.end() - n);
}

std::string perf_group(const operation& op)
{
    auto attr = op.attributes();
    if(attr.contains("group"))
        return attr.at("group").to<std::string>();
    return op.name();
}

void program::mark(const parameter_map& params, marker&& m)
{
    auto& ctx = this->impl->ctx;
    // Run once by itself
    eval(params);
    ctx.finish();
    // Start marking
    m.mark_start(*this);
    generic_eval(*this, ctx, params, always([&](auto ins, auto f) {
        argument result;
        m.mark_start(ins);
        result = f();
        m.mark_stop(ins);
        return result;
    }));
    m.mark_stop(*this);
}

static void print_space(std::ostream& os, int n)
{
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        os << ' ';
    }
}

using op_flops = std::function<double(const std::vector<shape>& vec_ss)>;
auto& get_flops_funcs()
{
    static std::unordered_map<std::string, op_flops> op_funcs;
    op_funcs.emplace("gemm", [&](const std::vector<shape>& vec_ss) {
        assert(vec_ss.size() >= 2);
        auto sa     = vec_ss.front();
        auto sb     = vec_ss.at(1);
        auto batch  = 1;
        auto lens_a = sa.lens();
        batch =
            std::accumulate(lens_a.rbegin() + 2, lens_a.rend(), 1, std::multiplies<std::size_t>{});
        auto m      = lens_a[lens_a.size() - 2];
        auto k      = lens_a.back();
        auto lens_b = sb.lens();
        assert(k == lens_b[lens_b.size() - 2]);
        auto n = lens_b.back();

        return 2.0 * m * n * k * batch;
    });

    op_funcs.emplace("convolution", [&](const std::vector<shape>& vec_ss) {
        assert(vec_ss.size() >= 2);
        auto alens = vec_ss.front().lens();
        auto blens = vec_ss.at(1).lens();
        auto olens = vec_ss.back().lens();

        auto n  = alens.front();
        auto k  = blens.front();
        auto c  = alens.at(1);
        auto y  = blens.at(2);
        auto x  = blens.back();
        auto ho = olens.at(2);
        auto wo = olens.back();

        return 2.0 * n * k * ho * wo * c * y * x;
    });

    return op_funcs;
}

int program::max_ins_length() const
{
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;
    int max_ins_len = 0;

    this->print(names, [&](auto ins, auto ins_names) {
        std::stringstream ss;
        instruction::print(ss, ins, ins_names);
        if(max_ins_len < ss.str().length())
        {
            max_ins_len = ss.str().length();
        }

        // skip return instruction
        if(ins->name() == "@return")
            return;
    });

    return max_ins_len;
}

static auto& get_titles()
{
    static std::vector<std::string> titles = {"Instructions",
                                              "Time(ms)    \t",
                                              "Percentage  \t",
                                              "(b, m, n, k)                    \t",
                                              "Flops(TFlops/s)  \t",
                                              "Throughput(GB/s)"};

    return titles;
}

static void print_title(std::ostream& os, std::size_t max_ins_len)
{
    auto titles      = get_titles();
    std::string& str = titles.front();
    str.append(max_ins_len + 1 - str.length(), ' ');
    str.append(1, '\t');
    for(auto& s : titles)
    {
        os << s;
    }
    os << std::endl;
}

static void print_ins_perf(std::ostream& os,
                           const std::vector<std::string>& titles,
                           instruction_ref ins,
                           double t,
                           double total_t)
{
    auto& time_str  = titles.at(1);
    auto& time_per  = titles.at(2);
    auto& size_str  = titles.at(3);
    auto& flops_str = titles.at(4);
    auto& thrpt_str = titles.at(5);

    auto& flops_funcs = get_flops_funcs();
    std::string tms   = std::to_string(t);
    tms.append(time_str.length() - tms.length(), ' ');
    tms.append(1, '\t');
    double percent   = 100.0 * t / total_t;
    std::string pers = std::to_string(percent);
    auto loc         = pers.find('.');
    if(loc != std::string::npos)
    {
        pers.erase(pers.begin() + loc + 6, pers.end());
    }
    pers.append(time_per.length() - pers.length(), ' ');
    pers.append(1, '\t');

    // calculate flops
    std::string szs;
    std::string flps;
    std::string op_name = ins->name();
    auto nloc           = op_name.find("::");
    op_name.erase(op_name.begin(), op_name.begin() + nloc + 2);
    auto inss  = to_shapes(ins->inputs());
    if(contains(flops_funcs, op_name))
    {
        // print size
        auto alens = inss.front().lens();
        auto blens = inss.at(1).lens();
        auto mb =
            std::accumulate(alens.rbegin() + 2, alens.rend(), 1, std::multiplies<std::size_t>{});
        int mm = alens[alens.size() - 2];
        int mk = alens.back();
        int mn = blens.back();

        szs = "{";
        szs.append(std::to_string(mb));
        szs.append(1, ',');
        szs.append(std::to_string(mm));
        szs.append(1, ',');
        szs.append(std::to_string(mk));
        szs.append(1, ',');
        szs.append(std::to_string(mn));
        szs.append("}");
        szs.append(size_str.length() - szs.length(), ' ');
        
        auto op_flop_func = flops_funcs.at(op_name);
        double flops      = op_flop_func(inss);
        flops /= t;
        // convert to GFlops
        flops /= 1.0e9;
        flps      = std::to_string(flops);
        auto floc = flps.find('.');
        if(floc != std::string::npos)
        {
            flps.erase(flps.begin() + floc + 4, flps.end());
        }
    }
    szs.append(size_str.length() - szs.length(), ' ');
    flps.append(flops_str.length() - flps.length(), ' ');

    // print throughput for pointwise instruction
    auto alias_num = ins->get_operator().output_alias({});
    std::string thrpt;
    if (alias_num != 0)
    {
        auto size = std::accumulate(inss.begin(), inss.end(), std::size_t{0}, [&](auto init, auto s) {
            return init + s.bytes();
        });

        double throughput =  size / t;
        // convert to GB/s
        throughput /= 1.0e9;
        thrpt = std::to_string(throughput);
        auto floc = flps.find('.');
        if(floc != std::string::npos)
        {
            thrpt.erase(thrpt.begin() + floc + 4, thrpt.end());
        }
    }
    thrpt.append(thrpt_str.length() - thrpt.length(), ' ');

    os << tms << pers << szs << flps << thrpt << std::endl;
}

void program::perf_report(std::ostream& os,
                          std::size_t n,
                          parameter_map params,
                          std::size_t batch) const
{
    auto& ctx = this->impl->ctx;
    // Run once by itself
    eval(params);
    ctx.finish();
    // Run and time entire program
    std::vector<double> total_vec;
    total_vec.reserve(n);
    for(std::size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        total_vec.push_back(time<milliseconds>([&] {
            eval(params);
            ctx.finish();
        }));
    }
    std::sort(total_vec.begin(), total_vec.end());
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::vector<double>> ins_vec;
    // Fill the map
    generic_eval(*this, ctx, params, always([&](auto ins, auto) {
        ins_vec[ins].reserve(n);
        return argument{ins->get_shape(), nullptr};
    }));

    // Run and time each instruction
    for(std::size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        generic_eval(*this, ctx, params, always([&](auto ins, auto f) {
            argument result;
            ins_vec[ins].push_back(time<milliseconds>([&] {
                result = f();
                ctx.finish();
            }));
            return result;
        }));
    }
    for(auto&& p : ins_vec)
        std::sort(p.second.begin(), p.second.end());
    // Run and time implicit overhead
    std::vector<double> overhead_vec;
    overhead_vec.reserve(n);
    for(std::size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        overhead_vec.push_back(time<milliseconds>([&] { dry_run(params); }));
    }

    double total_time             = common_average(total_vec);
    double rate                   = 1000.0 / total_time;
    double overhead_time          = common_average(overhead_vec);
    double overhead_percent       = overhead_time * 100.0 / total_time;
    double total_instruction_time = 0.0;
    std::unordered_map<std::string, double> op_times;
    for(auto&& p : ins_vec)
    {
        double avg = common_average(p.second);
        op_times[perf_group(p.first->get_operator())] += avg;
        total_instruction_time += avg;
    }
    double calculate_overhead_time    = total_time - total_instruction_time;
    double calculate_overhead_percent = calculate_overhead_time * 100.0 / total_time;

    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;

    // count max instruction length
    auto titles           = get_titles();
    const int max_ins_len = max_ins_length();
    print_title(os, max_ins_len);

    this->print(names, [&](auto ins, auto ins_names) {
        std::stringstream ss;
        instruction::print(ss, ins, ins_names);
        os << ss.str();

        // skip return instruction
        if(ins->name() == "@return")
            return;

        // insert space to align
        print_space(os, max_ins_len - ss.str().length());
        os << "\t";
        double avg = common_average(ins_vec[ins]);
        print_ins_perf(os, titles, ins, avg, total_instruction_time);
    });

    os << std::endl;
    os << "Summary:" << std::endl;
    std::vector<std::pair<double, std::string>> op_times_sorted;
    std::transform(op_times.begin(),
                   op_times.end(),
                   std::back_inserter(op_times_sorted),
                   [](auto p) { return std::make_pair(p.second, p.first); });
    std::sort(op_times_sorted.begin(), op_times_sorted.end(), std::greater<>{});
    for(auto&& p : op_times_sorted)
    {
        auto&& name    = p.second;
        double avg     = p.first;
        double percent = std::ceil(100.0 * avg / total_instruction_time);
        os << name << ": " << avg << "ms, " << percent << "%" << std::endl;
    }

    os << std::endl;

    os << "Batch size: " << batch << std::endl;
    os << "Rate: " << rate * batch << "/sec" << std::endl;
    os << "Total time: " << total_time << "ms" << std::endl;
    os << "Total instructions time: " << total_instruction_time << "ms" << std::endl;
    os << "Overhead time: " << overhead_time << "ms"
       << ", " << calculate_overhead_time << "ms" << std::endl;
    os << "Overhead: " << std::round(overhead_percent) << "%"
       << ", " << std::round(calculate_overhead_percent) << "%" << std::endl;
}

void program::debug_print() const { std::cout << *this << std::endl; }
void program::debug_print(instruction_ref ins) const
{
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;
    if(std::any_of(this->impl->modules.begin(), this->impl->modules.end(), [&](const auto& pp) {
           return is_end(pp.second.end(), ins);
       }))
    {
        std::cout << "End instruction" << std::endl;
        return;
    }
    else if(std::none_of(this->impl->modules.begin(),
                         this->impl->modules.end(),
                         [&](const auto& pp) { return pp.second.has_instruction(ins); }))
    {
        std::cout << "Instruction not part of program" << std::endl;
        return;
    }

    std::stringstream ss;
    this->print(names, [&](auto x, auto ins_names) {
        if(x == ins)
        {
            instruction::print(std::cout, x, ins_names);
            std::cout << std::endl;
        }
    });
}

void program::print(
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string>& names,
    const std::function<void(instruction_ref, std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string>)>&
        print_func) const
{
    for(const auto& pp : this->impl->modules)
    {
        names = pp.second.print(print_func, names);
    }
}

void program::print_graph(std::ostream& os, bool brief) const
{
    const auto* mm = this->get_main_module();
    mm->print_graph(os, brief);
}

void program::print_cpp(std::ostream& os) const
{
    auto vec_modules = this->get_modules();
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;
    for(auto& mod : vec_modules)
    {
        os << "module: \"" << mod->name() << "\"" << std::endl;
        names = mod->print_cpp(os, names);
        os << std::endl;
    }
}

void program::dry_run(std::unordered_map<std::string, argument> params) const
{
    auto& ctx = this->impl->ctx;
    generic_eval(*this, ctx, std::move(params), always([](auto ins, auto&&...) {
        return argument{ins->get_shape(), nullptr};
    }));
}

void program::annotate(std::ostream& os, const std::function<void(instruction_ref)>& a) const
{
    for(auto& pp : this->impl->modules)
    {
        std::cout << pp.first << ":" << std::endl;
        pp.second.annotate(os, a);
    }
}

const module* program::get_module(const std::string& name) const { return &impl->modules.at(name); }

module* program::create_module(const std::string& name)
{
    assert(not contains(impl->modules, name));
    auto r = impl->modules.emplace(name, name);
    return &(r.first->second);
}

module* program::get_module(const std::string& name) { return &impl->modules.at(name); }

module* program::get_main_module() { return get_module("main"); }

const module* program::get_main_module() const { return get_module("main"); }

template <class T>
std::vector<T*> generic_get_modules(T* mm)
{
    std::vector<T*> vec_modules;
    vec_modules.push_back(mm);
    auto sub_modules = mm->get_sub_modules();
    vec_modules.insert(vec_modules.end(), sub_modules.begin(), sub_modules.end());
    return vec_modules;
}

template <class Map, class T, class OutputIterator>
void generic_get_unused_modules(Map& m, const std::vector<T*>& mods, OutputIterator out)
{
    std::unordered_set<std::string> used;
    std::transform(mods.begin(), mods.end(), std::inserter(used, used.end()), [](auto&& mod) {
        return mod->name();
    });
    transform_if(m.begin(),
                 m.end(),
                 out,
                 [&](auto&& pp) { return not contains(used, pp.first); },
                 [](auto&& pp) { return &pp.second; });
}

std::vector<const module*> program::get_modules() const
{
    auto result = generic_get_modules(this->get_main_module());
    generic_get_unused_modules(impl->modules, result, std::back_inserter(result));
    return result;
}

std::vector<module*> program::get_modules()
{
    auto result = generic_get_modules(this->get_main_module());
    generic_get_unused_modules(impl->modules, result, std::back_inserter(result));
    return result;
}

template <class Map, class T>
bool is_unused_module(Map& m, const std::vector<T*>& mods, const std::string& name)
{
    bool is_unused = false;
    generic_get_unused_modules(m, mods, make_function_output_iterator([&](auto* mod) {
                                   if(mod->name() == name)
                                       is_unused = true;
                               }));
    return is_unused;
}

template <class Map>
bool references_instruction(Map& m, const instruction& ins, const std::string& name)
{
    return std::any_of(m.begin(), m.end(), [&](auto&& p) {
        if(p.first == name)
            return false;
        return std::any_of(p.second.begin(), p.second.end(), [&](auto&& i) {
            return std::any_of(i.inputs().begin(), i.inputs().end(), [&](auto&& j) {
                return std::addressof(*j) == std::addressof(ins);
            });
        });
    });
}

void program::remove_module(const std::string& name)
{
    // cppcheck-suppress assertWithSideEffect
    assert(is_unused_module(impl->modules, generic_get_modules(this->get_main_module()), name) &&
           "Module used in program");
    assert(std::none_of(
               impl->modules.at(name).begin(),
               impl->modules.at(name).end(),
               [&](auto&& ins) { return references_instruction(impl->modules, ins, name); }) &&
           "Instruction referenced in another module");

    // if an instruction has an input out side of the current module, need to remove
    // the instruction from its input's outputs
    auto& mod = impl->modules.at(name);
    for(auto ins : iterator_for(mod))
    {
        auto inputs = ins->inputs();
        for(auto in : inputs)
        {
            if(not mod.has_instruction(in))
            {
                in->remove_output(ins);
            }
        }
    }

    impl->modules.erase(name);
}

void program::remove_unused_modules()
{
    std::vector<module*> unused;
    generic_get_unused_modules(
        impl->modules, generic_get_modules(this->get_main_module()), std::back_inserter(unused));
    for(auto* m : unused)
        this->remove_module(m->name());
}

program& program::sort()
{
    for(auto& pp : this->impl->modules)
    {
        pp.second.sort();
    }

    return *this;
}

bool operator==(const program& x, const program& y) { return to_string(x) == to_string(y); }

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const program& p)
{
    auto vec_modules = p.get_modules();
    std::unordered_map<instruction_ref, std::string> names;
    for(auto& mod : vec_modules)
    {
        os << "module: \"" << mod->name() << "\"" << std::endl;
        names = mod->print(
            [&](auto ins, auto ins_names) {
                instruction::print(os, ins, ins_names);
                os << std::endl;
            },
            names);
        os << std::endl;
    }

    return os;
}

} // namespace MIGRAPHX_INLINE_NS
} // namespace migraphx