functional.py

import math
import numbers
import warnings
from typing import Any, Optional

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch.jit.annotations import List, Tuple

try:
    import accimage
except ImportError:
    accimage = None

from . import functional_pil as F_pil
from . import functional_tensor as F_t


_is_pil_image = F_pil._is_pil_image
_parse_fill = F_pil._parse_fill


def _get_image_size(img: Tensor) -> List[int]:
    """Returns image sizea as (w, h)
    """
    if isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_t._get_image_size(img)

    return F_pil._get_image_size(img)


def _get_image_num_channels(img: Tensor) -> int:
    if isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_t._get_image_num_channels(img)

    return F_pil._get_image_num_channels(img)


@torch.jit.unused
def _is_numpy(img: Any) -> bool:
    return isinstance(img, np.ndarray)


@torch.jit.unused
def _is_numpy_image(img: Any) -> bool:
    return img.ndim in {2, 3}


def to_tensor(pic):
    """Convert a ``PIL Image`` or ``numpy.ndarray`` to tensor.

    See ``ToTensor`` for more details.

    Args:
        pic (PIL Image or numpy.ndarray): Image to be converted to tensor.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Converted image.
    """
    if not(F_pil._is_pil_image(pic) or _is_numpy(pic)):
        raise TypeError('pic should be PIL Image or ndarray. Got {}'.format(type(pic)))

    if _is_numpy(pic) and not _is_numpy_image(pic):
        raise ValueError('pic should be 2/3 dimensional. Got {} dimensions.'.format(pic.ndim))

    if isinstance(pic, np.ndarray):
        # handle numpy array
        if pic.ndim == 2:
            pic = pic[:, :, None]

        img = torch.from_numpy(pic.transpose((2, 0, 1))).contiguous()
        # backward compatibility
        if isinstance(img, torch.ByteTensor):
            return img.float().div(255)
        else:
            return img

    if accimage is not None and isinstance(pic, accimage.Image):
        nppic = np.zeros([pic.channels, pic.height, pic.width], dtype=np.float32)
        pic.copyto(nppic)
        return torch.from_numpy(nppic)

    # handle PIL Image
    if pic.mode == 'I':
        img = torch.from_numpy(np.array(pic, np.int32, copy=False))
    elif pic.mode == 'I;16':
        img = torch.from_numpy(np.array(pic, np.int16, copy=False))
    elif pic.mode == 'F':
        img = torch.from_numpy(np.array(pic, np.float32, copy=False))
    elif pic.mode == '1':
        img = 255 * torch.from_numpy(np.array(pic, np.uint8, copy=False))
    else:
        img = torch.ByteTensor(torch.ByteStorage.from_buffer(pic.tobytes()))

    img = img.view(pic.size[1], pic.size[0], len(pic.getbands()))
    # put it from HWC to CHW format
    img = img.permute((2, 0, 1)).contiguous()
    if isinstance(img, torch.ByteTensor):
        return img.float().div(255)
    else:
        return img


def pil_to_tensor(pic):
    """Convert a ``PIL Image`` to a tensor of the same type.

    See :class:`~torchvision.transforms.PILToTensor` for more details.

    Args:
        pic (PIL Image): Image to be converted to tensor.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Converted image.
    """
    if not(F_pil._is_pil_image(pic)):
        raise TypeError('pic should be PIL Image. Got {}'.format(type(pic)))

    if accimage is not None and isinstance(pic, accimage.Image):
        nppic = np.zeros([pic.channels, pic.height, pic.width], dtype=np.float32)
        pic.copyto(nppic)
        return torch.as_tensor(nppic)

    # handle PIL Image
    img = torch.as_tensor(np.asarray(pic))
    img = img.view(pic.size[1], pic.size[0], len(pic.getbands()))
    # put it from HWC to CHW format
    img = img.permute((2, 0, 1))
    return img


def convert_image_dtype(image: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Convert a tensor image to the given ``dtype`` and scale the values accordingly

    Args:
        image (torch.Tensor): Image to be converted
        dtype (torch.dtype): Desired data type of the output

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor): Converted image

    .. note::

        When converting from a smaller to a larger integer ``dtype`` the maximum values are **not** mapped exactly.
        If converted back and forth, this mismatch has no effect.

    Raises:
        RuntimeError: When trying to cast :class:`torch.float32` to :class:`torch.int32` or :class:`torch.int64` as
            well as for trying to cast :class:`torch.float64` to :class:`torch.int64`. These conversions might lead to
            overflow errors since the floating point ``dtype`` cannot store consecutive integers over the whole range
            of the integer ``dtype``.
    """
    if image.dtype == dtype:
        return image

    if image.dtype.is_floating_point:
        # float to float
        if dtype.is_floating_point:
            return image.to(dtype)

        # float to int
        if (image.dtype == torch.float32 and dtype in (torch.int32, torch.int64)) or (
            image.dtype == torch.float64 and dtype == torch.int64
        ):
            msg = f"The cast from {image.dtype} to {dtype} cannot be performed safely."
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

        # https://github.com/pytorch/vision/pull/2078#issuecomment-612045321
        # For data in the range 0-1, (float * 255).to(uint) is only 255
        # when float is exactly 1.0.
        # `max + 1 - epsilon` provides more evenly distributed mapping of
        # ranges of floats to ints.
        eps = 1e-3
        result = image.mul(torch.iinfo(dtype).max + 1 - eps)
        return result.to(dtype)
    else:
        # int to float
        if dtype.is_floating_point:
            max = torch.iinfo(image.dtype).max
            image = image.to(dtype)
            return image / max

        # int to int
        input_max = torch.iinfo(image.dtype).max
        output_max = torch.iinfo(dtype).max

        if input_max > output_max:
            factor = (input_max + 1) // (output_max + 1)
            image = image // factor
            return image.to(dtype)
        else:
            factor = (output_max + 1) // (input_max + 1)
            image = image.to(dtype)
            return image * factor


def to_pil_image(pic, mode=None):
    """Convert a tensor or an ndarray to PIL Image.

    See :class:`~torchvision.transforms.ToPILImage` for more details.

    Args:
        pic (Tensor or numpy.ndarray): Image to be converted to PIL Image.
        mode (`PIL.Image mode`_): color space and pixel depth of input data (optional).

    .. _PIL.Image mode: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/handbook/concepts.html#concept-modes

    Returns:
        PIL Image: Image converted to PIL Image.
    """
    if not(isinstance(pic, torch.Tensor) or isinstance(pic, np.ndarray)):
        raise TypeError('pic should be Tensor or ndarray. Got {}.'.format(type(pic)))

    elif isinstance(pic, torch.Tensor):
        if pic.ndimension() not in {2, 3}:
            raise ValueError('pic should be 2/3 dimensional. Got {} dimensions.'.format(pic.ndimension()))

        elif pic.ndimension() == 2:
            # if 2D image, add channel dimension (CHW)
            pic = pic.unsqueeze(0)

    elif isinstance(pic, np.ndarray):
        if pic.ndim not in {2, 3}:
            raise ValueError('pic should be 2/3 dimensional. Got {} dimensions.'.format(pic.ndim))

        elif pic.ndim == 2:
            # if 2D image, add channel dimension (HWC)
            pic = np.expand_dims(pic, 2)

    npimg = pic
    if isinstance(pic, torch.Tensor):
        if pic.is_floating_point() and mode != 'F':
            pic = pic.mul(255).byte()
        npimg = np.transpose(pic.cpu().numpy(), (1, 2, 0))

    if not isinstance(npimg, np.ndarray):
        raise TypeError('Input pic must be a torch.Tensor or NumPy ndarray, ' +
                        'not {}'.format(type(npimg)))

    if npimg.shape[2] == 1:
        expected_mode = None
        npimg = npimg[:, :, 0]
        if npimg.dtype == np.uint8:
            expected_mode = 'L'
        elif npimg.dtype == np.int16:
            expected_mode = 'I;16'
        elif npimg.dtype == np.int32:
            expected_mode = 'I'
        elif npimg.dtype == np.float32:
            expected_mode = 'F'
        if mode is not None and mode != expected_mode:
            raise ValueError("Incorrect mode ({}) supplied for input type {}. Should be {}"
                             .format(mode, np.dtype, expected_mode))
        mode = expected_mode

    elif npimg.shape[2] == 2:
        permitted_2_channel_modes = ['LA']
        if mode is not None and mode not in permitted_2_channel_modes:
            raise ValueError("Only modes {} are supported for 2D inputs".format(permitted_2_channel_modes))

        if mode is None and npimg.dtype == np.uint8:
            mode = 'LA'

    elif npimg.shape[2] == 4:
        permitted_4_channel_modes = ['RGBA', 'CMYK', 'RGBX']
        if mode is not None and mode not in permitted_4_channel_modes:
            raise ValueError("Only modes {} are supported for 4D inputs".format(permitted_4_channel_modes))

        if mode is None and npimg.dtype == np.uint8:
            mode = 'RGBA'
    else:
        permitted_3_channel_modes = ['RGB', 'YCbCr', 'HSV']
        if mode is not None and mode not in permitted_3_channel_modes:
            raise ValueError("Only modes {} are supported for 3D inputs".format(permitted_3_channel_modes))
        if mode is None and npimg.dtype == np.uint8:
            mode = 'RGB'

    if mode is None:
        raise TypeError('Input type {} is not supported'.format(npimg.dtype))

    return Image.fromarray(npimg, mode=mode)


def normalize(tensor: Tensor, mean: List[float], std: List[float], inplace: bool = False) -> Tensor:
    """Normalize a tensor image with mean and standard deviation.

    .. note::
        This transform acts out of place by default, i.e., it does not mutates the input tensor.

    See :class:`~torchvision.transforms.Normalize` for more details.

    Args:
        tensor (Tensor): Tensor image of size (C, H, W) or (B, C, H, W) to be normalized.
        mean (sequence): Sequence of means for each channel.
        std (sequence): Sequence of standard deviations for each channel.
        inplace(bool,optional): Bool to make this operation inplace.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Normalized Tensor image.
    """
    if not isinstance(tensor, torch.Tensor):
        raise TypeError('Input tensor should be a torch tensor. Got {}.'.format(type(tensor)))

    if tensor.ndim < 3:
        raise ValueError('Expected tensor to be a tensor image of size (..., C, H, W). Got tensor.size() = '
                         '{}.'.format(tensor.size()))

    if not inplace:
        tensor = tensor.clone()

    dtype = tensor.dtype
    mean = torch.as_tensor(mean, dtype=dtype, device=tensor.device)
    std = torch.as_tensor(std, dtype=dtype, device=tensor.device)
    if (std == 0).any():
        raise ValueError('std evaluated to zero after conversion to {}, leading to division by zero.'.format(dtype))
    if mean.ndim == 1:
        mean = mean.view(-1, 1, 1)
    if std.ndim == 1:
        std = std.view(-1, 1, 1)
    tensor.sub_(mean).div_(std)
    return tensor


def resize(img: Tensor, size: List[int], interpolation: int = Image.BILINEAR) -> Tensor:
    r"""Resize the input image to the given size.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a torch Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be resized.
        size (sequence or int): Desired output size. If size is a sequence like
            (h, w), the output size will be matched to this. If size is an int,
            the smaller edge of the image will be matched to this number maintaining
            the aspect ratio. i.e, if height > width, then image will be rescaled to
            :math:`\left(\text{size} \times \frac{\text{height}}{\text{width}}, \text{size}\right)`.
            In torchscript mode padding as single int is not supported, use a tuple or
            list of length 1: ``[size, ]``.
        interpolation (int, optional): Desired interpolation enum defined by `filters`_.
            Default is ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR``. If input is Tensor, only ``PIL.Image.NEAREST``, ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR``
            and ``PIL.Image.BICUBIC`` are supported.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Resized image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.resize(img, size=size, interpolation=interpolation)

    return F_t.resize(img, size=size, interpolation=interpolation)


def scale(*args, **kwargs):
    warnings.warn("The use of the transforms.Scale transform is deprecated, " +
                  "please use transforms.Resize instead.")
    return resize(*args, **kwargs)


def pad(img: Tensor, padding: List[int], fill: int = 0, padding_mode: str = "constant") -> Tensor:
    r"""Pad the given image on all sides with the given "pad" value.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a torch Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be padded.
        padding (int or tuple or list): Padding on each border. If a single int is provided this
            is used to pad all borders. If tuple of length 2 is provided this is the padding
            on left/right and top/bottom respectively. If a tuple of length 4 is provided
            this is the padding for the left, top, right and bottom borders respectively.
            In torchscript mode padding as single int is not supported, use a tuple or
            list of length 1: ``[padding, ]``.
        fill (int or str or tuple): Pixel fill value for constant fill. Default is 0. If a tuple of
            length 3, it is used to fill R, G, B channels respectively.
            This value is only used when the padding_mode is constant. Only int value is supported for Tensors.
        padding_mode: Type of padding. Should be: constant, edge, reflect or symmetric. Default is constant.
            Mode symmetric is not yet supported for Tensor inputs.

            - constant: pads with a constant value, this value is specified with fill

            - edge: pads with the last value on the edge of the image

            - reflect: pads with reflection of image (without repeating the last value on the edge)

                       padding [1, 2, 3, 4] with 2 elements on both sides in reflect mode
                       will result in [3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2]

            - symmetric: pads with reflection of image (repeating the last value on the edge)

                         padding [1, 2, 3, 4] with 2 elements on both sides in symmetric mode
                         will result in [2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3]

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Padded image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.pad(img, padding=padding, fill=fill, padding_mode=padding_mode)

    return F_t.pad(img, padding=padding, fill=fill, padding_mode=padding_mode)


def crop(img: Tensor, top: int, left: int, height: int, width: int) -> Tensor:
    """Crop the given image at specified location and output size.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading
    dimensions

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped. (0,0) denotes the top left corner of the image.
        top (int): Vertical component of the top left corner of the crop box.
        left (int): Horizontal component of the top left corner of the crop box.
        height (int): Height of the crop box.
        width (int): Width of the crop box.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Cropped image.
    """

    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.crop(img, top, left, height, width)

    return F_t.crop(img, top, left, height, width)


def center_crop(img: Tensor, output_size: List[int]) -> Tensor:
    """Crops the given image at the center.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped.
        output_size (sequence or int): (height, width) of the crop box. If int or sequence with single int
            it is used for both directions.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Cropped image.
    """
    if isinstance(output_size, numbers.Number):
        output_size = (int(output_size), int(output_size))
    elif isinstance(output_size, (tuple, list)) and len(output_size) == 1:
        output_size = (output_size[0], output_size[0])

    image_width, image_height = _get_image_size(img)
    crop_height, crop_width = output_size

    # crop_top = int(round((image_height - crop_height) / 2.))
    # Result can be different between python func and scripted func
    # Temporary workaround:
    crop_top = int((image_height - crop_height + 1) * 0.5)
    # crop_left = int(round((image_width - crop_width) / 2.))
    # Result can be different between python func and scripted func
    # Temporary workaround:
    crop_left = int((image_width - crop_width + 1) * 0.5)
    return crop(img, crop_top, crop_left, crop_height, crop_width)


def resized_crop(
        img: Tensor, top: int, left: int, height: int, width: int, size: List[int], interpolation: int = Image.BILINEAR
) -> Tensor:
    """Crop the given image and resize it to desired size.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    Notably used in :class:`~torchvision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop`.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped. (0,0) denotes the top left corner of the image.
        top (int): Vertical component of the top left corner of the crop box.
        left (int): Horizontal component of the top left corner of the crop box.
        height (int): Height of the crop box.
        width (int): Width of the crop box.
        size (sequence or int): Desired output size. Same semantics as ``resize``.
        interpolation (int, optional): Desired interpolation enum defined by `filters`_.
            Default is ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR``. If input is Tensor, only ``PIL.Image.NEAREST``, ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR``
            and ``PIL.Image.BICUBIC`` are supported.
    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Cropped image.
    """
    img = crop(img, top, left, height, width)
    img = resize(img, size, interpolation)
    return img


def hflip(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    """Horizontally flip the given PIL Image or Tensor.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be flipped. If img
            is a Tensor, it is expected to be in [..., H, W] format,
            where ... means it can have an arbitrary number of trailing
            dimensions.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor:  Horizontally flipped image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.hflip(img)

    return F_t.hflip(img)


def _get_perspective_coeffs(
        startpoints: List[List[int]], endpoints: List[List[int]]
) -> List[float]:
    """Helper function to get the coefficients (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) for the perspective transforms.

    In Perspective Transform each pixel (x, y) in the original image gets transformed as,
     (x, y) -> ( (ax + by + c) / (gx + hy + 1), (dx + ey + f) / (gx + hy + 1) )

    Args:
        startpoints (list of list of ints): List containing four lists of two integers corresponding to four corners
            ``[top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left]`` of the original image.
        endpoints (list of list of ints): List containing four lists of two integers corresponding to four corners
            ``[top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left]`` of the transformed image.

    Returns:
        octuple (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) for transforming each pixel.
    """
    a_matrix = torch.zeros(2 * len(startpoints), 8, dtype=torch.float)

    for i, (p1, p2) in enumerate(zip(endpoints, startpoints)):
        a_matrix[2 * i, :] = torch.tensor([p1[0], p1[1], 1, 0, 0, 0, -p2[0] * p1[0], -p2[0] * p1[1]])
        a_matrix[2 * i + 1, :] = torch.tensor([0, 0, 0, p1[0], p1[1], 1, -p2[1] * p1[0], -p2[1] * p1[1]])

    b_matrix = torch.tensor(startpoints, dtype=torch.float).view(8)
    res = torch.lstsq(b_matrix, a_matrix)[0]

    output: List[float] = res.squeeze(1).tolist()
    return output


def perspective(
        img: Tensor,
        startpoints: List[List[int]],
        endpoints: List[List[int]],
        interpolation: int = 2,
        fill: Optional[int] = None
) -> Tensor:
    """Perform perspective transform of the given image.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be transformed.
        startpoints (list of list of ints): List containing four lists of two integers corresponding to four corners
            ``[top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left]`` of the original image.
        endpoints (list of list of ints): List containing four lists of two integers corresponding to four corners
            ``[top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left]`` of the transformed image.
        interpolation (int): Interpolation type. If input is Tensor, only ``PIL.Image.NEAREST`` and
            ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR`` are supported. Default, ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR`` for PIL images and Tensors.
        fill (n-tuple or int or float): Pixel fill value for area outside the rotated
            image. If int or float, the value is used for all bands respectively.
            This option is only available for ``pillow>=5.0.0``. This option is not supported for Tensor
            input. Fill value for the area outside the transform in the output image is always 0.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: transformed Image.
    """

    coeffs = _get_perspective_coeffs(startpoints, endpoints)

    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.perspective(img, coeffs, interpolation=interpolation, fill=fill)

    return F_t.perspective(img, coeffs, interpolation=interpolation, fill=fill)


def vflip(img: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    """Vertically flip the given PIL Image or torch Tensor.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be flipped. If img
            is a Tensor, it is expected to be in [..., H, W] format,
            where ... means it can have an arbitrary number of trailing
            dimensions.

    Returns:
        PIL Image:  Vertically flipped image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.vflip(img)

    return F_t.vflip(img)


def five_crop(img: Tensor, size: List[int]) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]:
    """Crop the given image into four corners and the central crop.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    .. Note::
        This transform returns a tuple of images and there may be a
        mismatch in the number of inputs and targets your ``Dataset`` returns.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped.
        size (sequence or int): Desired output size of the crop. If size is an
            int instead of sequence like (h, w), a square crop (size, size) is
            made. If provided a tuple or list of length 1, it will be interpreted as (size[0], size[0]).

    Returns:
       tuple: tuple (tl, tr, bl, br, center)
                Corresponding top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right and center crop.
    """
    if isinstance(size, numbers.Number):
        size = (int(size), int(size))
    elif isinstance(size, (tuple, list)) and len(size) == 1:
        size = (size[0], size[0])

    if len(size) != 2:
        raise ValueError("Please provide only two dimensions (h, w) for size.")

    image_width, image_height = _get_image_size(img)
    crop_height, crop_width = size
    if crop_width > image_width or crop_height > image_height:
        msg = "Requested crop size {} is bigger than input size {}"
        raise ValueError(msg.format(size, (image_height, image_width)))

    tl = crop(img, 0, 0, crop_height, crop_width)
    tr = crop(img, 0, image_width - crop_width, crop_height, crop_width)
    bl = crop(img, image_height - crop_height, 0, crop_height, crop_width)
    br = crop(img, image_height - crop_height, image_width - crop_width, crop_height, crop_width)

    center = center_crop(img, [crop_height, crop_width])

    return tl, tr, bl, br, center


def ten_crop(img: Tensor, size: List[int], vertical_flip: bool = False) -> List[Tensor]:
    """Generate ten cropped images from the given image.
    Crop the given image into four corners and the central crop plus the
    flipped version of these (horizontal flipping is used by default).
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    .. Note::
        This transform returns a tuple of images and there may be a
        mismatch in the number of inputs and targets your ``Dataset`` returns.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be cropped.
        size (sequence or int): Desired output size of the crop. If size is an
            int instead of sequence like (h, w), a square crop (size, size) is
            made. If provided a tuple or list of length 1, it will be interpreted as (size[0], size[0]).
        vertical_flip (bool): Use vertical flipping instead of horizontal

    Returns:
        tuple: tuple (tl, tr, bl, br, center, tl_flip, tr_flip, bl_flip, br_flip, center_flip)
            Corresponding top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right and
            center crop and same for the flipped image.
    """
    if isinstance(size, numbers.Number):
        size = (int(size), int(size))
    elif isinstance(size, (tuple, list)) and len(size) == 1:
        size = (size[0], size[0])

    if len(size) != 2:
        raise ValueError("Please provide only two dimensions (h, w) for size.")

    first_five = five_crop(img, size)

    if vertical_flip:
        img = vflip(img)
    else:
        img = hflip(img)

    second_five = five_crop(img, size)
    return first_five + second_five


def adjust_brightness(img: Tensor, brightness_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    """Adjust brightness of an Image.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be adjusted.
        brightness_factor (float):  How much to adjust the brightness. Can be
            any non negative number. 0 gives a black image, 1 gives the
            original image while 2 increases the brightness by a factor of 2.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Brightness adjusted image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.adjust_brightness(img, brightness_factor)

    return F_t.adjust_brightness(img, brightness_factor)


def adjust_contrast(img: Tensor, contrast_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    """Adjust contrast of an Image.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be adjusted.
        contrast_factor (float): How much to adjust the contrast. Can be any
            non negative number. 0 gives a solid gray image, 1 gives the
            original image while 2 increases the contrast by a factor of 2.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Contrast adjusted image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.adjust_contrast(img, contrast_factor)

    return F_t.adjust_contrast(img, contrast_factor)


def adjust_saturation(img: Tensor, saturation_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    """Adjust color saturation of an image.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be adjusted.
        saturation_factor (float):  How much to adjust the saturation. 0 will
            give a black and white image, 1 will give the original image while
            2 will enhance the saturation by a factor of 2.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Saturation adjusted image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.adjust_saturation(img, saturation_factor)

    return F_t.adjust_saturation(img, saturation_factor)


def adjust_hue(img: Tensor, hue_factor: float) -> Tensor:
    """Adjust hue of an image.

    The image hue is adjusted by converting the image to HSV and
    cyclically shifting the intensities in the hue channel (H).
    The image is then converted back to original image mode.

    `hue_factor` is the amount of shift in H channel and must be in the
    interval `[-0.5, 0.5]`.

    See `Hue`_ for more details.

    .. _Hue: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): Image to be adjusted.
        hue_factor (float):  How much to shift the hue channel. Should be in
            [-0.5, 0.5]. 0.5 and -0.5 give complete reversal of hue channel in
            HSV space in positive and negative direction respectively.
            0 means no shift. Therefore, both -0.5 and 0.5 will give an image
            with complementary colors while 0 gives the original image.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Hue adjusted image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.adjust_hue(img, hue_factor)

    return F_t.adjust_hue(img, hue_factor)


def adjust_gamma(img: Tensor, gamma: float, gain: float = 1) -> Tensor:
    r"""Perform gamma correction on an image.

    Also known as Power Law Transform. Intensities in RGB mode are adjusted
    based on the following equation:

    .. math::
        I_{\text{out}} = 255 \times \text{gain} \times \left(\frac{I_{\text{in}}}{255}\right)^{\gamma}

    See `Gamma Correction`_ for more details.

    .. _Gamma Correction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): PIL Image to be adjusted.
        gamma (float): Non negative real number, same as :math:`\gamma` in the equation.
            gamma larger than 1 make the shadows darker,
            while gamma smaller than 1 make dark regions lighter.
        gain (float): The constant multiplier.
    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Gamma correction adjusted image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.adjust_gamma(img, gamma, gain)

    return F_t.adjust_gamma(img, gamma, gain)


def _get_inverse_affine_matrix(
        center: List[float], angle: float, translate: List[float], scale: float, shear: List[float]
) -> List[float]:
    # Helper method to compute inverse matrix for affine transformation

    # As it is explained in PIL.Image.rotate
    # We need compute INVERSE of affine transformation matrix: M = T * C * RSS * C^-1
    # where T is translation matrix: [1, 0, tx | 0, 1, ty | 0, 0, 1]
    #       C is translation matrix to keep center: [1, 0, cx | 0, 1, cy | 0, 0, 1]
    #       RSS is rotation with scale and shear matrix
    #       RSS(a, s, (sx, sy)) =
    #       = R(a) * S(s) * SHy(sy) * SHx(sx)
    #       = [ s*cos(a - sy)/cos(sy), s*(-cos(a - sy)*tan(x)/cos(y) - sin(a)), 0 ]
    #         [ s*sin(a + sy)/cos(sy), s*(-sin(a - sy)*tan(x)/cos(y) + cos(a)), 0 ]
    #         [ 0                    , 0                                      , 1 ]
    #
    # where R is a rotation matrix, S is a scaling matrix, and SHx and SHy are the shears:
    # SHx(s) = [1, -tan(s)] and SHy(s) = [1      , 0]
    #          [0, 1      ]              [-tan(s), 1]
    #
    # Thus, the inverse is M^-1 = C * RSS^-1 * C^-1 * T^-1

    rot = math.radians(angle)
    sx, sy = [math.radians(s) for s in shear]

    cx, cy = center
    tx, ty = translate

    # RSS without scaling
    a = math.cos(rot - sy) / math.cos(sy)
    b = -math.cos(rot - sy) * math.tan(sx) / math.cos(sy) - math.sin(rot)
    c = math.sin(rot - sy) / math.cos(sy)
    d = -math.sin(rot - sy) * math.tan(sx) / math.cos(sy) + math.cos(rot)

    # Inverted rotation matrix with scale and shear
    # det([[a, b], [c, d]]) == 1, since det(rotation) = 1 and det(shear) = 1
    matrix = [d, -b, 0.0, -c, a, 0.0]
    matrix = [x / scale for x in matrix]

    # Apply inverse of translation and of center translation: RSS^-1 * C^-1 * T^-1
    matrix[2] += matrix[0] * (-cx - tx) + matrix[1] * (-cy - ty)
    matrix[5] += matrix[3] * (-cx - tx) + matrix[4] * (-cy - ty)

    # Apply center translation: C * RSS^-1 * C^-1 * T^-1
    matrix[2] += cx
    matrix[5] += cy

    return matrix


def rotate(
        img: Tensor, angle: float, resample: int = 0, expand: bool = False,
        center: Optional[List[int]] = None, fill: Optional[int] = None
) -> Tensor:
    """Rotate the image by angle.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): image to be rotated.
        angle (float or int): rotation angle value in degrees, counter-clockwise.
        resample (``PIL.Image.NEAREST`` or ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR`` or ``PIL.Image.BICUBIC``, optional):
            An optional resampling filter. See `filters`_ for more information.
            If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is set to ``PIL.Image.NEAREST``.
        expand (bool, optional): Optional expansion flag.
            If true, expands the output image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
            If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the input image.
            Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around the center and no translation.
        center (list or tuple, optional): Optional center of rotation. Origin is the upper left corner.
            Default is the center of the image.
        fill (n-tuple or int or float): Pixel fill value for area outside the rotated
            image. If int or float, the value is used for all bands respectively.
            Defaults to 0 for all bands. This option is only available for ``pillow>=5.2.0``.
            This option is not supported for Tensor input. Fill value for the area outside the transform in the output
            image is always 0.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Rotated image.

    .. _filters: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/handbook/concepts.html#filters

    """
    if not isinstance(angle, (int, float)):
        raise TypeError("Argument angle should be int or float")

    if center is not None and not isinstance(center, (list, tuple)):
        raise TypeError("Argument center should be a sequence")

    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.rotate(img, angle=angle, resample=resample, expand=expand, center=center, fill=fill)

    center_f = [0.0, 0.0]
    if center is not None:
        img_size = _get_image_size(img)
        # Center values should be in pixel coordinates but translated such that (0, 0) corresponds to image center.
        center_f = [1.0 * (c - s * 0.5) for c, s in zip(center, img_size)]

    # due to current incoherence of rotation angle direction between affine and rotate implementations
    # we need to set -angle.
    matrix = _get_inverse_affine_matrix(center_f, -angle, [0.0, 0.0], 1.0, [0.0, 0.0])
    return F_t.rotate(img, matrix=matrix, resample=resample, expand=expand, fill=fill)


def affine(
        img: Tensor, angle: float, translate: List[int], scale: float, shear: List[float],
        resample: int = 0, fillcolor: Optional[int] = None
) -> Tensor:
    """Apply affine transformation on the image keeping image center invariant.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): image to transform.
        angle (float or int): rotation angle in degrees between -180 and 180, clockwise direction.
        translate (list or tuple of integers): horizontal and vertical translations (post-rotation translation)
        scale (float): overall scale
        shear (float or tuple or list): shear angle value in degrees between -180 to 180, clockwise direction.
            If a tuple of list is specified, the first value corresponds to a shear parallel to the x axis, while
            the second value corresponds to a shear parallel to the y axis.
        resample (``PIL.Image.NEAREST`` or ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR`` or ``PIL.Image.BICUBIC``, optional):
            An optional resampling filter. See `filters`_ for more information.
            If omitted, or if the image is PIL Image and has mode "1" or "P", it is set to ``PIL.Image.NEAREST``.
            If input is Tensor, only ``PIL.Image.NEAREST`` and ``PIL.Image.BILINEAR`` are supported.
        fillcolor (int): Optional fill color for the area outside the transform in the output image (Pillow>=5.0.0).
            This option is not supported for Tensor input. Fill value for the area outside the transform in the output
            image is always 0.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Transformed image.
    """
    if not isinstance(angle, (int, float)):
        raise TypeError("Argument angle should be int or float")

    if not isinstance(translate, (list, tuple)):
        raise TypeError("Argument translate should be a sequence")

    if len(translate) != 2:
        raise ValueError("Argument translate should be a sequence of length 2")

    if scale <= 0.0:
        raise ValueError("Argument scale should be positive")

    if not isinstance(shear, (numbers.Number, (list, tuple))):
        raise TypeError("Shear should be either a single value or a sequence of two values")

    if isinstance(angle, int):
        angle = float(angle)

    if isinstance(translate, tuple):
        translate = list(translate)

    if isinstance(shear, numbers.Number):
        shear = [shear, 0.0]

    if isinstance(shear, tuple):
        shear = list(shear)

    if len(shear) == 1:
        shear = [shear[0], shear[0]]

    if len(shear) != 2:
        raise ValueError("Shear should be a sequence containing two values. Got {}".format(shear))

    img_size = _get_image_size(img)
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        # center = (img_size[0] * 0.5 + 0.5, img_size[1] * 0.5 + 0.5)
        # it is visually better to estimate the center without 0.5 offset
        # otherwise image rotated by 90 degrees is shifted vs output image of torch.rot90 or F_t.affine
        center = [img_size[0] * 0.5, img_size[1] * 0.5]
        matrix = _get_inverse_affine_matrix(center, angle, translate, scale, shear)

        return F_pil.affine(img, matrix=matrix, resample=resample, fillcolor=fillcolor)

    translate_f = [1.0 * t for t in translate]
    matrix = _get_inverse_affine_matrix([0.0, 0.0], angle, translate_f, scale, shear)
    return F_t.affine(img, matrix=matrix, resample=resample, fillcolor=fillcolor)


@torch.jit.unused
def to_grayscale(img, num_output_channels=1):
    """Convert PIL image of any mode (RGB, HSV, LAB, etc) to grayscale version of image.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image): PIL Image to be converted to grayscale.
        num_output_channels (int): number of channels of the output image. Value can be 1 or 3. Default, 1.

    Returns:
        PIL Image: Grayscale version of the image.
            if num_output_channels = 1 : returned image is single channel

            if num_output_channels = 3 : returned image is 3 channel with r = g = b
    """
    if isinstance(img, Image.Image):
        return F_pil.to_grayscale(img, num_output_channels)

    raise TypeError("Input should be PIL Image")


def rgb_to_grayscale(img: Tensor, num_output_channels: int = 1) -> Tensor:
    """Convert RGB image to grayscale version of image.
    The image can be a PIL Image or a Tensor, in which case it is expected
    to have [..., H, W] shape, where ... means an arbitrary number of leading dimensions

    Note:
        Please, note that this method supports only RGB images as input. For inputs in other color spaces,
        please, consider using meth:`~torchvision.transforms.functional.to_grayscale` with PIL Image.

    Args:
        img (PIL Image or Tensor): RGB Image to be converted to grayscale.
        num_output_channels (int): number of channels of the output image. Value can be 1 or 3. Default, 1.

    Returns:
        PIL Image or Tensor: Grayscale version of the image.
            if num_output_channels = 1 : returned image is single channel

            if num_output_channels = 3 : returned image is 3 channel with r = g = b
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        return F_pil.to_grayscale(img, num_output_channels)

    return F_t.rgb_to_grayscale(img, num_output_channels)


def erase(img: Tensor, i: int, j: int, h: int, w: int, v: Tensor, inplace: bool = False) -> Tensor:
    """ Erase the input Tensor Image with given value.

    Args:
        img (Tensor Image): Tensor image of size (C, H, W) to be erased
        i (int): i in (i,j) i.e coordinates of the upper left corner.
        j (int): j in (i,j) i.e coordinates of the upper left corner.
        h (int): Height of the erased region.
        w (int): Width of the erased region.
        v: Erasing value.
        inplace(bool, optional): For in-place operations. By default is set False.

    Returns:
        Tensor Image: Erased image.
    """
    if not isinstance(img, torch.Tensor):
        raise TypeError('img should be Tensor Image. Got {}'.format(type(img)))

    if not inplace:
        img = img.clone()

    img[..., i:i + h, j:j + w] = v
    return img