codegen_hip.cc

/*!
 * \file target/codegen.cc
 */

#include "codegen_hip.h"
#include <tvm/arith/analyzer.h>
#include <tvm/ffi/function.h>
#include <tvm/tir/index_map.h>
#include <tvm/tir/op.h>

#include <cmath>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "../op/builtin.h"
#include "target/source/ptx.h"

namespace tvm {
namespace codegen {

static std::string GetFP8Type(DataType type) {
  std::stringstream stream;
  int32_t lanes = type.lanes();
  std::string vec;
  if (type.is_scalar()) {
    vec = "";
  } else if (lanes == 2) {
    vec = "_2";
  } else if (lanes == 4) {
    vec = "_4";
  } else if (lanes == 8) {
    vec = "_8";
  } else if (lanes == 16) {
    vec = "_16";
  } else {
    LOG(FATAL) << "Only support scalar and vector types of width (2, 4, 8, 16) "
                  "for FP8";
  }
  if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e4m3fn) {
    stream << "fp8_e4" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e4m3fnuz) {
    stream << "fp8_e4" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e4m3) {
    stream << "fp8_e4" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e4m3b11fnuz) {
    stream << "fp8_e4" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e5m2) {
    stream << "fp8_e5" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e5m2fnuz) {
    stream << "fp8_e5" << vec << "_t";
  } else if (type.code() == DataType::kFloat8_e8m0fnu) {
    stream << "fp8_e8" << vec << "_t";
  } else {
    LOG(FATAL) << "Unsupported FP8 type in HIP codegen: " << type;
  }
  return stream.str();
}

/*!
 * \brief Replace patterns with replacement strings.
 * \note should use std::format instead when codebase is ported to C++20.
 */
class Replacer {
public:
  void register_rule(const std::string &pattern,
                     const std::string &replacement) {
    _rules.emplace_back(pattern, replacement);
  }
  std::string rewrite(std::string str) {
    for (auto &&rule : _rules) {
      auto [pattern, replacement] = rule;
      size_t len = pattern.size();
      size_t new_len = replacement.size();
      size_t pos = str.find(pattern);
      while (pos != std::string::npos) {
        str = str.replace(pos, len, replacement);
        pos = str.find(pattern, pos + new_len);
      }
    }
    return str;
  }
  void empty_rules() { _rules.clear(); }

private:
  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> _rules;
};

CodeGenTileLangHIP::CodeGenTileLangHIP() { restrict_keyword_ = "__restrict__"; }

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintFuncPrefix(std::ostream &os) {
  os << "extern \"C\" __global__ ";
}

class LaunchConfigExtractor : public tir::StmtVisitor {
private:
  void VisitStmt_(const AttrStmtNode *op) final {
    if (op->attr_key == tir::attr::thread_extent) {
      IterVar iv = Downcast<IterVar>(op->node);
      if (iv->var->name_hint == "threadIdx.x" ||
          iv->thread_tag == "threadIdx.x") {
        threadIdx_x_ext = op->value;
      } else if (iv->var->name_hint == "threadIdx.y" ||
                 iv->thread_tag == "threadIdx.y") {
        threadIdx_y_ext = op->value;
      } else if (iv->var->name_hint == "threadIdx.z" ||
                 iv->thread_tag == "threadIdx.z") {
        threadIdx_z_ext = op->value;
      }
    }
    StmtVisitor::VisitStmt_(op);
  }

public:
  PrimExpr threadIdx_x_ext = Integer(1);
  PrimExpr threadIdx_y_ext = Integer(1);
  PrimExpr threadIdx_z_ext = Integer(1);
};

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintExtraAttrs(const PrimFunc &f, std::ostream &os) {
  LaunchConfigExtractor extractor;
  extractor(f->body);
  arith::Analyzer analyzer;
  PrimExpr threadIdx_ext =
      analyzer.Simplify(extractor.threadIdx_x_ext * extractor.threadIdx_y_ext *
                        extractor.threadIdx_z_ext);
  if (const IntImmNode *const threadIdx_ext_int =
          threadIdx_ext.as<IntImmNode>()) {
    if (threadIdx_ext_int->value == 1) {
      // unable to extract the number of threads per block, hence directly
      // return
      return;
    }
    stream << " __launch_bounds__(" << threadIdx_ext_int->value << ")";
  }
}

std::string CodeGenTileLangHIP::Finish() {
  // hip must need a header file.
  decl_stream << "#include <hip/hip_runtime.h>\n";
  if (need_mma_h_) {
    decl_stream << "#include <mma.h>\n";
  }

  if (enable_fp8_) {
    decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/hip_fp8.h>\n";
  }

  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/gemm.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/copy.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/reduce.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/ldsm.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/threadblock_swizzle.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "#include <tl_templates/hip/debug.h>\n";
  decl_stream << "\n";
  return CodeGenC::Finish();
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitStmt_(const tir::ForNode *op) {
  if (op->kind == tir::ForKind::kUnrolled) {
    PrintIndent();
    stream << "#pragma unroll\n";
  }
  std::string extent =
      PrintExpr(arith::Analyzer().Simplify(op->extent + op->min));
  PrintIndent();
  std::string vid = AllocVarID(op->loop_var.get());
  std::string start = PrintExpr(op->min);
  stream << "for (";
  PrintType(op->loop_var.dtype(), stream);
  stream << ' ' << vid << " = " << start << "; " << vid << " < " << extent
         << "; ++" << vid << ") {\n";
  int for_scope = BeginScope();
  PrintStmt(op->body);
  this->EndScope(for_scope);
  PrintIndent();
  stream << "}\n";
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::BindThreadIndex(const IterVar &iv) {
  ICHECK(!var_idmap_.count(iv->var.get()));
  var_idmap_[iv->var.get()] =
      CastFromTo(iv->thread_tag, DataType::UInt(32), iv->var.dtype());
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintType(DataType t, std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  int lanes = t.lanes();
  if (t.is_handle()) {
    ICHECK(t.is_scalar()) << "do not yet support vector types";
    os << "void*";
    return;
  }

  if (t.is_void()) {
    os << "void";
    return;
  }

  if (t == tl::cuTensorMapType()) {
    os << "CUtensorMap";
    return;
  }

  bool fail = false;
  if (t.is_float()) {
    switch (t.bits()) {
    case 16:
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "half_t";
      } else if (lanes <= 8) {
        // Emit CUDA code to access fp16 vector elements.
        //
        // half4 is stored as uint2
        //
        // h4.x is emitted as *(half2*)(&(u2.x)).x
        // h4.y is emitted as *(half2*)(&(u2.x)).y
        // h4.z is emitted as *(half2*)(&(u2.y)).x
        // h4.w is emitted as *(half2*)(&(u2.y)).y
        //
        ICHECK_EQ(lanes % 2, 0) << "only support even lane for half type";
        os << "uint" << lanes / 2;
      } else {
        fail = true;
      }
      break;
    case 32:
      if (lanes <= 4) {
        os << "float";
      } else if (lanes <= 8) {
        // Emit CUDA code to access fp32 vector elements for 4 < lanes <= 8.
        //
        // float8 is stored as ulonglong4
        //
        // f8.v1 is emitted as *(float2*)(&(ul4.x)).x
        // f8.v2 is emitted as *(float2*)(&(ul4.x)).y
        //
        ICHECK_EQ(lanes % 2, 0)
            << "only support even lane for float type with lanes > 4";
        os << "ulonglong" << lanes / 2;
      } else {
        fail = true;
      }
      break;
    case 64:
      os << "double";
      break;
    default:
      fail = true;
      break;
    }
    if (!fail && (t.is_scalar() || t.bits() == 16))
      return;
    if (!fail && (lanes > 4 && lanes <= 8 && t.bits() == 32))
      return;
    if (!fail && (lanes >= 2 && lanes <= 4)) {
      os << lanes;
      return;
    }
  } else if (t.is_bfloat16()) {
    if (t.is_scalar()) {
      os << "bfloat16_t";
    } else if (lanes <= 8) {
      ICHECK_EQ(lanes % 2, 0) << "only support even lane for half type";
      os << "uint" << lanes / 2;
    } else {
      fail = true;
    }
    if (!fail)
      return;
  } else if (t.is_float8()) {
    enable_fp8_ = true;
    os << GetFP8Type(t);
    return;
  } else if (t == DataType::Bool()) {
    os << "bool";
    return;
  } else if (t.is_vector_bool()) {
    // CUDA does not support bool vectors.
    // Use ushort vectors to represent instead.
    int n = t.lanes();
    if (n <= 4) {
      os << "ushort" << n;
      return;
    }
  } else if (t.is_uint() || t.is_int()) {
    if (t.is_uint()) {
      os << "u";
    }
    switch (t.bits()) {
    case 1: {
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "int";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 8) {
        os << "int8_t";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 16) {
        os << "int16_t";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 32) {
        os << "int";
        return;
      } else {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot convert type " << t << " to CUDA type!";
      }
    }
    case 4: {
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "int";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 4) {
        os << "int16_t";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 8) {
        // directly 8 4-bit int in integer.
        os << "int";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 16) {
        os << "int2";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 32) {
        os << "int4";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 64) {
        os << "int8";
        return;
      } else {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot convert type " << t << " to CUDA type!";
      }
    }
    case 8: {
      if (t.lanes() == 4) {
        // directly 4 8 bit int in integer.

        // We use int for int8x4 instead of char4 because using char4 is
        // likely to produce extra instructions to pack four int8 elements
        // into 32-bit data.
        os << "int";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 8) {
        os << "int2";
        return;
      } else if (t.lanes() == 16) {
        os << "int4";
        return;
      } else if (!t.is_uint() && t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "signed char";
        break;
      } else {
        os << "char";
        break;
      }
    }
    case 16: {
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "short";
      } else if (t.lanes() <= 4) {
        os << "short" << lanes;
      } else if (t.lanes() <= 8) {
        // Emit CUDA code to access int16 vector elements.
        //
        // short4 is stored as int2
        //
        // s4.x is emitted as *(short2*)(&(i2.x)).x
        // s4.y is emitted as *(short2*)(&(i2.x)).y
        // s4.z is emitted as *(short2*)(&(i2.y)).x
        // s4.w is emitted as *(short2*)(&(i2.y)).y
        //
        ICHECK_EQ(t.lanes() % 2, 0)
            << "only support even lane for shorT type with lanes > 4";
        os << "int" << t.lanes() / 2;
      } else {
        fail = true;
      }
      if (!fail) {
        return;
      }
      break;
    }
    case 32: {
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "int";
      } else if (t.lanes() <= 4) {
        os << "int" << t.lanes();
      } else if (t.lanes() <= 8) {
        // Emit CUDA code to access int32 vector elements for 4 < lanes <= 8.
        //
        // int8 is stored as longlong4
        //
        // i8.v1 is emitted as *(int2*)(&(l4.x)).x
        // i8.v2 is emitted as *(int2*)(&(l4.x)).y
        //
        ICHECK_EQ(lanes % 2, 0)
            << "only support even lane for int32 type with lanes > 4";
        os << "longlong" << lanes / 2;
      } else {
        fail = true;
      }
      if (!fail) {
        return;
      }
      break;
    }
    case 64: {
      if (t.is_scalar()) {
        os << "int64_t";
      } else if (t.lanes() == 2) {
        os << "longlong2";
      } else if (t.lanes() == 3) {
        os << "longlong3";
      } else if (t.lanes() == 4) {
        os << "longlong4";
      }
      return;
    }
    default:
      fail = true;
      break;
    }
    if (!fail && lanes == 1) {
      return;
    }
    if (!fail && (lanes >= 2 && lanes <= 4)) {
      os << lanes;
      return;
    }
  }
  LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot convert type " << t << " to CUDA type";
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintVecBinaryOp(const std::string &op, DataType t,
                                          PrimExpr lhs, PrimExpr rhs,
                                          std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  // Declare the result.
  std::string sret = name_supply_->FreshName("_");
  this->PrintIndent();
  this->PrintType(t, stream);
  stream << ' ' << sret << ";\n";
  int ssa_scope = BeginScope();
  {
    // Unpack into individual ops.
    std::string vlhs = SSAGetID(PrintExpr(lhs), lhs.dtype());
    std::string vrhs = SSAGetID(PrintExpr(rhs), rhs.dtype());

    for (int i = 0, lanes = t.lanes(); i < lanes; ++i) {
      std::ostringstream value_temp;
      if (isalpha(op[0])) {
        value_temp << op << "(";
        PrintVecElemLoad(vlhs, lhs.dtype(), i, value_temp);
        value_temp << ", ";
        PrintVecElemLoad(vrhs, rhs.dtype(), i, value_temp);
        value_temp << ")";
      } else {
        value_temp << "(";
        PrintVecElemLoad(vlhs, lhs.dtype(), i, value_temp);
        value_temp << op;
        PrintVecElemLoad(vrhs, rhs.dtype(), i, value_temp);
        value_temp << ")";
      }
      PrintVecElemStore(sret, t, i, value_temp.str());
    }
  }
  EndScope(ssa_scope);
  os << sret;
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintVecElemLoad(const std::string &vec, DataType t,
                                          int i,
                                          std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  if (t.is_scalar()) {
    os << vec;
    return;
  }

  static const char access[] = {'x', 'y', 'z', 'w'};
  ICHECK(i >= 0 && i < (t.bits() == 8                        ? 16
                        : (t.bits() == 16 || t.bits() == 32) ? 8
                                                             : 4));
  if (t.bits() == 8 && (t.is_int() || t.is_uint())) {
    std::string type_name = t.is_int() ? "char" : "unsigned char";
    if (t.lanes() == 2 || t.lanes() == 3) {
      os << vec << "." << access[i % t.lanes()];
    } else {
      std::string ac = t.lanes() == 4 ? vec : (vec + "." + access[i / 4]);
      os << "((" << type_name << ")(" << ac << " >> " << i % 4 * 8 << "))";
    }
  } else if (t.is_float16()) {
    os << "((half2*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2] << ")))->"
       << access[i % 2];
  } else if (t.is_bfloat16()) {
    os << "((bfloat16x2*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2] << ")))->"
       << access[i % 2];
  } else if (t.lanes() > 4 && t.lanes() <= 8) {
    std::string type_name;
    if (t.bits() == 16) {
      if (t.is_int()) {
        type_name = "short";
      } else if (t.is_uint()) {
        type_name = "ushort";
      }
    } else if (t.bits() == 32) {
      if (t.is_int()) {
        type_name = "int";
      } else if (t.is_uint()) {
        type_name = "uint";
      } else if (t.is_float()) {
        type_name = "float";
      }
    }
    ICHECK(!type_name.empty());
    os << "((" << type_name << "2*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2]
       << ")))->" << access[i % 2];
  } else {
    os << vec << "." << access[i];
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintVecElemStore(const std::string &vec, DataType t,
                                           int i, const std::string &value) {
  this->PrintIndent();
  static const char access[] = {'x', 'y', 'z', 'w'};
  ICHECK(i >= 0 && i < (t.bits() == 8                        ? 16
                        : (t.bits() == 16 || t.bits() == 32) ? 8
                                                             : 4));
  if (t.bits() == 8 && (t.is_int() || t.is_uint())) {
    if (t.lanes() == 2 || t.lanes() == 3) {
      stream << vec << '.' << access[i % t.lanes()] << "="
             << "(" << value << ");\n";
    } else {
      std::string ac = t.lanes() == 4 ? vec : (vec + "." + access[i / 4]);
      stream << ac << "=";
      // Do not read the first undef lane.
      if (i != 0) {
        stream << ac << " & ~(0x000000ff << " << i % 4 * 8 << ") |";
      }
      stream << "(" << value << " << " << i % 4 * 8 << ");\n";
    }
  } else if (t.is_float16()) {
    stream << "*((half_t*)(&(((half2*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2]
           << ")))->" << access[i % 2] << "))) = " << value << ";\n";
  } else if (t.is_bfloat16()) {
    stream << "((bfloat16_t*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2] << ")))["
           << (i % 2) << "] = " << value << ";\n";
  } else if (t.lanes() > 4 && t.lanes() <= 8) {
    std::string type_name;
    if (t.bits() == 16) {
      if (t.is_int()) {
        type_name = "short";
      } else if (t.is_uint()) {
        type_name = "ushort";
      }
    } else if (t.bits() == 32) {
      if (t.is_int()) {
        type_name = "int";
      } else if (t.is_uint()) {
        type_name = "uint";
      } else if (t.is_float()) {
        type_name = "float";
      }
    }
    ICHECK(!type_name.empty());
    stream << "((" << type_name << "2*)(&(" << vec << "." << access[i / 2]
           << ")))->" << access[i % 2] << " = " << value << ";\n";
  } else {
    stream << vec << "." << access[i] << " = " << value << ";\n";
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintStorageSync(const CallNode *op) {
  const std::string &sync = op->args[0].as<StringImmNode>()->value;
  if (sync == "warp") {
    // DO nothing.
  } else if (sync == "shared" || sync == "shared.dyn") {
    this->PrintIndent();
    this->stream << "__syncthreads();\n";
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintStorageScope(const std::string &scope,
                                           std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  ICHECK_NE(scope, "global")
      << "Cannot allocate global memory when targeting CUDA. You must pass "
         "all global arrays as input instead";
  if (scope == "shared") {
    os << "__shared__ ";
  } else if (scope == "shared.dyn") {
    os << "extern __shared__ __align__(1024) ";
  }
}

std::string CodeGenTileLangHIP::CastFromTo(std::string value, DataType from,
                                           DataType target) {
  if (from == target)
    return value;
  std::ostringstream os;
  os << "((";
  this->PrintType(target, os);
  os << ")";
  if (from.is_float16() && (target.is_int() || target.is_uint()) &&
      target.bits() == 8) {
    os << "(";
    if (target.is_uint()) {
      os << "u";
    }
    os << "int)";
  }
  os << value << ")";
  return os.str();
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitExpr_(const CastNode *op, std::ostream &os) {
  DataType from_ty = op->value.dtype();
  DataType target_ty = op->dtype;
  ICHECK_EQ(target_ty.lanes(), from_ty.lanes());

  // Emit simple C-style type conversion.
  if (from_ty.is_scalar())
    return CodeGenC::VisitExpr_(op, os);

  // We could emit make_float4 like calls, but the emitted code looks
  // too compact to read. Emit this as vectorized unary ops.
  std::string sret = name_supply_->FreshName("_");
  this->PrintIndent();
  this->PrintType(target_ty, stream);
  stream << ' ' << sret << ";\n";
  {
    std::string src = SSAGetID(PrintExpr(op->value), from_ty);
    for (int i = 0, lanes = from_ty.lanes(); i < lanes; ++i) {
      std::ostringstream val;
      val << "(";
      PrintType(target_ty.element_of(), val);
      val << ")(";
      PrintVecElemLoad(src, from_ty, i, val);
      val << ")";
      PrintVecElemStore(sret, target_ty, i, val.str());
    }
  }
  os << sret;
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintCallExtern(Type ret_type, String global_symbol,
                                         const Array<PrimExpr> &args,
                                         bool skip_first_arg,
                                         std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  DataType ret_dtype = GetRuntimeDataType(ret_type);
  if (ret_dtype.is_vector()) {
    //
    // Emit an unsupported vector call
    //
    // v = intrin_f((float4*)A[0], (float4*)B[0])
    //
    // as
    //
    // float4 __ret;
    // {
    //   float4 __arg0 = ((float4*)A)[0];
    //   float4 __arg1 = ((float4*)B)[0];
    //   __ret.x = intrin_f(__arg0.x, __arg1.x);
    //   __ret.y = intrin_f(__arg0.y, __arg1.y);
    //   __ret.z = intrin_f(__arg0.z, __arg1.z);
    //   __ret.w = intrin_f(__arg0.w, __arg1.w);
    // }
    // v = __ret;
    //
    // Declare the result vector.
    std::string sret = name_supply_->FreshName("_");
    this->PrintIndent();
    this->PrintType(ret_dtype, stream);
    stream << ' ' << sret << ";\n";
    {
      // Load arguments.
      std::vector<std::string> sargs;
      size_t arg_begin = static_cast<size_t>(skip_first_arg);
      for (size_t i = arg_begin; i < args.size(); ++i) {
        std::string val = SSAGetID(PrintExpr(args[i]), args[i].dtype());
        sargs.push_back(std::move(val));
      }

      // Emit a scalar call for each lane.
      for (int i = 0; i < ret_dtype.lanes(); ++i) {
        std::ostringstream scall;
        scall << global_symbol << "(";
        for (size_t j = 0; j < sargs.size(); ++j) {
          if (j > 0)
            scall << ", ";
          PrintVecElemLoad(sargs[j], args[arg_begin + j].dtype(), i, scall);
        }
        scall << ")";
        PrintVecElemStore(sret, ret_dtype, i, scall.str());
      }
    }
    os << sret;
  } else {
    CodeGenC::PrintCallExtern(ret_type, global_symbol, args, skip_first_arg,
                              os);
  }
}

// Print a reference expression to a buffer.
std::string CodeGenTileLangHIP::GetBufferRef(DataType t,
                                             const BufferNode *buffer,
                                             PrimExpr index) {
  const VarNode *buffer_var = buffer->data.get();
  std::ostringstream os;
  std::string vid = GetVarID(buffer_var);
  std::string scope;
  if (alloc_storage_scope_.count(buffer_var)) {
    scope = alloc_storage_scope_.at(buffer_var);
  }
  // bool is_vol = IsVolatile(buffer_var);
  // always false for tl cutlass backend.
  bool is_vol = false;

  auto ptr_cast = [this, is_vol, scope](DataType pointed_to) {
    std::ostringstream ptr_os;
    ptr_os << "(";
    if (is_vol) {
      ptr_os << "volatile ";
    }
    if (!scope.empty() && IsScopePartOfType()) {
      PrintStorageScope(scope, ptr_os);
    }
    PrintType(pointed_to, ptr_os);
    ptr_os << "*)";
    return ptr_os.str();
  };

  DataType buffer_element_dtype = buffer->dtype;

  std::string buffer_str = vid;
  if (!HandleTypeMatch(buffer_var, buffer_element_dtype) || is_vol) {
    std::stringstream temp;
    temp << "(" << ptr_cast(buffer_element_dtype) << vid << ")";
    buffer_str = temp.str();
  }

  std::string index_str = PrintExpr(index);
  if (t.bits() == 4 || (t.bits() == 1 && t.is_int())) {
    // This is a special case, because CodegenCUDA::PrintType()
    // returns "int" for bool and for 4-bit integers. In most cases,
    // we divide by the number of lanes to determine the index.
    // However, the backing type for scalar int4 and scalar bool is
    // int32.  Therefore, we need to divide by the ratio of their
    // sizes in that case.
    int div_factor = (t.lanes() == 1) ? (32 / t.bits()) : t.lanes();

    os << "*("
       << "(" << ptr_cast(t) << vid << ")"
       << " + " << index_str << " / " << div_factor << ")";
  } else if (t == buffer_element_dtype) {
    os << buffer_str << "[" << index_str << "]";
  } else {
    os << "*" << ptr_cast(t) << "(" << buffer_str << " + " << index_str << ")";
  }

  return os.str();
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitExpr_(const CallNode *op, std::ostream &os) {
  auto print_extern_call_stmt = [&](std::string name, size_t offset = 0) {
    this->PrintIndent();
    this->stream << name << "(";
    for (size_t i = offset; i < op->args.size(); i++) {
      if (i > offset)
        this->stream << ", ";
      this->stream << this->PrintExpr(op->args[i]);
    }
    this->stream << ");\n";
  };
  if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_cp_async())) {
    std::string dst = this->PrintExpr(op->args[0]);
    std::string dst_offset = this->PrintExpr(op->args[1]);
    std::string src = this->PrintExpr(op->args[2]);
    std::string src_offset = this->PrintExpr(op->args[3]);
    std::string size = this->PrintExpr(op->args[4]);
    // use size of argument list to indicate whether or not to use predicated
    // cp.async
    if (op->args.size() == 5) {
      this->PrintIndent();
      this->stream << "tl::cp_async_gs<" << size << ">(" << dst << "+"
                   << dst_offset << ", " << src << "+" << src_offset << ");\n";
    } else {
      std::string condition = this->PrintExpr(op->args[5]);
      this->PrintIndent();
      this->stream << "tl::cp_async_gs_conditional<" << size << ">(" << dst
                   << "+" << dst_offset << ", " << src << "+" << src_offset
                   << ", " << condition << ");\n";
    }
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_commit_group())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::cp_async_commit");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_wait_group())) {
    int n = Downcast<IntImm>(op->args[0])->value;
    std::string func_name = "tl::cp_async_wait<" + std::to_string(n) + ">";
    print_extern_call_stmt(func_name, 1);
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::create_barriers())) {
    this->PrintIndent();
    int barrier_count = Downcast<IntImm>(op->args[0])->value;
    std::string barrier_name = "_mbarrier";
    this->stream << "__shared__ uint64_t " << barrier_name << "["
                 << barrier_count << "];\n";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::get_mbarrier())) {
    std::string barrier_name = "_mbarrier";
    std::string barrier_id = this->PrintExpr(op->args[0]);
    os << barrier_name + "[" + barrier_id + "]";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_arrive_barrier())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_arrive");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_init_barrier_thread_count())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_init");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_arrive_barrier_expect_tx())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_arrive_expect_tx");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::ptx_cp_async_barrier())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_cp_async_arrive");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::mbarrier_expect_tx())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_expect_tx");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::mbarrier_wait_parity())) {
    print_extern_call_stmt("tl::mbarrier_wait");
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::ptx_stmatrix())) {
    int trans = Downcast<IntImm>(op->args[0])->value;
    int num = Downcast<IntImm>(op->args[1])->value;
    std::string func_name = "tl::ptx_stmatrix_x" + std::to_string(num);
    if (trans == 1)
      func_name += "_trans";
    print_extern_call_stmt(func_name, 2);
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::wait_wgmma())) {
    this->PrintIndent();
    int num_mma = Downcast<IntImm>(op->args[0])->value;
    this->stream << "tl::wait_wgmma<" << std::to_string(num_mma) << ">();\n";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::pack_b16())) {
    os << "__pack_half2(" << this->PrintExpr(op->args[0]) << ", "
       << this->PrintExpr(op->args[1]) << ")";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::__ldg())) {
    // HIP fallback: regular load
    const BufferLoadNode *bl = op->args[0].as<BufferLoadNode>();
    ICHECK(bl) << "T.__ldg expects a BufferLoad as the first argument.";
    ICHECK_EQ(bl->indices.size(), 1)
        << "T.__ldg currently supports flattened 1D buffer accesses.";
    const BufferNode *buffer = bl->buffer.get();
    PrimExpr base = bl->indices[0];
    auto buffer_ref = this->GetBufferRef(op->dtype, buffer, base);
    os << buffer_ref;
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_fill_fragment())) {
    need_mma_h_ = true;
    ICHECK_EQ(op->args.size(), 6U);
    os << "nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[0], os);
    os << "[";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[4], os);
    os << "], ";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[5], os);
    os << ")";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_load_matrix_sync())) {
    need_mma_h_ = true;
    ICHECK_EQ(op->args.size(), 8U);
    os << "nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[0], os);
    os << "[";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[4], os);
    os << "], ";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[5], os);
    os << ", ";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[6], os);
    os << ")";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_store_matrix_sync())) {
    need_mma_h_ = true;
    ICHECK_EQ(op->args.size(), 8U);
    os << "nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[5], os);
    os << ", ";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[0], os);
    os << "[";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[4], os);
    os << "], ";
    this->PrintExpr(op->args[6], os);
    if (const StringImmNode *str = op->args[7].as<StringImmNode>()) {
      os << ", nvcuda::wmma::mem_" << str->value;
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid parameters";
    }
    os << ")";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_mma_sync())) {
    need_mma_h_ = true;
    ICHECK_EQ(op->args.size(), 8U);
    os << "nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(";
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      this->PrintExpr(op->args[i * 2], os);
      os << "[";
      this->PrintExpr(op->args[i * 2 + 1], os);
      os << "]" << ((i < 3) ? ", " : ")");
    }
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::tvm_bmma_sync())) {
    need_mma_h_ = true;
    ICHECK_EQ(op->args.size(), 8U);
    os << "nvcuda::wmma::bmma_sync(";
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      this->PrintExpr(op->args[i * 2], os);
      os << "[";
      this->PrintExpr(op->args[i * 2 + 1], os);
      os << "]" << ((i < 3) ? ", " : ")");
    }
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::tvm_mfma())) {
    // arg 0: prefix: {otype}_{intrM}x{intrN}x{intrK}_{itype}
    // arg 1: A layout: row/col
    // arg 2: B layout: row/col
    // arg 3: A precision: float16, float32, ...
    // arg 4: B precision: float16, float32, ...
    // arg 5: C precision: float32, float64, ...
    // arg 6: A multiplicand
    // arg 7: A multiplicand index
    // arg 8: B multiplicand
    // arg 9: B multiplicand index
    // arg 10: C accumulator
    // arg 11: C accumulator index

    ICHECK(op->args.size() == 12U)
        << "Invalid number of arguments for tvm_mfma";
    std::string prefix = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[0])->value;
    std::string A_layout = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[1])->value;
    std::string B_layout = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[2])->value;
    std::string A_dtype = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[3])->value;
    std::string B_dtype = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[4])->value;
    std::string C_dtype = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[5])->value;
    std::string a_ref = this->PrintExpr(op->args[6]);
    std::string a_bias = this->PrintExpr(op->args[7]);
    std::string b_ref = this->PrintExpr(op->args[8]);
    std::string b_bias = this->PrintExpr(op->args[9]);
    std::string c_ref = this->PrintExpr(op->args[10]);
    std::string c_bias = this->PrintExpr(op->args[11]);
    ICHECK(A_layout == "row" || B_layout == "row")
        << "Matrix core only support row major";
    // map for dtype -> float32x4 -> float4
    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> dtype_map = {
        {"int8", "char"},
        {"int32", "int"},
        {"int8x4", "int32_t"},
        {"int8x8", "int64_t"},
        {"int32x4", "int32x4"},
        {"float16", "half"},
        {"float32", "float"},
        {"float64", "double"},
        {"float16x4", "float16x4"},
        {"bfloat16x4", "bfloat16x4_vec"},
        {"float32x4", "float32x4"},
        {"float8_e4m3fnuzx4", "fp8_e4_4_t"},
        {"float8_e4m3fnuzx8", "long"},
        {"float32x16", "float32x16"}};
    std::string call_mfma_code = R"({
      *((({C_dtype}*){c_ref}) + {c_bias}) = {mfma_buildin}(*((({A_dtype}*){a_ref}) + {a_bias}),
                    *((({B_dtype}*){b_ref}) + {b_bias}),
                    *((({C_dtype}*){c_ref}) + {c_bias}), 0, 0, 0);
    })";
    std::string mfma_buildin = "__builtin_amdgcn_mfma_" + prefix;
    Replacer replacer;

    replacer.register_rule("{mfma_buildin}", mfma_buildin);
    replacer.register_rule("{A_dtype}", dtype_map[A_dtype]);
    replacer.register_rule("{B_dtype}", dtype_map[B_dtype]);
    replacer.register_rule("{C_dtype}", dtype_map[C_dtype]);
    replacer.register_rule("{a_ref}", a_ref);
    replacer.register_rule("{a_bias}", a_bias);
    replacer.register_rule("{b_ref}", b_ref);
    replacer.register_rule("{b_bias}", b_bias);
    replacer.register_rule("{c_ref}", c_ref);
    replacer.register_rule("{c_bias}", c_bias);
    os << replacer.rewrite(call_mfma_code);
  } else if (op->op.same_as(builtin::thread_return())) {
    os << "return";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::tl_gemm())) {
    ICHECK(op->args.size() == 4) << "tl_gemm expects 4 arguments <op_instance, "
                                    "A_ptr, B_ptr, C_ptr>, but got "
                                 << op->args.size();
    auto op_instance = Downcast<StringImm>(op->args[0]);
    this->PrintCallExtern(GetType(tvm::ffi::GetRef<PrimExpr>(op)),
                          op_instance->value, op->args, true, os);
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::tl_gemm_sp())) {
    LOG(FATAL) << "tl_gemm_sp is not supported on HIP";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::loop_break())) {
    this->PrintIndent();
    this->stream << "break;\n";
  } else if (op->op.same_as(tl::no_set_max_nreg())) {
    // HIP doesn't need explicit register management like CUDA
    // This is a no-op for HIP
    return;
  } else {
    CodeGenC::VisitExpr_(op, os);
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitStmt_(const AttrStmtNode *op) {
  if (op->attr_key == tir::attr::async_commit_queue_scope) {
    const IntImmNode *queue_id = op->value.as<IntImmNode>();
    ICHECK(queue_id && queue_id->value == 0)
        << "For CUDA, the index of an async queue must be 0.";
    this->VisitStmt(op->body);
    auto commit_group = Call(DataType::Void(), builtin::ptx_commit_group(), {});
    this->VisitExpr(commit_group, this->stream);
    return;
  } else if (op->attr_key == tir::attr::async_wait_queue_scope) {
    auto wait_attrs = GetAsyncWaitAttributes(op);
    auto queue_id = wait_attrs.first.as<IntImmNode>();
    ICHECK(queue_id && queue_id->value == 0)
        << "For CUDA, the index of an async queue must be 0.";
    auto wait_cnt = wait_attrs.second;
    auto wait_group =
        Call(DataType::Void(), builtin::ptx_wait_group(), {wait_cnt});
    this->VisitExpr(wait_group, this->stream);
    auto inner = op->body.as<AttrStmtNode>();
    ICHECK(inner);
    this->VisitStmt(inner->body);
    return;
  } else if (op->attr_key == "threadblock_swizzle_pattern") {
    this->PrintIndent();
    const StringImmNode *pattern = op->value.as<StringImmNode>();
    ICHECK(pattern);
    this->stream << "const dim3 blockIdx = " << pattern->value << "();\n";
    this->VisitStmt(op->body);
    return;
  }
  CodeGenC::VisitStmt_(op);
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitStmt_(const AllocateNode *op) {
  ICHECK(!is_zero(op->condition));
  std::string vid = AllocVarID(op->buffer_var.get());

  this->PrintIndent();
  std::string scope = GetPtrStorageScope(op->buffer_var);
  PrintStorageScope(scope, stream);
  PrintType(op->dtype, stream);

  if (scope == "shared.dyn") {
    stream << ' ' << vid << "[];\n";
  } else {
    size_t constant_size = op->ConstantAllocationSize();
    ICHECK_GT(constant_size, 0)
        << "Can only handle constant size stack allocation for now";

    if ((op->dtype == DataType::Int(4) || op->dtype == DataType::UInt(4) ||
         op->dtype == DataType::Int(1)) &&
        scope == "shared") {
      constant_size = constant_size / (32 / op->dtype.bits());
    }
    stream << ' ' << vid << '[' << constant_size << "];\n";
  }

  RegisterHandleType(op->buffer_var.get(), op->dtype);
  this->PrintStmt(op->body);
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitExpr_(const RampNode *op, std::ostream &os) {
  int lanes = static_cast<int>(Downcast<IntImm>(op->lanes)->value);
  CHECK_LE(lanes, 4) << "ValueError: Ramp of more than 4 lanes is not allowed.";
  os << "(make_";
  PrintType(op->dtype, os);
  os << "(";
  for (int i = 0; i < lanes; i++) {
    os << "(" << PrintExpr(op->base) << ")"
       << "+(" << PrintExpr(op->stride) << "*" << i << ")";
    if (i != lanes - 1)
      os << ", ";
  }
  os << "))";
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitExpr_(const BroadcastNode *op,
                                    std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  int lanes = static_cast<int>(Downcast<IntImm>(op->lanes)->value);
  if ((op->dtype.is_int() || op->dtype.is_uint()) && op->dtype.bits() == 8 &&
      lanes == 4) {
    // make_int8x4
    const int64_t *p = as_const_int(op->value);
    ICHECK(p);
    int64_t v = *p & 0xFF;
    v = (v << 24) | (v << 16) | (v << 8) | v;
    if (op->dtype.is_uint()) {
      os << "(uint)" << v;
    } else {
      os << "(int)" << v;
    }
    return;
  }

  if (op->dtype.is_float16()) {
    std::string v = PrintExpr(op->value);
    os << "make_";
    PrintType(op->dtype, os);
    os << '(';
    for (int i = 0; i < lanes / 2; ++i) {
      if (i != 0)
        os << ", ";
      os << "__pack_half2(" << v << ", " << v << ")";
    }
    os << ')';
    return;
  }

  if (op->dtype.is_bfloat16()) {
    std::string v = PrintExpr(op->value);
    os << "make_";
    PrintType(op->dtype, os);
    os << '(';
    for (int i = 0; i < lanes / 2; ++i) {
      if (i != 0)
        os << ", ";
      os << "__pack_bfloat162(" << v << ", " << v << ")";
    }
    os << ')';
    return;
  }

  if (op->dtype.is_float() && op->dtype.bits() == 32 &&
      op->dtype.lanes() == 8) {
    std::string v = PrintExpr(op->value);
    os << "make_ulonglong4(";
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      if (i != 0)
        os << ", ";
      os << "*(unsigned long long*)&make_float2(" << v << ", " << v << ")";
    }
    os << ')';
    return;
  }

  if ((op->dtype.is_int() || op->dtype.is_uint()) && op->dtype.bits() == 4) {
    bool fail = false;
    const int64_t *p = as_const_int(op->value);
    ICHECK(p);
    int64_t v = *p & 0xF;

    if (lanes == 4) {
      v = (v << 12) | (v << 8) | (v << 4) | v;
      if (op->dtype.is_uint()) {
        os << "(uint16_t)" << v;
      } else {
        os << "(int16_t)" << v;
      }
    } else {
      v = (v << 28) | (v << 24) | (v << 20) | (v << 16) | (v << 12) | (v << 8) |
          (v << 4) | v;
      if (lanes == 8) {
        if (op->dtype.is_uint()) {
          os << "(uint)" << v;
        } else {
          os << "(int)" << v;
        }
      } else if (lanes == 16 || lanes == 32) {
        os << "make_";
        PrintType(op->dtype, os);
        os << '(';
        for (int i = 0; i < lanes / 8; ++i) {
          if (i != 0)
            os << ", ";
          if (op->dtype.is_uint()) {
            os << "(uint)" << v;
          } else {
            os << "(int)" << v;
          }
        }
        os << ')';
      } else {
        fail = true;
      }
    }

    if (!fail) {
      return;
    }
  }

  std::string v = PrintExpr(op->value);
  os << "make_";
  PrintType(op->dtype, os);
  os << '(';
  for (int i = 0; i < lanes; ++i) {
    if (i != 0)
      os << ", ";
    os << v;
  }
  os << ')';
}

inline void PrintConst(const FloatImmNode *op, std::ostream &os,
                       CodeGenTileLangHIP *p) { // NOLINT(*)
  // Type code is kBFloat
  if (op->dtype.is_bfloat16()) {
    os << "bfloat16_t";
    os << '(' << std::scientific << op->value << 'f' << ')';
    return;
  } else if (op->dtype.is_float8_e4m3fnuz() || op->dtype.is_float8_e4m3() ||
             op->dtype.is_float8_e4m3fn()) {
    os << "fp8_e4_t";
    os << '(' << std::scientific << op->value << 'f' << ')';
    return;
  }
  // Type code is kFloat
  switch (op->dtype.bits()) {
  case 64:
  case 32: {
    std::ostringstream temp;
    if (std::isinf(op->value)) {
      if (op->value < 0) {
        temp << "-";
      }
      temp << ((op->dtype.bits() == 32) ? "HUGE_VALF" : "HUGE_VAL");
    } else if (std::isnan(op->value)) {
      temp << ((op->dtype.bits() == 32) ? "NAN" : "NAN");
    } else {
      temp << std::scientific << op->value;
      if (op->dtype.bits() == 32)
        temp << 'f';
    }
    p->MarkConst(temp.str());
    os << temp.str();
    break;
  }
  case 16: {
    os << "half_t" << '(';
    FloatImm const_f32 = FloatImm(DataType::Float(32), op->value);
    PrintConst(const_f32.get(), os, p);
    os << ')';
    break;
  }
  default:
    LOG(FATAL) << "Bad bit-width for float: " << op->dtype << "\n";
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::VisitExpr_(const FloatImmNode *op,
                                    std::ostream &os) { // NOLINT(*)
  PrintConst(op, os, this);
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::HandleVolatileLoads(const std::string &value,
                                             const BufferLoadNode *op,
                                             std::ostream &os) {
  // Cast away volatile qualifier for fp16 types. That is, only loads and
  // stores are volatile. The loaded objects are not marked as volatile.
  //
  if ((op->dtype.is_float16() || op->dtype.is_bfloat16()) &&
      IsVolatile(op->buffer->data.get())) {
    os << "(";
    PrintType(op->dtype, os);
    os << ")(" << value << ")";
  } else {
    os << value;
  }
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::PrintVecElemLoadExpr(DataType t, int i,
                                              const std::string &value,
                                              std::ostream &os) {
  ICHECK_GT(t.lanes(), 1);
  if (t.bits() == 8 && (t.is_int() || t.is_uint())) {
    if (!(t.lanes() == 2 || t.lanes() == 3)) {
      if (i != 0) {
        os << "|";
      }
      os << "((0x000000ff << " << i * 8 << ") & (" << value << " << " << i * 8
         << "))";
      return;
    }
  }

  if (t.is_float16()) {
    if (i == 0) {
      os << "make_";
      PrintType(t, os);
      os << '(';
    }
    if (i % 2 == 0) {
      os << "__pack_half2(" << value;
    } else {
      os << "," << value << ")";
      if (i != t.lanes() - 1) {
        os << ",";
      } else {
        os << ")";
      }
    }
    return;
  }

  if (t.is_bfloat16()) {
    if (i == 0) {
      os << "make_";
      PrintType(t, os);
      os << '(';
    }
    if (i % 2 == 0) {
      os << "__pack_bfloat162(" << value;
    } else {
      os << "," << value << ")";
      if (i != t.lanes() - 1) {
        os << ",";
      } else {
        os << ")";
      }
    }
    return;
  }

  if (i == 0) {
    os << "make_";
    PrintType(t, os);
    os << "(";
  }
  os << value;
  if (i != t.lanes() - 1) {
    os << ",";
  } else {
    os << ")";
  }
  return;
}

void CodeGenTileLangHIP::AddFunction(const PrimFunc &f) {
  // clear previous generated state.
  this->InitFuncState(f);
  // reserve keywords
  ReserveKeywordsAsUnique();

  auto global_symbol = f->GetAttr<String>(tvm::attr::kGlobalSymbol);
  ICHECK(global_symbol.has_value())
      << "CodeGenC: Expect PrimFunc to have the global_symbol attribute";
  bool no_alias = f->HasNonzeroAttr(tir::attr::kNoAlias);

  this->PrintFuncPrefix(stream);
  CodeGenC::PrintType(f->ret_type, stream);
  this->PrintExtraAttrs(f, stream);
  this->stream << " " << static_cast<std::string>(global_symbol.value()) << "(";

  for (size_t i = 0; i < f->params.size(); ++i) {
    tir::Var v = f->params[i];
    std::string vid = AllocVarID(v.get());
    if (i != 0)
      stream << ", ";
    if (v.dtype().is_handle()) {
      // work around for grid constant parameters.
      if (auto *ptr = v->type_annotation.as<PointerTypeNode>()) {
        if (ptr->storage_scope == "grid_constant") {
          stream << "__grid_constant__ const ";
          CodeGenC::PrintType(ptr->element_type, stream);
          stream << ' ' << vid;
          continue;
        }
      }

      auto it = alloc_storage_scope_.find(v.get());
      if (it != alloc_storage_scope_.end()) {
        PrintStorageScope(it->second, stream);
      }

      CodeGenC::PrintType(GetType(v), stream);
      if (auto *ptr = v->type_annotation.as<PointerTypeNode>()) {
        if (auto *prim = ptr->element_type.as<PrimTypeNode>()) {
          RegisterHandleType(v.get(), prim->dtype);
        }
      }

      if (no_alias) {
        PrintRestrict(v, stream);
      }
    } else {
      CodeGenC::PrintType(GetType(v), stream);
    }
    stream << ' ' << vid;
  }
  stream << ") {\n";
  this->PreFunctionBody(f);
  int func_scope = this->BeginScope();
  this->PrintStmt(f->body);
  this->EndScope(func_scope);
  this->PrintIndent();
  this->stream << "}\n\n";
}

} // namespace codegen
} // namespace tvm