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Program in Engineering Science, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,149.0,962.0,154.0,962.0,188.0,86.0,183.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3Department of Applied Mathematics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,185.0,1080.0,185.0,1080.0,219.0,91.0,219.0],"score":0.99,"text":"4Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,239.0,777.0,239.0,777.0,270.0,89.0,270.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Received 18 May 2013; Revised 26 August 2013; Accepted 29 August 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,287.0,445.0,290.0,445.0,324.0,88.0,322.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Academic Editor: Rodrigo Lopez Pouso"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,373.0,876.0,373.0,876.0,404.0,89.0,404.0],"score":0.99,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,434.0,280.0,434.0,280.0,463.0,91.0,463.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Linked References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,490.0,1513.0,490.0,1513.0,524.0,116.0,524.0],"score":0.98,"text":"1. 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of Economics & Management, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,185.0,610.0,185.0,610.0,217.0,89.0,217.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Received 15 November 2012; Accepted 8 February 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,234.0,315.0,236.0,315.0,271.0,86.0,268.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Academic Editor: Qi Luo"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,317.0,1018.0,317.0,1018.0,351.0,91.0,351.0],"score":0.98,"text":"unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,380.0,280.0,380.0,280.0,409.0,91.0,409.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Linked References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,436.0,1515.0,436.0,1515.0,468.0,116.0,468.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. 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m"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1108,1808,1192,1808,1192,1834,1108,1834],"score":0.87,"latex":"816^{*}553"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[185,1808,232,1808,232,1833,185,1833],"score":0.83,"latex":"180^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[732,1750,792,1750,792,1778,732,1778],"score":0.83,"latex":"18\\,\\mu\\mathrm m"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[371,1808,405,1808,405,1833,371,1833],"score":0.77,"latex":"15^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[181,398,204,398,204,421,181,421],"score":0.69,"latex":"\\copyright"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[591,1779,648,1779,648,1807,591,1807],"score":0.64,"latex":"{30}\\,\\mathrm{Hz}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[134,1809,159,1809,159,1832,134,1832],"score":0.5,"latex":"0^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[967,1897,985,1897,985,1920,967,1920],"score":0.37,"latex":"\\mathrm{P}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,80.0,1326.0,83.0,1326.0,124.0,86.0,122.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Research on Calculation of the IOL Tilt and Decentration Based on Surface Fitting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,149.0,662.0,149.0,662.0,180.0,91.0,180.0],"score":0.94,"text":"Lin Li 1 Ke Wang,1 Yan Yan,1 Xudong Song.2 and Zhicheng Liu!"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,205.0,849.0,207.0,849.0,241.0,91.0,239.0],"score":0.98,"text":"1School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,239.0,871.0,241.0,871.0,275.0,86.0,273.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2Beijing Tongren Hospital Afflated to Capital Medical University, Bejing 100730, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,295.0,566.0,295.0,566.0,326.0,89.0,326.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Received 21 December 2012; Accepted 2 June 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,343.0,396.0,346.0,396.0,380.0,88.0,378.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Academic Editor: Wenxiang Cong"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,429.0,765.0,429.0,765.0,460.0,89.0,460.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,490.0,180.0,490.0,180.0,517.0,93.0,517.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,546.0,1500.0,546.0,1500.0,577.0,89.0,577.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The tilt and decentration of intraocular lens (IOL) result in defocussing, astigmatism, and wavefront aberration after operation. The objective is to give a method to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,575.0,1518.0,575.0,1518.0,607.0,89.0,607.0],"score":0.97,"text":"estimate the tit and decentration ofIOL more accurately. Based on AS-OCT images of twelve eyes fromeight cases with subluxation lens afer operation, we fitted"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,604.0,1552.0,604.0,1552.0,636.0,89.0,636.0],"score":0.98,"text":"spherical equation to the data obtained from the images of the anterior and posterior surfaces ofthe IOL. By the established relationship between IOL tit (decentration)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,633.0,1557.0,633.0,1557.0,665.0,89.0,665.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and the scanned angle, at which a piece ofAS-OCT image was taken by the instrument, the IOL tilt and decentration were calculated. IOL tilt angle and decentration of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,663.0,1550.0,663.0,1550.0,694.0,89.0,694.0],"score":0.97,"text":"each subject were given. Moreover, the horizontal and vertical tit was also obtained. Accordingly, the possible errors of IOL tilt and decentration existed in the method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,692.0,1562.0,692.0,1562.0,724.0,89.0,724.0],"score":0.98,"text":"employed by AS-OCT instrument. Based on 6-12 pieces of AS-OCT images at different directions, the tilt angle and decentration values were shown, respectively. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,719.0,1530.0,721.0,1530.0,755.0,86.0,753.0],"score":0.97,"text":"method ofthe surface fitting to the IOL surface can accurately analyze the IOL's location, and six pieces of AS-OCT images at three pairs symmetrical directions are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,750.0,694.0,750.0,694.0,782.0,89.0,782.0],"score":0.99,"text":"enough to get tilt angle and decentration value ofIOL more precisely."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,811.0,234.0,811.0,234.0,838.0,91.0,838.0],"score":1.0,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,867.0,1528.0,867.0,1528.0,899.0,89.0,899.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The operations of congenital lens subluxation have mostly implanted posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) through scleral suture fixation or capsular tension ring to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,897.0,1520.0,897.0,1520.0,928.0,89.0,928.0],"score":0.97,"text":"combine with the capsular bag Serious IOL dislocation has been controlled, but it is dificult to avoid the tilt and decentration ofIOL [1-3]. Therefore, to obtain the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,926.0,1446.0,926.0,1446.0,960.0,89.0,960.0],"score":0.98,"text":"reliable tilt and decentration of IOL could play an important role in the evaluation of the diferent operation schemes and effective treatment of postoperative"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,958.0,216.0,958.0,216.0,984.0,91.0,984.0],"score":0.96,"text":"complications."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1004.0,1503.0,1006.0,1503.0,1040.0,86.0,1038.0],"score":0.99,"text":" Utrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), Purkinje imaging system, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and Scheimpfug imaging system are the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1038.0,1540.0,1038.0,1540.0,1072.0,91.0,1072.0],"score":0.97,"text":"methods used for measurements ofthe IOL tit and decentration in clinical practice. The Purkinje imaging system is simple, but it depends on the radius of curvature of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1067.0,1557.0,1067.0,1557.0,1099.0,89.0,1099.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the IOL surfaces. The MI image by Purkinje meter can only show parts ofthe IOL anterior and posterior surfaces. This can have an efect on the radius of curvature and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1094.0,1505.0,1094.0,1505.0,1128.0,89.0,1128.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the results of IOL tilt and decentration [4Z]. By UBM, operators can clearly see whether the IOL has tit and decentration, but the tit and decentration cannot be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1123.0,1545.0,1123.0,1545.0,1157.0,89.0,1157.0],"score":0.97,"text":"directly measured. Moreover, it is a contact inspection method and the deformation ofthe eyeballextruded by water in bath cup may affect the measured results [8. 9]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1150.0,1557.0,1150.0,1557.0,1191.0,86.0,1191.0],"score":0.86,"text":"Scheinpfug ging system can rapidly btan the IL tit and deentraton vaes, but it require pupil dlation, which can case the deviation of th pupil cente. So, th"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1182.0,1505.0,1182.0,1505.0,1216.0,91.0,1216.0],"score":0.98,"text":"IOL decentration measured by the system should be a distance between the IOL center and the nonreal pupil axis, thus the resut measured is not accurate and the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1211.0,394.0,1211.0,394.0,1243.0,89.0,1243.0],"score":0.95,"text":"method has limitations [6, 10-12]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1262.0,1550.0,1262.0,1550.0,1296.0,91.0,1296.0],"score":0.99,"text":"AS-OCT is a noninvasive and noncontact imaging method of measuring the IOL tit and decentration and has been widely used in clinical practice. AS-OCT instrument "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1291.0,1518.0,1291.0,1518.0,1325.0,89.0,1325.0],"score":0.97,"text":"can scan the eyeballat the rotated axis which is the ine (called a baseline) passed through the anterior cornea center and the pupil center, and a lot of images canbe"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1321.0,1555.0,1321.0,1555.0,1355.0,89.0,1355.0],"score":0.98,"text":"scanned by AS-OCT at every scanned angle [13, 14]. According to each piece of scanned images, the IOL tilt and decentration are given by AS-OCT instrument. The "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1350.0,1560.0,1350.0,1560.0,1384.0,91.0,1384.0],"score":0.96,"text":"maximum value ofIOL tits and decentrations obtained from al the images are taken as the IOL tlt and decentration, respectively. In clinical practice, the IOL tit degree"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1379.0,1483.0,1379.0,1483.0,1411.0,89.0,1411.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is an angle between the IOL optical axis and the baseline, and the IOL decentration value is the vertical distance from the IOL center to the baseline [6, 11, 15]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1408.0,1525.0,1408.0,1525.0,1442.0,89.0,1442.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Geometrically, the IOL tit and decentration are two values independent with images. However, we have found that the IOL tit and decentration values measured on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1438.0,1149.0,1438.0,1149.0,1472.0,89.0,1472.0],"score":0.98,"text":"different images at the same scanned angle were not the same. It is possible to result in errors of IOL tit and decentration."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1489.0,1555.0,1489.0,1555.0,1520.0,89.0,1520.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Due to the fact that IOL surface is similar to the spherical [6, 16], we assumed anterior and posterior surfaces ofIOL to be spherical surfaces. The equations ofthe IOL"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1518.0,1500.0,1518.0,1500.0,1552.0,91.0,1552.0],"score":0.98,"text":"anterior and posterior surfaces were calculated through the AS-OCT image registration and the surface ftting method, and then the IOL tit and decentration were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1550.0,184.0,1550.0,184.0,1576.0,91.0,1576.0],"score":1.0,"text":"calculated."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1608.0,347.0,1608.0,347.0,1640.0,86.0,1640.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 2. Materials and Methods"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1664.0,261.0,1664.0,261.0,1698.0,86.0,1698.0],"score":0.91,"text":" 2.1. Image Obtaining"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1723.0,1552.0,1723.0,1552.0,1757.0,89.0,1757.0],"score":0.97,"text":"In this study, AS-OCT images of 12 eyes of 8 patients with congenital subluxation lens were provided by the Ophthalmic Research Center of Bejing, Tongren Hospital."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1930.0,231.0,1930.0,231.0,1956.0,91.0,1956.0],"score":0.98,"text":"anterior surface."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1988.0,278.0,1988.0,278.0,2013.0,89.0,2013.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2.2. Image Registration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2042.0,1560.0,2042.0,1560.0,2076.0,89.0,2076.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Because the center locations of the cormeal anterior surface may be different among images, we need to use image registration for al the images from each scanned angle."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,2064.0,1545.0,2066.0,1545.0,2108.0,84.0,2105.0],"score":0.88,"text":"The center ofthecorneal antrior sface is regarded as arefrence pont defndbyth ntersectiopont ofcomeal antrior suface and ppendicubisetorfte"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2100.0,1560.0,2100.0,1560.0,2134.0,91.0,2134.0],"score":0.99,"text":"line joining scleral spurs, which is also regarded as reference line (Figure 1). Each picture can be made rigid transformation Figure 2 gives one piece ofregistered images."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2122.0,1501.0,2125.0,1500.0,2166.0,86.0,2164.0],"score":0.89,"text":"Afer image transformation, the pixel values ofthe center ofthe coreal anteror surface n mage were read t verify the corectess and validity ofthe rgid body"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2156.0,332.0,2159.0,332.0,2193.0,86.0,2190.0],"score":0.98,"text":" transformation image again."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1102.0,1752.0,1451.0,1752.0,1451.0,1786.0,1102.0,1786.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Moreover, it has a scan speed of2000"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1752.0,731.0,1752.0,731.0,1786.0,91.0,1786.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The system takes 2000 A scans per second and has an axial resolution of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1752.0,1037.0,1752.0,1037.0,1786.0,793.0,1786.0],"score":0.95,"text":"and transverse resolution of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[233.0,1810.0,370.0,1810.0,370.0,1844.0,233.0,1844.0],"score":0.95,"text":"with periods of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[406.0,1810.0,1107.0,1810.0,1107.0,1844.0,406.0,1844.0],"score":0.98,"text":", Figure 1 shows a piece of these images. Image format is RGB and image size is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,180.0,397.0,180.0,431.0,89.0,431.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,397.0,1535.0,397.0,1535.0,431.0,205.0,431.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2013 Lin Liet al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1779.0,590.0,1779.0,590.0,1813.0,91.0,1813.0],"score":0.98,"text":"times/second, scan time of0.125 s/row and frame rate of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[649.0,1779.0,1532.0,1779.0,1532.0,1813.0,649.0,1813.0],"score":0.99,"text":"[9, 13, 14, 17]. For each eyeball the AS-OCT instrument provides 2-3 pieces of images at a degree"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1810.0,133.0,1810.0,133.0,1844.0,89.0,1844.0],"score":1.0,"text":"from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[160.0,1810.0,184.0,1810.0,184.0,1844.0,160.0,1844.0],"score":1.0,"text":"to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1898.0,966.0,1898.0,966.0,1930.0,89.0,1930.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 1: The AS-OCT image at 30 degrees scanned angle. Points A and B are scleral spurs. Point"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[986.0,1898.0,1555.0,1898.0,1555.0,1930.0,986.0,1930.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is the intersection point of perpendicular bisector (L) and 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Collecting IOL Surface Data"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,197.0,1557.0,197.0,1557.0,229.0,89.0,229.0],"score":0.99,"text":"From each piece of AS-OCT images, we can obtain two-dimensional pixel coordinates of points of the IOL anterior and posterior surfaces. In order to obtain the three-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,227.0,1557.0,227.0,1557.0,261.0,89.0,261.0],"score":0.98,"text":"dimensional coordinates of points of the IOL surface data, Cartesian coordinate system is needed. We set the horizontal direction (alar to zygomatic direction) parallel to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,329.0,428.0,329.0,428.0,361.0,91.0,361.0],"score":0.98,"text":"relations between them are as follows:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,387.0,642.0,387.0,642.0,412.0,91.0,412.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2.4.TheTilt and Decentration of IOL Calculated by GeometricMethod"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[686.0,670.0,713.0,670.0,713.0,692.0,686.0,692.0],"score":0.75,"text":"(2)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,816.0,654.0,816.0,654.0,848.0,91.0,848.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 3: The geometrical definition of IOL tilt and decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[849.0,936.0,883.0,936.0,883.0,965.0,849.0,965.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(3)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1014.0,403.0,1014.0,403.0,1045.0,89.0,1045.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Decentration equation is as follows:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1099.0,571.0,1101.0,571.0,1133.0,86.0,1130.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 2.5. IOL Tilt Calculated When the Different Scanned Angles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1157.0,1557.0,1157.0,1557.0,1189.0,89.0,1189.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The IOL tilt and decentration at different scanned angles were calculated based on the equations ofthe IOL anterior and posterior surface. For the AS-OCT image with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1390.0,1245.0,1525.0,1245.0,1525.0,1272.0,1390.0,1272.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Apparently, as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1615.0,831.0,1618.0,831.0,1652.0,86.0,1649.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Figure 4: The projection of IOL center point in the plane at different scanned angles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1679.0,192.0,1679.0,192.0,1706.0,89.0,1706.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3. Results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1737.0,1520.0,1737.0,1520.0,1771.0,89.0,1771.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 5 shows the IOL ftting surface of case 11. Table 1 gives the IOL tilt and decentration calculated by the surface fitting approach and their values given by AS-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1796.0,723.0,1796.0,723.0,1827.0,89.0,1827.0],"score":0.99,"text":"shown in the ninth-tenth colum of Table 1, was between 0.85 and 0.97."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1878.0,792.0,1881.0,792.0,1915.0,89.0,1913.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 1: The IOL tilt and decentration obtained by the method of surface ftting."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1947.0,1001.0,1947.0,1001.0,1978.0,91.0,1978.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 5: The image of IOL fiting surface and intersection of the anterior and posterior surfaces of IOL."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2030.0,1471.0,2030.0,1471.0,2061.0,89.0,2061.0],"score":0.96,"text":"respect to the change of scanned angle. But the data provided by As-OCT instrument oscillates with a small amplitude. It definitely affects the estimation of tlt."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2115.0,986.0,2115.0,986.0,2147.0,91.0,2147.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 6: The relation with IOL tits by the method of surface fitting and AS-OCT and scanned angles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2166.0,1525.0,2166.0,1525.0,2198.0,89.0,2198.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 7 gives data of the decentration calculated by the method of surface fitting and provided by AS-OCT instrument for case 12. It is shown that the trend oftwo"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2195.0,1550.0,2195.0,1550.0,2227.0,91.0,2227.0],"score":0.97,"text":"curves is inconsistent with respect to the change of scanned angle. But the data provided by AS-OCT instrument oscillates with a large amplitude. According to formula"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[992.0,1442.0,1154.0,1442.0,1154.0,1476.0,992.0,1476.0],"score":0.97,"text":", can be obtained"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2224.0,271.0,2224.0,271.0,2259.0,91.0,2259.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(5), the decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[328.0,2224.0,1080.0,2224.0,1080.0,2259.0,328.0,2259.0],"score":0.98,"text":" changes in accordance with cosine approximately. Clearly, the change of decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1137.0,2224.0,1555.0,2224.0,1555.0,2259.0,1137.0,2259.0],"score":0.97,"text":"calculated by our method is in accordance with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1021.0,1269.0,1557.0,1267.0,1557.0,1301.0,1021.0,1304.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is a maxima, which is exactly equal to tit. Therefore, the tilt ("},{"category_id":15,"poly":[697.0,1269.0,963.0,1267.0,963.0,1301.0,697.0,1304.0],"score":0.97,"text":"attains its minimum value, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1498.0,201.0,1501.0,201.0,1535.0,89.0,1533.0],"score":0.98,"text":"decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1472.0,201.0,1472.0,201.0,1506.0,91.0,1506.0],"score":1.0,"text":"decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,290.0,942.0,290.0,942.0,322.0,89.0,322.0],"score":0.99,"text":"surface is as the origin of coordinates. Assuming that the two-dimensional coordinate of point A is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[999.0,290.0,1493.0,290.0,1493.0,322.0,999.0,322.0],"score":0.97,"text":", and the three-dimensional coordinate is (x y ,z \uff09, the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[451.0,1269.0,467.0,1267.0,467.0,1301.0,451.0,1304.0],"score":0.77,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1203.0,1408.0,1476.0,1406.0,1476.0,1440.0,1203.0,1442.0],"score":0.95,"text":", and the equation of line OE is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[631.0,1243.0,809.0,1243.0,809.0,1274.0,631.0,1274.0],"score":0.98,"text":", from the following:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[706.0,1043.0,826.0,1043.0,826.0,1077.0,706.0,1077.0],"score":0.96,"text":", respectively."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[434.0,1998.0,1560.0,1998.0,1560.0,2032.0,434.0,2032.0],"score":0.97,"text":" defined by formula (4) and provided by AS-OCT instrument for case 12. It is found that the trend oftwo curves is identical with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,443.0,918.0,443.0,918.0,475.0,91.0,475.0],"score":0.97,"text":"From Figure 3, 0, known as tilt of IOL, is an angle between visual axis and optical axis of IOL."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[938.0,443.0,1535.0,443.0,1535.0,475.0,938.0,475.0],"score":0.97,"text":", defined as tit at the horizontal direction, is an angle between optical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1043.0,620.0,1043.0,620.0,1077.0,89.0,1077.0],"score":0.98,"text":"ofthe fied IOL anterior and posterior surface with radius of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[645.0,1043.0,683.0,1043.0,683.0,1077.0,645.0,1077.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1082.0,1408.0,1093.0,1406.0,1093.0,1440.0,1082.0,1442.0],"score":0.7,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[950.0,314.0,1215.0,322.0,1215.0,363.0,950.0,356.0],"score":0.95,"text":"is scanned angle of AS-OCT."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1759.0,1480.0,1762.0,1480.0,1803.0,84.0,1801.0],"score":0.94,"text":"OCT instrument. The eighth coummn of Table 1 gives the diameter ofIOL computed by the method of surface fiting The goodness-oft (corelation coeficient"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1510.0,1759.0,1525.0,1762.0,1525.0,1803.0,1510.0,1801.0],"score":0.73,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[259.0,1498.0,876.0,1501.0,876.0,1535.0,259.0,1533.0],"score":0.97,"text":"calculated from all of different scanmned angle images. If there is a tit of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[202.0,1442.0,935.0,1442.0,935.0,1476.0,202.0,1476.0],"score":0.97,"text":", for the AS-OCT image with scanned angle of \u03b1, the IOL decentration, denoted by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1352.0,723.0,1352.0,723.0,1386.0,89.0,1386.0],"score":0.99,"text":"For a piece of AS-OCT image with scanned angle of\u03b1 (Figure 4), point"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,587.0,232.0,587.0,232.0,621.0,89.0,621.0],"score":0.97,"text":"axis ofIOL and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1381.0,578.0,1381.0,578.0,1413.0,89.0,1413.0],"score":0.99,"text":"center ofIOL on XOY plane (coordinate plane, Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[871.0,314.0,932.0,322.0,932.0,363.0,871.0,356.0],"score":0.99,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1136.0,1381.0,1550.0,1381.0,1550.0,1413.0,1136.0,1413.0],"score":0.97,"text":"were the same one. The length of segment OF"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[254.0,587.0,303.0,587.0,303.0,621.0,254.0,621.0],"score":0.94,"text":"-axis."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[321.0,587.0,1316.0,587.0,1316.0,621.0,321.0,621.0],"score":0.97,"text":". defined as tit at vertical direction, is an angle between optical axis ofIOL and Y axis, and we know the folowing"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[924.0,1498.0,1010.0,1501.0,1010.0,1535.0,924.0,1533.0],"score":1.0,"text":"segments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1046.0,1498.0,1505.0,1501.0,1505.0,1535.0,1046.0,1533.0],"score":0.97,"text":"and OE are nearly orthogonal; then the maximum of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[259.0,1472.0,679.0,1472.0,679.0,1506.0,259.0,1506.0],"score":0.96,"text":"attains is maximum value, the IOL decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[696.0,1472.0,833.0,1472.0,833.0,1506.0,696.0,1506.0],"score":1.0,"text":", as long as cos"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1167.0,256.0,1510.0,256.0,1510.0,288.0,1167.0,288.0],"score":0.98,"text":"axis. The center ofthe corneal anterior"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[879.0,1408.0,971.0,1406.0,971.0,1440.0,879.0,1442.0],"score":0.96,"text":". Defining."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1530.0,369.0,1530.0,369.0,1562.0,89.0,1562.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is close to the IOL decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1390.0,1430.0,1511.0,1435.0,1510.0,1477.0,1390.0,1471.0],"score":1.0,"text":"(5) The IOL"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[743.0,1352.0,1100.0,1352.0,1100.0,1386.0,743.0,1386.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is the projection point of image center of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1148.0,1352.0,1515.0,1352.0,1515.0,1386.0,1148.0,1386.0],"score":0.97,"text":" and point F is the projection point of real"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[600.0,1381.0,1023.0,1381.0,1023.0,1413.0,600.0,1413.0],"score":0.98,"text":". Ifthere were not any decentration, three points"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1408.0,405.0,1406.0,405.0,1440.0,86.0,1442.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is the IOL decentration, denoted by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[423.0,1408.0,782.0,1406.0,782.0,1440.0,423.0,1442.0],"score":0.95,"text":". Ifthere were not any IOL tilt, we know"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[944.0,1472.0,1237.0,1472.0,1237.0,1506.0,944.0,1506.0],"score":0.97,"text":". Therefore, the IOL decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1256.0,1472.0,1473.0,1472.0,1473.0,1506.0,1256.0,1506.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the maximum value of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1243.0,239.0,1243.0,239.0,1274.0,91.0,1274.0],"score":0.99,"text":"scanned angle of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[255.0,1243.0,581.0,1243.0,581.0,1274.0,255.0,1274.0],"score":0.96,"text":", one can get the IOL tilt, denoted by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1998.0,148.0,1998.0,148.0,2032.0,91.0,2032.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[167.0,1998.0,383.0,1998.0,383.0,2032.0,167.0,2032.0],"score":0.93,"text":"gives the graph of the tilt"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[105.0,1301.0,863.0,1301.0,863.0,1333.0,105.0,1333.0],"score":0.96,"text":") should take the maximum value from the tits calculated at the different scanned angles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,256.0,797.0,256.0,797.0,288.0,112.0,288.0],"score":0.99,"text":"axis, the vertical direction (nasal bone to the jaw bone direction) parallel to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[820.0,256.0,1144.0,256.0,1144.0,288.0,820.0,288.0],"score":0.99,"text":"axis, and the ocular axial is set as the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1073.0,1381.0,1117.0,1381.0,1117.0,1413.0,1073.0,1413.0],"score":0.9,"text":", 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latex":"5.5\\,\\mathrm{mm}{-}6\\,\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[281,940,455,940,455,968,281,968],"score":0.81,"latex":"0.06\\,\\mathrm{mm}\\mathrm{-}0.51\\,\\mathrm{mm})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1031,912,1181,912,1181,938,1031,938],"score":0.8,"latex":"1.09\\pm0.65\\;\\mathrm{mm})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1289,1051,1338,1051,1338,1079,1289,1079],"score":0.79,"latex":"\\dot{\\mathbf{\\omega}}\\omega(\\alpha)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[435,573,477,573,477,603,435,603],"score":0.78,"latex":"(R^{2})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1025,1335,1111,1335,1111,1363,1025,1363],"score":0.71,"latex":"0.05\\,\\mathrm{mm},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[158,1027,174,1027,174,1046,158,1046],"score":0.64,"latex":"\\alpha"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[420,1082,437,1082,437,1107,420,1107],"score":0.49,"latex":"\\underline{{6}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1029,1307,1046,1307,1046,1333,1029,1333],"score":0.26,"latex":"\\underline{{3}}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,168.0,1065.0,168.0,1065.0,200.0,89.0,200.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 7: The relation with IOL decentration by the method of surface fitting and AS-OCT and scanned angles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,219.0,1562.0,219.0,1562.0,253.0,91.0,253.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 2 gives the results ofthe IOL tilt and decentration of three cases by two methods in different scanned angles (The \u201c' shown in the Table 2 means that this data is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,249.0,1528.0,249.0,1528.0,283.0,91.0,283.0],"score":0.97,"text":"not available). The resuts ofIOL tit and decentration shown in Table 3 were calculated by surface ftting method based on 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 pieces ofAS-OCT"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,283.0,268.0,283.0,268.0,309.0,91.0,309.0],"score":0.94,"text":"images, respectively."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,363.0,861.0,366.0,861.0,400.0,89.0,397.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 2: IOL decentration and tit obtained from the image with different scanned angle."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,426.0,1225.0,429.0,1225.0,463.0,89.0,460.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 3: IOL tilt and decentration calculated by surface ftting method based on 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 pieces of AS-OCT images."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,482.0,224.0,488.0,223.0,522.0,86.0,516.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4. Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,541.0,1508.0,543.0,1508.0,585.0,89.0,582.0],"score":0.77,"text":"According tCes, tILtitadderation we calculatd bycolletingdatafI sface and shercal fting to te dta ofIL aeror ad"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,629.0,1503.0,629.0,1503.0,663.0,91.0,663.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Korynta et al [18] showed that the drif and oblique astigmatism can be caused by the IOL decentration being more than 1 mm and the IOL tit being more than 5"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,653.0,1547.0,653.0,1547.0,694.0,86.0,694.0],"score":0.89,"text":"degres Inour results, the decentration ofone ee was greater than mmand the tits of3 eyes were greater than 5 degrees. The IL tit and decentrationfthe othr"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,687.0,1540.0,687.0,1540.0,721.0,89.0,721.0],"score":0.96,"text":"8 eyes basically were within the normal range given by Korynta. It is noticed that most ofthe cases used in this study are successful in operations. This verified that our"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,746.0,1537.0,746.0,1537.0,780.0,89.0,780.0],"score":0.98,"text":"optical diameter obtained in this study was basicall in this range (Table 1). We noticed that the calculated IOL diameters are slightly larger than those provided by the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,775.0,1535.0,772.0,1535.0,806.0,89.0,809.0],"score":0.97,"text":"manufacturer. The reason is that the edge ofIOL was made with a smooth and certain thickness shape, but we have not taken into account this issue in the calculation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,804.0,187.0,804.0,187.0,838.0,86.0,838.0],"score":0.97,"text":"(Figure Z)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,855.0,1469.0,855.0,1469.0,887.0,91.0,887.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The results oftilt calculated by surface ftting (Table 1, 1.76-7.52 degrees) were higher than those of Dhivya's study (0.04-3.6 degrees) [19]. Besides sample"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,884.0,1562.0,884.0,1562.0,919.0,91.0,919.0],"score":0.97,"text":"differences, the main reason is that the maximum value obtained from the four images (0 degrees, 90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 135 degrees [19]) is possibly less than the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1138.0,1523.0,1138.0,1523.0,1179.0,86.0,1179.0],"score":0.92,"text":"elninated byregistrationof images at diferent scanned directions and selecting as many as possibl pixel ponts to a certan extent So, the IL tit and decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1167.0,586.0,1170.0,585.0,1204.0,86.0,1201.0],"score":0.97,"text":" calculated with the method of surface fitting are accurate."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1221.0,1540.0,1221.0,1540.0,1255.0,89.0,1255.0],"score":0.97,"text":"In order to reduce the pressure ofclinical work, it is very significant to provide the method for calculating the more accurate tilt and decentration ofIOL and saving the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1250.0,1545.0,1250.0,1545.0,1284.0,91.0,1284.0],"score":0.98,"text":"workload. Table 3 gives the results of IOL tilt and decentration calculated with 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 AS-OCT images, respectively by the method. This problem is one of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1279.0,1557.0,1279.0,1557.0,1313.0,89.0,1313.0],"score":0.98,"text":"innovations of this study. Although the number of images used to obtain IOL tilt and decentration are 2 (90 degrees and 180 degrees) [6, 15], 4 (0 degrees, 45 degrees,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1367.0,1427.0,1367.0,1427.0,1401.0,89.0,1401.0],"score":0.98,"text":"practice. It is suggested that the method can calculate the more accurate tit and decentration of IOL with scanned angles at the six symmetrical directions."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1418.0,1555.0,1418.0,1555.0,1452.0,89.0,1452.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The IOL tit measured by AS-COT instrument is the angle between the IOL optical axis and the ine joining the centers ofthe anterior cornea and the pupil Our method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1447.0,1518.0,1447.0,1518.0,1481.0,91.0,1481.0],"score":0.95,"text":"can not only give the IOL tilt, but aso the tilt at the horizontal direction and the tit at the verticaldirection To the knowldge ofthe authors, it has not been reported"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1476.0,1528.0,1476.0,1528.0,1511.0,91.0,1511.0],"score":0.97,"text":"whether the horizontal and vertical angles can affect the recovery of vision and optical imaging quality. This may be related to the current methods in clinic leaving two"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1506.0,1409.0,1506.0,1409.0,1540.0,89.0,1540.0],"score":0.97,"text":"angles unknown. Therefore, it should be studied that whether the horizontal and vertical angles have an impact on visual acuity and visual efect in future."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1557.0,1537.0,1557.0,1537.0,1591.0,91.0,1591.0],"score":0.97,"text":"This study is limited in the follwing: because IOL was covered by ris and opaque tissues, the middle part ofIOL is only displayed in the image, and the point near the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1586.0,1532.0,1586.0,1532.0,1618.0,91.0,1618.0],"score":0.97,"text":"IOL boundary cannot be obtained. In addition, artificial selection and obtaining pixel coordinates will bring the errors. This will affect the similarity ofthe fitting surface"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1615.0,1532.0,1615.0,1532.0,1649.0,91.0,1649.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and the actual IOL surface. Therefore, it should be studied that the method can reduce errors in collcting data for improving the ftting goodness in future. In addiion,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1645.0,1513.0,1645.0,1513.0,1679.0,89.0,1679.0],"score":0.96,"text":"this study assumed that the IOL surface was spherical. But the aspheric surface cannot be thought about. It is hoped that the IOL suface can be calculated with the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1674.0,1564.0,1674.0,1564.0,1708.0,89.0,1708.0],"score":0.98,"text":"method of aspheric ftting in future. Moreover, compared with two methods of spherical and aspheric ftting, the results calculated with two methods can be more close to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1703.0,305.0,1703.0,305.0,1735.0,89.0,1735.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the real values in clinical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1752.0,1555.0,1754.0,1555.0,1788.0,89.0,1786.0],"score":0.97,"text":"In conclusion, the method ofthe surface ftting to the IOL surface can accurately analyze the IOL's location, and six piece of AS-OCT images at three pairs symmetrical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1786.0,814.0,1786.0,814.0,1818.0,89.0,1818.0],"score":0.97,"text":"directions are enough to get ilt angle and decentration value of IOL more precisely."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1844.0,307.0,1844.0,307.0,1876.0,91.0,1876.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Authors\u2019 Contribution"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1903.0,558.0,1903.0,558.0,1935.0,89.0,1935.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Lin Li and Ke Wang contributed equally to this work."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1966.0,266.0,1966.0,266.0,1993.0,93.0,1993.0],"score":0.92,"text":"Acknowle dgme nts"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2020.0,1520.0,2020.0,1520.0,2054.0,91.0,2054.0],"score":0.98,"text":"This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (no. 31070840), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3122010), and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2051.0,1038.0,2051.0,1038.0,2083.0,89.0,2083.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Bejing Leading Academic Discipline Project of Bejing Municipal education Commission (PHR201110506)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,2105.0,207.0,2110.0,205.0,2145.0,86.0,2139.0],"score":1.0,"text":"References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,2168.0,1520.0,2168.0,1520.0,2203.0,116.0,2203.0],"score":0.96,"text":"1. M. Scherer, E. Bertelmann, and P. Rieck, \u201cLate spontaneous in-the-bag intraocular ens and capsular tension ring dislocation in pseudoexfoliation syndrome,\u201d\""},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2198.0,1427.0,2198.0,1427.0,2232.0,145.0,2232.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 672-675, 2006. View at Publisher \u00b7 View at Google Scholar View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,2227.0,1545.0,2227.0,1545.0,2261.0,113.0,2261.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2. H. Saedon, W. H. Chan, and R. Radford, \u201cAnterior dislocation ofa Morcher capsular tension ring\" Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, vol. 37, no."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1387.0,994.0,1550.0,994.0,1550.0,1028.0,1387.0,1028.0],"score":1.0,"text":"when the scanned"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[630.0,1111.0,1481.0,1111.0,1481.0,1145.0,630.0,1145.0],"score":0.98,"text":"calculated from each image could cause larger accumulation errors. In our method, the errors are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1436.0,1053.0,1552.0,1053.0,1552.0,1087.0,1436.0,1087.0],"score":0.97,"text":"among of all"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,994.0,857.0,994.0,857.0,1028.0,91.0,1028.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Assume that IOL anterior and posterior surfaces are spheres. We give the formula oftilt"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[908.0,994.0,1329.0,994.0,1329.0,1028.0,908.0,1028.0],"score":0.99,"text":" and the approximate expression of decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1053.0,113.0,1053.0,113.0,1087.0,89.0,1087.0],"score":1.0,"text":"tit"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[164.0,1053.0,317.0,1053.0,317.0,1087.0,164.0,1087.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1111.0,369.0,1111.0,369.0,1145.0,89.0,1145.0],"score":0.98,"text":"errors are not eliminated, the tit"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[420.0,1111.0,573.0,1111.0,573.0,1145.0,420.0,1145.0],"score":0.97,"text":" and decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,914.0,724.0,914.0,724.0,948.0,91.0,948.0],"score":0.96,"text":"IOL tilt (see, (4). Our results are consistent with those of Xue et al. (tilt,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,716.0,1311.0,711.0,1311.0,746.0,89.0,750.0],"score":0.96,"text":"results were in accordance with results of the literatures and clinical In addition, optical diameter of the IOL provided by the manufacturer is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1445.0,716.0,1532.0,711.0,1533.0,746.0,1445.0,750.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The IOL"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,943.0,280.0,943.0,280.0,977.0,89.0,977.0],"score":1.0,"text":"degrees; decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[456.0,943.0,1560.0,943.0,1560.0,977.0,456.0,977.0],"score":0.99,"text":"[21]. In fact, the IOL tit and decentration were possibly involved in the difference of individuals, surgeons, and measurements."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[835.0,914.0,1030.0,914.0,1030.0,948.0,835.0,948.0],"score":0.96,"text":"degrees; decentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1182.0,914.0,1557.0,914.0,1557.0,948.0,1182.0,948.0],"score":0.99,"text":"[20] and Baumeister et al. (tilt, 0.91-6.83"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[374.0,1053.0,1288.0,1053.0,1288.0,1087.0,374.0,1087.0],"score":0.99,"text":", respectively. However, the tilt and decentration given by AS-OCT instrument are the maximum value of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1339.0,1053.0,1378.0,1053.0,1378.0,1087.0,1339.0,1087.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,577.0,434.0,577.0,434.0,612.0,89.0,612.0],"score":0.98,"text":"posterior surfaces. The goodness-of ft"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[478.0,577.0,713.0,577.0,713.0,612.0,478.0,612.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is between 0.85 and 0.97."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1338.0,1024.0,1338.0,1024.0,1372.0,91.0,1372.0],"score":0.97,"text":"with the decreasing of the number of images. The tilt and decentration changed in the range of 1 degree and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1112.0,1338.0,1562.0,1338.0,1562.0,1372.0,1112.0,1372.0],"score":0.99,"text":"respectively. If the erors were neglected in clinical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1023.0,157.0,1021.0,157.0,1055.0,89.0,1057.0],"score":1.0,"text":"angle is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[175.0,1023.0,1552.0,1021.0,1552.0,1055.0,175.0,1057.0],"score":0.98,"text":". The two relationships display that both oftit and decentration continuously change in cosine law. The IOL tilt and decentration are the maximum values ofthe"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1082.0,419.0,1082.0,419.0,1116.0,89.0,1116.0],"score":0.99,"text":"scanned images, respectively. Figures"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[438.0,1082.0,1550.0,1082.0,1550.0,1116.0,438.0,1116.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and 7 show that the errors oftit and decentration produced by AS-OCT are large. In fact, each image contains errors. Ifthese"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1308.0,1028.0,1308.0,1028.0,1342.0,89.0,1342.0],"score":0.97,"text":"90 degrees, and 135 degrees) [19], and 5 (five diferent directions) [22], their results are not verified. Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1047.0,1308.0,1545.0,1308.0,1545.0,1342.0,1047.0,1342.0],"score":0.96,"text":"shows that the IOL tilt and decentration become smaller "}],"page_info":{"page_no":3,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":1,"poly":[104.5351791381836,78.89070892333984,1570.2327880859375,78.89070892333984,1570.2327880859375,1424.9718017578125,104.5351791381836,1424.9718017578125],"score":0.999968409538269},{"category_id":13,"poly":[786,1189,801,1189,801,1203,786,1203],"score":0.44,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[804,1130,819,1130,819,1145,804,1145],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[743,85,757,85,757,101,743,101],"score":0.4,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1266,259,1280,259,1280,274,1266,274],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1036,259,1051,259,1051,274,1036,274],"score":0.31,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[961,607,974,607,974,623,961,623],"score":0.31,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[743,1071,757,1071,757,1087,743,1087],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[513,1071,527,1071,527,1087,513,1087],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[959,1304,972,1304,972,1319,959,1319],"score":0.26,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[514,85,527,85,527,100,514,100],"score":0.26,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1291,1362,1304,1362,1304,1379,1291,1379],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[875,1013,890,1013,890,1029,875,1029],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,107.0,1503.0,107.0,1503.0,141.0,116.0,141.0],"score":0.96,"text":"3. F. Taketani, T. Matura, E. Yukawa, and Y. Hara, \u201cInfuence of intraocular lens tilt and decentration on waveffont aberrations,\u201d\" Journal of Cataract and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,132.0,1235.0,134.0,1235.0,175.0,140.0,173.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Refractive Surgery, vol. 30, no. 10, p. 2158-2162, 2004. View at Publisher View at Go0ogle Scholar View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,163.0,1555.0,168.0,1555.0,200.0,111.0,195.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 4. D. L. Guyton, H. Uozato, and H. J. Wisnicki, \u201cRapid determination of intraocular lens tilt and decentration through the undilated pupil, Ophthalmology, vol. 97,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,195.0,799.0,195.0,799.0,229.0,145.0,229.0],"score":0.97,"text":"no. 10, pp. 1259-1264, 1990. View at Go0gle Scholar : View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,222.0,1523.0,224.0,1523.0,258.0,111.0,256.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 5. U. Mester, T. Sauer, and H. 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more"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[149.0,343.0,264.0,349.0,262.0,383.0,147.0,377.0],"score":0.96,"text":" Presentation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[150.0,387.0,305.0,387.0,305.0,422.0,150.0,422.0],"score":0.95,"text":" Full-text available"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,441.0,460.0,438.0,460.0,473.0,140.0,475.0],"score":0.99,"text":" Cross Currency Swaption Model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,485.0,239.0,485.0,239.0,519.0,143.0,519.0],"score":0.98,"text":"April 2023"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[139.0,532.0,271.0,523.0,274.0,560.0,142.0,568.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Tim Xiao"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,590.0,1505.0,592.0,1505.0,626.0,140.0,624.0],"score":0.97,"text":"A Cross Curency European Swaption gives the holder the option to enter into a swap to exchange cash flows in two different currencies. The domestic and foreign swap"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,616.0,1006.0,619.0,1006.0,653.0,140.0,651.0],"score":0.96,"text":"leg cash flows can be fixed or float ing We present an analytic solution for pricing cros currency swaption."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,672.0,258.0,672.0,258.0,699.0,145.0,699.0],"score":0.98,"text":"View full-text"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[155.0,785.0,261.0,785.0,261.0,811.0,155.0,811.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Presentation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[153.0,821.0,305.0,821.0,305.0,848.0,153.0,848.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Full-text available"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,875.0,573.0,875.0,573.0,906.0,143.0,906.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Equity Forward with Dividend Reinvestment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,921.0,239.0,921.0,239.0,948.0,145.0,948.0],"score":0.99,"text":"April 2023"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[139.0,966.0,271.0,957.0,274.0,993.0,142.0,1002.0],"score":0.95,"text":" Tim Xiao"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1023.0,1004.0,1023.0,1004.0,1057.0,143.0,1057.0],"score":0.97,"text":"We developed a pricing model to calculate unwinding values of equity forward with dividend reinvestment."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[141.0,1069.0,261.0,1075.0,260.0,1109.0,140.0,1103.0],"score":0.88,"text":"View full-text "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[151.0,1181.0,264.0,1187.0,262.0,1221.0,149.0,1215.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Presentation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[155.0,1228.0,303.0,1228.0,303.0,1255.0,155.0,1255.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Full-text available"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1279.0,499.0,1279.0,499.0,1311.0,143.0,1311.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Non Quanto Convertible Bond Model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[139.0,1324.0,239.0,1317.0,242.0,1354.0,142.0,1360.0],"score":0.95,"text":"April 2023"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,1372.0,275.0,1366.0,276.0,1401.0,141.0,1406.0],"score":0.94,"text":"Tim Xiao"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,1430.0,1496.0,1428.0,1496.0,1462.0,140.0,1464.0],"score":0.88,"text":"Aconvertibleond canalsoecalldby theissuer orredmed putby thebondhler, dendnt onthecontract specifications.As totheond itef, it canbeafxd"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1457.0,1496.0,1457.0,1496.0,1489.0,143.0,1489.0],"score":0.97,"text":"rate bond, or a floating rate bond. In a non-quanto convertible bonds, the spot stock price in foreign currency is converted into an amount in domestic currency using the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,1481.0,780.0,1479.0,780.0,1513.0,140.0,1516.0],"score":0.94,"text":" spot exchange rate. This amoun is then adjusted by th .. 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Reliabilty and Systems Engineering School, Beihang University, Bejing 100191, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,171.0,721.0,173.0,721.0,207.0,86.0,205.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,200.0,1164.0,202.0,1163.0,244.0,86.0,241.0],"score":0.87,"text":"3SchoolofElectricaland Auomation Engneerg Nanjng NormalUniversity, 78Bancang Street Nanjng 210042, Cha"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,261.0,499.0,261.0,499.0,292.0,89.0,292.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Received 5 May 2013; Accepted 1 July 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,309.0,315.0,309.0,315.0,341.0,86.0,341.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Academic Editor: Jun Hu"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,387.0,876.0,390.0,876.0,431.0,86.0,429.0],"score":0.96,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is propery cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,453.0,283.0,453.0,283.0,485.0,89.0,485.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Linked 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3 January 2013; Accepted 21 March 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,256.0,376.0,256.0,376.0,288.0,89.0,288.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Academic Editor: Xuerong Mao"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,336.0,876.0,336.0,876.0,370.0,86.0,370.0],"score":0.98,"text":" distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,392.0,281.0,397.0,280.0,429.0,83.0,424.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Linked References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,453.0,1493.0,456.0,1493.0,490.0,111.0,487.0],"score":0.99,"text":"1. 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Khamsi"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,268.0,876.0,268.0,876.0,300.0,89.0,300.0],"score":0.99,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,321.0,281.0,324.0,280.0,358.0,88.0,356.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Linked References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,380.0,1557.0,383.0,1557.0,417.0,113.0,414.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. V. V. Chistyakov, \u201cModular metric spaces. 1. Basic concepts,\" Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications A, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2010. View"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,439.0,1567.0,439.0,1567.0,480.0,111.0,480.0],"score":0.94,"text":" 2. V. V. Chistyakoy, \u201cModular metric spaces. Il Application to superposition operators,\" Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications A, vol. 72, no. 1,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,499.0,1107.0,499.0,1107.0,534.0,113.0,534.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3. H. 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Reich, Reich Uniform Convexity, Hyperbolic Geometry, and Nonexpansive Mappings, vol. 83 of Monographs and Textbooks in Pure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1167.0,994.0,1167.0,994.0,1201.0,148.0,1201.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and Applied Mathematics, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, 1984. View at MathSciNet"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,1196.0,1547.0,1196.0,1547.0,1230.0,103.0,1230.0],"score":0.97,"text":"17. K. Goebel, T. Sekowski, and A. Stachura, \u201cUniform convexity ofthe hyperbolic metric and fixed points ofholomorphic mappings in the Hibert ball\" Nonlinear"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1250.0,335.0,1255.0,334.0,1289.0,142.0,1284.0],"score":0.98,"text":"View at MathSciNet"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,1284.0,1508.0,1284.0,1508.0,1318.0,103.0,1318.0],"score":0.98,"text":"18. W. A. Kirk, \u201cFixed point theorems in CAT(0) spaces and R-trees,\" Fixed Point Theory and Applications, no. 4, pp. 309-316, 2004. 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Kirk, \"Asymptotic pointwise contractions, plenary lecture,\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fixed Point Theory and Its"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1486.0,873.0,1486.0,873.0,1520.0,148.0,1520.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Applications, pp. 16-22, ChiangMai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, July 2007."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,1545.0,1055.0,1545.0,1055.0,1579.0,145.0,1579.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 2008. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar : View at Zentralblatt MATH : View at MathSciNet"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[101.0,1572.0,1547.0,1572.0,1547.0,1606.0,101.0,1606.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 23. J.-P. Penot, \u201cFixed point theorems without convexity,\u201d Memoires de la Societe Mathematique de France, vol. 60, pp. 129-152, 1979, Analyse non convexe."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[98.0,1625.0,1520.0,1628.0,1520.0,1669.0,98.0,1667.0],"score":0.93,"text":"24. W. A. Kirk, \u201cA fixed point theorem for mappings which do not ncrease distances,\u201d The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 72, pp. 1004-1006, 1965."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,1688.0,1540.0,1688.0,1540.0,1723.0,103.0,1723.0],"score":0.97,"text":"25. M. A. Khamsi, \u201cOn metric spaces with uniform normal structure,\" Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 723-726, 1989."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[98.0,1742.0,1567.0,1745.0,1567.0,1786.0,98.0,1783.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 26. M. A. Khamsi, \u201cOne-local retract and common fixed point for commuting mappings in metric spaces,\" Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications A,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,1803.0,1562.0,1803.0,1562.0,1837.0,103.0,1837.0],"score":0.96,"text":"27. S. A. Al-Mezel, A. AlRoqi and M. A. 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Kozlowski, Modular Function Spaces, vol. 122 of Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[143.0,1947.0,448.0,1949.0,448.0,1983.0,143.0,1981.0],"score":0.96,"text":" USA, 1988. View at MathSciNet"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,1981.0,1168.0,1981.0,1168.0,2015.0,103.0,2015.0],"score":0.97,"text":"30. A. A. N. Abdou and M. A. Khamsi, \u201cOn the fixed points of nonexpansive maps in modular metric spaces,\" Preprint."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[98.0,2003.0,1454.0,2005.0,1454.0,2047.0,98.0,2044.0],"score":0.94,"text":" 31. J. B. Baillon, Nonexpansive mappings and hyperconvex spaces,\u201d Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 72, pp. 11-19, 1988. View at Google Scholar"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,236.0,180.0,236.0,180.0,270.0,89.0,270.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,236.0,1508.0,236.0,1508.0,270.0,205.0,270.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2013 Afrah A. N. Abdou. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Atribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[974.0,470.0,1161.0,470.0,1161.0,504.0,974.0,504.0],"score":0.97,"text":"View at MathSciNet"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1367.0,547.0,1367.0,547.0,1401.0,148.0,1401.0],"score":0.98,"text":"10, pp. 4423-4429, 2009. 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Science"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1920.0,534.0,1920.0,534.0,1944.0,91.0,1944.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Volume 2013 (2013)\uff0c Article ID 248138,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[524.0,1922.0,625.0,1922.0,625.0,1947.0,524.0,1947.0],"score":0.92,"text":"\uff0c6 pages"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1939.0,526.0,1939.0,526.0,1971.0,89.0,1971.0],"score":0.97,"text":"http: //dx.doi. 0rg/10.1155/2013/248138"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1988.0,239.0,1988.0,239.0,2015.0,89.0,2015.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Research Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2047.0,1505.0,2047.0,1505.0,2081.0,89.0,2081.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The Sorption of Ni(Il) by Grape Shell Ash from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Thermodynamic"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2086.0,204.0,2086.0,204.0,2120.0,89.0,2120.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Studies"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2147.0,662.0,2147.0,662.0,2178.0,89.0,2178.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Nahid Ghasemi Maryam Ghasemi, and Yaghoub Khosravi- 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Editors: W. Cantwell and J. M. Deitzel"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,214.0,873.0,214.0,873.0,249.0,89.0,249.0],"score":0.98,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,278.0,180.0,278.0,180.0,305.0,91.0,305.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,334.0,1540.0,334.0,1540.0,365.0,89.0,365.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The sorption of Ni(Il) onto grape shell ash (GSA) was studied by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. The influences of major parameters in Nickel(Il) ions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,363.0,1547.0,363.0,1547.0,395.0,91.0,395.0],"score":0.97,"text":"sorption on GS such as initial of pH, initial concentration of Ni() ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time were investigated. The maximum increase in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,424.0,1547.0,421.0,1547.0,456.0,86.0,458.0],"score":0.97,"text":"rate constants and the equilbrium sorption capacities were calculated. The results indicate that the sorption process follows the second-order kinetics and the values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,487.0,1545.0,487.0,1545.0,521.0,89.0,521.0],"score":0.97,"text":"adsorption ofNill) on GSA from all the systems were found to be 0.999, and the values ofpredicted equilbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,543.0,467.0,546.0,467.0,580.0,86.0,577.0],"score":0.97,"text":" that the adsorption process is spontaneous."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,607.0,234.0,607.0,234.0,633.0,91.0,633.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,665.0,1540.0,665.0,1540.0,697.0,89.0,697.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The presence of heavy metals in the environment is of major concern because of their toxic nature and tendency for bioaccumulation in the food chain even in relatively"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,692.0,1466.0,692.0,1466.0,724.0,89.0,724.0],"score":0.98,"text":"low concentrations [1-5]. The discharge of water containing heavy metals causes critical polution problems. Nickel (Ml) ion is one such heavy metal frequently"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,721.0,1537.0,721.0,1537.0,755.0,89.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"encountered in wastewater streams from industries such as electroplating, battery manufacture, mineral processing, steam-electric power plants, paint formulation, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,850.0,1547.0,850.0,1547.0,884.0,89.0,884.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and shortness ofbreath, rapid respiration, cyanosis, and extreme weakness [9-12]. These harmful efects ofNi(ll) necessitate its removal from wastewaters before the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,877.0,1562.0,877.0,1562.0,911.0,89.0,911.0],"score":0.98,"text":"release into streams. Several treatment methods such as membrane fitration, chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, fitration, electrochemical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,909.0,1557.0,909.0,1557.0,943.0,91.0,943.0],"score":0.99,"text":"treatment, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, and adsorption have been reported for the removal of metallc ions from water and wastewater [13]. Adsorptive removal "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,938.0,1528.0,938.0,1528.0,972.0,89.0,972.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is based on the ability ofa porous adsorbent to selectively adsorb some specific compounds from the atmosphere or refinery streans. The compounds, which have a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,967.0,1469.0,967.0,1469.0,1001.0,89.0,1001.0],"score":0.98,"text":"suitable size and shape, can be removed via adsorption. Based on the types of interactions between an adsorbate and a porous sorbent, the adsorption can be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,997.0,1523.0,997.0,1523.0,1031.0,89.0,1031.0],"score":0.98,"text":"categorized as a physical or chemical one [14]. Various porous adsorbents such as activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials have been investigated for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1026.0,490.0,1026.0,490.0,1057.0,89.0,1057.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorptive removal of hazardous compounds."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1070.0,1530.0,1072.0,1530.0,1113.0,86.0,1111.0],"score":0.79,"text":"A grape is afuitnerryfthe dids wodyvns ofth btancal gesVitisGrapescan atnraor thycaneed formakingjm juic jll, ga"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1106.0,1564.0,1106.0,1564.0,1140.0,89.0,1140.0],"score":0.98,"text":"seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Italy ranks first in grape production in the world and Iran ranks eleventh in grape production, a potential of3 millon tons"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1131.0,1542.0,1131.0,1542.0,1172.0,86.0,1172.0],"score":0.92,"text":"of grape are produced anually The total area planted of grape is 310.000 hectare. Thishows a high potentalof grape shell produced during pruning step each year"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1165.0,1542.0,1165.0,1542.0,1196.0,89.0,1196.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that have ittle value. This leads to a need to convert this by-product to usefil, value added product, such as adsorbent. To our knowledge, no investigations have used"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1194.0,583.0,1194.0,583.0,1228.0,89.0,1228.0],"score":0.97,"text":"grape shels as precursor to produce adsorbent and ash."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1245.0,1500.0,1245.0,1500.0,1279.0,89.0,1279.0],"score":0.96,"text":"In this study, we attempt to utilize grape shell waste, an agricutural waste available in Iran as a sorbent to remove Niions from aqueous solution. This study mainly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1274.0,1540.0,1274.0,1540.0,1308.0,91.0,1308.0],"score":0.95,"text":"focuses on the efect of some environmental parameters such as solution pH, initial Nill) concentration, contact time, and temperature on the abity of Grape Shell ash"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1304.0,1535.0,1304.0,1535.0,1338.0,91.0,1338.0],"score":0.96,"text":"(GSA) to biosorb Nim) ions from aqueous solutions and to determine the mechanism that govern Ni) ions removal as well as to find a suitable kinetic model for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,1330.0,266.0,1335.0,265.0,1370.0,86.0,1364.0],"score":0.99,"text":"adsorption process."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1396.0,246.0,1396.0,246.0,1423.0,91.0,1423.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2. Expe rime ntal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1450.0,352.0,1447.0,352.0,1481.0,86.0,1484.0],"score":0.95,"text":"2.1. Preparation of the Ads orbent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1508.0,1560.0,1508.0,1560.0,1540.0,91.0,1540.0],"score":0.98,"text":"GS was obtained from one ofthe villages of Arak in Iran. Unmodified sorbent was washed several times with warm distilled water to remove impurities and was dried at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1601.0,335.0,1601.0,335.0,1632.0,89.0,1632.0],"score":0.96,"text":"stored in air glass container."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1662.0,199.0,1662.0,199.0,1688.0,91.0,1688.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2.2.Reagents"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1818.0,229.0,1818.0,229.0,1844.0,89.0,1844.0],"score":0.99,"text":"analytical grade."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1874.0,207.0,1874.0,207.0,1908.0,89.0,1908.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2.3. Apparatus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1927.0,1510.0,1930.0,1510.0,1964.0,86.0,1961.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The Ni ion concentration in the solutions was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (model AA 680 made of SHIMADZU) using a standard calibration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2020.0,369.0,2020.0,369.0,2051.0,89.0,2051.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2.4. Batch Ads orption Experiments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2073.0,1508.0,2073.0,1508.0,2108.0,89.0,2108.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Batch experiments were conducted in order to study the efect ofimportant parameters like the pH, contact time, and the initial ion concentration on the adsorptive"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2168.0,1555.0,2168.0,1555.0,2203.0,91.0,2203.0],"score":0.99,"text":"onto the GSA was studied across a pH range of2.0-5.0 in different time with a fixed adsorbent concentration. The effect ofthe initial concentration and contact time on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2203.0,1498.0,2203.0,1498.0,2237.0,91.0,2237.0],"score":0.96,"text":"the uptake of the Ni ions was conducted by varying the ion concentration from 5.0 to 50.0 mg L-1 at different contact times (0.0-90.0 min). The percent of Ni(II)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,819.0,481.0,819.0,481.0,853.0,91.0,853.0],"score":0.98,"text":"lethal in humans at atmospheric exposures of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[243.0,1749.0,1545.0,1749.0,1545.0,1783.0,243.0,1783.0],"score":0.97,"text":"in double distiled water. Working solutions of the desired concentration were then prepared by successive dilution. All the solutions were made using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1783.0,639.0,1783.0,639.0,1815.0,89.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"deionized distilled water. pH adjustments were performed with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[704.0,1783.0,1478.0,1783.0,1478.0,1815.0,704.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and NaOH (Merck) solutions 0.1 N. A chemicals used in the experiments were reagent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,750.0,998.0,750.0,998.0,792.0,86.0,792.0],"score":0.91,"text":"porcelain enamelng [68] In drinking water and forindustrial wastewater, the tolerance lmit ofnickel is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[195.0,1562.0,426.0,1567.0,426.0,1608.0,195.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":"from room temperature to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,782.0,1247.0,782.0,1247.0,816.0,89.0,816.0],"score":0.98,"text":"created. Dermatitis (nickel itch) is the most frequent effect ofexposure to nickel, such as coins and costume jewelry. Nickel carbonyl"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1345.0,782.0,1542.0,782.0,1542.0,816.0,1345.0,816.0],"score":0.98,"text":"has been estimated as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1521.0,397.0,1562.0,397.0,1562.0,429.0,1521.0,429.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1111.0,750.0,1148.0,750.0,1148.0,792.0,1111.0,792.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1249.0,750.0,1567.0,750.0,1567.0,792.0,1249.0,792.0],"score":0.91,"text":".Cancer ofnose, bone, and ungs is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1713.0,839.0,1715.0,839.0,1757.0,84.0,1754.0],"score":0.79,"text":"Solutionfmtalns (nkeltratewas ofaaltical gadeytetic stock t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2105.0,689.0,2103.0,689.0,2144.0,86.0,2147.0],"score":0.97,"text":"removal ofNion using GSA. For the batch adsorption experiments,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[753.0,2105.0,1101.0,2103.0,1101.0,2144.0,753.0,2147.0],"score":0.86,"text":"sohutionofNi ofinitialconcentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,185.0,180.0,185.0,180.0,217.0,89.0,217.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,185.0,1513.0,185.0,1513.0,217.0,205.0,217.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2013 Nahid Ghasemi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,666.0,397.0,666.0,429.0,89.0,429.0],"score":0.95,"text":"the rate of sorption of Ni(l) ions on GS was observed at an initial"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1195.0,2105.0,1370.0,2103.0,1370.0,2144.0,1195.0,2147.0],"score":0.94,"text":"was contacted with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1483.0,2105.0,1528.0,2103.0,1528.0,2144.0,1483.0,2147.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2139.0,563.0,2139.0,563.0,2173.0,89.0,2173.0],"score":0.99,"text":"contents were placed in a stirrer and gently agitated at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[647.0,2139.0,1523.0,2139.0,1523.0,2173.0,647.0,2173.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The solution was fitered, and the residual Ni concentration was analyzed. The effect of the initial pH"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[736.0,397.0,1298.0,397.0,1298.0,429.0,736.0,429.0],"score":0.96,"text":" initial concentration of nickel 50 mgL, temperature of solution"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1373.0,397.0,1417.0,397.0,1417.0,429.0,1373.0,429.0],"score":0.96,"text":", and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[742.0,1533.0,1567.0,1535.0,1567.0,1569.0,742.0,1567.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The material was placed in a vertical stainless steel reactor and heated in a furnace at a rate of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[492.0,1562.0,1326.0,1567.0,1326.0,1608.0,492.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":" The black residue was cooled and sieved to get GS ash (GSA) with an average paricle size of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1422.0,1562.0,1515.0,1567.0,1515.0,1608.0,1422.0,1603.0],"score":0.92,"text":"and finally"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[576.0,819.0,606.0,819.0,606.0,853.0,576.0,853.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[672.0,819.0,1535.0,819.0,1535.0,853.0,672.0,853.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[3]. Acute Ni(ll) poisoning causes dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, dry cough"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[153.0,1533.0,184.0,1535.0,184.0,1569.0,153.0,1567.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[229.0,1533.0,666.0,1535.0,666.0,1569.0,229.0,1567.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and cut into small pieces of sizes between 2.0 and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,458.0,903.0,458.0,903.0,490.0,91.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":"rate constants were found to be 0.224, 0.402, 0.193 and 0.123 min at 298, 308, 318, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[965.0,458.0,1471.0,458.0,1471.0,490.0,965.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":" respectively. The values of correlation coefficients for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1961.0,613.0,1961.0,613.0,1993.0,89.0,1993.0],"score":0.98,"text":"curve. The pH was measured via the Swiss-made Metrohm"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[688.0,1961.0,1031.0,1961.0,1031.0,1993.0,688.0,1993.0],"score":0.99,"text":"meter with a combined glass electrode."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,517.0,718.0,517.0,718.0,551.0,89.0,551.0],"score":0.98,"text":"experimental equilibrium uptake values. The thermodynamic parameters"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[822.0,517.0,1557.0,517.0,1557.0,551.0,822.0,551.0],"score":0.97,"text":", and S\") of the adsorption process were calculated, and these parameters showed"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[961.0,1713.0,990.0,1715.0,990.0,1757.0,961.0,1754.0],"score":0.82,"text":"off"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1046.0,1713.0,1545.0,1715.0,1545.0,1757.0,1046.0,1754.0],"score":0.92,"text":"ions was prepared by dissolving the requred quanty 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b)+{\\frac{1}{b}}\\ln\\,("},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1486,636,1551,636,1551,662,1486,662],"score":0.58,"latex":"90\\,\\mathrm{{min}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1223,2152,1300,2152,1300,2183,1223,2183],"score":0.57,"latex":"\\mathrm{pH}=6"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[743,447,806,447,806,473,743,473],"score":0.57,"latex":"\\mathrm{{\\cdot90}\\,m\\dot{n}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1450,1239,1514,1239,1514,1266,1450,1266],"score":0.56,"latex":"90\\,\\mathrm{{min}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1039,1236,1130,1236,1130,1268,1039,1268],"score":0.55,"latex":"10\\,\\mathrm{mgL^{-1}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1120,213,1141,213,1141,239,1120,239],"score":0.53,"latex":"V"},{"category_id":14,"poly":[898,1528,1057,1528,1057,1593,898,1593],"score":0.51,"latex":"\\frac{t}{q_{t}}=\\frac{1}{k_{2}q_{e}^{2}}+\\frac{t}{q_{e}},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1180,2220,1321,2220,1321,2252,1180,2252],"score":0.48,"latex":"1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}};\\mathrm{pH}\\mathrm{=}\\mathrm{6)}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1160,1827,1179,1827,1179,1853,1160,1853],"score":0.46,"latex":"\\leq"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[358,245,385,245,385,272,358,272],"score":0.43,"latex":"\\mathrm{(g)}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[962,1799,978,1799,978,1823,962,1823],"score":0.39,"latex":"\\underline{{4}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[715,568,780,568,780,594,715,594],"score":0.37,"latex":"20\\,\\mathrm{min.}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[928,1021,947,1021,947,1047,928,1047],"score":0.37,"latex":"\\underline{{3}}"},{"category_id":14,"poly":[823,1460,1160,1460,1160,1520,823,1520],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\log\\,\\left(q_{e}-q_{t}\\right)=\\log q_{e}-\\frac{k_{1}}{2.303}t,\\!\\left(3\\right)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1154,2151,1214,2151,1214,2183,1154,2183],"score":0.33,"latex":"1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[552,1682,581,1682,581,1710,552,1710],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\circleddash"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[395,1107,449,1107,449,1135,395,1135],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\mathrm{{Nu}}(\\mathrm{{II}})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[707,1827,722,1827,722,1850,707,1850],"score":0.28,"latex":"^b"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[550,1569,579,1569,579,1596,550,1596],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\underline{{\\boldsymbol{\\Theta}}})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[538,1603,582,1603,582,1630,538,1630],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\mathrm{(min)}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,305.0,342.0,305.0,342.0,336.0,86.0,336.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 3. Results and Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,361.0,448.0,363.0,448.0,395.0,88.0,392.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.1. Effects of Solution pH and Agitation Time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,419.0,1552.0,419.0,1552.0,451.0,89.0,451.0],"score":0.97,"text":"One ofthe main parameters affecting the metal adsorption from aqueous solution is the pH ofthe solution. The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,451.0,1557.0,451.0,1557.0,482.0,89.0,482.0],"score":0.98,"text":"of Ni() by GSA was represented in Figure 1 and Table 1, for a period of 90 min. With increasing pH from 2 to 5, adsorption capacity ofadsorbent increased from 7.2"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,724.0,1535.0,724.0,1535.0,755.0,89.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"contrary, as the pH increases, the adsorbent surface becomes more and more negatively charged, and the adsorption ofNil) ions is more favorable. Figure 1 shows "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,753.0,1070.0,753.0,1070.0,785.0,89.0,785.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that the Ni(Il) removal by GSA increases with increase in pH and the maximum of removal attains at 20 minutes."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,811.0,512.0,814.0,512.0,841.0,88.0,838.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3.2. Effect of Initial Concentration and Agitation Time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,936.0,1567.0,936.0,1567.0,967.0,91.0,967.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption sites in adsorbent that is high at higher initial concentrations. Thus, at the same time, the time required for attaining the equilibrium state is highly independent on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,960.0,1491.0,962.0,1491.0,997.0,86.0,994.0],"score":0.96,"text":" initial NiMl) concentration. In Figure 2, the infuence of contact time on the adsorption of NiIl) on GSA is observed. According to Figure 2, the amount ofNi(I)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,994.0,1550.0,994.0,1550.0,1028.0,91.0,1028.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption onto GSA increases sharply up to the first 10 minutes and finally attain equilbrium where there is no further increase in the amount of adsorption The uptake"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1174.0,1080.0,1174.0,1080.0,1206.0,89.0,1206.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 3: Comparison of adsorption capacity of various adsorbents for the removal of Ni(ll) from aqueous phase."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1301.0,327.0,1301.0,327.0,1333.0,86.0,1333.0],"score":0.97,"text":"3.3. Adsorption Kinetic Study"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1357.0,1525.0,1357.0,1525.0,1389.0,89.0,1389.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Determination of uptake kinetics is important for the evaluation ofa candidate adsorbent material. In order to estimate the uptake capacity ofthe sample in this study,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1384.0,1520.0,1384.0,1520.0,1418.0,89.0,1418.0],"score":0.98,"text":"three sorption kinetic models developed, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich equations by Lagergren [19], Ho and McKay [20], and Fatehi et al."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1413.0,352.0,1413.0,352.0,1445.0,89.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":"[21], respectively, were used."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[867.0,1663.0,945.0,1670.0,943.0,1696.0,865.0,1690.0],"score":0.91,"text":"t),(5)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1915.0,1555.0,1915.0,1555.0,1949.0,89.0,1949.0],"score":0.98,"text":"due to a boundary layer or external resistance controllng at the begining of the sorption process [22]. In most cases ofthe literature, the pseudo- first-order model does"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1974.0,1510.0,1974.0,1510.0,2008.0,91.0,2008.0],"score":0.96,"text":"sorption capacity ofthe solid phase. Contrary to other well established models, it predicts the behavior over the whole range of studies and it is in agreement with a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2003.0,625.0,2003.0,625.0,2037.0,89.0,2037.0],"score":0.97,"text":"chemisorption mechanism being the rate-controling step [22]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2088.0,1532.0,2088.0,1532.0,2122.0,89.0,2122.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 4: The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich's equation kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[206.0,1713.0,605.0,1718.0,605.0,1752.0,206.0,1747.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is related to the available sites for adsorption."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1368.0,1681.0,1542.0,1681.0,1542.0,1715.0,1368.0,1715.0],"score":0.98,"text":", and the parameter"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1764.0,1283.0,1766.0,1283.0,1801.0,86.0,1798.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Initially, the validity of the two models was checked by studying the kinetics under different intial temperatures of solution. Linear plots of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1402.0,1764.0,1441.0,1766.0,1441.0,1801.0,1402.0,1798.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1483.0,1764.0,1560.0,1766.0,1559.0,1801.0,1483.0,1798.0],"score":0.98,"text":"versus t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,906.0,169.0,906.0,169.0,938.0,89.0,938.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4.344 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[302.0,906.0,1520.0,906.0,1520.0,938.0,302.0,938.0],"score":0.95,"text":"with the increasing in initial Ni(ll) concentration. This increase may be due to the ratio of the initial number of moles of Ni(ll) to the available"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,480.0,110.0,485.0,110.0,519.0,86.0,514.0],"score":1.0,"text":"to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1223.0,183.0,1278.0,183.0,1278.0,214.0,1223.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[714.0,1606.0,1018.0,1606.0,1018.0,1637.0,714.0,1637.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is the rate constants of adsorption."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1308.0,183.0,1346.0,183.0,1346.0,214.0,1308.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1373.0,183.0,1542.0,183.0,1542.0,214.0,1373.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"are the equilibrium"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1886.0,1171.0,1886.0,1171.0,1920.0,89.0,1920.0],"score":0.96,"text":"pseudo-frst-order model to ft the kinetic data for the initial concentrations examined. The reason for these diferences in the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1196.0,1886.0,1552.0,1886.0,1552.0,1920.0,1196.0,1920.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values is that there is a time lag, possibly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1058.0,1798.0,1096.0,1798.0,1096.0,1830.0,1058.0,1830.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1123.0,1798.0,1520.0,1798.0,1520.0,1830.0,1123.0,1830.0],"score":0.96,"text":"values were calculated from the slopes ofthe"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[649.0,1606.0,687.0,1606.0,687.0,1637.0,649.0,1637.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,636.0,1075.0,633.0,1075.0,668.0,89.0,670.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 1: The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal ofNi(ll) by GSA (Ni(ll) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1944.0,914.0,1944.0,914.0,1978.0,89.0,1978.0],"score":0.97,"text":"not ft the kinetic data well for the whole range ofcontact time, and generally underestimate the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[939.0,1944.0,1510.0,1944.0,1510.0,1978.0,939.0,1978.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values [23, 24]. The pseudo-second order model is based on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1306.0,1569.0,1530.0,1567.0,1530.0,1601.0,1306.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":"are the amounts ofNi(lI)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1154.0,1569.0,1219.0,1567.0,1219.0,1601.0,1154.0,1603.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1244.0,1569.0,1283.0,1567.0,1283.0,1601.0,1244.0,1603.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1857.0,942.0,1857.0,942.0,1891.0,89.0,1891.0],"score":0.98,"text":"coeficients of the pseudo-frst-order kinetic were found to be lower than 0.76, and the calculated"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[967.0,1857.0,1212.0,1857.0,1212.0,1891.0,967.0,1891.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is not equal to experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1235.0,1857.0,1510.0,1857.0,1510.0,1891.0,1235.0,1891.0],"score":0.97,"text":", suggesting the insufficiency of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[677.0,183.0,927.0,183.0,927.0,214.0,677.0,214.0],"score":0.96,"text":", were calculated as follows:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1168.0,636.0,1280.0,633.0,1280.0,668.0,1168.0,670.0],"score":0.94,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,872.0,984.0,872.0,984.0,906.0,91.0,906.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 2 and Table 2 represent the removal of NiM) as a function of initial concentrations ranging from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1102.0,872.0,1532.0,872.0,1532.0,906.0,1102.0,906.0],"score":0.97,"text":"by GSA. The uptake eficiency is increased from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2225.0,978.0,2222.0,978.0,2256.0,86.0,2259.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 4: The pseudo second order plots for the adsorption of Ni(ll) by GSA. (Ni(ll) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,692.0,425.0,692.0,425.0,724.0,89.0,724.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In lower pH, a higher concentration of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[458.0,692.0,1542.0,692.0,1542.0,724.0,458.0,724.0],"score":0.97,"text":"ions present in the mixture competes with Ni(ll) ions for the adsorption sites resulting in the reduced uptake ofNi(Il). On the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[614.0,217.0,1035.0,217.0,1035.0,249.0,614.0,249.0],"score":0.94,"text":"is equilibrium Ni(ll) concentration on adsorbent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[920.0,1681.0,983.0,1681.0,983.0,1715.0,920.0,1715.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[999.0,1681.0,1239.0,1681.0,1239.0,1715.0,999.0,1715.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is the initial adsorption rate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,217.0,387.0,217.0,387.0,249.0,89.0,249.0],"score":0.95,"text":"and initial concentrations of Ni(I)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[464.0,217.0,589.0,217.0,589.0,249.0,464.0,249.0],"score":0.97,"text":", respectively;"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1108.0,217.0,1491.0,217.0,1491.0,249.0,1108.0,249.0],"score":0.96,"text":"); V is the volume ofNi() solution (L); and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1515.0,217.0,1537.0,217.0,1537.0,249.0,1515.0,249.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1798.0,905.0,1798.0,905.0,1830.0,89.0,1830.0],"score":0.97,"text":"showed the applicability ofthe above equations (the first and second order) for GSA (Figures"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1243.0,953.0,1238.0,953.0,1269.0,89.0,1274.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 2: The influence of initial concentration and agitation time on the removal ofNi(l) by GSA"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,183.0,165.0,183.0,165.0,214.0,89.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"removal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[216.0,183.0,653.0,183.0,653.0,214.0,216.0,214.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and the amount of adsorbed Ni(lI) at equilibrium,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1347.0,636.0,1485.0,633.0,1485.0,668.0,1347.0,670.0],"score":0.92,"text":"; Agitation time,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1310.0,1243.0,1449.0,1238.0,1449.0,1269.0,1310.0,1274.0],"score":1.0,"text":"; Agitation time,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1131.0,1243.0,1243.0,1238.0,1243.0,1269.0,1131.0,1274.0],"score":1.0,"text":"; GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1067.0,2225.0,1179.0,2222.0,1179.0,2256.0,1067.0,2259.0],"score":0.97,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[997.0,1827.0,1159.0,1827.0,1159.0,1861.0,997.0,1861.0],"score":0.98,"text":"versus Int (Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1180.0,1827.0,1513.0,1827.0,1513.0,1861.0,1180.0,1861.0],"score":0.99,"text":" are presented in Table 4. Correlation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,244.0,357.0,246.0,357.0,280.0,86.0,278.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the mass ofGSA sample used"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[925.0,1798.0,961.0,1798.0,961.0,1830.0,925.0,1830.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[979.0,1798.0,1031.0,1798.0,1031.0,1830.0,979.0,1830.0],"score":0.96,"text":"). The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,570.0,714.0,570.0,714.0,602.0,89.0,602.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 1: The maximum amount of Ni(Il) sorbate as a function of pH at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1021.0,927.0,1023.0,927.0,1057.0,86.0,1055.0],"score":0.98,"text":" of adsorption of other adsorbents for the removal of Ni(Il) from aqueous phase is given in Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[948.0,1021.0,1164.0,1023.0,1163.0,1057.0,948.0,1055.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for comparison [15-18]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1684.0,551.0,1684.0,551.0,1715.0,91.0,1715.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The simplified form of Elovich's equation is shown in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[582.0,1684.0,603.0,1684.0,603.0,1715.0,582.0,1715.0],"score":0.94,"text":"is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1106.0,394.0,1109.0,394.0,1143.0,86.0,1140.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 2: The maximum amount of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[450.0,1106.0,1038.0,1109.0,1038.0,1143.0,450.0,1140.0],"score":0.96,"text":"sorbate as a function of initial concentration of Ni(ll) at 40 minutes."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1827.0,706.0,1827.0,706.0,1861.0,89.0,1861.0],"score":0.97,"text":"linear plots and are presented in Table 4. 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the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,431.0,199.0,431.0,199.0,458.0,91.0,458.0],"score":1.0,"text":"temperature."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,485.0,310.0,485.0,310.0,517.0,86.0,517.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.4. Ads orption Mechanism"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,543.0,1508.0,543.0,1508.0,577.0,91.0,577.0],"score":0.97,"text":"To confirm whether Ni ions adsorption on GSA is dominated by intraparticle difusion (Weber and Morris), the empirical data were analyzed using the intraparticle"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,670.0,1545.0,670.0,1545.0,704.0,91.0,704.0],"score":0.97,"text":"passed through the origin, showing that intraparticle difusion was not sole rate-controling step although it was involved in the process. This emphasized that adsorption"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,702.0,551.0,702.0,551.0,733.0,89.0,733.0],"score":0.97,"text":"of Ni(l) ions was a two or more steps process [26]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,787.0,1139.0,787.0,1139.0,819.0,91.0,819.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 5: The intraparticle difusion kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,914.0,394.0,914.0,394.0,945.0,89.0,945.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3.5. Adsorption Thermodynamic Study"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1350.0,1009.0,1387.0,1009.0,1387.0,1040.0,1350.0,1040.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(7)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1296.0,1545.0,1296.0,1545.0,1330.0,89.0,1330.0],"score":0.98,"text":"endothermic nature ofthe sorption process. Since difusion is an exothermic process, it would be expected that increased solution temperature would result in decrease"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1330.0,1355.0,1330.0,1355.0,1364.0,91.0,1364.0],"score":0.94,"text":"uptake of NiMl) ions from aqueous solution. Also, the negative value of \u25b3S\u00b0 (-0.0276 kJ mol I K-1) may be related to the decrease randommess."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1411.0,733.0,1413.0,733.0,1455.0,86.0,1452.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Table 6: Thermodynanmic parameters for adsorption of Nil) onto GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1542.0,224.0,1542.0,224.0,1569.0,91.0,1569.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4. Conclusion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1598.0,1550.0,1598.0,1550.0,1632.0,89.0,1632.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The sorption characteristics of Grape Shell were studied for Ni(ll). The results indicated that this adsorbent may be used as an inexpensive and effective material for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1628.0,1523.0,1628.0,1523.0,1662.0,91.0,1662.0],"score":0.97,"text":"removal ofNi) from aqueous solutions but with a low efficiency. The sorption process was affected by experimental conditions such as pH, initial concentration of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1657.0,1528.0,1657.0,1528.0,1691.0,89.0,1691.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Ni) ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time. Analysis ofthe kinetic data showed that the kinetics ofNi adsorption using Grape Shllash as an"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1684.0,1535.0,1686.0,1535.0,1720.0,89.0,1718.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorbent for different values of initial temperatures of soution is explained by the second-order-kinetic model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters determined"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1715.0,831.0,1715.0,831.0,1747.0,89.0,1747.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the Ni(ll) biosorption process onto GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1779.0,261.0,1779.0,261.0,1805.0,93.0,1805.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Acknowedgment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1832.0,1151.0,1832.0,1151.0,1864.0,89.0,1864.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, for providing the research fund for this project"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,1890.0,207.0,1896.0,205.0,1930.0,86.0,1924.0],"score":0.97,"text":"References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,1949.0,1552.0,1952.0,1552.0,1986.0,113.0,1983.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. A. Bhatnagar and A. K. Minocha, \u201cBiosorption optimization of nickel removal from water using Punica granatum peel waste,\u2032 Colloids and Surfaces B, vol. 76,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[108.0,2005.0,1562.0,2008.0,1562.0,2049.0,108.0,2047.0],"score":0.95,"text":" 2. V. K. Gupta, R. Mangla and S. Agarwal Pb() selective potentiometric sensor based on 4-tertbutycalx[4]arene in PVC matrix,\u201d Electroanalysis, vol. 14, p."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2037.0,536.0,2039.0,536.0,2074.0,145.0,2071.0],"score":0.98,"text":"1127-1132, 2002. View at Google Scholar"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,2069.0,1555.0,2069.0,1555.0,2103.0,113.0,2103.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 3. V. K. Gupta, P. J. M. Carrott, M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, and S. Suhas, \u201cLow-cost adsorbents: growing approach to wastewater treatment a review,' Critical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,2127.0,1496.0,2127.0,1496.0,2159.0,113.0,2159.0],"score":0.98,"text":"4. V. K. Gupta, R. N. Goyal, and R. A. Sharma, \u201cNovel PVC membrane based alizarin sensor and its application; determination of vanadium, zirconium and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2156.0,1422.0,2156.0,1422.0,2190.0,145.0,2190.0],"score":0.99,"text":"molybdenum\" International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 156-172, 2009. View at Google Scholar View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,2181.0,1557.0,2186.0,1557.0,2220.0,111.0,2215.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 5. A. K. Jain, V. K. Gupta, B. B. Sahoo, and L. P. Singh, \u201cCopper(Ml)-selective electrodes based on macrocyclic compounds,\u201d Analytical Proceedings including"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,2215.0,1262.0,2215.0,1262.0,2249.0,148.0,2249.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Analytical Communications, vol 32, no. 3, pp. 99-101, 1995. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar \u00b7 View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[462.0,280.0,1557.0,283.0,1557.0,317.0,462.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"values decrease as temperature rises, confrming that the rate of biosorption is faster at lower temperatures, which is probably"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1481.0,264.0,1481.0,264.0,1513.0,89.0,1513.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 7: Plot of ln"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1172.0,469.0,1172.0,469.0,1206.0,89.0,1206.0],"score":0.97,"text":"distribution coeffcient of the adsorbate and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[494.0,1172.0,532.0,1172.0,532.0,1206.0,494.0,1206.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,517.0,397.0,517.0,431.0,89.0,431.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Elovich equation disagreed with the experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1378.0,1133.0,1444.0,1138.0,1444.0,1172.0,1377.0,1167.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1476.0,1133.0,1528.0,1138.0,1527.0,1172.0,1476.0,1167.0],"score":0.92,"text":"is the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1400.0,1267.0,1513.0,1267.0,1513.0,1301.0,1400.0,1301.0],"score":0.92,"text":" showed the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,855.0,972.0,850.0,972.0,884.0,89.0,889.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 6: The intraparticle diffusion plots for the adsorption ofNi) by GSA. (NilI) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,202.0,1496.0,202.0,1496.0,236.0,91.0,236.0],"score":0.97,"text":"values of predicted equlbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the experimental equilbriumuptake values. Based on correlation coeffcients and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1267.0,1117.0,1267.0,1117.0,1301.0,89.0,1301.0],"score":0.97,"text":"spontaneous adsorption of Ni(ll) ions on GSA for the temperature range studied (298, 308 and 318 K). The negative"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1165.0,1267.0,1220.0,1267.0,1220.0,1301.0,1165.0,1301.0],"score":0.96,"text":"value"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,358.0,127.0,361.0,127.0,402.0,86.0,400.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1312.0,358.0,1545.0,361.0,1545.0,402.0,1312.0,400.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values calculated fom the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1073.0,1201.0,1550.0,1201.0,1550.0,1235.0,1073.0,1235.0],"score":0.99,"text":"was obtained using (8) for different temperatures. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[303.0,1481.0,480.0,1481.0,480.0,1513.0,303.0,1513.0],"score":1.0,"text":"against temperature"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[536.0,1481.0,858.0,1481.0,858.0,1513.0,536.0,1513.0],"score":0.97,"text":"for the adsorption of Ni(Il) by GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,970.0,538.0,970.0,538.0,1004.0,91.0,1004.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[596.0,970.0,686.0,970.0,686.0,1004.0,596.0,1004.0],"score":0.97,"text":", enthalpy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,638.0,790.0,638.0,790.0,672.0,89.0,672.0],"score":0.98,"text":"on to GSA at different temperature applied to diffusion model is shown in Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[813.0,638.0,1503.0,638.0,1503.0,672.0,813.0,672.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and the intraparticle diffusion constants are given in Table 5. No plots of model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1400.0,397.0,1547.0,397.0,1547.0,431.0,1400.0,431.0],"score":0.99,"text":", decreased with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[683.0,1233.0,1022.0,1233.0,1022.0,1267.0,683.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":" are negative (-8.5078, -8.0296, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[733.0,1138.0,1141.0,1138.0,1141.0,1172.0,733.0,1172.0],"score":0.98,"text":") were calculated using the following equations:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[562.0,1172.0,791.0,1172.0,791.0,1206.0,562.0,1206.0],"score":0.99,"text":"are as defined previously."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[812.0,1172.0,1515.0,1172.0,1515.0,1206.0,812.0,1206.0],"score":0.96,"text":"is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol I K-1) and T is temperature (K) [27]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[654.0,1138.0,694.0,1138.0,694.0,1172.0,654.0,1172.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1138.0,554.0,1138.0,554.0,1172.0,91.0,1172.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[599.0,1138.0,607.0,1138.0,607.0,1172.0,599.0,1172.0],"score":0.87,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1201.0,655.0,1201.0,655.0,1235.0,89.0,1235.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and \u25b3S\u00b0 can be obtained from the slope and intercept of the plot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[706.0,1201.0,1029.0,1201.0,1029.0,1235.0,706.0,1235.0],"score":0.96,"text":"against 1/T , respectively (Figure Z)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1185.0,1233.0,1338.0,1233.0,1338.0,1267.0,1185.0,1267.0],"score":1.0,"text":"at 298, 308, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1399.0,1233.0,1560.0,1233.0,1560.0,1267.0,1399.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":", resp.), indicating"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[747.0,970.0,868.0,970.0,868.0,1004.0,747.0,1004.0],"score":0.99,"text":", and entropy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[919.0,970.0,1547.0,970.0,1547.0,1004.0,919.0,1004.0],"score":0.98,"text":"have an important role to determine spontaneity and heat change for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,231.0,1233.0,231.0,1233.0,263.0,91.0,263.0],"score":0.98,"text":"values calculated, it is evident that the adsorption of Ni(ll) can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1233.0,206.0,1233.0,206.0,1267.0,89.0,1267.0],"score":1.0,"text":"data in Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[225.0,1233.0,631.0,1233.0,631.0,1267.0,225.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":"showed that the standard free energy changes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1264.0,397.0,1308.0,397.0,1308.0,431.0,1264.0,431.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,314.0,485.0,314.0,485.0,346.0,89.0,346.0],"score":0.98,"text":"due to a decrease in the interactions between"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[541.0,314.0,1323.0,314.0,1323.0,346.0,541.0,346.0],"score":0.99,"text":" ions and GSA as the biosorbent. This behavior is a characteristic of exothermic reactions."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,1983.0,546.0,1983.0,546.0,2017.0,145.0,2017.0],"score":0.98,"text":"no. 2, pp. 544-548, 2010. View at Publisher"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[562.0,1983.0,932.0,1983.0,932.0,2017.0,562.0,2017.0],"score":0.98,"text":"View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1351.0,1065.0,1385.0,1065.0,1385.0,1092.0,1351.0,1092.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(8)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[541.0,397.0,1116.0,397.0,1116.0,431.0,541.0,431.0],"score":0.99,"text":"vales. It was observed that the Elovich model constants, namely,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1065.0,855.0,1177.0,850.0,1177.0,884.0,1065.0,889.0],"score":0.98,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,280.0,233.0,283.0,233.0,317.0,89.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Results of Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[252.0,280.0,435.0,283.0,435.0,317.0,252.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"also showed that the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1047.0,358.0,1248.0,361.0,1248.0,402.0,1047.0,400.0],"score":0.98,"text":"for Elovich's equation."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,2098.0,1114.0,2098.0,1114.0,2132.0,148.0,2132.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 783-842, 2009. View at Publisher"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1131.0,2098.0,1500.0,2098.0,1500.0,2132.0,1131.0,2132.0],"score":0.97,"text":"View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[156.0,358.0,898.0,361.0,898.0,402.0,156.0,400.0],"score":0.95,"text":"values were in the range of0.484 to 0.926 for the various temperatures ranging fom"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[961.0,358.0,984.0,361.0,984.0,402.0,961.0,400.0],"score":0.6,"text":"10"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[124.0,609.0,1442.0,612.0,1442.0,646.0,124.0,643.0],"score":0.97,"text":" indicates the thickness of the boundary layer, that is larger values of I suggest greater boundary layer effects. The calculated data for the adsorption of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1499.0,609.0,1540.0,612.0,1540.0,646.0,1499.0,643.0],"score":1.0,"text":"ions"}],"page_info":{"page_no":3,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":1,"poly":[104.688720703125,78.35415649414062,1568.3668212890625,78.35415649414062,1568.3668212890625,1363.578369140625,104.688720703125,1363.578369140625],"score":0.9997628927230835},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1113,694,1128,694,1128,710,1113,710],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[885,695,899,695,899,710,885,710],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[924,753,937,753,937,769,924,769],"score":0.41,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1152,753,1167,753,1167,769,1152,769],"score":0.37,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[231,1101,245,1101,245,1117,231,1117],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1054,230,1069,230,1069,245,1054,245],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[926,288,941,288,941,304,926,304],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[466,1042,480,1042,480,1058,466,1058],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1163,347,1178,347,1178,362,1163,362],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1022,1159,1036,1159,1036,1175,1022,1175],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1020,1216,1033,1216,1033,1232,1020,1232],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[594,811,607,811,607,826,594,826],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1104,173,1118,173,1118,188,1104,188],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[460,1101,475,1101,475,1117,460,1117],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[409,985,423,985,423,1000,409,1000],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1067,463,1081,463,1081,478,1067,478],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,76.0,1547.0,78.0,1547.0,112.0,111.0,110.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 6. V. K. Gupta, I. Ali and V. K. Saini, \u201cDefuoridation of wastewaters using waste carbon shurry, Water Research, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 3307-3316, 2007. View"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,110.0,642.0,110.0,642.0,141.0,145.0,141.0],"score":0.97,"text":"at Publisher : View at Google Scholar \u00b7 View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,136.0,1508.0,136.0,1508.0,168.0,113.0,168.0],"score":0.97,"text":"7. D. Nabarlatz, J. de Celis, P. Bonelli, and A. L. Cukierman, \u201cBatch and dynamic sorption ofNi(M) ions by activated carbon based on a native lignocellulosic "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,195.0,1508.0,195.0,1508.0,229.0,113.0,229.0],"score":0.97,"text":"8. S. J. Kleinibing, E. Gubal, E. A. da Siva, and M. G. C. da Silva, \u201cCopper and nickel competive biosorption simulation from single and binary systems by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,253.0,1513.0,253.0,1513.0,285.0,113.0,285.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 9. A. Ewecharoen, P. Thiravetyan, and W. Nakbanpote, \u201cComparison of nickel adsorption from electroplating rinse water by coir pith and modified coir pith,\""},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,312.0,1528.0,312.0,1528.0,346.0,103.0,346.0],"score":0.98,"text":"10. V. K. Gupta, A. Rastogi, and A. Nayak, \u201cAdsorption studies on the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using a low cost fertilizer industry"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[101.0,365.0,1545.0,368.0,1545.0,402.0,101.0,400.0],"score":0.97,"text":"11. V. K. Gupta, A. Rastogi, and A. Nayak, \u201cBiosorption of nickel onto treated alga (Oedogonium hatei): application ofisothermand kinetic models,\u201d Journal of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,397.0,1309.0,397.0,1309.0,431.0,145.0,431.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 342, no. 2, pp. 533-539, 2010. View at Publisher \u00b7 View at Google Scholar View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[103.0,426.0,1510.0,426.0,1510.0,460.0,103.0,460.0],"score":0.99,"text":"12. S. 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References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[138.0,1944.0,354.0,1947.0,354.0,1981.0,138.0,1978.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Citations to this Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,1978.0,362.0,1978.0,362.0,2010.0,140.0,2010.0],"score":0.98,"text":"How to Cite this Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2030.0,192.0,2030.0,192.0,2054.0,89.0,2054.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Advances"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[184.0,2025.0,514.0,2025.0,514.0,2056.0,184.0,2056.0],"score":0.99,"text":" in Condensed Matter Physics"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2049.0,536.0,2049.0,536.0,2081.0,86.0,2081.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 415726,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[524.0,2054.0,627.0,2054.0,627.0,2081.0,524.0,2081.0],"score":0.89,"text":"\uff0c6 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Jaipur 302004, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,171.0,704.0,173.0,703.0,207.0,86.0,205.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2Faculty of Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 302007, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,205.0,804.0,207.0,804.0,241.0,89.0,239.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3Department of Pure & Applied Physics, University of Kota, Kota 324010, India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,261.0,549.0,261.0,549.0,295.0,89.0,295.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Received 25 May 2013; Accepted 24 August 2013"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,314.0,374.0,314.0,374.0,346.0,89.0,346.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Academic Editor: Dilip Kanhere"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,395.0,873.0,395.0,873.0,429.0,89.0,429.0],"score":0.98,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,453.0,180.0,453.0,180.0,487.0,89.0,487.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,514.0,1493.0,514.0,1493.0,546.0,89.0,546.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The electronic structure and electron momentum density distribution in BaO and BaS are presented using Compton spectroscopy. The frst-ever Compton profle"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,570.0,1520.0,570.0,1520.0,604.0,89.0,604.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Compton profles of BaO and BaS using the linear combination of atomic orbitals method. In the present computation, the correlation scheme proposed by Perdew-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,599.0,1535.0,599.0,1535.0,633.0,89.0,633.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Burke-Ernzerhof and the exchange scheme of Becke were considered. The hybrid B3PW and Hartree-Fock based profles were also computed for both compounds."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,629.0,1503.0,629.0,1503.0,663.0,89.0,663.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The ionic configurations are performed to estimate the charge transfer on compound formation, and the present study suggests charge transfer from Ba to O and S"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,658.0,1119.0,658.0,1119.0,692.0,89.0,692.0],"score":0.98,"text":"atoms. On the basis of equal-valence-electron-density profles,itis found that BaO is more ionic as compared to BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,721.0,236.0,721.0,236.0,748.0,91.0,748.0],"score":1.0,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,772.0,1550.0,775.0,1550.0,809.0,89.0,806.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The I-VI alkaline earth compounds have interesting bond characteristics and simple crystal structures. BaO and BaS have potential applications in ight-emiting diodes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,806.0,1550.0,806.0,1550.0,841.0,89.0,841.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(LEDs), laser diodes (LDs), and magnetooptical devices [14]. BaO is an indirect bandgap, whereas BaS is a direct bandgap material. At normal conditions, BaO and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,836.0,1488.0,836.0,1488.0,867.0,89.0,867.0],"score":0.96,"text":"BaS crystallize in NaCl (B1) structure, but under pressure, they show structural phase transition from B1 to B2 structure [5, 6]. Using the full-potential linearized "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,860.0,1500.0,858.0,1501.0,899.0,86.0,902.0],"score":0.81,"text":"augmented plae wave F-LAPWhd, Drablat al rpoted the ltronic andoptcal prpertis fBa and Baincubc phase at maland "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,894.0,1515.0,894.0,1515.0,926.0,89.0,926.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hydrostatic pressure. Lin et al. [8] observed that the electronic structure ofthese compounds containing oxygen atoms always obeys a different relationship from the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,923.0,780.0,921.0,780.0,955.0,86.0,958.0],"score":0.98,"text":" compounds not containing oxygen atoms using density functional theory (DFT)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,972.0,1493.0,972.0,1493.0,1006.0,91.0,1006.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Most ofthe earlier studies, both experimental and theoretical, involve the electronic, optical, and structural properties ofBaO and BaS [515]. To the best ofour"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,999.0,1496.0,996.0,1496.0,1038.0,86.0,1040.0],"score":0.8,"text":"knowlede, nne attdt ltronic strutue and mnmdnsityfBaand Ba usng Coto ptropy It swellstablhed that Ctn"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1033.0,1550.0,1031.0,1550.0,1065.0,89.0,1067.0],"score":0.98,"text":"spectroscopy provides a useful test to examine the bonding in solids [16, 17]. Thus, we found it worth to study the electronic structure in BaO and BaS using Compton "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1402.0,1096.0,1555.0,1096.0,1555.0,1123.0,1402.0,1123.0],"score":0.97,"text":"where integration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1191.0,1481.0,1189.0,1481.0,1230.0,86.0,1233.0],"score":0.79,"text":"wave ftionand suatonxts oeralloccpid statIn this paper, te reuts ofCoptnscattrng studya and Ba are prentd.F t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1223.0,1547.0,1223.0,1547.0,1257.0,91.0,1257.0],"score":0.97,"text":"theoretical Compton profles, first-principles calculations based on inear combination ofatomic orbitals (LCAO) method are performed using CRYSTALO6 code [18]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1250.0,1471.0,1250.0,1471.0,1284.0,89.0,1284.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The ionic model has been applied to estimate the charge transfer in these compounds. The nature ofbonding in isostructural and isovalent BaO and BaS is also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1279.0,1505.0,1279.0,1505.0,1313.0,89.0,1313.0],"score":0.98,"text":"compared using equal-valence-electron-density (EVED) profles. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the experimental details and data analysis. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1372.0,504.0,1372.0,504.0,1403.0,89.0,1403.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2. Expe rime ntal Details and Data Analysis"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1525.0,1515.0,1525.0,1515.0,1559.0,91.0,1559.0],"score":0.98,"text":"which was cooled with liquid nitrogen providing overall momentum resolution of 0.6 a.u. The spectra were recorded with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) with 4096"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1618.0,1505.0,1615.0,1505.0,1657.0,84.0,1659.0],"score":0.89,"text":"processed for several systematic corrections likebackground, instrumental resoution sanple absorption, scattering crosssection, and mutipe scattering using the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1679.0,1562.0,1679.0,1562.0,1713.0,89.0,1713.0],"score":0.98,"text":"a.u., being the area of free atom Compton profle [22] in the given range. The 1 s electrons of Ba were neglected for both compounds since these do not contribute in the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1708.0,329.0,1705.0,330.0,1742.0,86.0,1745.0],"score":1.0,"text":"present experimental setup."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1769.0,303.0,1769.0,303.0,1801.0,86.0,1801.0],"score":1.0,"text":"3. Theoretical Details"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1825.0,285.0,1825.0,285.0,1857.0,86.0,1857.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.1. DFT-LCAO Method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1883.0,1547.0,1883.0,1547.0,1917.0,89.0,1917.0],"score":0.98,"text":"To compute the theoretical Compton profles of BaO and BaS, the LCAO method embodied in the CRYSTAL06 code [18, 23] was employed. This code provides a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1913.0,1508.0,1913.0,1508.0,1947.0,89.0,1947.0],"score":0.96,"text":"platformto calculate electronic structure of periodic systems considering Gaussian basis sets. In the LCAO technique, each crystallne orbital is built from the inear"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1942.0,1564.0,1942.0,1564.0,1974.0,89.0,1974.0],"score":0.98,"text":"combination of Bloch functions. The Bloch functions are defined in terms of local functions constructed from the atom-centered certain number of Gaussian functions. For"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1971.0,1540.0,1971.0,1540.0,2005.0,86.0,2005.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Ba, O, and S, the local functions were constructed from the Gaussian type basis sets [24]. In the present DFT calculation, the crystal Hamitonian was generated using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2000.0,1523.0,2000.0,1523.0,2034.0,89.0,2034.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the correlation functional proposed by Perdew et al. [25] and exchange scheme of Becke [26]. The hybrid B3PW and Hartree-Fock (HF) based profles were also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2056.0,175.0,2056.0,175.0,2090.0,89.0,2090.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2117.0,216.0,2117.0,216.0,2144.0,89.0,2144.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.2. Ionic Model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,2166.0,1525.0,2168.0,1525.0,2210.0,84.0,2207.0],"score":0.95,"text":"The theoretical ionic profles ofBaO and BaS for various charge transfer confgurations were calculated from thefee atom Compton profle of Ba, O, and S atoms"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1407.0,1159.0,1540.0,1165.0,1539.0,1199.0,1407.0,1193.0],"score":0.93,"text":" is the electron"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1094.0,349.0,1094.0,349.0,1126.0,89.0,1126.0],"score":0.97,"text":"profile. The Compton profle,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2203.0,417.0,2203.0,417.0,2237.0,91.0,2237.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[22]. The valence profles for various"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[792.0,1591.0,1542.0,1591.0,1542.0,1625.0,792.0,1625.0],"score":0.99,"text":"counts at the Compton peak. To deduce the true Compton profle, the raw data were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1167.0,347.0,1167.0,347.0,1199.0,89.0,1199.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is performed over a constant-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[789.0,1167.0,888.0,1167.0,888.0,1199.0,789.0,1199.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is given as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[684.0,2232.0,725.0,2232.0,725.0,2266.0,684.0,2266.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[839.0,2232.0,1537.0,2232.0,1537.0,2266.0,839.0,2266.0],"score":0.97,"text":" configurations were then added to the core contribution to get total profles. All"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[539.0,2203.0,580.0,2203.0,580.0,2237.0,539.0,2237.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1462.0,336.0,1462.0,336.0,1496.0,89.0,1496.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The incident gamma-rays of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[437.0,1462.0,694.0,1462.0,694.0,1496.0,437.0,1496.0],"score":0.98,"text":"were scattered at an angle of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[713.0,1494.0,1530.0,1491.0,1530.0,1525.0,713.0,1528.0],"score":0.98,"text":". The scattered radiation was analyzed using an HPGe detector (Canberra model, GLO110S)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2030.0,958.0,2030.0,958.0,2061.0,89.0,2061.0],"score":1.0,"text":"computed for both compounds [18]. The computations were performed by taking B1 structure and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1014.0,2030.0,1542.0,2030.0,1542.0,2061.0,1014.0,2061.0],"score":0.98,"text":"points in the irreducible wedge ofthe Brillouin zone for BaO"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2232.0,119.0,2232.0,119.0,2266.0,91.0,2266.0],"score":0.92,"text":"the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[140.0,2232.0,561.0,2232.0,561.0,2266.0,140.0,2266.0],"score":0.98,"text":"shell ofO and S atoms. The valence profles for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1649.0,1528.0,1649.0,1528.0,1684.0,89.0,1684.0],"score":0.98,"text":"computer code ofthe Warwick Group [20. 21]. Finally, the corrected profles were normalized to 23.200 for BaO and 26.434 for BaS electrons in the range of0 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[374.0,1167.0,432.0,1167.0,432.0,1199.0,374.0,1199.0],"score":1.0,"text":"plane,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[450.0,1167.0,744.0,1167.0,744.0,1199.0,450.0,1199.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is scattering vector direction, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,543.0,698.0,543.0,698.0,575.0,89.0,575.0],"score":0.98,"text":"measurements on polycrystalline BaO and BaS were performed using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[800.0,543.0,1525.0,543.0,1525.0,575.0,800.0,575.0],"score":0.98,"text":"gamma-rays. To interpret the experimental data, we have computed the theoretical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,365.0,180.0,365.0,180.0,397.0,89.0,397.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[838.0,2203.0,1239.0,2203.0,1239.0,2237.0,838.0,2237.0],"score":0.99,"text":" configurations were computed by transferring"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1258.0,2203.0,1557.0,2203.0,1557.0,2237.0,1258.0,2237.0],"score":0.95,"text":"electrons from the s shellof Ba to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[405.0,1094.0,908.0,1094.0,908.0,1126.0,405.0,1126.0],"score":0.99,"text":", is related to the ground state electron momentum density"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1494.0,340.0,1491.0,340.0,1525.0,86.0,1528.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and effective density for BaC"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[489.0,1494.0,528.0,1491.0,528.0,1525.0,489.0,1528.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[807.0,1462.0,1399.0,1462.0,1399.0,1496.0,807.0,1496.0],"score":0.97,"text":"by the polycrystalline sample of BaO and BaS (pellet of 18 mm dia,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1473.0,1462.0,1562.0,1462.0,1562.0,1496.0,1473.0,1496.0],"score":1.0,"text":"thickness,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1428.0,617.0,1428.0,617.0,1469.0,86.0,1469.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The measurements on BaO and BaS were performed using "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[718.0,1428.0,1552.0,1428.0,1552.0,1469.0,718.0,1469.0],"score":0.94,"text":"gamma-rays Compton spectrometer. The details ofthe experimental setup are available in [19]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[174.0,1591.0,541.0,1591.0,541.0,1625.0,174.0,1625.0],"score":0.97,"text":"to collect 2 \u00d7 104 counts and BaS around"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[616.0,1591.0,699.0,1591.0,699.0,1625.0,616.0,1625.0],"score":0.89,"text":"to collect"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[281.0,365.0,1464.0,365.0,1464.0,397.0,281.0,397.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Atribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1311.0,504.0,1311.0,504.0,1345.0,89.0,1345.0],"score":0.99,"text":"theoretical calculations are presented in Section"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[523.0,1311.0,1412.0,1311.0,1412.0,1345.0,523.0,1345.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and Section 4 is devoted to the resuts and discussion Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 5."}],"page_info":{"page_no":1,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":0,"poly":[91.0196304321289,1884.4053955078125,231.04054260253906,1884.4053955078125,231.04054260253906,1912.9195556640625,91.0196304321289,1912.9195556640625],"score":0.9999994039535522},{"category_id":1,"poly":[91.3698959350586,754.431884765625,1535.784912109375,754.431884765625,1535.784912109375,810.5221557617188,91.3698959350586,810.5221557617188],"score":0.9999992251396179},{"category_id":1,"poly":[90.13461303710938,1502.198486328125,1567.8511962890625,1502.198486328125,1567.8511962890625,1738.1129150390625,90.13461303710938,1738.1129150390625],"score":0.9999989867210388},{"category_id":1,"poly":[89.23295593261719,1941.5654296875,1556.913330078125,1941.5654296875,1556.913330078125,2087.917724609375,89.23295593261719,2087.917724609375],"score":0.9999987483024597},{"category_id":1,"poly":[91.76690673828125,1794.6348876953125,1557.6793212890625,1794.6348876953125,1557.6793212890625,1854.5736083984375,91.76690673828125,1854.5736083984375],"score":0.9999982714653015},{"category_id":1,"poly":[90.50084686279297,1102.3192138671875,1532.22265625,1102.3192138671875,1532.22265625,1133.3848876953125,90.50084686279297,1133.3848876953125],"score":0.9999977946281433},{"category_id":1,"poly":[91.41088104248047,197.61265563964844,1549.43310546875,197.61265563964844,1549.43310546875,256.9227600097656,91.41088104248047,256.9227600097656],"score":0.9999977350234985},{"category_id":1,"poly":[92.2707290649414,662.3663940429688,1534.8604736328125,662.3663940429688,1534.8604736328125,718.7718505859375,92.2707290649414,718.7718505859375],"score":0.9999968409538269},{"category_id":1,"poly":[90.96248626708984,312.89385986328125,1550.7559814453125,312.89385986328125,1550.7559814453125,371.8708190917969,90.96248626708984,371.8708190917969],"score":0.9999966621398926},{"category_id":1,"poly":[89.40441131591797,393.2928771972656,1564.3697509765625,393.2928771972656,1564.3697509765625,604.0750732421875,89.40441131591797,604.0750732421875],"score":0.9999958276748657},{"category_id":0,"poly":[91.00100708007812,137.44204711914062,345.062744140625,137.44204711914062,345.062744140625,167.01547241210938,91.00100708007812,167.01547241210938],"score":0.9999955892562866},{"category_id":2,"poly":[89.0749740600586,80.05528259277344,1032.959228515625,80.05528259277344,1032.959228515625,109.89458465576172,89.0749740600586,109.89458465576172],"score":0.9999954104423523},{"category_id":1,"poly":[88.58851623535156,834.2111206054688,1564.656494140625,834.2111206054688,1564.656494140625,983.0889892578125,88.58851623535156,983.0889892578125],"score":0.9999943971633911},{"category_id":0,"poly":[92.04490661621094,2119.915771484375,267.8406982421875,2119.915771484375,267.8406982421875,2147.420166015625,92.04490661621094,2147.420166015625],"score":0.999992847442627},{"category_id":1,"poly":[91.69647216796875,1151.6390380859375,1550.22509765625,1151.6390380859375,1550.22509765625,1330.3680419921875,91.69647216796875,1330.3680419921875],"score":0.9999927282333374},{"category_id":1,"poly":[89.6108627319336,1038.51416015625,1536.2987060546875,1038.51416015625,1536.2987060546875,1069.6767578125,89.6108627319336,1069.6767578125],"score":0.9999446868896484},{"category_id":1,"poly":[90.9629898071289,1387.213134765625,1189.64501953125,1387.213134765625,1189.64501953125,1418.462646484375,90.9629898071289,1418.462646484375],"score":0.9999391436576843},{"category_id":1,"poly":[91.323486328125,1451.559814453125,1184.7769775390625,1451.559814453125,1184.7769775390625,1480.8780517578125,91.323486328125,1480.8780517578125],"score":0.9999162554740906},{"category_id":1,"poly":[89.67076110839844,2178.41162109375,1537.48095703125,2178.41162109375,1537.48095703125,2237.9775390625,89.67076110839844,2237.9775390625],"score":0.998978853225708},{"category_id":13,"poly":[640,421,902,421,902,456,640,456],"score":0.92,"latex":"\\Delta 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Results and Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,200.0,1545.0,200.0,1545.0,231.0,89.0,231.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The numerical values of unconvoluted spherically averaged theoretical Compton profiles (DFT-PBE, B3PW, HF, and Ionic) of BaO and BaS are presented in Table 1."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,229.0,1191.0,229.0,1191.0,263.0,91.0,263.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The experimental Compton profles of BaO and BaS are also given in the table including experimental errors at selected points."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,317.0,1547.0,317.0,1547.0,348.0,91.0,348.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 1: The unconvoluted theoretical (DFT-PBE, DFT-B3PW, HF, and Ionic) and experimental Compton profles for BaO and BaS. The experimental errors at few"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,346.0,772.0,346.0,772.0,380.0,89.0,380.0],"score":0.98,"text":"points are also presented, and all profles are normalized to the fee atom area."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,1552.0,397.0,1552.0,431.0,89.0,431.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In Figures 1 and 2, the experimental Compton profles ofBaO and BaS are compared with various ionic arrangements to estimate the charge transfer. For a quantitative"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,487.0,1560.0,487.0,1560.0,521.0,89.0,521.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the efect of charge transfer from Ba to O atoms is largely visible within 0.0 to 3.0 a.u. for BaO. The best agreement is found for x = 1.0. Figure 2 shows that the charge"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,694.0,556.0,694.0,556.0,729.0,89.0,729.0],"score":0.95,"text":"are convohuted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,787.0,558.0,784.0,558.0,819.0,86.0,821.0],"score":0.96,"text":" are convoluted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,926.0,1540.0,923.0,1540.0,958.0,89.0,960.0],"score":0.96,"text":"momentum region, because the contrbution in this region is mostly due to core elctrons, which remain unafected in the compound formation. Similar features are also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,953.0,795.0,955.0,794.0,989.0,89.0,987.0],"score":0.96,"text":"visible in Figure 4, but the effect of exchange and correlation is not seen for BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1043.0,1535.0,1043.0,1535.0,1077.0,91.0,1077.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 3: The difference of DFT-PBE, B3PW, and HF with experimental Compton profle of BaO. All profles are convoluted with the Gaussian of 0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1106.0,1530.0,1106.0,1530.0,1140.0,91.0,1140.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 4: The difference of DFT-PBE, B3PW, and HF with experimental Compton profle of BaS. Alprofiles are convoluted with the Gaussian of0.6 a.u. FWHM."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1155.0,1523.0,1157.0,1523.0,1191.0,89.0,1189.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The directional Compton profles ofBaO and BaS along [100], [110], and [111] directions have been computed to examine the anisotropies [100]-[110] , [110]-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1274.0,1547.0,1274.0,1547.0,1308.0,91.0,1308.0],"score":0.98,"text":"anisotropies are visible up to 3.0 a.u. In Figure 6, the anisotropies are plotted for BaS. This figure shows similarity with BaO, but all anisotropies are diminished beyond"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1301.0,1304.0,1304.0,1304.0,1338.0,86.0,1335.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 2.0 a.u. Measurements on single crystallne samples of BaO and BaS along principal directions would be valuable to examine these findings."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1508.0,1520.0,1508.0,1520.0,1540.0,91.0,1540.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The nature of bonding in isostructural and isovalent BaO and BaS has been compared and plotted in Figure 7. In this figure, the experimental EVED profles of these"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1537.0,1518.0,1537.0,1518.0,1569.0,89.0,1569.0],"score":0.97,"text":"compounds are considered. We also plot the theoretical EVED profles in the inset. The EVED profles were derived by normalizing valence electron profiles to 4.0"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1654.0,1540.0,1654.0,1540.0,1688.0,91.0,1688.0],"score":0.98,"text":"localization of charges in BaS in the bonding direction as compared to BaO. It is worth mentioning here that the covalent bonding is a result of sharing ofelectrons, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1684.0,1540.0,1684.0,1540.0,1715.0,93.0,1715.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hence, it increases localization ofcharge in bonding direction which results in a sharper Compton line shape [32, 33]. Therefore, we conclude that the ionic character is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1713.0,1505.0,1713.0,1505.0,1745.0,91.0,1745.0],"score":0.98,"text":"higher for BaO as compared to BaS. The larger ionic character of BaO as compared to BaS is well supported by the bulk modulus and cohesive energy data [34]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1827.0,1547.0,1827.0,1547.0,1861.0,91.0,1861.0],"score":0.98,"text":"valence profles. The inset shows the EVED profles derived from the theoretical valence profiles of these compounds. All these profles are normalized to 4.0 electrons."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[85.0,1881.0,234.0,1886.0,233.0,1920.0,83.0,1915.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 5. Conclusions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1947.0,1483.0,1947.0,1483.0,1981.0,91.0,1981.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Electronic structure and momentum density in BaO and BaS using Compton scattering technique are reported. The experimental values of Compton profles are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1976.0,1508.0,1976.0,1508.0,2010.0,89.0,2010.0],"score":0.98,"text":"compared with the LCAO based values for both compounds. The anisotropies in momentum densities depict larger occupied states along [1oo] direction with low"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2005.0,1537.0,2005.0,1537.0,2037.0,89.0,2037.0],"score":0.99,"text":"momentum In addition, the ionic model based calculations have also been used to estimate the charge transfer in the compounds, and the model suggests a transfer of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2064.0,155.0,2064.0,155.0,2093.0,91.0,2093.0],"score":0.95,"text":"to BaS."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2119.0,266.0,2125.0,265.0,2157.0,88.0,2151.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Acknowledgments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2181.0,1532.0,2181.0,1532.0,2215.0,91.0,2215.0],"score":0.97,"text":"This work is financially supported by the CSIR, New Delhi, through the Grant no. 03(1205/12EMR-II). G. Sharma is also thankful to the Head ofthe Department of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2207.0,891.0,2210.0,890.0,2244.0,86.0,2242.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Pure & Applied Physics, University ofKota, Kota, for providing the computational facities."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,426.0,639.0,426.0,639.0,460.0,89.0,460.0],"score":0.97,"text":"comparison of the ionic and experiment, the difference profiles "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[903.0,426.0,1520.0,426.0,1520.0,460.0,903.0,460.0],"score":0.94,"text":" have been deduced after convoluting alionic profles with a Gaussian"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,833.0,234.0,833.0,234.0,875.0,86.0,875.0],"score":0.96,"text":"The diferences"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1391.0,397.0,1391.0,397.0,1425.0,91.0,1425.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 5: Directional anisotropies,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[468.0,1391.0,1188.0,1391.0,1188.0,1425.0,468.0,1425.0],"score":0.96,"text":", for BaO for the pair ofdirections [100]-[110] , [110]-[111], and [100]-[111] ."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1623.0,722.0,1623.0,722.0,1657.0,91.0,1657.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and isostructural compounds [27-31]. It is seen from Figure 7 that, near"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[789.0,1623.0,1476.0,1623.0,1476.0,1657.0,789.0,1657.0],"score":0.98,"text":"a.u., the sharpness ofCompton profles is higher for BaS, which suggests more"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1457.0,397.0,1457.0,397.0,1489.0,91.0,1489.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure 6: Directional anisotropies,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[467.0,1457.0,1186.0,1457.0,1186.0,1489.0,467.0,1489.0],"score":0.97,"text":", for BaS for the pair ofdirections [100]-[110] , [110]-[111], and [100]-[111] ."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,541.0,514.0,546.0,514.0,585.0,84.0,580.0],"score":0.94,"text":" checks and from Figures 1 and 2, it isfound that"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1798.0,803.0,1798.0,803.0,1832.0,91.0,1832.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 7: The equal valence-electron-density (EVED) profiles of BaO and BaS ("},{"category_id":15,"poly":[911.0,1798.0,1552.0,1798.0,1552.0,1832.0,911.0,1832.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and 0.813 a.u., resp.). These profles are deduced from the experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,517.0,277.0,517.0,277.0,548.0,91.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"transfer configuration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[626.0,541.0,663.0,546.0,663.0,585.0,626.0,580.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[771.0,541.0,1537.0,546.0,1537.0,585.0,771.0,580.0],"score":0.98,"text":"configurations give the best agreement for BaO and BaS, respectively. Thus, the model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[823.0,577.0,1259.0,577.0,1259.0,612.0,823.0,612.0],"score":1.0,"text":"states ofO and S for BaO and BaS, respectively."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[926.0,1567.0,1564.0,1567.0,1564.0,1601.0,926.0,1601.0],"score":0.98,"text":"tuned out to be 0.938 and 0.813 a.u., respectively, using the expression"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[283.0,892.0,742.0,894.0,742.0,936.0,283.0,933.0],"score":0.88,"text":"-, whilethe trend reversed in the momentum range of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[907.0,892.0,1537.0,894.0,1537.0,936.0,907.0,933.0],"score":0.94,"text":". The diference between theory and experiment is negigibe in the high"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1213.0,894.0,1213.0,894.0,1255.0,89.0,1255.0],"score":0.7,"text":"forBa aBa retivFdits tat alant are psitiv"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1015.0,1213.0,1505.0,1213.0,1505.0,1255.0,1015.0,1255.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for BaO. It ndicates larger occupied states along [100]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2027.0,513.0,2030.0,513.0,2071.0,86.0,2069.0],"score":0.95,"text":"1.0 and 1.5 electrons froms state ofBa atomto"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[532.0,2027.0,1552.0,2030.0,1552.0,2071.0,532.0,2069.0],"score":0.97,"text":"state ofO and S atoms. The EVED profles for the compounds conclude higher ionic character in BaO as compared"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[180.0,1593.0,246.0,1593.0,246.0,1628.0,180.0,1628.0],"score":0.95,"text":", where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[264.0,1593.0,1547.0,1593.0,1547.0,1628.0,264.0,1628.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the valence electron density. A number ofresearchers have proved that this scheme offers a way to understand the nature ofbonding in isovalent "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1567.0,673.0,1567.0,673.0,1601.0,91.0,1601.0],"score":0.95,"text":"electrons and scaling the resulting profiles by the Fermi momentum"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[716.0,1567.0,895.0,1567.0,895.0,1601.0,716.0,1601.0],"score":0.95,"text":". For BaO and BaS,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1162.0,755.0,1532.0,758.0,1532.0,792.0,1162.0,789.0],"score":0.97,"text":" are also shown at points. All ionic profles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[513.0,833.0,1322.0,833.0,1322.0,875.0,513.0,875.0],"score":0.88,"text":"betwenexperimental and CAO schee based Compton profle are presened nFigu"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1341.0,833.0,1562.0,833.0,1562.0,875.0,1341.0,875.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and 4 for BaO and BaS,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1164.0,665.0,1532.0,665.0,1532.0,699.0,1164.0,699.0],"score":0.97,"text":"are also shown at points. All ionic profles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,867.0,262.0,870.0,262.0,904.0,89.0,901.0],"score":0.96,"text":"respectively. Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,577.0,633.0,577.0,633.0,612.0,89.0,612.0],"score":0.99,"text":"suggests the transfer of 1.0 and 1.5 electrons from the valence"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[648.0,577.0,803.0,577.0,803.0,612.0,648.0,612.0],"score":0.97,"text":"state of Ba to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1189.0,1474.0,1189.0,1474.0,1221.0,93.0,1221.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[111], and [100]-[111] in the electron momentum density. Allthese anisotropies are derived from convoluted B3PW hybrid scheme and presented in Figures"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1493.0,1189.0,1550.0,1189.0,1550.0,1221.0,1493.0,1221.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and 6"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,458.0,1308.0,458.0,1308.0,490.0,91.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":"function of0.6 a.u. FWHM. All ionic profles are normalized to 23.200 electrons for BaO and 26.434 electrons for BaS in the range of0 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1339.0,458.0,1560.0,458.0,1560.0,490.0,1339.0,490.0],"score":0.96,"text":"a.u. Figure 1 depicts that"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,755.0,277.0,758.0,277.0,792.0,86.0,789.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Figure 2: Difference"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[323.0,755.0,1115.0,758.0,1115.0,792.0,323.0,789.0],"score":0.99,"text":"between convoluted ionic and experimental Compton profles of BaS. Experimental errors"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[353.0,517.0,738.0,517.0,738.0,548.0,353.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is closet to the experiment for BaS. Beyond"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[807.0,517.0,1504.0,517.0,1504.0,548.0,807.0,548.0],"score":0.98,"text":", all configurations show identical behavior for both compounds. On the basis of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1245.0,1332.0,1245.0,1332.0,1279.0,89.0,1279.0],"score":0.98,"text":"direction with low momentum A close inspection ofthis fgure reveals that maximum anisotropy is seen between [100] and [111] directions at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1401.0,1245.0,1545.0,1245.0,1545.0,1279.0,1401.0,1279.0],"score":0.93,"text":" and 1.2 a.u. All"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,665.0,277.0,665.0,277.0,699.0,89.0,699.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Figure 1: Difference"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[322.0,665.0,1118.0,665.0,1118.0,699.0,322.0,699.0],"score":0.98,"text":"between convoluted ionic and experimental Compton profles of BaO. Experimental errors"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[281.0,867.0,776.0,870.0,776.0,904.0,281.0,901.0],"score":0.98,"text":"shows that for BaO all theories DFT-PBE, B3PW, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[810.0,867.0,1560.0,870.0,1559.0,904.0,810.0,901.0],"score":0.98,"text":") predict lower momentum density as compared to experiment in the momentum range"}],"page_info":{"page_no":2,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":2,"poly":[89.0936279296875,80.74409484863281,204.3162078857422,80.74409484863281,204.3162078857422,106.50306701660156,89.0936279296875,106.50306701660156],"score":0.9999979734420776},{"category_id":1,"poly":[103.02957153320312,134.86175537109375,1563.1484375,134.86175537109375,1563.1484375,2057.353515625,103.02957153320312,2057.353515625],"score":0.999991774559021},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1065,1590,1114,1590,1114,1614,1065,1614],"score":0.46,"latex":"\\mathrm{{X}}\\!=\\!\\mathbf{\\mathcal{C}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[608,1045,622,1045,622,1061,608,1061],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[231,1131,245,1131,245,1147,231,1147],"score":0.38,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[524,871,537,871,537,886,524,886],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[872,1914,886,1914,886,1931,872,1931],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[743,928,757,928,757,944,743,944],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[795,318,809,318,809,335,795,335],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[582,1973,596,1973,596,1988,582,1988],"score":0.33,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[305,260,319,260,319,276,305,276],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[514,929,527,929,527,944,514,944],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[756,812,770,812,770,828,756,828],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[811,1422,825,1422,825,1437,811,1437],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1023,319,1038,319,1038,334,1023,334],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[305,1567,319,1567,319,1582,305,1582],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[940,987,954,987,954,1002,940,1002],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[456,1740,469,1740,469,1756,456,1756],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[549,1683,562,1683,562,1698,549,1698],"score":0.26,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[685,1740,699,1740,699,1756,685,1756],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,134.0,1471.0,139.0,1471.0,173.0,111.0,168.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. 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