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All rights reserved."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[210.0,624.0,1291.0,624.0,1291.0,654.0,210.0,654.0],"score":0.97,"text":"aSchool of Forest and Ecosystem Studies,University of Melbourne,P.O.Box 137,Heidelberg,Victoria 3084,Australia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[460.0,647.0,1040.0,649.0,1039.0,679.0,460.0,677.0],"score":0.96,"text":"bCSIRODivision of Land andWater,Canberra,ACT,Australia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[369.0,679.0,1130.0,679.0,1130.0,710.0,369.0,710.0],"score":0.97,"text":"cCooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra,ACT, Australia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[299.0,701.0,1203.0,703.0,1203.0,740.0,299.0,737.0],"score":0.98,"text":"dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[389.0,750.0,1108.0,750.0,1108.0,780.0,389.0,780.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Received 1 October 2003; revised 22 December 2004; accepted 3 January 2005"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[554.0,340.0,945.0,337.0,945.0,374.0,554.0,376.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[247.0,477.0,1252.0,477.0,1252.0,520.0,247.0,520.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The response of flow duration curves to afforestation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1165.0,212.0,1285.0,218.0,1283.0,256.0,1164.0,251.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Journal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1171.0,260.0,1207.0,260.0,1207.0,290.0,1171.0,290.0],"score":0.84,"text":"of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1157.0,290.0,1379.0,297.0,1378.0,351.0,1155.0,343.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Hydrology"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1164.0,374.0,1368.0,374.0,1368.0,389.0,1164.0,389.0],"score":0.73,"text":"nuriarnom/laonta/ihrdr"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1572.0,868.0,1572.0,868.0,1600.0,116.0,1600.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Keywords: Afforestation; Flow duration curves; Flow reduction; Paired catchments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,862.0,213.0,862.0,213.0,894.0,116.0,894.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[238.0,557.0,1254.0,557.0,1254.0,600.0,238.0,600.0],"score":0.94,"text":"Patrick N.J. Lanea,c,*, Alice E. Bestb,c,d, Klaus Hickelb;c, Lu Zhangbc"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1681.0,1381.0,1683.0,1381.0,1720.0,127.0,1718.0],"score":0.98,"text":"* Corresponding author. Address: Forest Science Centre, Department of Sustainability and Environment, P.O. Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1711.0,314.0,1714.0,314.0,1744.0,114.0,1741.0],"score":0.97,"text":"3084,Australia.Tel.:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[480.0,1711.0,702.0,1714.0,702.0,1744.0,480.0,1741.0],"score":0.93,"text":";fax: +61 3 9450 8644."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[167.0,1744.0,368.0,1744.0,368.0,1772.0,167.0,1772.0],"score":1.0,"text":"mailaddress:patrickl"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[388.0,1744.0,657.0,1744.0,657.0,1772.0,388.0,1772.0],"score":1.0,"text":"unimelb.edu.au (P.N.J. Lane)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[137.0,912.0,1385.0,912.0,1385.0,948.0,137.0,948.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,946.0,1383.0,946.0,1383.0,976.0,116.0,976.0],"score":0.99,"text":"basis. The impact on fow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,974.0,1383.0,974.0,1383.0,1010.0,114.0,1010.0],"score":0.99,"text":"impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1008.0,1381.0,1008.0,1381.0,1038.0,116.0,1038.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1041.0,1381.0,1041.0,1381.0,1071.0,116.0,1071.0],"score":0.99,"text":"signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1073.0,1381.0,1073.0,1381.0,1103.0,116.0,1103.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 1oth percentile for each year of record with annual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1101.0,1381.0,1103.0,1381.0,1133.0,114.0,1131.0],"score":0.99,"text":"rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[118.0,1135.0,1383.0,1135.0,1383.0,1165.0,118.0,1165.0],"score":0.99,"text":"adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[118.0,1165.0,1381.0,1165.0,1381.0,1195.0,118.0,1195.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1191.0,1383.0,1193.0,1383.0,1230.0,114.0,1228.0],"score":0.98,"text":"10 catchments, particularly for the 10-50th percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1230.0,1379.0,1230.0,1379.0,1260.0,116.0,1260.0],"score":0.98,"text":"two types of responses (groups) being identified. Group 1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zero fow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1258.0,1381.0,1260.0,1381.0,1290.0,114.0,1288.0],"score":0.98,"text":"days, with low flows being more affected than high flows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1292.0,1383.0,1292.0,1383.0,1322.0,116.0,1322.0],"score":0.98,"text":"all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled fow reductions were in accord"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1322.0,1381.0,1322.0,1381.0,1352.0,116.0,1352.0],"score":1.0,"text":"with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1417.0,1381.0,1417.0,1381.0,1447.0,116.0,1447.0],"score":1.0,"text":"in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1449.0,1383.0,1449.0,1383.0,1479.0,116.0,1479.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1479.0,1379.0,1479.0,1379.0,1509.0,116.0,1509.0],"score":0.99,"text":"provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1382.0,713.0,1387.0,713.0,1417.0,114.0,1413.0],"score":0.98,"text":"when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[768.0,1382.0,1381.0,1387.0,1381.0,1417.0,768.0,1413.0],"score":0.98,"text":".The zero flow day method could be used to determine change"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1354.0,570.0,1354.0,570.0,1385.0,116.0,1385.0],"score":0.98,"text":"afforestation on the number of zero flow days"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[637.0,1354.0,1383.0,1354.0,1383.0,1385.0,637.0,1385.0],"score":0.99,"text":"for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[141.0,1507.0,541.0,1509.0,541.0,1539.0,141.0,1537.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1080.0,368.0,1383.0,365.0,1383.0,402.0,1080.0,404.0],"score":0.99,"text":"www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol"}],"page_info":{"page_no":0,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":0,"poly":[130.931640625,251.82516479492188,312.8154296875,251.82516479492188,312.8154296875,283.4620056152344,130.931640625,283.4620056152344],"score":0.9999987483024597},{"category_id":4,"poly":[794.2171020507812,763.5051879882812,1396.4493408203125,763.5051879882812,1396.4493408203125,818.8292236328125,794.2171020507812,818.8292236328125],"score":0.9999982714653015},{"category_id":1,"poly":[130.19113159179688,1017.6807861328125,732.7059326171875,1017.6807861328125,732.7059326171875,1849.8070068359375,130.19113159179688,1849.8070068359375],"score":0.9999954104423523},{"category_id":1,"poly":[793.3727416992188,1280.632568359375,1397.07080078125,1280.632568359375,1397.07080078125,1849.0452880859375,793.3727416992188,1849.0452880859375],"score":0.9999947547912598},{"category_id":1,"poly":[793.5277099609375,849.8186645507812,1397.0140380859375,849.8186645507812,1397.0140380859375,1280.6221923828125,793.5277099609375,1280.6221923828125],"score":0.999994158744812},{"category_id":1,"poly":[130.5381317138672,317.5604248046875,731.9227905273438,317.5604248046875,731.9227905273438,1015.91748046875,130.5381317138672,1015.91748046875],"score":0.9999940395355225},{"category_id":2,"poly":[130.44467163085938,194.42764282226562,166.39125061035156,194.42764282226562,166.39125061035156,215.1434783935547,130.44467163085938,215.1434783935547],"score":0.999992847442627},{"category_id":2,"poly":[479.5857849121094,195.1154022216797,1045.4803466796875,195.1154022216797,1045.4803466796875,218.7963104248047,479.5857849121094,218.7963104248047],"score":0.99998939037323},{"category_id":3,"poly":[799.3821411132812,256.1320495605469,1390.73681640625,256.1320495605469,1390.73681640625,742.4434204101562,799.3821411132812,742.4434204101562],"score":0.9999882578849792},{"category_id":13,"poly":[984,1180,1065,1180,1065,1211,984,1211],"score":0.88,"latex":"<20\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[128,1415,183,1415,183,1445,128,1445],"score":0.86,"latex":"95\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[573,618,723,618,723,649,573,649],"score":0.67,"latex":"400\u2013500\\;\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,249.0,316.0,254.0,315.0,291.0,126.0,286.0],"score":1.0,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,765.0,1394.0,765.0,1394.0,793.0,793.0,793.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Fig. 1. Annual flow duration curves of daily flows from Pine Creek,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,793.0,999.0,793.0,999.0,821.0,793.0,821.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Australia, 1989-2000."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[161.0,1017.0,735.0,1017.0,735.0,1054.0,161.0,1054.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1051.0,735.0,1051.0,735.0,1088.0,127.0,1088.0],"score":0.99,"text":"easily parameterised models to predict changes in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1086.0,730.0,1086.0,730.0,1116.0,129.0,1116.0],"score":0.99,"text":"mean annual fows following afforestation. However,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1120.0,732.0,1120.0,732.0,1150.0,129.0,1150.0],"score":0.98,"text":"there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1152.0,732.0,1152.0,732.0,1182.0,129.0,1182.0],"score":0.99,"text":"relative changes in high and low flows may have"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1187.0,730.0,1187.0,730.0,1217.0,129.0,1217.0],"score":0.98,"text":"considerable site specific and downstream impacts.."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1219.0,732.0,1219.0,732.0,1249.0,129.0,1249.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1249.0,734.0,1247.0,735.0,1284.0,127.0,1286.0],"score":1.0,"text":"grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1284.0,728.0,1284.0,728.0,1314.0,129.0,1314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"decreased alow flow index by a factor of two during the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1316.0,735.0,1316.0,735.0,1352.0,127.0,1352.0],"score":0.99,"text":"first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1352.0,732.0,1352.0,732.0,1382.0,129.0,1382.0],"score":1.0,"text":"rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1385.0,732.0,1385.0,732.0,1415.0,129.0,1415.0],"score":0.99,"text":"index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1447.0,735.0,1449.0,734.0,1486.0,125.0,1483.0],"score":0.98,"text":"duration curves. Scott and Smith (1997) reported"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1486.0,732.0,1486.0,732.0,1516.0,129.0,1516.0],"score":0.96,"text":"proportionally greater reductions in low fows"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1511.0,737.0,1514.0,737.0,1550.0,125.0,1548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(75-100th percentiles) than annual flows from South"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1548.0,735.0,1550.0,734.0,1580.0,127.0,1578.0],"score":0.99,"text":"African research catchments under conversions from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1582.0,737.0,1580.0,737.0,1617.0,125.0,1619.0],"score":0.98,"text":" grass to pine and eucalypt plantations, while Bosch"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1619.0,732.0,1619.0,732.0,1649.0,129.0,1649.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(1979) found the greatest reduction in seasonal flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1651.0,732.0,1651.0,732.0,1681.0,129.0,1681.0],"score":0.98,"text":"from the summer wet season. Fahey and Jackson"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1679.0,735.0,1681.0,734.0,1718.0,125.0,1716.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(1997) reported the reduction in peak flows was twice"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1718.0,732.0,1718.0,732.0,1748.0,129.0,1748.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that of total flow and low flows for pine afforestation in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1746.0,732.0,1748.0,732.0,1785.0,125.0,1782.0],"score":0.98,"text":" New Zealand. The generalisations that can be drawn"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1784.0,728.0,1784.0,728.0,1815.0,129.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"from annual analyses, where processes and hydrologic"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1819.0,732.0,1817.0,732.0,1847.0,127.0,1849.0],"score":0.99,"text":"responses are to a certain extent integrated may not"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[184.0,1415.0,732.0,1417.0,732.0,1447.0,184.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[823.0,1277.0,1400.0,1279.0,1400.0,1316.0,823.0,1314.0],"score":0.98,"text":" This paper presents the results of a project aimed at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1316.0,1398.0,1316.0,1398.0,1346.0,793.0,1346.0],"score":0.96,"text":"quantifying changes in annual fow regime of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1350.0,1398.0,1350.0,1398.0,1380.0,793.0,1380.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments following plantation establishment. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1385.0,1398.0,1385.0,1398.0,1415.0,793.0,1415.0],"score":0.98,"text":"flow regime is represented by the flow duration curve"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1417.0,1398.0,1417.0,1398.0,1447.0,793.0,1447.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(FDC). The key assumption was that rainfall and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1451.0,1396.0,1451.0,1396.0,1481.0,793.0,1481.0],"score":0.99,"text":"forest age are the principal drivers of evapotranspira-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1481.0,1400.0,1481.0,1400.0,1518.0,788.0,1518.0],"score":0.99,"text":"tion. For any generalisation of response of the FDC to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1518.0,1398.0,1518.0,1398.0,1548.0,793.0,1548.0],"score":0.99,"text":"vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1550.0,1398.0,1550.0,1398.0,1580.0,790.0,1580.0],"score":0.97,"text":"signal must be removed. The time-tested solution to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1585.0,1398.0,1585.0,1398.0,1615.0,790.0,1615.0],"score":1.0,"text":"this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1617.0,1398.0,1617.0,1398.0,1647.0,790.0,1647.0],"score":0.98,"text":"treatment) experiment. The benefits in such studies"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1651.0,1396.0,1651.0,1396.0,1681.0,793.0,1681.0],"score":0.98,"text":"are manifold: unambiguous measures of trends,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1686.0,1392.0,1686.0,1392.0,1716.0,790.0,1716.0],"score":0.99,"text":"insights into the processes driving those trends,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1716.0,1400.0,1716.0,1400.0,1752.0,793.0,1752.0],"score":0.96,"text":"excellent opportunities for model parameterisation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1750.0,1394.0,1750.0,1394.0,1780.0,793.0,1780.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and validation. However these data are not readily"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1784.0,1390.0,1784.0,1390.0,1815.0,790.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"available for the range of treamtments and environ-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1817.0,1396.0,1817.0,1396.0,1847.0,790.0,1847.0],"score":0.99,"text":" ments required. Consequently, the aims of this project"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,851.0,1398.0,851.0,1398.0,882.0,793.0,882.0],"score":0.99,"text":"apply on a seasonal or shorter scale. Further, the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,879.0,1398.0,882.0,1398.0,918.0,788.0,916.0],"score":1.0,"text":" observed impacts of any land use change on flows may"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,916.0,1400.0,916.0,1400.0,952.0,788.0,952.0],"score":0.96,"text":"be exaggerated or understated depending on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,948.0,1400.0,948.0,1400.0,985.0,788.0,985.0],"score":0.99,"text":"prevailing climate. Observations of fow during"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,985.0,1398.0,985.0,1398.0,1015.0,793.0,1015.0],"score":0.98,"text":"extended wet or dry spells, or with high annual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1017.0,1398.0,1017.0,1398.0,1047.0,793.0,1047.0],"score":1.0,"text":"variability can obscure the real impacts. Fig. 1 plots"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1051.0,1398.0,1051.0,1398.0,1081.0,790.0,1081.0],"score":0.98,"text":" annual FDCs over 12 years of plantation growth for one"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1084.0,1398.0,1084.0,1398.0,1114.0,793.0,1114.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of the catchments used in this study, Pine Creek. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[786.0,1114.0,1400.0,1116.0,1400.0,1152.0,786.0,1150.0],"score":0.97,"text":" net change in flow is obscured by rainfall variability;"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1148.0,1400.0,1146.0,1400.0,1182.0,788.0,1185.0],"score":1.0,"text":"e.g. the greatest change in the FDC is in 1996, with the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[786.0,1215.0,1398.0,1213.0,1398.0,1249.0,786.0,1251.0],"score":0.99,"text":" compared with 2000, where there is substantially"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1249.0,941.0,1249.0,941.0,1279.0,788.0,1279.0],"score":0.99,"text":"higher flows."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1180.0,983.0,1180.0,983.0,1217.0,788.0,1217.0],"score":0.96,"text":"stream flowing"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1066.0,1180.0,1400.0,1180.0,1400.0,1217.0,1066.0,1217.0],"score":0.96,"text":" of the time. This may be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[161.0,318.0,728.0,318.0,728.0,355.0,161.0,355.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Widespread afforestation through plantation estab-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,348.0,732.0,350.0,732.0,387.0,125.0,385.0],"score":1.0,"text":"lishment on non-forested land represents a potentially"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,389.0,732.0,389.0,732.0,417.0,129.0,417.0],"score":0.98,"text":"significant alteration of catchment evapotranspiration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,421.0,730.0,421.0,730.0,452.0,129.0,452.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(ET). Using data collated from multiple catchment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,456.0,732.0,456.0,732.0,484.0,129.0,484.0],"score":0.99,"text":"studies, researchers have demonstrated a consistent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,482.0,737.0,484.0,737.0,520.0,125.0,518.0],"score":0.98,"text":" difference in ET between forests and grass or short "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[122.0,518.0,734.0,516.0,735.0,553.0,123.0,555.0],"score":0.99,"text":" crops, and the relationship between ET and rainfall on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,553.0,732.0,553.0,732.0,583.0,127.0,583.0],"score":1.0,"text":"a mean annual basis (Holmes and Sinclair, 1986;"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,585.0,732.0,585.0,732.0,621.0,127.0,621.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Vertessy and Bessard, 1999; Zhang et al., 1999,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,654.0,732.0,654.0,732.0,684.0,129.0,684.0],"score":0.99,"text":"there is an increasing divergence between forest and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,684.0,734.0,682.0,735.0,718.0,125.0,720.0],"score":0.99,"text":"grassland ET (Zhang et al., 2001). Research from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,718.0,732.0,718.0,732.0,755.0,127.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,755.0,730.0,755.0,730.0,785.0,129.0,785.0],"score":1.0,"text":"reduction following afforestation with both pine and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,783.0,732.0,780.0,732.0,817.0,125.0,819.0],"score":0.99,"text":"eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[131.0,819.0,732.0,819.0,732.0,849.0,131.0,849.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,854.0,730.0,854.0,730.0,884.0,129.0,884.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,888.0,732.0,888.0,732.0,918.0,129.0,918.0],"score":1.0,"text":"water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,914.0,735.0,916.0,734.0,952.0,125.0,950.0],"score":1.0,"text":" of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,952.0,732.0,952.0,732.0,983.0,127.0,983.0],"score":1.0,"text":"a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[126.0,982.0,232.0,987.0,231.0,1017.0,124.0,1012.0],"score":0.98,"text":"land use."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,619.0,572.0,619.0,572.0,649.0,129.0,649.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2001). Once annual rainfall exceeds "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,189.0,172.0,189.0,172.0,234.0,127.0,234.0],"score":0.86,"text":"254"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. 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P"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[989,1318,1012,1318,1012,1345,989,1345],"score":0.64,"latex":"Y"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1077,1318,1098,1318,1098,1345,1077,1345],"score":0.64,"latex":"S"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1239,1583,1262,1583,1262,1611,1239,1611],"score":0.51,"latex":"S"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[989,1488,1008,1488,1008,1511,989,1511],"score":0.3,"latex":"a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,651.0,256.0,651.0,256.0,688.0,112.0,688.0],"score":0.96,"text":"2. Methods"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,716.0,526.0,720.0,526.0,757.0,112.0,752.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2.1. Characterisation of fow regime"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,249.0,1383.0,252.0,1383.0,288.0,777.0,286.0],"score":0.99,"text":" closure, a time term is required to represent plantation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,288.0,1385.0,284.0,1385.0,320.0,778.0,325.0],"score":0.99,"text":"growth. A simple model relating the time series of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,318.0,1383.0,323.0,1383.0,357.0,777.0,353.0],"score":0.99,"text":"each decile with rainfall and vegetation characteristics"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,357.0,1018.0,357.0,1018.0,387.0,782.0,387.0],"score":0.99,"text":"can be expressed as:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[466.0,194.0,1033.0,194.0,1033.0,224.0,466.0,224.0],"score":0.99,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,249.0,722.0,252.0,722.0,288.0,112.0,286.0],"score":0.99,"text":"were to (1) fit a model to the observed annual time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,290.0,719.0,290.0,719.0,320.0,116.0,320.0],"score":0.98,"text":"series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,320.0,722.0,320.0,722.0,357.0,112.0,357.0],"score":0.99,"text":" year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,355.0,719.0,355.0,719.0,385.0,116.0,385.0],"score":1.0,"text":"as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,389.0,722.0,389.0,722.0,419.0,116.0,419.0],"score":0.98,"text":"with the long term mean to obtain climate adjusted"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,421.0,719.0,421.0,719.0,452.0,116.0,452.0],"score":0.99,"text":"FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,456.0,717.0,456.0,717.0,486.0,116.0,486.0],"score":1.0,"text":"plantations age. If the climate signal, represented by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,482.0,722.0,486.0,721.0,523.0,112.0,518.0],"score":0.98,"text":"rainfall, could be successfully removed, the resulting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,522.0,719.0,522.0,719.0,553.0,116.0,553.0],"score":0.99,"text":"changes in the FDC would be solely attributable to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,557.0,243.0,557.0,243.0,587.0,114.0,587.0],"score":1.0,"text":"vegetation."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,587.0,1385.0,587.0,1385.0,617.0,780.0,617.0],"score":0.99,"text":"plantation. Annual rainfall was chosen as the rainfall"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,621.0,1385.0,621.0,1385.0,649.0,780.0,649.0],"score":0.99,"text":"statistic as it proved to be the most robust predictor of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,654.0,1385.0,654.0,1385.0,684.0,780.0,684.0],"score":0.97,"text":"flow over the whole range of flow percentiles, as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,686.0,1383.0,686.0,1383.0,722.0,777.0,722.0],"score":0.98,"text":" compared with rainfall percentiles; e.g. median rain-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,718.0,1385.0,718.0,1385.0,755.0,777.0,755.0],"score":0.97,"text":"fall versus 10th flow percentile. The use of annual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,748.0,1385.0,750.0,1385.0,787.0,775.0,785.0],"score":0.99,"text":"rainfall also minimises parameter complexity. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,787.0,1383.0,787.0,1383.0,817.0,782.0,817.0],"score":0.98,"text":"choice of model form is dependent on selecting a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,821.0,1383.0,821.0,1383.0,849.0,780.0,849.0],"score":0.99,"text":"function that describes the relationship between forest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,854.0,1383.0,851.0,1383.0,881.0,778.0,884.0],"score":0.98,"text":"age and ET. Scott and Smith (1997\uff09 demonstrated"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,886.0,1383.0,886.0,1383.0,916.0,780.0,916.0],"score":0.98,"text":"cumulative reductions in annual and low flows"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,920.0,1383.0,920.0,1383.0,950.0,780.0,950.0],"score":0.98,"text":"resulting from afforestation fitted a sigmoidal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,952.0,1379.0,952.0,1379.0,983.0,777.0,983.0],"score":0.99,"text":"function, similar to forest growth functions. Conse-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,985.0,1385.0,983.0,1385.0,1019.0,775.0,1021.0],"score":0.99,"text":" quently, we used a sigmoidal function to characterise"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1019.0,1381.0,1019.0,1381.0,1049.0,780.0,1049.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the impact of plantation growth on each fow decile."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1054.0,1383.0,1054.0,1383.0,1084.0,780.0,1084.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Fig. 2a is a schematic of the change in the FDC over"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1086.0,1143.0,1086.0,1143.0,1116.0,777.0,1116.0],"score":0.99,"text":"time. The model took the form:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1202.0,522.0,1385.0,522.0,1385.0,550.0,1202.0,550.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is a function of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,522.0,855.0,522.0,855.0,550.0,782.0,550.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[898.0,522.0,1149.0,522.0,1149.0,550.0,898.0,550.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is the percentile flow,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,555.0,929.0,555.0,929.0,585.0,780.0,585.0],"score":0.95,"text":"rainfall and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[983.0,555.0,1383.0,555.0,1383.0,585.0,983.0,585.0],"score":0.98,"text":" is a function of the age of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1453.0,1385.0,1453.0,1385.0,1484.0,780.0,1484.0],"score":1.0,"text":"afforestation has taken place. For the average climate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1516.0,1383.0,1516.0,1383.0,1546.0,775.0,1546.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the new equilibrium plantation water use under"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1552.0,1385.0,1552.0,1385.0,1582.0,777.0,1582.0],"score":0.99,"text":" afforestation is reached. Y then gives the magnitude"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1619.0,1385.0,1619.0,1385.0,1649.0,780.0,1649.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the shape of the response as shown in Fig. 2b. For"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1718.0,1383.0,1718.0,1383.0,1748.0,780.0,1748.0],"score":0.98,"text":"afforestation condition would not require the time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1752.0,1383.0,1752.0,1383.0,1782.0,780.0,1782.0],"score":0.98,"text":"term. Details of the optimisation scheme and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1784.0,1383.0,1784.0,1383.0,1815.0,780.0,1815.0],"score":1.0,"text":"sensitivity tests on initial parameter values are given"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1817.0,1020.0,1817.0,1020.0,1847.0,780.0,1847.0],"score":0.97,"text":"in Lane et al. (2003)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1382.0,1209.0,1382.0,1209.0,1419.0,777.0,1419.0],"score":0.98,"text":"from the period of record average, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1263.0,1382.0,1385.0,1382.0,1385.0,1419.0,1263.0,1419.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1286.0,856.0,1286.0,856.0,1316.0,782.0,1316.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1649.0,1195.0,1649.0,1195.0,1686.0,777.0,1686.0],"score":1.0,"text":"the average pre-treatment condition"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1312.0,1486.0,1385.0,1486.0,1385.0,1516.0,1312.0,1516.0],"score":1.0,"text":"when"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1419.0,1258.0,1419.0,1258.0,1449.0,780.0,1449.0],"score":0.97,"text":"in years at which half of the reduction in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1302.0,1419.0,1385.0,1419.0,1385.0,1449.0,1302.0,1449.0],"score":1.0,"text":"due to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1141.0,1686.0,1379.0,1686.0,1379.0,1716.0,1141.0,1716.0],"score":0.95,"text":" Estimation of a pre-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1486.0,894.0,1486.0,894.0,1516.0,780.0,1516.0],"score":1.0,"text":"condition"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[899.0,1286.0,1205.0,1286.0,1205.0,1316.0,899.0,1316.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is the percentile flow (i.e."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1253.0,1286.0,1383.0,1286.0,1383.0,1316.0,1253.0,1316.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is the 50th"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[822.0,1686.0,1074.0,1686.0,1074.0,1716.0,822.0,1716.0],"score":0.99,"text":" approximately equals"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1279.0,1649.0,1312.0,1649.0,1312.0,1686.0,1279.0,1686.0],"score":1.0,"text":"at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1352.0,962.0,1350.0,962.0,1380.0,778.0,1382.0],"score":1.0,"text":"sigmoidal term,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1003.0,1352.0,1385.0,1350.0,1385.0,1380.0,1003.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is the deviation of annual rainfall"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1316.0,988.0,1314.0,988.0,1350.0,775.0,1352.0],"score":0.97,"text":"percentile flow),"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1013.0,1316.0,1076.0,1314.0,1076.0,1350.0,1013.0,1352.0],"score":0.9,"text":" and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1099.0,1316.0,1385.0,1314.0,1385.0,1350.0,1099.0,1352.0],"score":0.98,"text":" are coefficients of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1587.0,1238.0,1587.0,1238.0,1617.0,780.0,1617.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of change due to afforestation, and "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1263.0,1587.0,1385.0,1587.0,1385.0,1617.0,1263.0,1617.0],"score":0.99,"text":" describes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1009.0,1486.0,1269.0,1486.0,1269.0,1516.0,1009.0,1516.0],"score":1.0,"text":"becomes the value of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[144.0,783.0,720.0,785.0,719.0,821.0,144.0,819.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Flow duration curves display the relationship"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,821.0,719.0,821.0,719.0,851.0,116.0,851.0],"score":0.96,"text":"between streamflow and the percentage of time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,854.0,717.0,854.0,717.0,884.0,116.0,884.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the streamflow is exceeded as a cumulative density"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,888.0,719.0,888.0,719.0,918.0,116.0,918.0],"score":1.0,"text":"function They can be constructed for any time period"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,920.0,715.0,920.0,715.0,950.0,116.0,950.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) and provide a graphical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,952.0,717.0,955.0,717.0,985.0,114.0,983.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and statistical view of historic streamflow variability"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,987.0,717.0,987.0,717.0,1017.0,114.0,1017.0],"score":0.99,"text":"in a single catchment or a comparison of inter-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1017.0,722.0,1017.0,722.0,1054.0,112.0,1054.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchment flow regimes. Vogel and Fennessey (1994)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[110.0,1047.0,722.0,1049.0,722.0,1086.0,109.0,1084.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and Smakhtin (1999, 2001) demonstrate the utility"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1088.0,719.0,1088.0,719.0,1118.0,114.0,1118.0],"score":1.0,"text":"(and caveats) of FDCs in characterising, comparing"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1120.0,722.0,1120.0,722.0,1150.0,114.0,1150.0],"score":0.97,"text":"and predicting flow regimes at varying temporal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1150.0,724.0,1150.0,724.0,1187.0,112.0,1187.0],"score":0.98,"text":"scales. Fig. 1 is an example of annual FDCs"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1187.0,722.0,1187.0,722.0,1217.0,114.0,1217.0],"score":0.99,"text":"constructed from daily flows. For the consideration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[110.0,1215.0,722.0,1217.0,722.0,1253.0,109.0,1251.0],"score":0.99,"text":" of annual flow regime, daily fows are an appropriate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1253.0,477.0,1253.0,477.0,1284.0,114.0,1284.0],"score":0.99,"text":"time step for FDC construction."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1342.0,189.0,1387.0,189.0,1387.0,234.0,1342.0,234.0],"score":1.0,"text":"255"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1284.0,715.0,1284.0,715.0,1314.0,148.0,1314.0],"score":0.99,"text":"FDCs were computed from the distribution of daily"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1316.0,720.0,1320.0,719.0,1350.0,112.0,1346.0],"score":1.0,"text":"flows for each year of record based on the appropriate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1352.0,719.0,1352.0,719.0,1382.0,116.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"water years (May-April or November-October) for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1380.0,722.0,1382.0,722.0,1419.0,112.0,1417.0],"score":0.96,"text":"10 Southern Hemisphere catchments. Each 10th"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1419.0,719.0,1417.0,720.0,1447.0,114.0,1449.0],"score":0.97,"text":"percentile (decile\uff09 was extracted from the annual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1449.0,720.0,1451.0,719.0,1481.0,112.0,1479.0],"score":0.99,"text":"FDCs of each catchment to form the data sets for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1486.0,719.0,1486.0,719.0,1516.0,114.0,1516.0],"score":0.99,"text":"analysis. For the purpose of characterising changes in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1518.0,719.0,1518.0,719.0,1546.0,114.0,1546.0],"score":1.0,"text":"each of the deciles, it is assumed that the time series is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1550.0,719.0,1550.0,719.0,1580.0,114.0,1580.0],"score":0.96,"text":"principally a function of climate and vegetation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1585.0,722.0,1585.0,722.0,1615.0,114.0,1615.0],"score":0.99,"text":"characteristics. Given rainfall is generally the most"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1619.0,722.0,1619.0,722.0,1649.0,114.0,1649.0],"score":0.97,"text":"important factor affecting streamflow and the most"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1651.0,719.0,1651.0,719.0,1681.0,116.0,1681.0],"score":0.98,"text":"easily accessed data, it is chosen to represent the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1686.0,719.0,1686.0,719.0,1716.0,116.0,1716.0],"score":1.0,"text":"climate. Catchment physical properties such as soil"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1716.0,722.0,1716.0,722.0,1752.0,114.0,1752.0],"score":0.98,"text":"properties and topography are assumed to be time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1752.0,719.0,1752.0,719.0,1782.0,116.0,1782.0],"score":0.99,"text":"invariant and therefore their impact on runoff is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[118.0,1784.0,719.0,1784.0,719.0,1815.0,118.0,1815.0],"score":1.0,"text":"considered constant throughout the analysis. As trees"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1819.0,715.0,1819.0,715.0,1849.0,116.0,1849.0],"score":1.0,"text":"intercept and transpire at increasing rates until 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The model (2) was split into simplified forms,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1378.0,1396.0,1378.0,1396.0,1408.0,793.0,1408.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where only the rainfall or time terms were included by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1445.0,1398.0,1445.0,1398.0,1475.0,793.0,1475.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Eq. (6). The component models (5) and (6) were then"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1477.0,1233.0,1477.0,1233.0,1507.0,790.0,1507.0],"score":1.0,"text":"tested against the complete model, (2)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1408.0,872.0,1408.0,872.0,1445.0,790.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":"setting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[933.0,1408.0,1198.0,1408.0,1198.0,1445.0,933.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":", as shown in Eq. (5), or"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1260.0,1408.0,1400.0,1408.0,1400.0,1445.0,1260.0,1445.0],"score":0.97,"text":"as shown in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,944.0,1400.0,944.0,1400.0,980.0,790.0,980.0],"score":1.0,"text":"minus the ratio of the mean square error to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1008.0,1400.0,1011.0,1400.0,1047.0,790.0,1045.0],"score":0.98,"text":"1.0. Higher values indicate greater agreement between"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1041.0,1403.0,1043.0,1402.0,1079.0,788.0,1077.0],"score":0.97,"text":" observed and predicted data as per the coefficient of "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1112.0,1400.0,1112.0,1400.0,1142.0,793.0,1142.0],"score":0.97,"text":"evaluating hydrologic modelling because it is a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1213.0,1121.0,1213.0,1121.0,1241.0,790.0,1241.0],"score":0.99,"text":"indicate adequate model fits."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1366.0,1178.0,1398.0,1178.0,1398.0,1208.0,1366.0,1208.0],"score":1.0,"text":"to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1178.0,879.0,1178.0,879.0,1208.0,793.0,1208.0],"score":1.0,"text":"always"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[932.0,1178.0,1280.0,1178.0,1280.0,1208.0,932.0,1208.0],"score":1.0,"text":"we have arbitrarily considered"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1363.0,1075.0,1402.0,1075.0,1402.0,1112.0,1363.0,1112.0],"score":1.0,"text":"in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,909.0,844.0,909.0,844.0,946.0,788.0,946.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1147.0,875.0,1398.0,877.0,1398.0,914.0,1147.0,912.0],"score":0.97,"text":" are predicted values,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1146.0,1343.0,1146.0,1343.0,1176.0,793.0,1176.0],"score":1.0,"text":"measure of the deviation from the 1:1 line. 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(2), using an inverse sigmoidal function was"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1456.0,732.0,1456.0,732.0,1486.0,129.0,1486.0],"score":0.98,"text":"employed to assess the impact of afforestation on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1589.0,735.0,1589.0,735.0,1619.0,129.0,1619.0],"score":0.99,"text":"rainfall increases, and increases with plantation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[126.0,1624.0,220.0,1618.0,222.0,1651.0,128.0,1656.0],"score":1.0,"text":"growth:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[590.0,1557.0,732.0,1557.0,732.0,1587.0,590.0,1587.0],"score":1.0,"text":"decreases as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1524.0,596.0,1524.0,596.0,1554.0,129.0,1554.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the left hand side of Eq. (2) is replaced by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1490.0,512.0,1490.0,512.0,1520.0,129.0,1520.0],"score":0.99,"text":"number of zero flow days per year"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[586.0,1490.0,732.0,1490.0,732.0,1520.0,586.0,1520.0],"score":0.97,"text":". In this case,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[657.0,1524.0,712.0,1524.0,712.0,1554.0,657.0,1554.0],"score":0.97,"text":", and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1557.0,174.0,1557.0,174.0,1587.0,129.0,1587.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[195.0,1557.0,528.0,1557.0,528.0,1587.0,195.0,1587.0],"score":0.99,"text":"are constrained to negative as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1288.0,438.0,1288.0,438.0,1324.0,129.0,1324.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2.2. 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The initial criteria for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1047.0,1383.0,1051.0,1383.0,1088.0,775.0,1084.0],"score":0.99,"text":"selection of these catchments were a known veg-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1088.0,1385.0,1088.0,1385.0,1118.0,780.0,1118.0],"score":0.95,"text":"etation history and streamflow records of good"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1120.0,1381.0,1120.0,1381.0,1150.0,780.0,1150.0],"score":0.99,"text":"quality. The ideal data sets were those with a lengthy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1155.0,1385.0,1152.0,1385.0,1182.0,778.0,1185.0],"score":0.97,"text":"pre- and post-treatment (plantation establishment)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1215.0,1387.0,1217.0,1387.0,1253.0,775.0,1251.0],"score":0.99,"text":" ment converted from grassland or a crop equivalent to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1253.0,1385.0,1253.0,1385.0,1284.0,780.0,1284.0],"score":0.99,"text":"plantation. In reality, all these criteria were not easy to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1286.0,1383.0,1286.0,1383.0,1316.0,782.0,1316.0],"score":0.99,"text":"satisfy. For example in Victoria, Australia, the best"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1320.0,1385.0,1320.0,1385.0,1348.0,780.0,1348.0],"score":0.99,"text":"data is from Stewarts Creek, a set of decommissioned"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1352.0,1385.0,1352.0,1385.0,1382.0,780.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"research catchments with 9 years of pre-treatment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1387.0,1383.0,1387.0,1383.0,1417.0,780.0,1417.0],"score":1.0,"text":"data and 25 years of post-treatment. Here, though, the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,1417.0,1383.0,1419.0,1383.0,1449.0,777.0,1447.0],"score":0.98,"text":"treatment was a conversion from native eucalypt"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1453.0,1385.0,1453.0,1385.0,1484.0,780.0,1484.0],"score":0.99,"text":"forest to pine. The assumption made for this data set is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1486.0,1383.0,1486.0,1383.0,1516.0,780.0,1516.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that the immediate post-treatment period may be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1518.0,1383.0,1518.0,1383.0,1548.0,780.0,1548.0],"score":0.99,"text":"viewed as a non-forested condition. This condition is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1552.0,1385.0,1552.0,1385.0,1582.0,777.0,1582.0],"score":0.99,"text":"likely to approximate the ET conditions of pasture or"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1587.0,1385.0,1587.0,1385.0,1617.0,780.0,1617.0],"score":0.98,"text":"short crops for up to 3 years. Catchment details and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1619.0,1145.0,1617.0,1145.0,1647.0,775.0,1649.0],"score":1.0,"text":"treatments are given in Table 1."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1187.0,1154.0,1187.0,1154.0,1217.0,780.0,1217.0],"score":0.98,"text":"flow record with approximately"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1224.0,1187.0,1381.0,1187.0,1381.0,1217.0,1224.0,1217.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of the catch-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[466.0,194.0,1033.0,194.0,1033.0,224.0,466.0,224.0],"score":0.99,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[776.0,881.0,924.0,886.0,923.0,925.0,775.0,920.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 3. Data sets"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,254.0,1383.0,254.0,1383.0,290.0,782.0,290.0],"score":0.99,"text":"when comparing (5) and (2) would indicate the time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,290.0,1381.0,290.0,1381.0,320.0,782.0,320.0],"score":1.0,"text":"term in (6) was required to improve the complete"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,318.0,1347.0,320.0,1347.0,357.0,777.0,355.0],"score":1.0,"text":"model and is therefore significant, and vice versa."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,656.0,1385.0,656.0,1385.0,686.0,782.0,686.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where SSE is the residual sum of the squared errors, df"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,686.0,1383.0,686.0,1383.0,722.0,780.0,722.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is degrees of freedom, and the subscripts s and c refer"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,720.0,1379.0,722.0,1379.0,753.0,777.0,750.0],"score":0.98,"text":"to the simplified model and complete models,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,752.0,926.0,752.0,926.0,789.0,777.0,789.0],"score":0.97,"text":"respectively."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[816.0,1651.0,1381.0,1651.0,1381.0,1681.0,816.0,1681.0],"score":0.99,"text":"All catchments, with the exception of Traralgon"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1686.0,1379.0,1686.0,1379.0,1716.0,782.0,1716.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Creek, were afforested with pine species, predomi-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1752.0,1379.0,1752.0,1379.0,1782.0,782.0,1782.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Cathedral Peak catchments. Traralgon Creek has only"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[776.0,1812.0,1147.0,1817.0,1147.0,1851.0,775.0,1847.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of which is Eucalyptus regnans."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[821.0,1784.0,1381.0,1784.0,1381.0,1815.0,821.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":" pine, with the remainder eucalypts species, most"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1718.0,1073.0,1718.0,1073.0,1748.0,780.0,1748.0],"score":0.97,"text":"nantly Pinus radiata, with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1096.0,1718.0,1381.0,1718.0,1381.0,1748.0,1096.0,1748.0],"score":0.96,"text":"patula planted at the two"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1340.0,189.0,1387.0,189.0,1387.0,239.0,1340.0,239.0],"score":1.0,"text":"257"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[814.0,355.0,1383.0,355.0,1383.0,385.0,814.0,385.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Due to the constraint that the rainfall and time term"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,456.0,1381.0,456.0,1381.0,486.0,780.0,486.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the critical value for significance at the 0.05 level."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1136.0,415.0,1383.0,417.0,1383.0,454.0,1136.0,451.0],"score":0.98,"text":", and compared with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,486.0,830.0,488.0,830.0,518.0,780.0,516.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[853.0,486.0,1160.0,488.0,1160.0,518.0,853.0,516.0],"score":0.99,"text":"-statistic was calculated as:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,389.0,1119.0,389.0,1119.0,419.0,782.0,419.0],"score":0.99,"text":"must be positive, a one tailed"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1134.0,389.0,1381.0,389.0,1381.0,419.0,1134.0,419.0],"score":0.98,"text":"-test was applied. 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(2), to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,1322.0,1394.0,1322.0,1394.0,1352.0,795.0,1352.0],"score":0.98,"text":"observed data was generally good. Table 2 gives"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,1221.0,1046.0,1221.0,1046.0,1251.0,795.0,1251.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4.1. Model evaluation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,189.0,172.0,189.0,172.0,228.0,127.0,228.0],"score":1.0,"text":"258"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[131.0,1378.0,204.0,1378.0,204.0,1402.0,131.0,1402.0],"score":0.93,"text":"Table 3"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1397.0,355.0,1400.0,355.0,1436.0,127.0,1434.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Coefficient of efficiency,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1150.0,915.0,1150.0,915.0,1189.0,790.0,1189.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4. Results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,787.0,1396.0,787.0,1396.0,817.0,793.0,817.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and Redhill the lower BFI is matched by the shallow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,821.0,1398.0,821.0,1398.0,849.0,793.0,849.0],"score":0.99,"text":"soils. Pre-treatment data is not available for all"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,854.0,1398.0,854.0,1398.0,884.0,793.0,884.0],"score":0.98,"text":"catchment in the data set, so it was decided for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,886.0,1396.0,886.0,1396.0,916.0,793.0,916.0],"score":1.0,"text":"sake of consistency in the analysis to start each of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,920.0,1396.0,920.0,1396.0,950.0,795.0,950.0],"score":0.98,"text":"data sets in the year of treatment. The FDCs were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,955.0,1396.0,955.0,1396.0,985.0,795.0,985.0],"score":0.99,"text":"constructed for water years of May-April for eight"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,987.0,1396.0,987.0,1396.0,1017.0,793.0,1017.0],"score":1.0,"text":"catchments. The 2 Cathedral Peak catchments were"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1019.0,1398.0,1019.0,1398.0,1049.0,790.0,1049.0],"score":0.98,"text":"analysed for November-October because of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1054.0,1192.0,1054.0,1192.0,1084.0,790.0,1084.0],"score":1.0,"text":"summer rainfall maxima (Table 2)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[163.0,785.0,732.0,785.0,732.0,815.0,163.0,815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Data on soil characteristics have been obtained"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,815.0,735.0,817.0,734.0,854.0,125.0,851.0],"score":1.0,"text":"from published reports and personal communication"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,849.0,732.0,851.0,732.0,888.0,125.0,886.0],"score":1.0,"text":"with researchers, but is far from uniform, particularly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[124.0,886.0,734.0,881.0,735.0,918.0,125.0,922.0],"score":1.0,"text":"regarding porosity. Consequently only an indication"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,920.0,732.0,920.0,732.0,950.0,129.0,950.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of mean depth is reported here. However, this does"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,950.0,732.0,952.0,732.0,989.0,125.0,987.0],"score":0.99,"text":" give some indication of the likely relative storage"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,987.0,732.0,987.0,732.0,1017.0,129.0,1017.0],"score":0.99,"text":"capacities of the catchments. To obtain insights into"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1021.0,732.0,1021.0,732.0,1051.0,129.0,1051.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the pre-afforestation hydrologic characteristics a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1054.0,732.0,1054.0,732.0,1084.0,129.0,1084.0],"score":0.99,"text":"baseflow separation was performed on the daily"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1088.0,732.0,1088.0,732.0,1118.0,129.0,1118.0],"score":0.97,"text":"fows for the first 3 years following disturbance,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1118.0,730.0,1118.0,730.0,1148.0,129.0,1148.0],"score":0.98,"text":"using the digital filtering method of Lyne and Hollick"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1152.0,732.0,1152.0,732.0,1182.0,129.0,1182.0],"score":0.98,"text":"(1979) with a filter coefficient of 0.925 and three"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1185.0,734.0,1182.0,735.0,1219.0,125.0,1221.0],"score":0.99,"text":" passes. The resultant average basefow index (BFI),"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1221.0,730.0,1221.0,730.0,1249.0,129.0,1249.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the ratio of baseflow to total flow, is given in Table 1."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1251.0,730.0,1251.0,730.0,1281.0,129.0,1281.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The Australian catchments display a notably"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1288.0,732.0,1288.0,732.0,1316.0,129.0,1316.0],"score":0.98,"text":"lower BFI than the South African and New Zealand"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1320.0,734.0,1318.0,735.0,1348.0,127.0,1350.0],"score":0.96,"text":"catchments. For Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,252.0,208.0,252.0,208.0,282.0,129.0,282.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 2"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,282.0,513.0,282.0,513.0,312.0,129.0,312.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Significance of the rainfall and time terms"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1225.0,697.0,1396.0,697.0,1396.0,727.0,1225.0,727.0],"score":0.98,"text":"level, * represents"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,725.0,298.0,725.0,298.0,755.0,129.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"significance at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[343.0,725.0,941.0,725.0,941.0,755.0,343.0,755.0],"score":0.99,"text":"level, and na denotes too few data points for meaningful analysis."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[147.0,697.0,625.0,697.0,625.0,727.0,147.0,727.0],"score":0.98,"text":" indicates that the rainfall term was significant at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[661.0,697.0,718.0,697.0,718.0,727.0,661.0,727.0],"score":1.0,"text":"level,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[738.0,697.0,1189.0,697.0,1189.0,727.0,738.0,727.0],"score":0.99,"text":"indicates that the time term was significant at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1821.0,1037.0,1821.0,1037.0,1849.0,129.0,1849.0],"score":0.99,"text":"ns Indicates that no 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the adjusted FDCs are identical for 12"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,948.0,1381.0,948.0,1381.0,978.0,780.0,978.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and 20 years after treatment. This figure clearly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,983.0,1381.0,983.0,1381.0,1013.0,782.0,1013.0],"score":0.98,"text":"demonstrates the necessity for FDC adjustment,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[773.0,1013.0,1168.0,1010.0,1168.0,1047.0,773.0,1049.0],"score":0.99,"text":" particularly for the 20 years FDC."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[834.0,882.0,1383.0,882.0,1383.0,912.0,834.0,912.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values are given in Table 4. Fig. 3 shows that for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,955.0,719.0,955.0,719.0,985.0,116.0,985.0],"score":0.98,"text":"general the model fits the higher flows (lower deciles)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,987.0,719.0,987.0,719.0,1017.0,116.0,1017.0],"score":1.0,"text":"better, most of the poorer fits are in the 80-100"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1017.0,722.0,1015.0,722.0,1051.0,112.0,1054.0],"score":0.97,"text":" percentile range. This can be expected given the results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1120.0,722.0,1120.0,722.0,1150.0,116.0,1150.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Glendhu 2 and for 10th and 20th percentiles from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1150.0,724.0,1150.0,724.0,1187.0,114.0,1187.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Cathedral Peak 3 may exaggerate the goodness of fit to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1187.0,646.0,1187.0,646.0,1215.0,114.0,1215.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the exact form of the model (Lane et al., 2003)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[150.0,854.0,285.0,854.0,285.0,884.0,150.0,884.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The poorest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[309.0,854.0,715.0,854.0,715.0,884.0,309.0,884.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values were those from Lambrechts-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,886.0,408.0,886.0,408.0,916.0,116.0,916.0],"score":0.95,"text":"bos A and B. The high"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[433.0,886.0,719.0,886.0,719.0,916.0,433.0,916.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for 50-100th deciles at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1088.0,565.0,1088.0,565.0,1118.0,114.0,1118.0],"score":0.97,"text":"sensitivity analysis suggested that the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[591.0,1088.0,722.0,1088.0,722.0,1118.0,591.0,1118.0],"score":0.97,"text":"values for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,920.0,314.0,920.0,314.0,950.0,116.0,950.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Biesievlei, where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[335.0,920.0,719.0,920.0,719.0,950.0,335.0,950.0],"score":0.99,"text":"was not significant are notable. In"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1054.0,459.0,1054.0,459.0,1084.0,114.0,1084.0],"score":0.95,"text":"of the significance tests for "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[479.0,1054.0,719.0,1054.0,719.0,1084.0,479.0,1084.0],"score":0.96,"text":". The results of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,759.0,1383.0,759.0,1383.0,789.0,780.0,789.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Fig. 3. Examples of observed and fow duration curves adjusted for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,787.0,1381.0,787.0,1381.0,815.0,782.0,815.0],"score":0.97,"text":"average rainfall following afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[779.0,810.0,873.0,815.0,871.0,845.0,777.0,840.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Australia."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[810.0,1043.0,1385.0,1045.0,1385.0,1081.0,810.0,1079.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The relative net flow change due to afforestation is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1109.0,1387.0,1112.0,1387.0,1148.0,775.0,1146.0],"score":0.99,"text":" old equilibrium water use condition of pre-treatment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1146.0,1387.0,1142.0,1388.0,1178.0,778.0,1183.0],"score":1.0,"text":"vegetation to the new equilibrium condition at forest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1178.0,1385.0,1176.0,1385.0,1213.0,778.0,1215.0],"score":0.99,"text":"canopy closure. This quantity is plotted for all catchments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1215.0,1385.0,1215.0,1385.0,1245.0,780.0,1245.0],"score":0.98,"text":"in Fig. 4. Some deciles have been removed from the data"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1247.0,1383.0,1247.0,1383.0,1277.0,782.0,1277.0],"score":0.98,"text":"set, the 10th and 50th percentile for Glendhu 2 and the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1281.0,1383.0,1281.0,1383.0,1312.0,782.0,1312.0],"score":1.0,"text":"10th and 20th percentiles from Cathedral Peak 3. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1314.0,1383.0,1314.0,1383.0,1344.0,780.0,1344.0],"score":0.98,"text":"optimised value of a was zero or near zero for these cases,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1348.0,1383.0,1348.0,1383.0,1378.0,780.0,1378.0],"score":1.0,"text":"which is not consistent with the conceptual model. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1378.0,1385.0,1376.0,1385.0,1413.0,775.0,1415.0],"score":0.98,"text":" changes shown in Fig. 4 are variable. However, there are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1415.0,1385.0,1415.0,1385.0,1445.0,780.0,1445.0],"score":1.0,"text":"some commonalities between catchment responses. Two"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1447.0,1387.0,1445.0,1387.0,1481.0,775.0,1484.0],"score":0.99,"text":"types of responses (groups) were identified. Group 1"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1481.0,1385.0,1481.0,1385.0,1511.0,780.0,1511.0],"score":1.0,"text":"catchments show a substantial increase in the number of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1514.0,1387.0,1514.0,1387.0,1550.0,777.0,1550.0],"score":0.96,"text":" zero flow days, with a greater proportional reduction in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1548.0,1385.0,1548.0,1385.0,1578.0,782.0,1578.0],"score":0.99,"text":"low flows than high fows. Group 2 catchments show a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1582.0,1383.0,1582.0,1383.0,1612.0,780.0,1612.0],"score":0.99,"text":"more uniform proportional reduction in fows across all"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1617.0,1383.0,1615.0,1383.0,1645.0,778.0,1647.0],"score":1.0,"text":"percentiles, albeit with some variability. The catchments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[776.0,1644.0,980.0,1649.0,979.0,1686.0,775.0,1681.0],"score":0.95,"text":" in each group are:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1079.0,877.0,1079.0,877.0,1116.0,780.0,1116.0],"score":1.0,"text":"givenby"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[976.0,1079.0,1385.0,1079.0,1385.0,1116.0,976.0,1116.0],"score":0.98,"text":", which represents the change from the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,288.0,717.0,288.0,717.0,318.0,116.0,318.0],"score":0.99,"text":"percentile at all the catchments. The majority of fits"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,355.0,719.0,355.0,719.0,385.0,116.0,385.0],"score":0.99,"text":"significance of the rainfall and time terms is given in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,387.0,717.0,387.0,717.0,417.0,114.0,417.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Table 3 for all deciles, where solutions were found."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,417.0,720.0,421.0,719.0,452.0,112.0,447.0],"score":0.98,"text":"There were not enough data to fit the model in five"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,456.0,717.0,456.0,717.0,484.0,116.0,484.0],"score":0.98,"text":"instances because of extended periods of zero flows."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,488.0,719.0,488.0,719.0,518.0,116.0,518.0],"score":0.99,"text":"This problem is addressed to some extent in the zero"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,522.0,719.0,522.0,719.0,550.0,116.0,550.0],"score":1.0,"text":"fow analysis. If the rainfall signal is to be separated"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,555.0,719.0,555.0,719.0,585.0,114.0,585.0],"score":0.98,"text":"from the vegetation signal the rainfall terms must be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[110.0,649.0,722.0,651.0,722.0,688.0,109.0,686.0],"score":0.99,"text":" 0.10 level. The incidence of significance was greatest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,688.0,719.0,688.0,719.0,718.0,116.0,718.0],"score":0.99,"text":"for the 10-50th percentiles at 45 of the 50 data sets at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,817.0,432.0,815.0,432.0,851.0,112.0,854.0],"score":0.98,"text":"significant at the 0.10 level."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[189.0,320.0,295.0,320.0,295.0,350.0,189.0,350.0],"score":1.0,"text":"returned"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,755.0,267.0,755.0,267.0,785.0,116.0,785.0],"score":1.0,"text":"results, with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[325.0,755.0,719.0,755.0,719.0,785.0,325.0,785.0],"score":0.97,"text":" of the deciles significant at 0.05"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[685.0,589.0,722.0,589.0,722.0,619.0,685.0,619.0],"score":1.0,"text":"of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,621.0,601.0,621.0,601.0,649.0,114.0,649.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the deciles at the 0.05 level, and a further"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[645.0,621.0,719.0,621.0,719.0,649.0,645.0,649.0],"score":0.99,"text":"at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,787.0,532.0,787.0,532.0,815.0,116.0,815.0],"score":0.96,"text":"level. There were an additional"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[578.0,787.0,719.0,787.0,719.0,815.0,578.0,815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of deciles"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[110.0,249.0,483.0,252.0,483.0,288.0,109.0,286.0],"score":0.91,"text":"the coefficient of efficiency "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[525.0,249.0,720.0,252.0,719.0,288.0,525.0,286.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for each flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,589.0,375.0,589.0,375.0,619.0,116.0,619.0],"score":1.0,"text":"significant. This term,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[395.0,589.0,627.0,589.0,627.0,619.0,395.0,619.0],"score":0.98,"text":", was significant for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[381.0,320.0,450.0,320.0,450.0,350.0,381.0,350.0],"score":0.9,"text":"\uff0cwith"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[553.0,320.0,719.0,320.0,719.0,350.0,553.0,350.0],"score":0.97,"text":"or better. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,718.0,497.0,718.0,497.0,748.0,116.0,748.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the 0.05 level. The time term,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[523.0,718.0,717.0,718.0,717.0,748.0,523.0,748.0],"score":0.97,"text":"returned similar"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1318.0,719.0,1318.0,719.0,1348.0,148.0,1348.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Following the successful fitting of (2) to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1352.0,719.0,1352.0,719.0,1382.0,114.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"observed percentiles, the FDCs were adjusted for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1419.0,719.0,1419.0,719.0,1447.0,114.0,1447.0],"score":0.99,"text":"average annual rainfall. The climate adjusted FDCs"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1453.0,719.0,1453.0,719.0,1481.0,114.0,1481.0],"score":0.96,"text":"produce an estimation of the change in flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1486.0,722.0,1483.0,722.0,1514.0,112.0,1516.0],"score":0.98,"text":"percentiles over time for each catchment due to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1518.0,719.0,1518.0,719.0,1548.0,116.0,1548.0],"score":0.99,"text":"afforestation that may be viewed in two forms: new"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1552.0,722.0,1552.0,722.0,1580.0,114.0,1580.0],"score":0.99,"text":"FDCs, adjusted for climate, as exemplified in Fig. 3"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1587.0,721.0,1582.0,722.0,1612.0,112.0,1617.0],"score":0.99,"text":"for Stewarts Creek 5, and a comparison between all"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1619.0,717.0,1619.0,717.0,1649.0,114.0,1649.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments of the maximum change in yield (given by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[118.0,1651.0,722.0,1651.0,722.0,1681.0,118.0,1681.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Y) for each flow percentile from baseline flows (given"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[118.0,1718.0,715.0,1718.0,715.0,1748.0,118.0,1748.0],"score":0.98,"text":"equilibrium of maximum water use is reached, the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1750.0,719.0,1750.0,719.0,1780.0,116.0,1780.0],"score":0.99,"text":"adjusted FDCs for individual years should be identical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1784.0,719.0,1784.0,719.0,1815.0,114.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"if rainfall variability has been accounted for. The new"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[110.0,1808.0,600.0,1813.0,600.0,1856.0,109.0,1851.0],"score":0.96,"text":" equilibrium is approximately reached for "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1686.0,159.0,1686.0,159.0,1716.0,116.0,1716.0],"score":1.0,"text":"by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[232.0,1686.0,719.0,1686.0,719.0,1716.0,232.0,1716.0],"score":0.95,"text":" as shown in Fig. 4. Where the new"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1387.0,322.0,1387.0,322.0,1417.0,116.0,1417.0],"score":1.0,"text":"climate by setting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[365.0,1387.0,719.0,1387.0,719.0,1417.0,365.0,1417.0],"score":0.99,"text":"to zero, representing long term"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[466.0,194.0,1033.0,194.0,1033.0,224.0,466.0,224.0],"score":0.99,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1249.0,694.0,1251.0,694.0,1288.0,112.0,1286.0],"score":0.99,"text":"4.2. Adjusted FDCs\u2014magnitude of fow reductions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1709.0,1325.0,1709.0,1325.0,1739.0,782.0,1739.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Group 1: Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek, and Redhill"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1744.0,1381.0,1744.0,1381.0,1774.0,782.0,1774.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Group 2: Cathedral Peak 2 and 3, Lambrechtsbos A,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[889.0,1776.0,1383.0,1776.0,1383.0,1806.0,889.0,1806.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Lambrechtsbos B, Glendhu 2, Biesievlei and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[889.0,1810.0,1072.0,1810.0,1072.0,1840.0,889.0,1840.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Traralgon Creek"}],"page_info":{"page_no":6,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":6,"poly":[130.38211059570312,1373.58056640625,408.3111877441406,1373.58056640625,408.3111877441406,1427.8253173828125,130.38211059570312,1427.8253173828125],"score":0.9999985694885254},{"category_id":2,"poly":[131.90994262695312,195.1804962158203,165.77700805664062,195.1804962158203,165.77700805664062,215.41661071777344,131.90994262695312,215.41661071777344],"score":0.9999985098838806},{"category_id":2,"poly":[481.0845642089844,195.8048095703125,1043.9552001953125,195.8048095703125,1043.9552001953125,218.32778930664062,481.0845642089844,218.32778930664062],"score":0.9999977350234985},{"category_id":5,"poly":[124.61016845703125,1434.242919921875,1399.2454833984375,1434.242919921875,1399.2454833984375,1811.951171875,124.61016845703125,1811.951171875],"score":0.9999969005584717},{"category_id":4,"poly":[510.5360107421875,734.0053100585938,1013.9042358398438,734.0053100585938,1013.9042358398438,758.7108154296875,510.5360107421875,758.7108154296875],"score":0.9999968409538269},{"category_id":1,"poly":[131.32168579101562,838.9521484375,730.0957641601562,838.9521484375,730.0957641601562,1314.5084228515625,131.32168579101562,1314.5084228515625],"score":0.9999938011169434},{"category_id":3,"poly":[306.1774597167969,253.64524841308594,1219.746337890625,253.64524841308594,1219.746337890625,705.4325561523438,306.1774597167969,705.4325561523438],"score":0.9999911785125732},{"category_id":1,"poly":[794.51171875,907.3822631835938,1395.8782958984375,907.3822631835938,1395.8782958984375,1313.7686767578125,794.51171875,1313.7686767578125],"score":0.9999873042106628},{"category_id":7,"poly":[127.02899169921875,1816.2164306640625,940.5137939453125,1816.2164306640625,940.5137939453125,1842.17822265625,127.02899169921875,1842.17822265625],"score":0.999592661857605},{"category_id":0,"poly":[794.436767578125,838.79541015625,1117.543701171875,838.79541015625,1117.543701171875,867.4995727539062,794.436767578125,867.4995727539062],"score":0.9990140795707703},{"category_id":13,"poly":[759,733,840,733,840,759,759,759],"score":0.9,"latex":"Y/(Y+a)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[815,1077,867,1077,867,1108,815,1108],"score":0.89,"latex":"T_{\\mathrm{half}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1088,1179,1140,1179,1140,1211,1088,1211],"score":0.89,"latex":"T_{\\mathrm{half}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[130,1247,196,1247,196,1277,130,1277],"score":0.84,"latex":"100\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[209,1042,276,1042,276,1072,209,1072],"score":0.84,"latex":"100\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1174,940,1224,940,1224,971,1174,971],"score":0.84,"latex":"T_{\\mathrm{half}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[129,1401,172,1401,172,1428,129,1428],"score":0.7,"latex":"T_{\\mathrm{half}}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1372.0,208.0,1372.0,208.0,1402.0,129.0,1402.0],"score":0.93,"text":"Table 4"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[173.0,1400.0,408.0,1397.0,408.0,1434.0,173.0,1436.0],"score":1.0,"text":"(years) for all catchments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,189.0,172.0,189.0,172.0,228.0,127.0,228.0],"score":1.0,"text":"260"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[509.0,733.0,758.0,733.0,758.0,763.0,509.0,763.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Fig. 4. Net flow reductions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[841.0,733.0,1012.0,733.0,1012.0,763.0,841.0,763.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for all catchments."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[157.0,836.0,737.0,834.0,737.0,871.0,157.0,873.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Group 1 exhibit both the highest reduction of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,871.0,732.0,871.0,732.0,907.0,127.0,907.0],"score":0.98,"text":"flows overall, and show the largest proportional"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,909.0,732.0,909.0,732.0,940.0,129.0,940.0],"score":0.96,"text":"reduction at lower flows, leading to a complete"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,944.0,732.0,944.0,732.0,974.0,129.0,974.0],"score":0.99,"text":"cessation of fow. Comparison of flow reductions is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,972.0,735.0,974.0,734.0,1011.0,125.0,1008.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hindered slightly by the range of afforestation at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1010.0,735.0,1010.0,735.0,1041.0,129.0,1041.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments (Table 1). These results could be scaled"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1079.0,730.0,1079.0,730.0,1109.0,129.0,1109.0],"score":0.98,"text":"linear relationship between the area planted and flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1114.0,732.0,1114.0,732.0,1144.0,129.0,1144.0],"score":0.98,"text":"reductions. As there is no evidence that this is the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1146.0,728.0,1146.0,728.0,1176.0,129.0,1176.0],"score":0.98,"text":"case we have not presented scaled reductions here."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1178.0,737.0,1176.0,737.0,1213.0,125.0,1215.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Linear scaling would shift the reduction curves"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1213.0,737.0,1210.0,737.0,1247.0,125.0,1249.0],"score":0.96,"text":"upward for those catchments that are less than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,1281.0,492.0,1286.0,492.0,1320.0,124.0,1316.0],"score":0.98,"text":" of the curves or our groupings."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[197.0,1245.0,735.0,1247.0,734.0,1284.0,197.0,1281.0],"score":0.98,"text":" afforested, but would not change the shape"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1045.0,208.0,1045.0,208.0,1075.0,129.0,1075.0],"score":0.99,"text":"upto"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[277.0,1045.0,735.0,1045.0,735.0,1075.0,277.0,1075.0],"score":0.98,"text":" afforested if it is assumed there is a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[825.0,903.0,1398.0,905.0,1398.0,942.0,825.0,940.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The speed of fow responses to afforestation can be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,976.0,1398.0,976.0,1398.0,1006.0,793.0,1006.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is substantial variation in response times both over the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1008.0,1402.0,1004.0,1403.0,1041.0,788.0,1045.0],"score":0.99,"text":" percentile spread in some individual catchments, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1045.0,1398.0,1045.0,1398.0,1075.0,790.0,1075.0],"score":0.98,"text":" between the catchments. The majority of responses have"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1114.0,1398.0,1114.0,1398.0,1142.0,793.0,1142.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Stewarts Creek, Redhill and Lambrechtsbos A exhibit the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1148.0,1398.0,1148.0,1398.0,1178.0,793.0,1178.0],"score":0.99,"text":"fastest responses, with Biesievlei showing the most"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1215.0,1398.0,1215.0,1398.0,1245.0,793.0,1245.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments display a good correspondence to published"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1249.0,1394.0,1249.0,1394.0,1279.0,793.0,1279.0],"score":0.99,"text":"annual changes (Scott et al., 2000; Van Wyk, 1987),"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1284.0,1398.0,1284.0,1398.0,1314.0,793.0,1314.0],"score":0.99,"text":"excepting the 10-20th deciles for both Cathedral Peak"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1079.0,814.0,1079.0,814.0,1109.0,790.0,1109.0],"score":0.96,"text":"a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[868.0,1079.0,1398.0,1079.0,1398.0,1109.0,868.0,1109.0],"score":0.99,"text":"value between 5 and 10 years. Pine Creek and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1178.0,1087.0,1176.0,1087.0,1213.0,788.0,1215.0],"score":1.0,"text":"uniformly slow response."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1141.0,1178.0,1400.0,1176.0,1400.0,1213.0,1141.0,1215.0],"score":0.94,"text":"for the South African"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,942.0,1173.0,942.0,1173.0,972.0,793.0,972.0],"score":1.0,"text":"evaluated by examining the value of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1225.0,942.0,1398.0,942.0,1398.0,972.0,1225.0,972.0],"score":0.97,"text":"(Table 4). There"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1815.0,939.0,1817.0,939.0,1847.0,129.0,1845.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Note that no solution could be found for the 50 percentile for Glendhu indicted by the ns."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,838.0,1123.0,838.0,1123.0,875.0,793.0,875.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4.3. Timing of fow reductions"}],"page_info":{"page_no":7,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":0,"poly":[781.8721923828125,1618.0399169921875,928.7534790039062,1618.0399169921875,928.7534790039062,1646.409912109375,781.8721923828125,1646.409912109375],"score":0.9999984502792358},{"category_id":6,"poly":[113.6822738647461,253.5222625732422,1383.692626953125,253.5222625732422,1383.692626953125,334.94287109375,113.6822738647461,334.94287109375],"score":0.9999982714653015},{"category_id":2,"poly":[1345.8267822265625,196.56283569335938,1379.01416015625,196.56283569335938,1379.01416015625,215.46395874023438,1345.8267822265625,215.46395874023438],"score":0.999997615814209},{"category_id":2,"poly":[467.5944519042969,195.73922729492188,1030.1298828125,195.73922729492188,1030.1298828125,218.0099639892578,467.5944519042969,218.0099639892578],"score":0.9999966621398926},{"category_id":1,"poly":[117.23767852783203,1243.1109619140625,716.3004150390625,1243.1109619140625,716.3004150390625,1847.4835205078125,117.23767852783203,1847.4835205078125],"score":0.9999922513961792},{"category_id":1,"poly":[118.47014617919922,994.3162841796875,713.6297607421875,994.3162841796875,713.6297607421875,1122.2752685546875,118.47014617919922,1122.2752685546875],"score":0.9999918937683105},{"category_id":0,"poly":[119.10287475585938,1178.6876220703125,627.3995971679688,1178.6876220703125,627.3995971679688,1206.4453125,119.10287475585938,1206.4453125],"score":0.9999906420707703},{"category_id":1,"poly":[782.2766723632812,1682.373291015625,1380.46728515625,1682.373291015625,1380.46728515625,1845.99609375,782.2766723632812,1845.99609375],"score":0.9999901652336121},{"category_id":1,"poly":[781.3034057617188,1060.36083984375,1379.3385009765625,1060.36083984375,1379.3385009765625,1521.511962890625,781.3034057617188,1521.511962890625],"score":0.9999886751174927},{"category_id":5,"poly":[113.5753402709961,341.08380126953125,1386.5994873046875,341.08380126953125,1386.5994873046875,689.2748413085938,113.5753402709961,689.2748413085938],"score":0.9999498128890991},{"category_id":7,"poly":[118.46651458740234,696.7362670898438,1380.3681640625,696.7362670898438,1380.3681640625,861.0716552734375,118.46651458740234,861.0716552734375],"score":0.9997767210006714},{"category_id":0,"poly":[782.720458984375,993.1400146484375,988.5659790039062,993.1400146484375,988.5659790039062,1020.3793334960938,782.720458984375,1020.3793334960938],"score":0.9996650218963623},{"category_id":13,"poly":[458,778,601,778,601,806,458,806],"score":0.91,"latex":"\\sum Y/\\sum(a+Y)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[169,1025,221,1025,221,1056,169,1056],"score":0.91,"latex":"T_{\\mathrm{half}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[464,750,607,750,607,778,464,778],"score":0.88,"latex":"\\sum Y/\\sum(a+Y)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1201,1191,1277,1191,1277,1221,1201,1221],"score":0.88,"latex":"\\Delta N_{\\mathrm{zero}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1296,1323,1350,1323,1350,1353,1296,1353],"score":0.86,"latex":"50\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1078,1159,1101,1159,1101,1185,1078,1185],"score":0.77,"latex":"E"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1113,1192,1133,1192,1133,1219,1113,1219],"score":0.69,"latex":"b"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[375,811,390,811,390,830,375,830],"score":0.67,"latex":"a"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[990,1196,1003,1196,1003,1218,990,1218],"score":0.61,"latex":"t\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1066,812,1080,812,1080,830,1066,830],"score":0.58,"latex":"a"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[431,808,448,808,448,830,431,830],"score":0.46,"latex":"Y"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1246,1357,1283,1357,1283,1386,1246,1386],"score":0.43,"latex":"\\mathrm{Ck}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[773,779,827,779,827,804,773,804],"score":0.42,"latex":"100\\mathrm{th}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1107,1357,1144,1357,1144,1386,1107,1386],"score":0.41,"latex":"\\mathrm{Ck}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[640,807,684,807,684,831,640,831],"score":0.29,"latex":"20\\mathrm{th}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[776.0,1612.0,935.0,1617.0,933.0,1656.0,775.0,1651.0],"score":0.97,"text":" 5. Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,252.0,195.0,252.0,195.0,282.0,112.0,282.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table5"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,279.0,1383.0,282.0,1383.0,312.0,112.0,310.0],"score":0.99,"text":" Published fow reductions from paired catchment analyses, after Scott et al. (2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,307.0,681.0,310.0,681.0,340.0,112.0,338.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Jackson (1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1330.0,202.0,1368.0,177.0,1393.0,215.0,1355.0,240.0],"score":0.99,"text":"261"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[466.0,194.0,1033.0,194.0,1033.0,224.0,466.0,224.0],"score":0.99,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,1243.0,720.0,1245.0,719.0,1275.0,148.0,1273.0],"score":0.98,"text":"A further check on the overall model performance is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1279.0,719.0,1277.0,720.0,1307.0,112.0,1309.0],"score":0.98,"text":" a comparison with published results of paired catchment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1312.0,719.0,1312.0,719.0,1342.0,114.0,1342.0],"score":1.0,"text":"studies. The data that can be compared with our results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1346.0,719.0,1346.0,719.0,1376.0,114.0,1376.0],"score":0.98,"text":"are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1380.0,719.0,1380.0,719.0,1410.0,114.0,1410.0],"score":0.99,"text":"with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1415.0,722.0,1415.0,722.0,1445.0,114.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":"average annual rainfall, and at a time after treatment "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1445.0,717.0,1445.0,717.0,1475.0,114.0,1475.0],"score":0.99,"text":"when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1481.0,719.0,1481.0,719.0,1509.0,114.0,1509.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Table 5 also includes estimates on the total and low flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1511.0,719.0,1511.0,719.0,1542.0,114.0,1542.0],"score":0.99,"text":"reductions calculated from this study. Results from Pine"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1548.0,719.0,1548.0,719.0,1578.0,114.0,1578.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1582.0,722.0,1582.0,722.0,1612.0,114.0,1612.0],"score":1.0,"text":"as these catchments are not paired. Exact comparisons"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1615.0,719.0,1615.0,719.0,1645.0,116.0,1645.0],"score":0.99,"text":"are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1649.0,717.0,1649.0,717.0,1679.0,116.0,1679.0],"score":0.99,"text":"lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1681.0,719.0,1681.0,719.0,1711.0,116.0,1711.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Table 5 shows that total and low flow reductions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1716.0,719.0,1716.0,719.0,1746.0,116.0,1746.0],"score":0.99,"text":"estimated from our study are comparable to the results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1750.0,719.0,1750.0,719.0,1780.0,116.0,1780.0],"score":0.99,"text":"from paired catchment studies, indicating that our"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1782.0,719.0,1782.0,719.0,1812.0,116.0,1812.0],"score":0.99,"text":"simple model has successfully removed the rainfall"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,1820.0,190.0,1814.0,192.0,1846.0,113.0,1852.0],"score":0.94,"text":"signal."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,989.0,717.0,987.0,717.0,1023.0,112.0,1026.0],"score":1.0,"text":"catchments and the lower deciles at Lambrechtsbos B."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1062.0,715.0,1062.0,715.0,1092.0,116.0,1092.0],"score":0.98,"text":"lower than other published data (Fahey and Jackson,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1092.0,189.0,1092.0,189.0,1124.0,116.0,1124.0],"score":0.96,"text":"1997)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1028.0,168.0,1028.0,168.0,1058.0,116.0,1058.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[222.0,1028.0,715.0,1028.0,715.0,1058.0,222.0,1058.0],"score":1.0,"text":"from Glendhu 2 appears to be substantially"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1176.0,631.0,1176.0,631.0,1213.0,114.0,1213.0],"score":0.99,"text":"4.4. Comparison with paired catchment studies"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[816.0,1686.0,1381.0,1686.0,1381.0,1716.0,816.0,1716.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The aims of the project have largely been met. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1720.0,1383.0,1720.0,1383.0,1750.0,782.0,1750.0],"score":0.97,"text":"general characterisation of FDCs and adjustment for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1750.0,1385.0,1750.0,1385.0,1787.0,782.0,1787.0],"score":0.99,"text":"climate has been very encouraging given the task of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1784.0,1381.0,1784.0,1381.0,1815.0,782.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"fitting our model to 10 flow percentiles, for 10 different"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,1812.0,1383.0,1815.0,1383.0,1851.0,777.0,1849.0],"score":0.97,"text":"catchments (resulting in 100 model fits\uff09 with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[816.0,1060.0,1381.0,1060.0,1381.0,1090.0,816.0,1090.0],"score":0.96,"text":"As this analysis could only be applied, where there"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1094.0,1383.0,1094.0,1383.0,1124.0,782.0,1124.0],"score":1.0,"text":"was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1127.0,1381.0,1127.0,1381.0,1157.0,782.0,1157.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek and Redhill catchments. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1228.0,1383.0,1228.0,1383.0,1256.0,780.0,1256.0],"score":0.99,"text":"significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1260.0,1383.0,1260.0,1383.0,1290.0,780.0,1290.0],"score":0.97,"text":"all three catchments. The climate adjusted zero flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1292.0,1383.0,1292.0,1383.0,1322.0,780.0,1322.0],"score":1.0,"text":"days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,1387.0,1387.0,1389.0,1387.0,1425.0,777.0,1423.0],"score":0.97,"text":"11 at Redhill. The latter has changed from an almost "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1423.0,1385.0,1421.0,1385.0,1458.0,775.0,1460.0],"score":0.97,"text":" permanent to a highly intermittent stream. The curves"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1453.0,1385.0,1456.0,1385.0,1492.0,775.0,1490.0],"score":0.99,"text":" are also in sensible agreement with the flow reductions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1492.0,885.0,1492.0,885.0,1522.0,777.0,1522.0],"score":0.99,"text":"in Fig. 4."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1278.0,1193.0,1383.0,1193.0,1383.0,1223.0,1278.0,1223.0],"score":0.98,"text":" returned"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1327.0,1295.0,1327.0,1295.0,1357.0,777.0,1357.0],"score":0.98,"text":" are substantial with flows confined to less than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1351.0,1327.0,1385.0,1327.0,1385.0,1357.0,1351.0,1357.0],"score":1.0,"text":"of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1161.0,1077.0,1161.0,1077.0,1189.0,780.0,1189.0],"score":0.96,"text":"model returned values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1102.0,1161.0,1381.0,1161.0,1381.0,1189.0,1102.0,1189.0],"score":0.98,"text":"of 0.95, 0.99 and 0.99,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1134.0,1193.0,1200.0,1193.0,1200.0,1223.0,1134.0,1223.0],"score":0.97,"text":" and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1193.0,989.0,1193.0,989.0,1223.0,780.0,1223.0],"score":0.98,"text":"respectively. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1004.0,1193.0,1112.0,1193.0,1112.0,1223.0,1004.0,1223.0],"score":0.89,"text":"-testson"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1284.0,1354.0,1385.0,1357.0,1385.0,1393.0,1284.0,1391.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and year"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1354.0,1106.0,1357.0,1106.0,1393.0,775.0,1391.0],"score":0.98,"text":" the time by year 8 at Stewarts"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1145.0,1354.0,1245.0,1357.0,1245.0,1393.0,1145.0,1391.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and Pine"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,690.0,1385.0,694.0,1385.0,731.0,125.0,727.0],"score":0.97,"text":"a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. The value in brackets refers to the deviation from the mean anual"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,722.0,408.0,725.0,408.0,755.0,114.0,752.0],"score":1.0,"text":"rainfall for the period of record."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,832.0,312.0,834.0,311.0,864.0,112.0,862.0],"score":0.99,"text":" 30-100th percentiles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[125.0,776.0,457.0,780.0,457.0,811.0,125.0,806.0],"score":0.96,"text":"c Low flow reduction calculated by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[122.0,748.0,463.0,750.0,463.0,780.0,122.0,778.0],"score":0.98,"text":"b Total flow reduction calculated by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[608.0,748.0,743.0,750.0,743.0,780.0,608.0,778.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for all deciles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[123.0,800.0,374.0,806.0,374.0,843.0,122.0,836.0],"score":0.98,"text":"d For Cathedral Peak 3 the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1081.0,800.0,1385.0,806.0,1385.0,843.0,1081.0,836.0],"score":0.99,"text":"were lower then the values of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[391.0,800.0,430.0,806.0,430.0,843.0,391.0,836.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[602.0,776.0,772.0,780.0,772.0,811.0,602.0,806.0],"score":0.99,"text":"for 70, 80, 90 and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[828.0,776.0,934.0,780.0,934.0,811.0,828.0,806.0],"score":1.0,"text":"percentiles."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[449.0,800.0,639.0,806.0,639.0,843.0,449.0,836.0],"score":0.98,"text":"values for the 10 and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[685.0,800.0,1065.0,806.0,1065.0,843.0,685.0,836.0],"score":0.99,"text":"percentiles were excluded as the values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,987.0,993.0,991.0,992.0,1030.0,777.0,1025.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4.5. Zero fow days"}],"page_info":{"page_no":8,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":4,"poly":[130.26629638671875,1337.3250732421875,732.2774047851562,1337.3250732421875,732.2774047851562,1418.7119140625,130.26629638671875,1418.7119140625],"score":0.9999995231628418},{"category_id":2,"poly":[131.43930053710938,195.23593139648438,165.80084228515625,195.23593139648438,165.80084228515625,215.28358459472656,131.43930053710938,215.28358459472656],"score":0.999997615814209},{"category_id":3,"poly":[131.99615478515625,262.13848876953125,732.1187744140625,262.13848876953125,732.1187744140625,1316.8990478515625,131.99615478515625,1316.8990478515625],"score":0.9999966621398926},{"category_id":2,"poly":[480.581787109375,195.6566162109375,1043.8951416015625,195.6566162109375,1043.8951416015625,218.63613891601562,480.581787109375,218.63613891601562],"score":0.9999943971633911},{"category_id":1,"poly":[794.3954467773438,1085.8665771484375,1394.706298828125,1085.8665771484375,1394.706298828125,1847.09423828125,794.3954467773438,1847.09423828125],"score":0.9999863505363464},{"category_id":1,"poly":[795.3126831054688,256.7186279296875,1395.0584716796875,256.7186279296875,1395.0584716796875,1079.958251953125,795.3126831054688,1079.958251953125],"score":0.9999836683273315},{"category_id":1,"poly":[130.74447631835938,1445.3975830078125,731.3636474609375,1445.3975830078125,731.3636474609375,1846.5950927734375,130.74447631835938,1846.5950927734375],"score":0.9999815225601196},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1045,452,1098,452,1098,482,1045,482],"score":0.87,"latex":"27\\%"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1339.0,732.0,1339.0,732.0,1367.0,129.0,1367.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Fig. 5. Number of zero fow days for average rainfall following"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[131.0,1365.0,730.0,1365.0,730.0,1393.0,131.0,1393.0],"score":0.98,"text":"afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5, Redhill and Pine Creek,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[133.0,1398.0,219.0,1398.0,219.0,1421.0,133.0,1421.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Australia."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,189.0,172.0,189.0,172.0,228.0,127.0,228.0],"score":0.97,"text":"262"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[827.0,1086.0,1398.0,1086.0,1398.0,1116.0,827.0,1116.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The model fits show we have quantified the net"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1120.0,1396.0,1120.0,1396.0,1150.0,793.0,1150.0],"score":0.98,"text":"impact of afforestation for the majority of the flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[786.0,1150.0,1398.0,1146.0,1398.0,1182.0,786.0,1187.0],"score":0.99,"text":" percentiles in the 10 catchments. Results for the 10-50th"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1185.0,1400.0,1180.0,1400.0,1217.0,788.0,1221.0],"score":0.98,"text":" percentiles were particularly encouraging. It is not"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1219.0,1396.0,1219.0,1396.0,1249.0,793.0,1249.0],"score":0.99,"text":"surprising that the relationship between rainfall and flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1251.0,1396.0,1251.0,1396.0,1281.0,793.0,1281.0],"score":0.97,"text":"diminishes at lower fows (60-100th percentile), where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1286.0,1396.0,1286.0,1396.0,1316.0,793.0,1316.0],"score":0.98,"text":"seasonal storage effects and rainfall distribution become"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1318.0,1396.0,1318.0,1396.0,1348.0,788.0,1348.0],"score":0.97,"text":" more important drivers for runoff generation. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1352.0,1398.0,1352.0,1398.0,1382.0,790.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"poorest model fits were gained for Lambrechtsbos A"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1382.0,1396.0,1382.0,1396.0,1413.0,788.0,1413.0],"score":0.98,"text":" and B. The likely reason at Lambrechtsbos A is an"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1419.0,1398.0,1419.0,1398.0,1447.0,793.0,1447.0],"score":0.98,"text":"observed annual decrease in stand water use after 12"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1451.0,1398.0,1451.0,1398.0,1481.0,793.0,1481.0],"score":0.99,"text":"years (Scott et al., 2000) which does not conform to the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1486.0,1398.0,1486.0,1398.0,1516.0,793.0,1516.0],"score":0.99,"text":"sigmoidal form of our model over the full 19 years of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1518.0,1398.0,1518.0,1398.0,1548.0,793.0,1548.0],"score":0.99,"text":"record. The failure of the model to fit the lower flows at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[786.0,1546.0,1400.0,1548.0,1400.0,1585.0,786.0,1582.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Lambrechtsbos B is not as explicable. A decrease in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1587.0,1398.0,1587.0,1398.0,1615.0,790.0,1615.0],"score":1.0,"text":"stand water use in this catchment is observed as the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1619.0,1400.0,1619.0,1400.0,1649.0,793.0,1649.0],"score":0.99,"text":"plantation ages, but does not occur during the first 20"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1651.0,1398.0,1651.0,1398.0,1681.0,793.0,1681.0],"score":0.99,"text":"years after treatment (Scott et al., 2000). Other data from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,1679.0,1398.0,1681.0,1398.0,1718.0,788.0,1716.0],"score":0.98,"text":" South Africa (Scott et al., 2000) indicate there are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[791.0,1711.0,1398.0,1716.0,1398.0,1752.0,790.0,1748.0],"score":0.99,"text":" diminished flow reductions as plantations age, but again,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,1752.0,1396.0,1752.0,1396.0,1782.0,795.0,1782.0],"score":0.99,"text":"generally after 20 years. Our use of an asymptotic curve"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1785.0,1398.0,1782.0,1398.0,1812.0,790.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"assumes a new equilibrium of stand water use is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1815.0,1394.0,1817.0,1394.0,1847.0,790.0,1845.0],"score":0.99,"text":"reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,249.0,1398.0,252.0,1398.0,288.0,788.0,286.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Lambrechtsbos B appear to be over-estimated by our"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,284.0,1398.0,288.0,1398.0,325.0,788.0,320.0],"score":0.99,"text":" model, which is unsurprising as the model fit was poor."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,322.0,1398.0,322.0,1398.0,353.0,793.0,353.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The remaining four South African catchments, and also"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,355.0,1398.0,355.0,1398.0,385.0,793.0,385.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Redhill and Stewarts Creek are in good agreement with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,389.0,1400.0,389.0,1400.0,417.0,793.0,417.0],"score":1.0,"text":"the published values, particularly when the deviation of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,421.0,1398.0,421.0,1398.0,452.0,793.0,452.0],"score":0.99,"text":"average rainfall is considered. Glendhu 2 reductions are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,488.0,1396.0,488.0,1396.0,518.0,788.0,518.0],"score":0.99,"text":" a heavier impact on the lower flows. Overall, it appears"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,518.0,1400.0,518.0,1400.0,555.0,788.0,555.0],"score":0.99,"text":" there are no significant discrepancies with the published"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,555.0,1398.0,555.0,1398.0,585.0,793.0,585.0],"score":0.99,"text":"paired catchment analyses. We suggest our technique"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,589.0,1398.0,589.0,1398.0,619.0,790.0,619.0],"score":0.99,"text":" represents an alternative to the paired-catchment method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,617.0,1398.0,619.0,1398.0,656.0,788.0,654.0],"score":0.98,"text":"for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,651.0,1400.0,649.0,1400.0,686.0,788.0,688.0],"score":1.0,"text":" ment, where paired data are unavailable. The method"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,688.0,1396.0,688.0,1396.0,718.0,793.0,718.0],"score":0.99,"text":"has not yet resulted in a predictive model, but has"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[795.0,722.0,1394.0,722.0,1394.0,752.0,795.0,752.0],"score":1.0,"text":"increased our knowledge of afforestation impacts. This"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,755.0,1398.0,755.0,1398.0,785.0,793.0,785.0],"score":0.96,"text":"is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,787.0,1398.0,787.0,1398.0,817.0,793.0,817.0],"score":0.98,"text":"afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[792.0,821.0,1398.0,819.0,1398.0,849.0,793.0,851.0],"score":0.99,"text":"current paucity of data on inter-annual flows. It should"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,849.0,1396.0,851.0,1396.0,888.0,788.0,886.0],"score":0.99,"text":" be noted that nine of the 10 catchment were pine species."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,888.0,1398.0,888.0,1398.0,918.0,793.0,918.0],"score":0.98,"text":"More data is required to compare the impact of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,920.0,1390.0,920.0,1390.0,950.0,790.0,950.0],"score":0.99,"text":"hardwood species, particularly eucalypts, on the FDC."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,950.0,1396.0,955.0,1396.0,985.0,792.0,980.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Unfortunately these data are currently scarce. There are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[791.0,980.0,1398.0,985.0,1398.0,1021.0,790.0,1017.0],"score":1.0,"text":"substantial data on the physiological controls of eucalypt"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[793.0,1019.0,1396.0,1019.0,1396.0,1049.0,793.0,1049.0],"score":0.99,"text":"water use (see Whitehead and Beadle, 2004), but not at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[790.0,1054.0,1016.0,1054.0,1016.0,1084.0,790.0,1084.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the catchment scale."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,452.0,1044.0,452.0,1044.0,488.0,788.0,488.0],"score":0.91,"text":" close to the reported "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1099.0,452.0,1398.0,452.0,1398.0,488.0,1099.0,488.0],"score":0.97,"text":", but our model produces"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1443.0,732.0,1443.0,732.0,1479.0,129.0,1479.0],"score":0.99,"text":"substantially varying spatial scales, soils and geology,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1479.0,732.0,1479.0,732.0,1509.0,129.0,1509.0],"score":0.99,"text":"species planted and climatic environments. Although"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1511.0,735.0,1511.0,735.0,1548.0,127.0,1548.0],"score":0.98,"text":"there were poor results for individual deciles, the FDCs "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1548.0,732.0,1548.0,732.0,1578.0,129.0,1578.0],"score":0.99,"text":"at eight of the 10 catchments were adequately described"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1580.0,730.0,1578.0,730.0,1608.0,127.0,1610.0],"score":0.99,"text":"by Eq. (2). The results of the statistical tests in which the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1612.0,726.0,1612.0,726.0,1643.0,129.0,1643.0],"score":0.99,"text":"rainfall term was significant for most deciles demon-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1647.0,735.0,1647.0,735.0,1683.0,127.0,1683.0],"score":0.99,"text":"strated the model structure was appropriate for adjusting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1683.0,730.0,1683.0,730.0,1711.0,129.0,1711.0],"score":0.96,"text":"the FDCs for climatic (rainfall) variability. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1716.0,732.0,1716.0,732.0,1746.0,129.0,1746.0],"score":0.95,"text":"comparisons of our results with published paired"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1750.0,732.0,1750.0,732.0,1780.0,129.0,1780.0],"score":0.98,"text":"catchment analyses are satisfactory, although the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1784.0,735.0,1784.0,735.0,1812.0,129.0,1812.0],"score":0.98,"text":"different methodologies make direct comparisons of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1815.0,737.0,1817.0,737.0,1847.0,127.0,1845.0],"score":0.98,"text":"deciles with total fow uncertain. Low flows at"}],"page_info":{"page_no":9,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":2,"poly":[466.4325256347656,194.8888397216797,1031.1922607421875,194.8888397216797,1031.1922607421875,219.64439392089844,466.4325256347656,219.64439392089844],"score":0.9999977350234985},{"category_id":0,"poly":[781.4110107421875,1350.9322509765625,1112.086181640625,1350.9322509765625,1112.086181640625,1380.4071044921875,781.4110107421875,1380.4071044921875],"score":0.9999973773956299},{"category_id":1,"poly":[118.7479248046875,587.0300903320312,715.7766723632812,587.0300903320312,715.7766723632812,883.0694580078125,118.7479248046875,883.0694580078125],"score":0.9999968409538269},{"category_id":1,"poly":[118.48811340332031,252.823486328125,715.749267578125,252.823486328125,715.749267578125,583.28515625,118.48811340332031,583.28515625],"score":0.9999964237213135},{"category_id":1,"poly":[117.62772369384766,885.8139038085938,717.3323974609375,885.8139038085938,717.3323974609375,1415.2767333984375,117.62772369384766,1415.2767333984375],"score":0.9999961853027344},{"category_id":1,"poly":[782.490234375,254.01434326171875,1380.5517578125,254.01434326171875,1380.5517578125,748.8712768554688,782.490234375,748.8712768554688],"score":0.9999944567680359},{"category_id":1,"poly":[117.28860473632812,1415.5831298828125,716.8341064453125,1415.5831298828125,716.8341064453125,1847.5146484375,117.28860473632812,1847.5146484375],"score":0.9999933242797852},{"category_id":1,"poly":[781.5156860351562,752.15576171875,1380.3497314453125,752.15576171875,1380.3497314453125,1279.9158935546875,781.5156860351562,1279.9158935546875],"score":0.9999922513961792},{"category_id":1,"poly":[781.4845581054688,1417.2979736328125,1380.813232421875,1417.2979736328125,1380.813232421875,1845.5704345703125,781.4845581054688,1845.5704345703125],"score":0.9999920725822449},{"category_id":2,"poly":[1346.2413330078125,196.15005493164062,1380.82568359375,196.15005493164062,1380.82568359375,216.4473876953125,1346.2413330078125,216.4473876953125],"score":0.9999884366989136},{"category_id":13,"poly":[510,1017,563,1017,563,1047,510,1047],"score":0.89,"latex":"85\\%"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1121,321,1143,321,1143,347,1121,347],"score":0.55,"latex":"E"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[433,354,456,354,456,380,433,380],"score":0.47,"latex":"E."},{"category_id":13,"poly":[578,1018,683,1018,683,1048,578,1048],"score":0.39,"latex":"1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[466.0,194.0,1033.0,194.0,1033.0,224.0,466.0,224.0],"score":0.99,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1350.0,1117.0,1350.0,1117.0,1387.0,780.0,1387.0],"score":0.99,"text":"6. Summary and conclusions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[150.0,585.0,717.0,585.0,717.0,615.0,150.0,615.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The small Australian catchments converted to pine in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[109.0,619.0,724.0,617.0,724.0,654.0,110.0,656.0],"score":1.0,"text":"response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,649.0,722.0,651.0,722.0,688.0,112.0,686.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,688.0,717.0,688.0,717.0,718.0,116.0,718.0],"score":0.99,"text":"transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,722.0,717.0,722.0,717.0,752.0,116.0,752.0],"score":1.0,"text":"form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,755.0,719.0,755.0,719.0,785.0,116.0,785.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The combination of small catchment area and the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,787.0,717.0,787.0,717.0,817.0,116.0,817.0],"score":0.99,"text":"increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,819.0,720.0,821.0,719.0,851.0,114.0,849.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,856.0,638.0,856.0,638.0,884.0,116.0,884.0],"score":0.98,"text":"impact on lower flows, compared to high flows."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,252.0,722.0,252.0,722.0,288.0,114.0,288.0],"score":0.98,"text":"this assumption for the length of commercial plantation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,286.0,719.0,286.0,719.0,322.0,114.0,322.0],"score":0.99,"text":"growth (up to 20 years) considered here. The physio-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,322.0,719.0,322.0,719.0,353.0,116.0,353.0],"score":0.99,"text":"logical relationship between stand age and water use for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,385.0,719.0,385.0,719.0,421.0,114.0,421.0],"score":1.0,"text":"thoroughly investigated, although Cornish and Vertessy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,417.0,722.0,419.0,722.0,456.0,112.0,454.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(2001) and Roberts et al. (2001) have shown young"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,456.0,719.0,456.0,719.0,486.0,116.0,486.0],"score":1.0,"text":"mixed species eucalypt forests may use more water than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,484.0,722.0,486.0,722.0,522.0,112.0,520.0],"score":0.99,"text":" mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,522.0,719.0,522.0,719.0,553.0,116.0,553.0],"score":0.99,"text":"maximum Pinus radiata water use may have been"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,553.0,655.0,553.0,655.0,583.0,114.0,583.0],"score":0.99,"text":"reached after 12 years, with a subsequent decline."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,355.0,432.0,355.0,432.0,385.0,116.0,385.0],"score":1.0,"text":"plantation species other than"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[457.0,355.0,719.0,355.0,719.0,385.0,457.0,385.0],"score":0.96,"text":"regnans have not been"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[146.0,881.0,720.0,884.0,719.0,920.0,146.0,918.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,920.0,717.0,920.0,717.0,950.0,116.0,950.0],"score":1.0,"text":"considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,952.0,717.0,952.0,717.0,983.0,116.0,983.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,987.0,719.0,987.0,719.0,1017.0,114.0,1017.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1054.0,722.0,1054.0,722.0,1084.0,114.0,1084.0],"score":0.98,"text":"average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1088.0,722.0,1088.0,722.0,1118.0,116.0,1118.0],"score":0.99,"text":"peak demand and plant water availability may explain"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1118.0,722.0,1120.0,722.0,1150.0,114.0,1148.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1155.0,722.0,1155.0,722.0,1185.0,116.0,1185.0],"score":0.98,"text":"in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1187.0,717.0,1187.0,717.0,1215.0,116.0,1215.0],"score":0.97,"text":"described as \u2018abnormally dense\u2019 by Scott et al. (2000)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1219.0,719.0,1219.0,719.0,1249.0,116.0,1249.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1247.0,722.0,1249.0,722.0,1286.0,112.0,1284.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1286.0,719.0,1286.0,719.0,1316.0,116.0,1316.0],"score":1.0,"text":"described as being within sub optimal growth zones"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1318.0,719.0,1318.0,719.0,1348.0,116.0,1348.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1352.0,719.0,1352.0,719.0,1382.0,114.0,1382.0],"score":0.99,"text":"as having relatively slow response times and lesser"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[109.0,1383.0,586.0,1380.0,586.0,1417.0,110.0,1419.0],"score":0.96,"text":" reductions that those at more optimal sites."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[112.0,1017.0,509.0,1017.0,509.0,1054.0,112.0,1054.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Cathedral Peak sites as they receive"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[684.0,1017.0,719.0,1017.0,719.0,1054.0,684.0,1054.0],"score":0.93,"text":"on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[810.0,249.0,1383.0,252.0,1383.0,288.0,810.0,286.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,286.0,1385.0,286.0,1385.0,322.0,780.0,322.0],"score":0.98,"text":"most subdued flow reductions and longer response time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,355.0,1385.0,355.0,1385.0,385.0,780.0,385.0],"score":0.97,"text":"uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,389.0,1381.0,389.0,1381.0,419.0,777.0,419.0],"score":0.99,"text":"natural stand of this species is around 30 years."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,421.0,1383.0,421.0,1383.0,452.0,782.0,452.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Additionally in this large, \u2018real world\u2019 catchment,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,456.0,1385.0,456.0,1385.0,486.0,780.0,486.0],"score":0.99,"text":"there is a continuous cycle of forest management"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,488.0,1385.0,488.0,1385.0,518.0,782.0,518.0],"score":0.98,"text":"which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[784.0,522.0,1383.0,522.0,1383.0,553.0,784.0,553.0],"score":0.99,"text":"'scrub', which could represent significant understorey"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,555.0,1381.0,555.0,1381.0,585.0,780.0,585.0],"score":0.99,"text":"stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,589.0,1385.0,589.0,1385.0,619.0,780.0,619.0],"score":0.99,"text":"quently the difference between pre and post treatment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,619.0,1383.0,619.0,1383.0,649.0,777.0,649.0],"score":0.98,"text":"ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,651.0,1385.0,651.0,1385.0,688.0,777.0,688.0],"score":1.0,"text":"this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,688.0,1383.0,688.0,1383.0,718.0,780.0,718.0],"score":0.99,"text":"multi land use catchments than the very high impacts"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,720.0,1293.0,720.0,1293.0,750.0,782.0,750.0],"score":0.98,"text":"estimated at the smaller Australian catchments."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,322.0,1120.0,322.0,1120.0,353.0,780.0,353.0],"score":0.93,"text":"because of the large area of "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1144.0,322.0,1385.0,322.0,1385.0,353.0,1144.0,353.0],"score":0.99,"text":"regnans forest, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[146.0,1412.0,720.0,1415.0,719.0,1451.0,146.0,1449.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The response groups may be in part explained by the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[109.0,1449.0,722.0,1447.0,722.0,1483.0,110.0,1486.0],"score":0.96,"text":"storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1486.0,717.0,1486.0,717.0,1516.0,114.0,1516.0],"score":0.99,"text":"measures of storage are not available from the literature,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1518.0,719.0,1518.0,719.0,1546.0,114.0,1546.0],"score":0.98,"text":"but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1552.0,722.0,1552.0,722.0,1580.0,114.0,1580.0],"score":0.97,"text":"show the three south eastern Australian catchments with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[114.0,1587.0,722.0,1587.0,722.0,1617.0,114.0,1617.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[109.0,1617.0,722.0,1615.0,722.0,1651.0,110.0,1653.0],"score":0.99,"text":" storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1651.0,717.0,1651.0,717.0,1681.0,116.0,1681.0],"score":0.97,"text":"larly for low flows, could be expected under these"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1686.0,719.0,1686.0,719.0,1716.0,116.0,1716.0],"score":0.99,"text":"conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1718.0,719.0,1718.0,719.0,1748.0,116.0,1748.0],"score":0.99,"text":"obvious option for improving the analysis. However the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1752.0,719.0,1752.0,719.0,1782.0,116.0,1782.0],"score":0.98,"text":"addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1784.0,717.0,1784.0,717.0,1815.0,116.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[116.0,1817.0,518.0,1817.0,518.0,1847.0,116.0,1847.0],"score":1.0,"text":"ising a transient storage is not trivial."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[816.0,755.0,1381.0,755.0,1381.0,785.0,816.0,785.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The analysis of zero flow days was successful,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,787.0,1383.0,787.0,1383.0,817.0,782.0,817.0],"score":0.99,"text":"demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,819.0,1383.0,819.0,1383.0,849.0,780.0,849.0],"score":1.0,"text":"be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,854.0,1381.0,854.0,1381.0,884.0,777.0,884.0],"score":0.98,"text":" as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,886.0,1381.0,886.0,1381.0,916.0,782.0,916.0],"score":0.97,"text":"not always be modelled. The results for the three"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,920.0,1381.0,920.0,1381.0,950.0,782.0,950.0],"score":0.98,"text":"catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,955.0,1383.0,955.0,1383.0,985.0,782.0,985.0],"score":0.99,"text":"potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,987.0,1381.0,987.0,1381.0,1017.0,782.0,1017.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,1015.0,1383.0,1019.0,1383.0,1054.0,777.0,1049.0],"score":0.99,"text":"it should be noted these curves probably represent a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1054.0,1383.0,1054.0,1383.0,1084.0,777.0,1084.0],"score":0.97,"text":" maximum response as they are all derived from small"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1088.0,1381.0,1088.0,1381.0,1118.0,777.0,1118.0],"score":0.97,"text":"catchments with small storage capacities and large"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1120.0,1385.0,1120.0,1385.0,1150.0,780.0,1150.0],"score":0.99,"text":"percentages of afforestation. This method could be used"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1150.0,1381.0,1150.0,1381.0,1180.0,777.0,1180.0],"score":1.0,"text":"to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1187.0,1383.0,1187.0,1383.0,1217.0,780.0,1217.0],"score":0.98,"text":"in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[775.0,1215.0,1387.0,1217.0,1387.0,1253.0,775.0,1251.0],"score":0.96,"text":"likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[782.0,1253.0,1381.0,1253.0,1381.0,1284.0,782.0,1284.0],"score":1.0,"text":"environmental fow that requires an average critical flow."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[810.0,1412.0,1385.0,1417.0,1385.0,1453.0,810.0,1449.0],"score":0.98,"text":"This project sought to (i) develop a method to remove"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1453.0,1383.0,1453.0,1383.0,1481.0,780.0,1481.0],"score":1.0,"text":"the climate signal from streamflow records to identify"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1486.0,1383.0,1486.0,1383.0,1516.0,780.0,1516.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[780.0,1518.0,1385.0,1518.0,1385.0,1548.0,780.0,1548.0],"score":1.0,"text":"catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1550.0,1383.0,1550.0,1383.0,1580.0,777.0,1580.0],"score":0.99,"text":"duration curve. 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The model was tested and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[777.0,1780.0,1381.0,1780.0,1381.0,1817.0,777.0,1817.0],"score":0.99,"text":"applied to 10 afforested catchments. We successfully"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[778.0,1810.0,1385.0,1815.0,1385.0,1851.0,777.0,1847.0],"score":1.0,"text":"fitted our model to catchments with varying spatial"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1342.0,189.0,1387.0,189.0,1387.0,234.0,1342.0,234.0],"score":1.0,"text":"263"}],"page_info":{"page_no":10,"height":2064,"width":1512}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":0,"poly":[132.2023162841797,944.2422485351562,352.39361572265625,944.2422485351562,352.39361572265625,973.2088623046875,132.2023162841797,973.2088623046875],"score":0.9999986886978149},{"category_id":2,"poly":[480.25787353515625,196.37384033203125,1044.1737060546875,196.37384033203125,1044.1737060546875,218.59146118164062,480.25787353515625,218.59146118164062],"score":0.9999973177909851},{"category_id":1,"poly":[131.0494842529297,255.921875,730.36865234375,255.921875,730.36865234375,848.8026123046875,131.0494842529297,848.8026123046875],"score":0.9999949336051941},{"category_id":1,"poly":[130.6344757080078,1010.9166870117188,730.247314453125,1010.9166870117188,730.247314453125,1437.8150634765625,130.6344757080078,1437.8150634765625],"score":0.9999939203262329},{"category_id":2,"poly":[130.68336486816406,196.22927856445312,164.99691772460938,196.22927856445312,164.99691772460938,215.17306518554688,130.68336486816406,215.17306518554688],"score":0.9999921321868896},{"category_id":1,"poly":[131.60971069335938,1597.386962890625,732.5863647460938,1597.386962890625,732.5863647460938,1846.581787109375,131.60971069335938,1846.581787109375],"score":0.9999908208847046},{"category_id":1,"poly":[791.6022338867188,251.6699676513672,1397.9674072265625,251.6699676513672,1397.9674072265625,1848.8499755859375,791.6022338867188,1848.8499755859375],"score":0.9999874830245972},{"category_id":0,"poly":[131.00613403320312,1534.647705078125,256.1180725097656,1534.647705078125,256.1180725097656,1561.1875,131.00613403320312,1561.1875],"score":0.9999844431877136},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1067,1022,1120,1022,1120,1049,1067,1049],"score":0.57,"latex":"219{\\mathrm{~p~}}"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,939.0,357.0,944.0,356.0,983.0,129.0,978.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Acknowledgements"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[481.0,194.0,1046.0,194.0,1046.0,224.0,481.0,224.0],"score":0.97,"text":"P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,252.0,734.0,249.0,735.0,286.0,127.0,288.0],"score":0.99,"text":"scales, species and environments, and have shown that it"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,290.0,732.0,290.0,732.0,320.0,129.0,320.0],"score":0.99,"text":"provides a means of separating the influence of climate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,322.0,732.0,322.0,732.0,353.0,129.0,353.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and vegetation on the FDCs. The modelled results"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,353.0,730.0,353.0,730.0,383.0,129.0,383.0],"score":0.97,"text":"showed the greatest proportional impacts were for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,387.0,732.0,387.0,732.0,417.0,129.0,417.0],"score":0.99,"text":"median and lower flows. The flow reductions from the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,421.0,732.0,421.0,732.0,449.0,129.0,449.0],"score":0.98,"text":"three small catchments SE Australian were the highest"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,456.0,735.0,456.0,735.0,486.0,129.0,486.0],"score":0.99,"text":"and may reflect lower storages. The characterisation of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,488.0,732.0,488.0,732.0,518.0,129.0,518.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the number of zero flow days was also successful for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,522.0,735.0,522.0,735.0,553.0,129.0,553.0],"score":0.98,"text":"these catchments in indicating a significant increase in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,555.0,730.0,555.0,730.0,585.0,129.0,585.0],"score":0.99,"text":"zero flows. The flow reductions identified here probably"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,589.0,732.0,589.0,732.0,619.0,127.0,619.0],"score":0.97,"text":"represent a maximum effect given the size of the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,619.0,728.0,619.0,728.0,649.0,129.0,649.0],"score":0.99,"text":"catchments, level of afforestation and the shallow soils."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,654.0,732.0,654.0,732.0,684.0,129.0,684.0],"score":0.98,"text":"These results have yielded useful new insights on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,688.0,735.0,688.0,735.0,718.0,129.0,718.0],"score":0.99,"text":"contentious issue of the hydrological impact of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,720.0,732.0,720.0,732.0,750.0,129.0,750.0],"score":0.99,"text":"afforestation. This research has led to the development"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,755.0,732.0,755.0,732.0,785.0,129.0,785.0],"score":0.99,"text":"of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,787.0,730.0,787.0,730.0,817.0,129.0,817.0],"score":0.99,"text":"the fow duration curve which does not require paired-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,819.0,591.0,821.0,591.0,851.0,127.0,849.0],"score":0.98,"text":"catchments to remove climatic variability."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[163.0,1010.0,730.0,1010.0,730.0,1041.0,163.0,1041.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The authors would like to thank Rory Nathan,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1041.0,735.0,1041.0,735.0,1077.0,127.0,1077.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Narendra Tuteja, Tom McMahon, Geoff Podger, Rob"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[131.0,1077.0,728.0,1077.0,728.0,1107.0,131.0,1107.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1109.0,732.0,1109.0,732.0,1140.0,129.0,1140.0],"score":0.99,"text":"larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1142.0,732.0,1144.0,732.0,1174.0,127.0,1172.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice, Dave"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1178.0,730.0,1178.0,730.0,1208.0,129.0,1208.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Scott for supplying the South African data, Barry Fahey"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1208.0,732.0,1210.0,732.0,1241.0,127.0,1238.0],"score":0.99,"text":"for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1241.0,730.0,1243.0,730.0,1273.0,127.0,1271.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Plantations for vegetation data. The study was funded by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1277.0,735.0,1277.0,735.0,1307.0,129.0,1307.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1312.0,732.0,1312.0,732.0,1339.0,129.0,1339.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Environment Private Forestry Unit, the CRC for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[129.0,1344.0,735.0,1344.0,735.0,1374.0,129.0,1374.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Catchment Hydrology, and the MDBC funded project"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1372.0,735.0,1374.0,734.0,1410.0,127.0,1408.0],"score":0.99,"text":"\u201cIntegrated assessment of the effects of land use changes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1410.0,558.0,1408.0,558.0,1438.0,127.0,1441.0],"score":0.98,"text":"on water yield and salt loads\u2019 (D2013)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,189.0,170.0,189.0,170.0,228.0,127.0,228.0],"score":1.0,"text":"264"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1593.0,732.0,1598.0,732.0,1632.0,127.0,1627.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Bosch, J.M., 1979. Treatment effects on annual and dry period"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[157.0,1625.0,732.0,1623.0,732.0,1653.0,157.0,1656.0],"score":0.99,"text":" streamflow at Cathedral Peak. South African Forestry Journal 108,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[161.0,1651.0,230.0,1651.0,230.0,1681.0,161.0,1681.0],"score":0.99,"text":"29-37."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1681.0,732.0,1681.0,732.0,1709.0,127.0,1709.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Bosch, J.M., Von Gadow, K., 1990. Regulating afforestation for water"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[159.0,1709.0,730.0,1707.0,730.0,1737.0,159.0,1739.0],"score":0.98,"text":" conservation in South Africa. Suid-Afrikaanse Bosboutydskrif 153,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[163.0,1739.0,228.0,1739.0,228.0,1763.0,163.0,1763.0],"score":1.0,"text":"41-54."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[127.0,1763.0,735.0,1765.0,734.0,1795.0,127.0,1793.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Chiew, F.H.S., McMahon, T.A., 1993. Assessing the adequacy of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[161.0,1793.0,735.0,1793.0,735.0,1821.0,161.0,1821.0],"score":0.97,"text":"catchment streamflow yield estimates. Australian Journal of Soil"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[163.0,1819.0,365.0,1819.0,365.0,1847.0,163.0,1847.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Research 31, 665-680."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[791.0,251.0,1398.0,256.0,1398.0,286.0,790.0,282.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Cornish, P.M., Vertessy, R.A., 2001. Forest age-induced changes in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[823.0,284.0,1398.0,282.0,1398.0,312.0,823.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":" evapotranspiration and water yield in a eucalypt forest. Journal of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[825.0,312.0,1033.0,312.0,1033.0,342.0,825.0,342.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Hydrology 242, 43-63."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,338.0,1398.0,340.0,1398.0,370.0,788.0,368.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Fahey, B., Jackson, R., 1997. Hydrological impacts of converting"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[820.0,366.0,1398.0,363.0,1398.0,400.0,821.0,402.0],"score":0.97,"text":"native forests and grasslands to pine plantations, South"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[821.0,393.0,1396.0,396.0,1396.0,428.0,820.0,426.0],"score":0.98,"text":" Island, New Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 84,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[825.0,424.0,889.0,424.0,889.0,454.0,825.0,454.0],"score":1.0,"text":"69-82."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[788.0,451.0,1396.0,454.0,1396.0,484.0,788.0,482.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Hickel, K., 2001. The effect of pine afforestation on flow regime in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[823.0,479.0,1398.0,484.0,1398.0,512.0,822.0,507.0],"score":0.97,"text":"small upland catchments. 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