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Science"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1920.0,534.0,1920.0,534.0,1944.0,91.0,1944.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Volume 2013 (2013)\uff0c Article ID 248138,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[524.0,1922.0,625.0,1922.0,625.0,1947.0,524.0,1947.0],"score":0.92,"text":"\uff0c6 pages"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1939.0,526.0,1939.0,526.0,1971.0,89.0,1971.0],"score":0.97,"text":"http: //dx.doi. 0rg/10.1155/2013/248138"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1988.0,239.0,1988.0,239.0,2015.0,89.0,2015.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Research Article"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2047.0,1505.0,2047.0,1505.0,2081.0,89.0,2081.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The Sorption of Ni(Il) by Grape Shell Ash from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Thermodynamic"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2086.0,204.0,2086.0,204.0,2120.0,89.0,2120.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Studies"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2147.0,662.0,2147.0,662.0,2178.0,89.0,2178.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Nahid Ghasemi Maryam Ghasemi, and Yaghoub Khosravi- 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Editors: W. Cantwell and J. M. Deitzel"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,214.0,873.0,214.0,873.0,249.0,89.0,249.0],"score":0.98,"text":"distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,278.0,180.0,278.0,180.0,305.0,91.0,305.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Abstract"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,334.0,1540.0,334.0,1540.0,365.0,89.0,365.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The sorption of Ni(Il) onto grape shell ash (GSA) was studied by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. The influences of major parameters in Nickel(Il) ions"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,363.0,1547.0,363.0,1547.0,395.0,91.0,395.0],"score":0.97,"text":"sorption on GS such as initial of pH, initial concentration of Ni() ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time were investigated. The maximum increase in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,424.0,1547.0,421.0,1547.0,456.0,86.0,458.0],"score":0.97,"text":"rate constants and the equilbrium sorption capacities were calculated. The results indicate that the sorption process follows the second-order kinetics and the values of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,487.0,1545.0,487.0,1545.0,521.0,89.0,521.0],"score":0.97,"text":"adsorption ofNill) on GSA from all the systems were found to be 0.999, and the values ofpredicted equilbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,543.0,467.0,546.0,467.0,580.0,86.0,577.0],"score":0.97,"text":" that the adsorption process is spontaneous."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,607.0,234.0,607.0,234.0,633.0,91.0,633.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. Introduction"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,665.0,1540.0,665.0,1540.0,697.0,89.0,697.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The presence of heavy metals in the environment is of major concern because of their toxic nature and tendency for bioaccumulation in the food chain even in relatively"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,692.0,1466.0,692.0,1466.0,724.0,89.0,724.0],"score":0.98,"text":"low concentrations [1-5]. The discharge of water containing heavy metals causes critical polution problems. Nickel (Ml) ion is one such heavy metal frequently"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,721.0,1537.0,721.0,1537.0,755.0,89.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"encountered in wastewater streams from industries such as electroplating, battery manufacture, mineral processing, steam-electric power plants, paint formulation, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,850.0,1547.0,850.0,1547.0,884.0,89.0,884.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and shortness ofbreath, rapid respiration, cyanosis, and extreme weakness [9-12]. These harmful efects ofNi(ll) necessitate its removal from wastewaters before the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,877.0,1562.0,877.0,1562.0,911.0,89.0,911.0],"score":0.98,"text":"release into streams. Several treatment methods such as membrane fitration, chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, fitration, electrochemical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,909.0,1557.0,909.0,1557.0,943.0,91.0,943.0],"score":0.99,"text":"treatment, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, and adsorption have been reported for the removal of metallc ions from water and wastewater [13]. Adsorptive removal "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,938.0,1528.0,938.0,1528.0,972.0,89.0,972.0],"score":0.99,"text":"is based on the ability ofa porous adsorbent to selectively adsorb some specific compounds from the atmosphere or refinery streans. The compounds, which have a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,967.0,1469.0,967.0,1469.0,1001.0,89.0,1001.0],"score":0.98,"text":"suitable size and shape, can be removed via adsorption. Based on the types of interactions between an adsorbate and a porous sorbent, the adsorption can be"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,997.0,1523.0,997.0,1523.0,1031.0,89.0,1031.0],"score":0.98,"text":"categorized as a physical or chemical one [14]. Various porous adsorbents such as activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials have been investigated for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1026.0,490.0,1026.0,490.0,1057.0,89.0,1057.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorptive removal of hazardous compounds."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1070.0,1530.0,1072.0,1530.0,1113.0,86.0,1111.0],"score":0.79,"text":"A grape is afuitnerryfthe dids wodyvns ofth btancal gesVitisGrapescan atnraor thycaneed formakingjm juic jll, ga"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1106.0,1564.0,1106.0,1564.0,1140.0,89.0,1140.0],"score":0.98,"text":"seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Italy ranks first in grape production in the world and Iran ranks eleventh in grape production, a potential of3 millon tons"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1131.0,1542.0,1131.0,1542.0,1172.0,86.0,1172.0],"score":0.92,"text":"of grape are produced anually The total area planted of grape is 310.000 hectare. Thishows a high potentalof grape shell produced during pruning step each year"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1165.0,1542.0,1165.0,1542.0,1196.0,89.0,1196.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that have ittle value. This leads to a need to convert this by-product to usefil, value added product, such as adsorbent. To our knowledge, no investigations have used"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1194.0,583.0,1194.0,583.0,1228.0,89.0,1228.0],"score":0.97,"text":"grape shels as precursor to produce adsorbent and ash."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1245.0,1500.0,1245.0,1500.0,1279.0,89.0,1279.0],"score":0.96,"text":"In this study, we attempt to utilize grape shell waste, an agricutural waste available in Iran as a sorbent to remove Niions from aqueous solution. This study mainly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1274.0,1540.0,1274.0,1540.0,1308.0,91.0,1308.0],"score":0.95,"text":"focuses on the efect of some environmental parameters such as solution pH, initial Nill) concentration, contact time, and temperature on the abity of Grape Shell ash"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1304.0,1535.0,1304.0,1535.0,1338.0,91.0,1338.0],"score":0.96,"text":"(GSA) to biosorb Nim) ions from aqueous solutions and to determine the mechanism that govern Ni) ions removal as well as to find a suitable kinetic model for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,1330.0,266.0,1335.0,265.0,1370.0,86.0,1364.0],"score":0.99,"text":"adsorption process."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1396.0,246.0,1396.0,246.0,1423.0,91.0,1423.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2. Expe rime ntal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1450.0,352.0,1447.0,352.0,1481.0,86.0,1484.0],"score":0.95,"text":"2.1. Preparation of the Ads orbent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1508.0,1560.0,1508.0,1560.0,1540.0,91.0,1540.0],"score":0.98,"text":"GS was obtained from one ofthe villages of Arak in Iran. Unmodified sorbent was washed several times with warm distilled water to remove impurities and was dried at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1601.0,335.0,1601.0,335.0,1632.0,89.0,1632.0],"score":0.96,"text":"stored in air glass container."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1662.0,199.0,1662.0,199.0,1688.0,91.0,1688.0],"score":0.97,"text":"2.2.Reagents"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1818.0,229.0,1818.0,229.0,1844.0,89.0,1844.0],"score":0.99,"text":"analytical grade."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1874.0,207.0,1874.0,207.0,1908.0,89.0,1908.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2.3. Apparatus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1927.0,1510.0,1930.0,1510.0,1964.0,86.0,1961.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The Ni ion concentration in the solutions was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (model AA 680 made of SHIMADZU) using a standard calibration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2020.0,369.0,2020.0,369.0,2051.0,89.0,2051.0],"score":0.99,"text":"2.4. Batch Ads orption Experiments"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2073.0,1508.0,2073.0,1508.0,2108.0,89.0,2108.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Batch experiments were conducted in order to study the efect ofimportant parameters like the pH, contact time, and the initial ion concentration on the adsorptive"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2168.0,1555.0,2168.0,1555.0,2203.0,91.0,2203.0],"score":0.99,"text":"onto the GSA was studied across a pH range of2.0-5.0 in different time with a fixed adsorbent concentration. The effect ofthe initial concentration and contact time on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,2203.0,1498.0,2203.0,1498.0,2237.0,91.0,2237.0],"score":0.96,"text":"the uptake of the Ni ions was conducted by varying the ion concentration from 5.0 to 50.0 mg L-1 at different contact times (0.0-90.0 min). The percent of Ni(II)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,819.0,481.0,819.0,481.0,853.0,91.0,853.0],"score":0.98,"text":"lethal in humans at atmospheric exposures of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[243.0,1749.0,1545.0,1749.0,1545.0,1783.0,243.0,1783.0],"score":0.97,"text":"in double distiled water. Working solutions of the desired concentration were then prepared by successive dilution. All the solutions were made using"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1783.0,639.0,1783.0,639.0,1815.0,89.0,1815.0],"score":0.99,"text":"deionized distilled water. pH adjustments were performed with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[704.0,1783.0,1478.0,1783.0,1478.0,1815.0,704.0,1815.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and NaOH (Merck) solutions 0.1 N. A chemicals used in the experiments were reagent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,750.0,998.0,750.0,998.0,792.0,86.0,792.0],"score":0.91,"text":"porcelain enamelng [68] In drinking water and forindustrial wastewater, the tolerance lmit ofnickel is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[195.0,1562.0,426.0,1567.0,426.0,1608.0,195.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":"from room temperature to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,782.0,1247.0,782.0,1247.0,816.0,89.0,816.0],"score":0.98,"text":"created. Dermatitis (nickel itch) is the most frequent effect ofexposure to nickel, such as coins and costume jewelry. Nickel carbonyl"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1345.0,782.0,1542.0,782.0,1542.0,816.0,1345.0,816.0],"score":0.98,"text":"has been estimated as"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1521.0,397.0,1562.0,397.0,1562.0,429.0,1521.0,429.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1111.0,750.0,1148.0,750.0,1148.0,792.0,1111.0,792.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1249.0,750.0,1567.0,750.0,1567.0,792.0,1249.0,792.0],"score":0.91,"text":".Cancer ofnose, bone, and ungs is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1713.0,839.0,1715.0,839.0,1757.0,84.0,1754.0],"score":0.79,"text":"Solutionfmtalns (nkeltratewas ofaaltical gadeytetic stock t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2105.0,689.0,2103.0,689.0,2144.0,86.0,2147.0],"score":0.97,"text":"removal ofNion using GSA. For the batch adsorption experiments,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[753.0,2105.0,1101.0,2103.0,1101.0,2144.0,753.0,2147.0],"score":0.86,"text":"sohutionofNi ofinitialconcentration"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,185.0,180.0,185.0,180.0,217.0,89.0,217.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Copyright"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[205.0,185.0,1513.0,185.0,1513.0,217.0,205.0,217.0],"score":0.98,"text":"2013 Nahid Ghasemi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,666.0,397.0,666.0,429.0,89.0,429.0],"score":0.95,"text":"the rate of sorption of Ni(l) ions on GS was observed at an initial"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1195.0,2105.0,1370.0,2103.0,1370.0,2144.0,1195.0,2147.0],"score":0.94,"text":"was contacted with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1483.0,2105.0,1528.0,2103.0,1528.0,2144.0,1483.0,2147.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2139.0,563.0,2139.0,563.0,2173.0,89.0,2173.0],"score":0.99,"text":"contents were placed in a stirrer and gently agitated at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[647.0,2139.0,1523.0,2139.0,1523.0,2173.0,647.0,2173.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The solution was fitered, and the residual Ni concentration was analyzed. The effect of the initial pH"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[736.0,397.0,1298.0,397.0,1298.0,429.0,736.0,429.0],"score":0.96,"text":" initial concentration of nickel 50 mgL, temperature of solution"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1373.0,397.0,1417.0,397.0,1417.0,429.0,1373.0,429.0],"score":0.96,"text":", and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[742.0,1533.0,1567.0,1535.0,1567.0,1569.0,742.0,1567.0],"score":0.98,"text":" The material was placed in a vertical stainless steel reactor and heated in a furnace at a rate of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[492.0,1562.0,1326.0,1567.0,1326.0,1608.0,492.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":" The black residue was cooled and sieved to get GS ash (GSA) with an average paricle size of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1422.0,1562.0,1515.0,1567.0,1515.0,1608.0,1422.0,1603.0],"score":0.92,"text":"and finally"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[576.0,819.0,606.0,819.0,606.0,853.0,576.0,853.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[672.0,819.0,1535.0,819.0,1535.0,853.0,672.0,853.0],"score":0.98,"text":"[3]. Acute Ni(ll) poisoning causes dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, dry cough"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[153.0,1533.0,184.0,1535.0,184.0,1569.0,153.0,1567.0],"score":1.0,"text":"for"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[229.0,1533.0,666.0,1535.0,666.0,1569.0,229.0,1567.0],"score":0.98,"text":"and cut into small pieces of sizes between 2.0 and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,458.0,903.0,458.0,903.0,490.0,91.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":"rate constants were found to be 0.224, 0.402, 0.193 and 0.123 min at 298, 308, 318, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[965.0,458.0,1471.0,458.0,1471.0,490.0,965.0,490.0],"score":0.98,"text":" respectively. The values of correlation coefficients for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1961.0,613.0,1961.0,613.0,1993.0,89.0,1993.0],"score":0.98,"text":"curve. The pH was measured via the Swiss-made Metrohm"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[688.0,1961.0,1031.0,1961.0,1031.0,1993.0,688.0,1993.0],"score":0.99,"text":"meter with a combined glass electrode."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,517.0,718.0,517.0,718.0,551.0,89.0,551.0],"score":0.98,"text":"experimental equilibrium uptake values. The thermodynamic parameters"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[822.0,517.0,1557.0,517.0,1557.0,551.0,822.0,551.0],"score":0.97,"text":", and S\") of the adsorption process were calculated, and these parameters showed"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[961.0,1713.0,990.0,1715.0,990.0,1757.0,961.0,1754.0],"score":0.82,"text":"off"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1046.0,1713.0,1545.0,1715.0,1545.0,1757.0,1046.0,1754.0],"score":0.92,"text":"ions was prepared by dissolving the requred quanty 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Results and Discussion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,361.0,448.0,363.0,448.0,395.0,88.0,392.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.1. Effects of Solution pH and Agitation Time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,419.0,1552.0,419.0,1552.0,451.0,89.0,451.0],"score":0.97,"text":"One ofthe main parameters affecting the metal adsorption from aqueous solution is the pH ofthe solution. The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,451.0,1557.0,451.0,1557.0,482.0,89.0,482.0],"score":0.98,"text":"of Ni() by GSA was represented in Figure 1 and Table 1, for a period of 90 min. With increasing pH from 2 to 5, adsorption capacity ofadsorbent increased from 7.2"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,724.0,1535.0,724.0,1535.0,755.0,89.0,755.0],"score":0.98,"text":"contrary, as the pH increases, the adsorbent surface becomes more and more negatively charged, and the adsorption ofNil) ions is more favorable. Figure 1 shows "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,753.0,1070.0,753.0,1070.0,785.0,89.0,785.0],"score":0.98,"text":"that the Ni(Il) removal by GSA increases with increase in pH and the maximum of removal attains at 20 minutes."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,811.0,512.0,814.0,512.0,841.0,88.0,838.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3.2. Effect of Initial Concentration and Agitation Time"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,936.0,1567.0,936.0,1567.0,967.0,91.0,967.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption sites in adsorbent that is high at higher initial concentrations. Thus, at the same time, the time required for attaining the equilibrium state is highly independent on"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,960.0,1491.0,962.0,1491.0,997.0,86.0,994.0],"score":0.96,"text":" initial NiMl) concentration. In Figure 2, the infuence of contact time on the adsorption of NiIl) on GSA is observed. According to Figure 2, the amount ofNi(I)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,994.0,1550.0,994.0,1550.0,1028.0,91.0,1028.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption onto GSA increases sharply up to the first 10 minutes and finally attain equilbrium where there is no further increase in the amount of adsorption The uptake"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1174.0,1080.0,1174.0,1080.0,1206.0,89.0,1206.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 3: Comparison of adsorption capacity of various adsorbents for the removal of Ni(ll) from aqueous phase."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1301.0,327.0,1301.0,327.0,1333.0,86.0,1333.0],"score":0.97,"text":"3.3. Adsorption Kinetic Study"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1357.0,1525.0,1357.0,1525.0,1389.0,89.0,1389.0],"score":0.99,"text":"Determination of uptake kinetics is important for the evaluation ofa candidate adsorbent material. In order to estimate the uptake capacity ofthe sample in this study,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1384.0,1520.0,1384.0,1520.0,1418.0,89.0,1418.0],"score":0.98,"text":"three sorption kinetic models developed, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich equations by Lagergren [19], Ho and McKay [20], and Fatehi et al."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1413.0,352.0,1413.0,352.0,1445.0,89.0,1445.0],"score":0.99,"text":"[21], respectively, were used."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[867.0,1663.0,945.0,1670.0,943.0,1696.0,865.0,1690.0],"score":0.91,"text":"t),(5)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1915.0,1555.0,1915.0,1555.0,1949.0,89.0,1949.0],"score":0.98,"text":"due to a boundary layer or external resistance controllng at the begining of the sorption process [22]. In most cases ofthe literature, the pseudo- first-order model does"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1974.0,1510.0,1974.0,1510.0,2008.0,91.0,2008.0],"score":0.96,"text":"sorption capacity ofthe solid phase. Contrary to other well established models, it predicts the behavior over the whole range of studies and it is in agreement with a"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2003.0,625.0,2003.0,625.0,2037.0,89.0,2037.0],"score":0.97,"text":"chemisorption mechanism being the rate-controling step [22]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,2088.0,1532.0,2088.0,1532.0,2122.0,89.0,2122.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 4: The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich's equation kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[206.0,1713.0,605.0,1718.0,605.0,1752.0,206.0,1747.0],"score":0.97,"text":"is related to the available sites for adsorption."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1368.0,1681.0,1542.0,1681.0,1542.0,1715.0,1368.0,1715.0],"score":0.98,"text":", and the parameter"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1764.0,1283.0,1766.0,1283.0,1801.0,86.0,1798.0],"score":0.97,"text":" Initially, the validity of the two models was checked by studying the kinetics under different intial temperatures of solution. Linear plots of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1402.0,1764.0,1441.0,1766.0,1441.0,1801.0,1402.0,1798.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1483.0,1764.0,1560.0,1766.0,1559.0,1801.0,1483.0,1798.0],"score":0.98,"text":"versus t"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,906.0,169.0,906.0,169.0,938.0,89.0,938.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4.344 to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[302.0,906.0,1520.0,906.0,1520.0,938.0,302.0,938.0],"score":0.95,"text":"with the increasing in initial Ni(ll) concentration. This increase may be due to the ratio of the initial number of moles of Ni(ll) to the available"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,480.0,110.0,485.0,110.0,519.0,86.0,514.0],"score":1.0,"text":"to"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1223.0,183.0,1278.0,183.0,1278.0,214.0,1223.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[714.0,1606.0,1018.0,1606.0,1018.0,1637.0,714.0,1637.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is the rate constants of adsorption."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1308.0,183.0,1346.0,183.0,1346.0,214.0,1308.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1373.0,183.0,1542.0,183.0,1542.0,214.0,1373.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"are the equilibrium"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1886.0,1171.0,1886.0,1171.0,1920.0,89.0,1920.0],"score":0.96,"text":"pseudo-frst-order model to ft the kinetic data for the initial concentrations examined. The reason for these diferences in the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1196.0,1886.0,1552.0,1886.0,1552.0,1920.0,1196.0,1920.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values is that there is a time lag, possibly"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1058.0,1798.0,1096.0,1798.0,1096.0,1830.0,1058.0,1830.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1123.0,1798.0,1520.0,1798.0,1520.0,1830.0,1123.0,1830.0],"score":0.96,"text":"values were calculated from the slopes ofthe"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[649.0,1606.0,687.0,1606.0,687.0,1637.0,649.0,1637.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,636.0,1075.0,633.0,1075.0,668.0,89.0,670.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 1: The influence of solution pH and agitation time on the removal ofNi(ll) by GSA (Ni(ll) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1944.0,914.0,1944.0,914.0,1978.0,89.0,1978.0],"score":0.97,"text":"not ft the kinetic data well for the whole range ofcontact time, and generally underestimate the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[939.0,1944.0,1510.0,1944.0,1510.0,1978.0,939.0,1978.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values [23, 24]. The pseudo-second order model is based on the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1306.0,1569.0,1530.0,1567.0,1530.0,1601.0,1306.0,1603.0],"score":0.97,"text":"are the amounts ofNi(lI)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1154.0,1569.0,1219.0,1567.0,1219.0,1601.0,1154.0,1603.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1244.0,1569.0,1283.0,1567.0,1283.0,1601.0,1244.0,1603.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1857.0,942.0,1857.0,942.0,1891.0,89.0,1891.0],"score":0.98,"text":"coeficients of the pseudo-frst-order kinetic were found to be lower than 0.76, and the calculated"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[967.0,1857.0,1212.0,1857.0,1212.0,1891.0,967.0,1891.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is not equal to experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1235.0,1857.0,1510.0,1857.0,1510.0,1891.0,1235.0,1891.0],"score":0.97,"text":", suggesting the insufficiency of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[677.0,183.0,927.0,183.0,927.0,214.0,677.0,214.0],"score":0.96,"text":", were calculated as follows:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1168.0,636.0,1280.0,633.0,1280.0,668.0,1168.0,670.0],"score":0.94,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,872.0,984.0,872.0,984.0,906.0,91.0,906.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 2 and Table 2 represent the removal of NiM) as a function of initial concentrations ranging from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1102.0,872.0,1532.0,872.0,1532.0,906.0,1102.0,906.0],"score":0.97,"text":"by GSA. The uptake eficiency is increased from"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,2225.0,978.0,2222.0,978.0,2256.0,86.0,2259.0],"score":0.96,"text":"Figure 4: The pseudo second order plots for the adsorption of Ni(ll) by GSA. (Ni(ll) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,692.0,425.0,692.0,425.0,724.0,89.0,724.0],"score":0.98,"text":"In lower pH, a higher concentration of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[458.0,692.0,1542.0,692.0,1542.0,724.0,458.0,724.0],"score":0.97,"text":"ions present in the mixture competes with Ni(ll) ions for the adsorption sites resulting in the reduced uptake ofNi(Il). On the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[614.0,217.0,1035.0,217.0,1035.0,249.0,614.0,249.0],"score":0.94,"text":"is equilibrium Ni(ll) concentration on adsorbent"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[920.0,1681.0,983.0,1681.0,983.0,1715.0,920.0,1715.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[999.0,1681.0,1239.0,1681.0,1239.0,1715.0,999.0,1715.0],"score":0.98,"text":"is the initial adsorption rate"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,217.0,387.0,217.0,387.0,249.0,89.0,249.0],"score":0.95,"text":"and initial concentrations of Ni(I)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[464.0,217.0,589.0,217.0,589.0,249.0,464.0,249.0],"score":0.97,"text":", respectively;"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1108.0,217.0,1491.0,217.0,1491.0,249.0,1108.0,249.0],"score":0.96,"text":"); V is the volume ofNi() solution (L); and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1515.0,217.0,1537.0,217.0,1537.0,249.0,1515.0,249.0],"score":1.0,"text":"is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1798.0,905.0,1798.0,905.0,1830.0,89.0,1830.0],"score":0.97,"text":"showed the applicability ofthe above equations (the first and second order) for GSA (Figures"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1243.0,953.0,1238.0,953.0,1269.0,89.0,1274.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 2: The influence of initial concentration and agitation time on the removal ofNi(l) by GSA"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,183.0,165.0,183.0,165.0,214.0,89.0,214.0],"score":1.0,"text":"removal"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[216.0,183.0,653.0,183.0,653.0,214.0,216.0,214.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and the amount of adsorbed Ni(lI) at equilibrium,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1347.0,636.0,1485.0,633.0,1485.0,668.0,1347.0,670.0],"score":0.92,"text":"; Agitation time,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1310.0,1243.0,1449.0,1238.0,1449.0,1269.0,1310.0,1274.0],"score":1.0,"text":"; Agitation time,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1131.0,1243.0,1243.0,1238.0,1243.0,1269.0,1131.0,1274.0],"score":1.0,"text":"; GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1067.0,2225.0,1179.0,2222.0,1179.0,2256.0,1067.0,2259.0],"score":0.97,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[997.0,1827.0,1159.0,1827.0,1159.0,1861.0,997.0,1861.0],"score":0.98,"text":"versus Int (Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1180.0,1827.0,1513.0,1827.0,1513.0,1861.0,1180.0,1861.0],"score":0.99,"text":" are presented in Table 4. Correlation"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,244.0,357.0,246.0,357.0,280.0,86.0,278.0],"score":0.98,"text":"the mass ofGSA sample used"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[925.0,1798.0,961.0,1798.0,961.0,1830.0,925.0,1830.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[979.0,1798.0,1031.0,1798.0,1031.0,1830.0,979.0,1830.0],"score":0.96,"text":"). The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,570.0,714.0,570.0,714.0,602.0,89.0,602.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 1: The maximum amount of Ni(Il) sorbate as a function of pH at"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1021.0,927.0,1023.0,927.0,1057.0,86.0,1055.0],"score":0.98,"text":" of adsorption of other adsorbents for the removal of Ni(Il) from aqueous phase is given in Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[948.0,1021.0,1164.0,1023.0,1163.0,1057.0,948.0,1055.0],"score":0.96,"text":"for comparison [15-18]"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1684.0,551.0,1684.0,551.0,1715.0,91.0,1715.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The simplified form of Elovich's equation is shown in"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[582.0,1684.0,603.0,1684.0,603.0,1715.0,582.0,1715.0],"score":0.94,"text":"is"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1106.0,394.0,1109.0,394.0,1143.0,86.0,1140.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Table 2: The maximum amount of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[450.0,1106.0,1038.0,1109.0,1038.0,1143.0,450.0,1140.0],"score":0.96,"text":"sorbate as a function of initial concentration of Ni(ll) at 40 minutes."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1827.0,706.0,1827.0,706.0,1861.0,89.0,1861.0],"score":0.97,"text":"linear plots and are presented in Table 4. The Elovich constants (a and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[723.0,1827.0,974.0,1827.0,974.0,1861.0,723.0,1861.0],"score":0.98,"text":") computed from the plots of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[84.0,1564.0,549.0,1567.0,549.0,1608.0,84.0,1606.0],"score":0.95,"text":"The frst and scond orderate expressions given by"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[580.0,1564.0,807.0,1567.0,807.0,1608.0,580.0,1606.0],"score":0.97,"text":"and (4) are respectively,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1606.0,537.0,1606.0,537.0,1637.0,89.0,1637.0],"score":0.97,"text":"adsorbed (mg g ) at equilibrium time and at time 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S^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1310,392,1399,392,1399,424,1310,424],"score":0.67,"latex":"b\\,(\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{g}^{-1})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[632,1231,682,1231,682,1258,632,1258],"score":0.66,"latex":"\\left(\\Delta\\boldsymbol{G}^{\\circ}\\right)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[695,1136,732,1136,732,1162,695,1162],"score":0.63,"latex":"{\\boldsymbol{\\Delta S}}^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[792,1171,811,1171,811,1194,792,1194],"score":0.63,"latex":"R"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[608,1136,653,1136,653,1162,608,1162],"score":0.62,"latex":"{\\Delta}H^{\\circ}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[555,1136,598,1136,598,1163,555,1163],"score":0.61,"latex":"\\left(\\Delta\\boldsymbol{G}^{\\circ}\\right."},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1119,114,1271,114,1271,147,1119,147],"score":0.6,"latex":"1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}};\\mathrm{pH}=6)"},{"category_id":14,"poly":[1175,1059,1349,1059,1349,1091,1175,1091],"score":0.59,"latex":"\\Delta G=-R T\\ln k_{D},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[656,1199,705,1199,705,1228,656,1228],"score":0.56,"latex":"\\mathtt{h}\\,k_{D}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[526,578,548,578,548,606,526,606],"score":0.55,"latex":"q_{t}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1278,1170,1297,1170,1297,1194,1278,1194],"score":0.55,"latex":"T"},{"category_id":14,"poly":[1167,1101,1381,1101,1381,1162,1167,1162],"score":0.54,"latex":"\\ln k_{D}=\\frac{\\Delta S}{R}-\\frac{\\Delta H}{R T},\\!(9)"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1167,1101,1370,1101,1370,1162,1167,1162],"score":0.49,"latex":"\\ln k_{D}=\\frac{\\Delta S}{R}-\\frac{\\Delta H}{R T},\\quad(9\\times10^{-2})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[985,362,1046,362,1046,388,985,388],"score":0.48,"latex":"328\\,\\mathrm{K}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1339,1232,1398,1232,1398,1258,1339,1258],"score":0.48,"latex":"318\\,\\mathrm{K}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[869,968,918,968,918,994,869,994],"score":0.46,"latex":"({\\Delta S}^{\\circ})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1234,229,1255,229,1255,255,1234,255],"score":0.45,"latex":"\\underline{{3}})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[207,1233,224,1233,224,1259,207,1259],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\underline{{6}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1119,114,1181,114,1181,147,1119,147],"score":0.36,"latex":"1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1309,394,1323,394,1323,421,1309,421],"score":0.35,"latex":"^b"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[486,310,540,310,540,339,486,339],"score":0.35,"latex":"\\mathrm{Ni(II)}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[547,1987,561,1987,561,2003,547,2003],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1175,1060,1350,1060,1350,1091,1175,1091],"score":0.33,"latex":"\\Delta G=-R T\\ln k_{D},"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1117,392,1402,392,1402,425,1117,425],"score":0.31,"latex":"a~(\\mathsf{m g g}^{-1}\\operatorname{min}^{-1})\\,\\mathrm{and}\\,b~(\\mathsf{m g g}^{-1})"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1178,848,1336,848,1336,882,1178,882],"score":0.3,"latex":"1\\,\\mathrm{gL^{-1}};\\mathrm{pH}=6)."},{"category_id":13,"poly":[234,283,251,283,251,308,234,308],"score":0.3,"latex":"\\underline{{3}}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1249,363,1310,363,1310,391,1249,391],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\mathrm{The}\\,q_{e}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1115,2102,1130,2102,1130,2118,1115,2118],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[899,362,960,362,960,388,899,388],"score":0.27,"latex":"298\\,\\mathrm{K}"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1443,609,1498,609,1498,638,1443,638],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\mathrm{{Nu}}(\\mathrm{{II}})"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,173.0,1545.0,173.0,1545.0,205.0,91.0,205.0],"score":0.97,"text":"The values of correlation coefficients for the adsorption of Nill) on GSA from allthe systems were found to be 0.999 for pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,431.0,199.0,431.0,199.0,458.0,91.0,458.0],"score":1.0,"text":"temperature."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,485.0,310.0,485.0,310.0,517.0,86.0,517.0],"score":0.98,"text":"3.4. Ads orption Mechanism"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,543.0,1508.0,543.0,1508.0,577.0,91.0,577.0],"score":0.97,"text":"To confirm whether Ni ions adsorption on GSA is dominated by intraparticle difusion (Weber and Morris), the empirical data were analyzed using the intraparticle"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,670.0,1545.0,670.0,1545.0,704.0,91.0,704.0],"score":0.97,"text":"passed through the origin, showing that intraparticle difusion was not sole rate-controling step although it was involved in the process. This emphasized that adsorption"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,702.0,551.0,702.0,551.0,733.0,89.0,733.0],"score":0.97,"text":"of Ni(l) ions was a two or more steps process [26]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,787.0,1139.0,787.0,1139.0,819.0,91.0,819.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Table 5: The intraparticle difusion kinetic parameters for Nill) sorption onto GSA at different temperatures of solution."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,914.0,394.0,914.0,394.0,945.0,89.0,945.0],"score":0.99,"text":"3.5. Adsorption Thermodynamic Study"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1350.0,1009.0,1387.0,1009.0,1387.0,1040.0,1350.0,1040.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(7)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1296.0,1545.0,1296.0,1545.0,1330.0,89.0,1330.0],"score":0.98,"text":"endothermic nature ofthe sorption process. Since difusion is an exothermic process, it would be expected that increased solution temperature would result in decrease"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1330.0,1355.0,1330.0,1355.0,1364.0,91.0,1364.0],"score":0.94,"text":"uptake of NiMl) ions from aqueous solution. Also, the negative value of \u25b3S\u00b0 (-0.0276 kJ mol I K-1) may be related to the decrease randommess."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,1411.0,733.0,1413.0,733.0,1455.0,86.0,1452.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Table 6: Thermodynanmic parameters for adsorption of Nil) onto GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1542.0,224.0,1542.0,224.0,1569.0,91.0,1569.0],"score":1.0,"text":"4. Conclusion"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1598.0,1550.0,1598.0,1550.0,1632.0,89.0,1632.0],"score":0.98,"text":"The sorption characteristics of Grape Shell were studied for Ni(ll). The results indicated that this adsorbent may be used as an inexpensive and effective material for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1628.0,1523.0,1628.0,1523.0,1662.0,91.0,1662.0],"score":0.97,"text":"removal ofNi) from aqueous solutions but with a low efficiency. The sorption process was affected by experimental conditions such as pH, initial concentration of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1657.0,1528.0,1657.0,1528.0,1691.0,89.0,1691.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Ni) ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time. Analysis ofthe kinetic data showed that the kinetics ofNi adsorption using Grape Shllash as an"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1684.0,1535.0,1686.0,1535.0,1720.0,89.0,1718.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorbent for different values of initial temperatures of soution is explained by the second-order-kinetic model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters determined"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1715.0,831.0,1715.0,831.0,1747.0,89.0,1747.0],"score":0.97,"text":"the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the Ni(ll) biosorption process onto GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[93.0,1779.0,261.0,1779.0,261.0,1805.0,93.0,1805.0],"score":1.0,"text":"Acknowedgment"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1832.0,1151.0,1832.0,1151.0,1864.0,89.0,1864.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, for providing the research fund for this project"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[87.0,1890.0,207.0,1896.0,205.0,1930.0,86.0,1924.0],"score":0.97,"text":"References"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,1949.0,1552.0,1952.0,1552.0,1986.0,113.0,1983.0],"score":0.97,"text":"1. A. Bhatnagar and A. K. Minocha, \u201cBiosorption optimization of nickel removal from water using Punica granatum peel waste,\u2032 Colloids and Surfaces B, vol. 76,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[108.0,2005.0,1562.0,2008.0,1562.0,2049.0,108.0,2047.0],"score":0.95,"text":" 2. V. K. Gupta, R. Mangla and S. Agarwal Pb() selective potentiometric sensor based on 4-tertbutycalx[4]arene in PVC matrix,\u201d Electroanalysis, vol. 14, p."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2037.0,536.0,2039.0,536.0,2074.0,145.0,2071.0],"score":0.98,"text":"1127-1132, 2002. View at Google Scholar"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,2069.0,1555.0,2069.0,1555.0,2103.0,113.0,2103.0],"score":0.96,"text":" 3. V. K. Gupta, P. J. M. Carrott, M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, and S. Suhas, \u201cLow-cost adsorbents: growing approach to wastewater treatment a review,' Critical"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[113.0,2127.0,1496.0,2127.0,1496.0,2159.0,113.0,2159.0],"score":0.98,"text":"4. V. K. Gupta, R. N. Goyal, and R. A. Sharma, \u201cNovel PVC membrane based alizarin sensor and its application; determination of vanadium, zirconium and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,2156.0,1422.0,2156.0,1422.0,2190.0,145.0,2190.0],"score":0.99,"text":"molybdenum\" International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 156-172, 2009. View at Google Scholar View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,2181.0,1557.0,2186.0,1557.0,2220.0,111.0,2215.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 5. A. K. Jain, V. K. Gupta, B. B. Sahoo, and L. P. Singh, \u201cCopper(Ml)-selective electrodes based on macrocyclic compounds,\u201d Analytical Proceedings including"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,2215.0,1262.0,2215.0,1262.0,2249.0,148.0,2249.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Analytical Communications, vol 32, no. 3, pp. 99-101, 1995. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar \u00b7 View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[462.0,280.0,1557.0,283.0,1557.0,317.0,462.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"values decrease as temperature rises, confrming that the rate of biosorption is faster at lower temperatures, which is probably"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1481.0,264.0,1481.0,264.0,1513.0,89.0,1513.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Figure 7: Plot of ln"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1172.0,469.0,1172.0,469.0,1206.0,89.0,1206.0],"score":0.97,"text":"distribution coeffcient of the adsorbate and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[494.0,1172.0,532.0,1172.0,532.0,1206.0,494.0,1206.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,397.0,517.0,397.0,517.0,431.0,89.0,431.0],"score":0.95,"text":"Elovich equation disagreed with the experimental"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1378.0,1133.0,1444.0,1138.0,1444.0,1172.0,1377.0,1167.0],"score":1.0,"text":"where"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1476.0,1133.0,1528.0,1138.0,1527.0,1172.0,1476.0,1167.0],"score":0.92,"text":"is the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1400.0,1267.0,1513.0,1267.0,1513.0,1301.0,1400.0,1301.0],"score":0.92,"text":" showed the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,855.0,972.0,850.0,972.0,884.0,89.0,889.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Figure 6: The intraparticle diffusion plots for the adsorption ofNi) by GSA. (NilI) concentration,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,202.0,1496.0,202.0,1496.0,236.0,91.0,236.0],"score":0.97,"text":"values of predicted equlbrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the experimental equilbriumuptake values. Based on correlation coeffcients and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1267.0,1117.0,1267.0,1117.0,1301.0,89.0,1301.0],"score":0.97,"text":"spontaneous adsorption of Ni(ll) ions on GSA for the temperature range studied (298, 308 and 318 K). The negative"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1165.0,1267.0,1220.0,1267.0,1220.0,1301.0,1165.0,1301.0],"score":0.96,"text":"value"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[86.0,358.0,127.0,361.0,127.0,402.0,86.0,400.0],"score":1.0,"text":"The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1312.0,358.0,1545.0,361.0,1545.0,402.0,1312.0,400.0],"score":0.99,"text":"values calculated fom the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1073.0,1201.0,1550.0,1201.0,1550.0,1235.0,1073.0,1235.0],"score":0.99,"text":"was obtained using (8) for different temperatures. The"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[303.0,1481.0,480.0,1481.0,480.0,1513.0,303.0,1513.0],"score":1.0,"text":"against temperature"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[536.0,1481.0,858.0,1481.0,858.0,1513.0,536.0,1513.0],"score":0.97,"text":"for the adsorption of Ni(Il) by GSA."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,970.0,538.0,970.0,538.0,1004.0,91.0,1004.0],"score":0.99,"text":"The thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[596.0,970.0,686.0,970.0,686.0,1004.0,596.0,1004.0],"score":0.97,"text":", enthalpy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,638.0,790.0,638.0,790.0,672.0,89.0,672.0],"score":0.98,"text":"on to GSA at different temperature applied to diffusion model is shown in Figure"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[813.0,638.0,1503.0,638.0,1503.0,672.0,813.0,672.0],"score":0.96,"text":" and the intraparticle diffusion constants are given in Table 5. No plots of model"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1400.0,397.0,1547.0,397.0,1547.0,431.0,1400.0,431.0],"score":0.99,"text":", decreased with"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[683.0,1233.0,1022.0,1233.0,1022.0,1267.0,683.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":" are negative (-8.5078, -8.0296, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[733.0,1138.0,1141.0,1138.0,1141.0,1172.0,733.0,1172.0],"score":0.98,"text":") were calculated using the following equations:"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[562.0,1172.0,791.0,1172.0,791.0,1206.0,562.0,1206.0],"score":0.99,"text":"are as defined previously."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[812.0,1172.0,1515.0,1172.0,1515.0,1206.0,812.0,1206.0],"score":0.96,"text":"is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol I K-1) and T is temperature (K) [27]."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[654.0,1138.0,694.0,1138.0,694.0,1172.0,654.0,1172.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,1138.0,554.0,1138.0,554.0,1172.0,91.0,1172.0],"score":0.98,"text":"adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters "},{"category_id":15,"poly":[599.0,1138.0,607.0,1138.0,607.0,1172.0,599.0,1172.0],"score":0.87,"text":"\uff0c"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1201.0,655.0,1201.0,655.0,1235.0,89.0,1235.0],"score":0.96,"text":"and \u25b3S\u00b0 can be obtained from the slope and intercept of the plot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[706.0,1201.0,1029.0,1201.0,1029.0,1235.0,706.0,1235.0],"score":0.96,"text":"against 1/T , respectively (Figure Z)."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1185.0,1233.0,1338.0,1233.0,1338.0,1267.0,1185.0,1267.0],"score":1.0,"text":"at 298, 308, and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1399.0,1233.0,1560.0,1233.0,1560.0,1267.0,1399.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":", resp.), indicating"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[747.0,970.0,868.0,970.0,868.0,1004.0,747.0,1004.0],"score":0.99,"text":", and entropy"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[919.0,970.0,1547.0,970.0,1547.0,1004.0,919.0,1004.0],"score":0.98,"text":"have an important role to determine spontaneity and heat change for the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[91.0,231.0,1233.0,231.0,1233.0,263.0,91.0,263.0],"score":0.98,"text":"values calculated, it is evident that the adsorption of Ni(ll) can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,1233.0,206.0,1233.0,206.0,1267.0,89.0,1267.0],"score":1.0,"text":"data in Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[225.0,1233.0,631.0,1233.0,631.0,1267.0,225.0,1267.0],"score":0.98,"text":"showed that the standard free energy changes"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1264.0,397.0,1308.0,397.0,1308.0,431.0,1264.0,431.0],"score":1.0,"text":"and"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,314.0,485.0,314.0,485.0,346.0,89.0,346.0],"score":0.98,"text":"due to a decrease in the interactions between"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[541.0,314.0,1323.0,314.0,1323.0,346.0,541.0,346.0],"score":0.99,"text":" ions and GSA as the biosorbent. This behavior is a characteristic of exothermic reactions."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[145.0,1983.0,546.0,1983.0,546.0,2017.0,145.0,2017.0],"score":0.98,"text":"no. 2, pp. 544-548, 2010. View at Publisher"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[562.0,1983.0,932.0,1983.0,932.0,2017.0,562.0,2017.0],"score":0.98,"text":"View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1351.0,1065.0,1385.0,1065.0,1385.0,1092.0,1351.0,1092.0],"score":0.99,"text":"(8)"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[541.0,397.0,1116.0,397.0,1116.0,431.0,541.0,431.0],"score":0.99,"text":"vales. It was observed that the Elovich model constants, namely,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1065.0,855.0,1177.0,850.0,1177.0,884.0,1065.0,889.0],"score":0.98,"text":", GSA dose,"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[89.0,280.0,233.0,283.0,233.0,317.0,89.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"Results of Table"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[252.0,280.0,435.0,283.0,435.0,317.0,252.0,314.0],"score":0.98,"text":"also showed that the"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1047.0,358.0,1248.0,361.0,1248.0,402.0,1047.0,400.0],"score":0.98,"text":"for Elovich's equation."},{"category_id":15,"poly":[148.0,2098.0,1114.0,2098.0,1114.0,2132.0,148.0,2132.0],"score":0.97,"text":"Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 783-842, 2009. View at Publisher"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1131.0,2098.0,1500.0,2098.0,1500.0,2132.0,1131.0,2132.0],"score":0.97,"text":"View at Google Scholar : View at Scopus"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[156.0,358.0,898.0,361.0,898.0,402.0,156.0,400.0],"score":0.95,"text":"values were in the range of0.484 to 0.926 for the various temperatures ranging fom"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[961.0,358.0,984.0,361.0,984.0,402.0,961.0,400.0],"score":0.6,"text":"10"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[124.0,609.0,1442.0,612.0,1442.0,646.0,124.0,643.0],"score":0.97,"text":" indicates the thickness of the boundary layer, that is larger values of I suggest greater boundary layer effects. The calculated data for the adsorption of"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[1499.0,609.0,1540.0,612.0,1540.0,646.0,1499.0,643.0],"score":1.0,"text":"ions"}],"page_info":{"page_no":3,"height":2339,"width":1653}},{"layout_dets":[{"category_id":1,"poly":[104.688720703125,78.35415649414062,1568.3668212890625,78.35415649414062,1568.3668212890625,1363.578369140625,104.688720703125,1363.578369140625],"score":0.9997628927230835},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1113,694,1128,694,1128,710,1113,710],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[885,695,899,695,899,710,885,710],"score":0.42,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[924,753,937,753,937,769,924,769],"score":0.41,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1152,753,1167,753,1167,769,1152,769],"score":0.37,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[231,1101,245,1101,245,1117,231,1117],"score":0.36,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1054,230,1069,230,1069,245,1054,245],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[926,288,941,288,941,304,926,304],"score":0.34,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[466,1042,480,1042,480,1058,466,1058],"score":0.32,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1163,347,1178,347,1178,362,1163,362],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1022,1159,1036,1159,1036,1175,1022,1175],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1020,1216,1033,1216,1033,1232,1020,1232],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[594,811,607,811,607,826,594,826],"score":0.29,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1104,173,1118,173,1118,188,1104,188],"score":0.28,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[460,1101,475,1101,475,1117,460,1117],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[409,985,423,985,423,1000,409,1000],"score":0.27,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":13,"poly":[1067,463,1081,463,1081,478,1067,478],"score":0.25,"latex":"\\cdot"},{"category_id":15,"poly":[111.0,76.0,1547.0,78.0,1547.0,112.0,111.0,110.0],"score":0.98,"text":" 6. 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