PythonForce can be restricted to a subset of particles (#5246)

* PythonForce can be restricted to a subset of particles

* Fix exception with CUDA

openmmapi/include/openmm/PythonForce.h

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  * This is part of the OpenMM molecular simulation toolkit.                   *
  * See https://openmm.org/development.                                        *
  *                                                                            *
- * Portions copyright (c) 2025 Stanford University and the Authors.           *
+ * Portions copyright (c) 2025-2026 Stanford University and the Authors.      *
  * Authors: Peter Eastman                                                     *
  * Contributors:                                                              *
  *                                                                            *
@@ -102,6 +102,15 @@ public:
  * to return True, and the State passed to the computation function will contain periodic
  * box vectors.  The positions may also be wrapped into a different periodic box to keep them
  * closer to the origin and improve accuracy.
+ *
+ * A PythonForce can optionally be applied to only a subset of the particles in a system.  To do
+ * this, call setParticles() on it, providing the indices of the particles to apply it to.  The
+ * computation function should then proceed as if those particles were the entire system.
+ * state.getPositions() will return a smaller array containing only the positions of those
+ * particles, and the array of forces should similarly contain only those particles.  That is,
+ * forces[i] should be the force on the i'th particle passed to setParticles().  When applying
+ * forces to only a small fraction of the particles in a system, this can greatly improve
+ * performance.
  * 
  * When using XmlSerializer to save a PythonForce, it uses the Python pickle module to save
  * the computation function.  If it cannot be pickled, you will not be able to serialize the
@@ -124,9 +133,12 @@ public:
      * @param computation        an object defining how the forces and energy should be computed
      * @param globalParameters   any global parameters used by the force.  Keys are the parameter
      *                           names, and the corresponding values are their default values.
+     * @param particles          the indices of the particles to use when computing the force.  If
+     *                           this is empty (the default), all particles in the system will be used.
      * @private
      */
-    explicit PythonForce(PythonForceComputation* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters);
+    explicit PythonForce(PythonForceComputation* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters,
+                         const std::vector<int>& particles=std::vector<int>());
     ~PythonForce();
     /**
      * Get the PythonForceComputation that defines the computation.
@@ -138,6 +150,18 @@ public:
      * corresponding values are their default values.
      */
     const std::map<std::string, double>& getGlobalParameters() const;
+    /**
+     * Get the indices of the particles to use when computing the force.  If this
+     * is empty, all particles in the system will be used.
+     */
+    const std::vector<int>& getParticles() const {
+        return particles;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Set the indices of the particles to use when computing the force.  If this
+     * is empty, all particles in the system will be used.
+     */
+    void setParticles(const std::vector<int>& particles);
     /**
      * Get the pickled representation of the computation function.  If it cannot be pickled,
      * this will be an empty vector.
@@ -168,6 +192,7 @@ private:
     PythonForceComputation* computation;
     std::map<std::string, double> globalParameters;
     bool usePeriodic;
+    std::vector<int> particles;
     std::vector<char> pickled;
 };
 

openmmapi/src/PythonForce.cpp

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * This is part of the OpenMM molecular simulation toolkit.                   *
  * See https://openmm.org/development.                                        *
  *                                                                            *
- * Portions copyright (c) 2025 Stanford University and the Authors.           *
+ * Portions copyright (c) 2025-2026 Stanford University and the Authors.      *
  * Authors: Peter Eastman                                                     *
  * Contributors:                                                              *
  *                                                                            *
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 using namespace OpenMM;
 using namespace std;
 
-PythonForce::PythonForce(PythonForceComputation* computation, const map<string, double>& globalParameters) :
-        computation(computation), globalParameters(globalParameters), usePeriodic(false) {
+PythonForce::PythonForce(PythonForceComputation* computation, const map<string, double>& globalParameters, const vector<int>& particles) :
+        computation(computation), globalParameters(globalParameters), usePeriodic(false), particles(particles) {
 }
 
 PythonForce::~PythonForce() {
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ const map<string, double>& PythonForce::getGlobalParameters() const {
     return globalParameters;
 }
 
+void PythonForce::setParticles(const std::vector<int>& particles) {
+    this->particles = particles;
+}
+
 bool PythonForce::usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions() const {
     return usePeriodic;
 }

platforms/common/include/openmm/common/CommonKernels.h

@@ -1550,14 +1550,18 @@ private:
     class ExecuteTask;
     class StartCalculationPreComputation;
     class AddForcesPostComputation;
+    class ReorderListener;
+    void getPositions();
+    void sortParticles();
     OpenMM::ContextImpl& contextImpl;
     ComputeContext& cc;
     const PythonForceComputation* computation;
-    ComputeArray forcesArray;
-    ComputeKernel addForcesKernel;
+    ComputeArray positionsArray, forcesArray, particlesArray, reorderedParticles;
+    ComputeKernel copyPositionsKernel, addForcesKernel;
     std::vector<Vec3> positionsVec;
     std::vector<double> forcesVec;
-    int forceGroupFlag;
+    std::vector<int> particles;
+    int numParticles, forceGroupFlag;
     double energy;
     bool usePeriodic, useWorkerThread;
 };

platforms/common/src/CommonKernels.cpp

@@ -4816,23 +4816,58 @@ public:
     CommonCalcPythonForceKernel& owner;
 };
 
+class CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::ReorderListener : public ComputeContext::ReorderListener {
+public:
+    ReorderListener(CommonCalcPythonForceKernel& owner) : owner(owner) {
+    }
+    void execute() {
+        owner.sortParticles();
+    }
+private:
+    CommonCalcPythonForceKernel& owner;
+};
+
 void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::initialize(const ContextImpl& context, const PythonForce& force) {
     ContextSelector selector(cc);
     computation = &force.getComputation();
     usePeriodic = force.usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions();
-    int numParticles = context.getSystem().getNumParticles();
+    particles = force.getParticles();
+    numParticles = particles.size();
+    if (numParticles == 0)
+        numParticles = context.getSystem().getNumParticles();
     positionsVec.resize(numParticles);
     forcesVec.resize(3*numParticles);
     int elementSize = (cc.getUseDoublePrecision() ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(float));
+    positionsArray.initialize(cc, 3*numParticles, elementSize, "positions");
     forcesArray.initialize(cc, 3*numParticles, elementSize, "forces");
     map<string, string> defines;
     defines["NUM_ATOMS"] = cc.intToString(numParticles);
     defines["PADDED_NUM_ATOMS"] = cc.intToString(cc.getPaddedNumAtoms());
-    ComputeProgram program = cc.compileProgram(CommonKernelSources::customCppForce, defines);
-    addForcesKernel = program->createKernel("addForces");
-    addForcesKernel->addArg(forcesArray);
-    addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getLongForceBuffer());
-    addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getAtomIndexArray());
+    ComputeProgram program = cc.compileProgram(CommonKernelSources::pythonForce, defines);
+    if (particles.size() > 0) {
+        particlesArray.initialize<int>(cc, numParticles, "particles");
+        reorderedParticles.initialize<int>(cc, numParticles, "reorderedParticles");
+        particlesArray.upload(particles);
+        reorderedParticles.upload(particles);
+        cc.addReorderListener(new ReorderListener(*this));
+        copyPositionsKernel = program->createKernel("copyPositions");
+        copyPositionsKernel->addArg(cc.getPosq());
+        copyPositionsKernel->addArg(positionsArray);
+        copyPositionsKernel->addArg(reorderedParticles);
+        copyPositionsKernel->addArg(numParticles);
+        addForcesKernel = program->createKernel("addForcesSubset");
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(forcesArray);
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getLongForceBuffer());
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getAtomIndexArray());
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(reorderedParticles);
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(numParticles);
+    }
+    else {
+        addForcesKernel = program->createKernel("addForcesAll");
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(forcesArray);
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getLongForceBuffer());
+        addForcesKernel->addArg(cc.getAtomIndexArray());
+    }
     forceGroupFlag = (1<<force.getForceGroup());
     useWorkerThread = (cc.getNumContexts() == 1);
     for (const ForceImpl* impl : context.getForceImpls())
@@ -4858,11 +4893,63 @@ double CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::execute(ContextImpl& context, bool includeFo
 
     if (cc.getContextIndex() != 0)
         return 0.0;
-    contextImpl.getPositions(positionsVec);
+    getPositions();
     executeOnWorkerThread(includeForces);
     return addForces(includeForces, includeEnergy, -1);
 }
 
+void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::getPositions() {
+    // If the NonbondedUtilities uses periodic boundary conditions, the positions might have been
+    // wrapped to the periodic box.  If this force also applies periodic boundary conditions, that's
+    // alright.  Otherwise, we need to move them back.
+
+    bool fixPeriodic = usePeriodic || !cc.getNonbondedUtilities().getUsePeriodic();
+    if (particles.size() == 0) {
+        // The force applies to the whole system, so we can just use the standard getPositions().
+
+        contextImpl.getPositions(positionsVec, fixPeriodic);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Retrieve positions for the subset of particles the force is applied to.
+
+        ContextSelector selector(cc);
+        copyPositionsKernel->execute(numParticles);
+        if (cc.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
+            vector<double> pos(3*numParticles);
+            positionsArray.download(pos);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
+                positionsVec[i] = Vec3(pos[3*i], pos[3*i+1], pos[3*i+2]);
+        }
+        else {
+            vector<float> pos(3*numParticles);
+            positionsArray.download(pos);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
+                positionsVec[i] = Vec3((double) pos[3*i], (double) pos[3*i+1], (double) pos[3*i+2]);
+        }
+        if (fixPeriodic) {
+            Vec3 boxVectors[3];
+            cc.getPeriodicBoxVectors(boxVectors[0], boxVectors[1], boxVectors[2]);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; ++i) {
+                mm_int4 offset = cc.getPosCellOffsets()[particles[i]];
+                positionsVec[i] -= boxVectors[0]*offset.x-boxVectors[1]*offset.y-boxVectors[2]*offset.z;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::sortParticles() {
+    // Update the list of particles to account for reordering.
+
+    const vector<int>& order = cc.getAtomIndex();
+    vector<int> inverseOrder(order.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < cc.getNumAtoms(); i++)
+        inverseOrder[order[i]] = i;
+    vector<int> reordered(particles.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < particles.size(); i++)
+        reordered[i] = inverseOrder[particles[i]];
+    reorderedParticles.upload(reordered);
+}
+
 void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::beginComputation(bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
     if ((groups&forceGroupFlag) == 0)
         return;
@@ -4873,7 +4960,7 @@ void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::beginComputation(bool includeForces, bool incl
 }
 
 void CommonCalcPythonForceKernel::executeOnWorkerThread(bool includeForces) {
-    contextImpl.getPositions(positionsVec, usePeriodic || !cc.getNonbondedUtilities().getUsePeriodic());
+    getPositions();
     State::StateBuilder builder(contextImpl.getTime(), contextImpl.getStepCount());
     builder.setPositions(positionsVec);
     builder.setParameters(contextImpl.getParameters());

platforms/common/src/kernels/pythonForce.cc

+KERNEL void copyPositions(GLOBAL const real4* RESTRICT posq, GLOBAL real* RESTRICT positions, GLOBAL int* RESTRICT particles, int numParticles) {
+    for (int i = GLOBAL_ID; i < numParticles; i += GLOBAL_SIZE) {
+        real4 pos = posq[particles[i]];
+        positions[3*i] = pos.x;
+        positions[3*i+1] = pos.y;
+        positions[3*i+2] = pos.z;
+    }
+}
+
+KERNEL void addForcesAll(GLOBAL const real* RESTRICT forces, GLOBAL mm_long* RESTRICT forceBuffers, GLOBAL int* RESTRICT atomIndex) {
+    for (int atom = GLOBAL_ID; atom < NUM_ATOMS; atom += GLOBAL_SIZE) {
+        int index = atomIndex[atom];
+        forceBuffers[atom] += (mm_long) (forces[3*index]*0x100000000);
+        forceBuffers[atom+PADDED_NUM_ATOMS] += (mm_long) (forces[3*index+1]*0x100000000);
+        forceBuffers[atom+2*PADDED_NUM_ATOMS] += (mm_long) (forces[3*index+2]*0x100000000);
+    }
+}
+
+KERNEL void addForcesSubset(GLOBAL const real* RESTRICT forces, GLOBAL mm_long* RESTRICT forceBuffers, GLOBAL int* RESTRICT atomIndex, GLOBAL int* RESTRICT particles, int numParticles) {
+    for (int i = GLOBAL_ID; i < numParticles; i += GLOBAL_SIZE) {
+        int index = particles[i];
+        forceBuffers[index] += (mm_long) (forces[3*i]*0x100000000);
+        forceBuffers[index+PADDED_NUM_ATOMS] += (mm_long) (forces[3*i+1]*0x100000000);
+        forceBuffers[index+2*PADDED_NUM_ATOMS] += (mm_long) (forces[3*i+2]*0x100000000);
+    }
+}

platforms/reference/include/ReferenceKernels.h

@@ -2035,7 +2035,9 @@ public:
     double execute(ContextImpl& context, bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy);
 private:
     const PythonForceComputation* computation;
-    std::vector<Vec3> forces;
+    std::vector<Vec3> positions, forces;
+    std::vector<int> particles;
+    int numParticles;
     bool usePeriodic;
 };
 

platforms/reference/src/ReferenceKernels.cpp

@@ -3552,7 +3552,13 @@ double ReferenceCalcCustomCPPForceKernel::execute(ContextImpl& context, bool inc
 
 void ReferenceCalcPythonForceKernel::initialize(const ContextImpl& context, const PythonForce& force) {
     computation = &force.getComputation();
-    forces.resize(context.getSystem().getNumParticles());
+    particles = force.getParticles();
+    numParticles = particles.size();
+    if (numParticles == 0)
+        numParticles = context.getSystem().getNumParticles();
+    else
+        positions.resize(numParticles);
+    forces.resize(numParticles);
     usePeriodic = force.usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions();
 }
 
@@ -3560,7 +3566,13 @@ double ReferenceCalcPythonForceKernel::execute(ContextImpl& context, bool includ
     vector<Vec3>& posData = extractPositions(context);
     vector<Vec3>& forceData = extractForces(context);
     State::StateBuilder builder(context.getTime(), context.getStepCount());
-    builder.setPositions(posData);
+    if (particles.size() == 0)
+        builder.setPositions(posData);
+    else {
+        for (int i = 0; i < particles.size(); i++)
+            positions[i] = posData[particles[i]];
+        builder.setPositions(positions);
+    }
     builder.setParameters(context.getParameters());
     if (usePeriodic) {
         Vec3 a, b, c;
@@ -3570,8 +3582,15 @@ double ReferenceCalcPythonForceKernel::execute(ContextImpl& context, bool includ
     double energy;
     State state = builder.getState();
     computation->compute(state, energy, forces.data(), true);
-    if (includeForces)
-        for (int i = 0; i < forces.size(); i++)
-            forceData[i] += forces[i];
+    if (includeForces) {
+        if (particles.size() == 0) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < forces.size(); i++)
+                forceData[i] += forces[i];
+        }
+        else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < forces.size(); i++)
+                forceData[particles[i]] += forces[i];
+        }
+    }
     return energy;
 }

tests/TestPythonForce.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * This is part of the OpenMM molecular simulation toolkit.                   *
  * See https://openmm.org/development.                                        *
  *                                                                            *
- * Portions copyright (c) 2025 Stanford University and the Authors.           *
+ * Portions copyright (c) 2025-2026 Stanford University and the Authors.      *
  * Authors: Peter Eastman                                                     *
  * Contributors:                                                              *
  *                                                                            *
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include "openmm/internal/AssertionUtilities.h"
 #include "openmm/Context.h"
+#include "openmm/NonbondedForce.h"
 #include "openmm/PythonForce.h"
 #include "openmm/Platform.h"
 #include "openmm/VerletIntegrator.h"
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@
 using namespace OpenMM;
 using namespace std;
 
-void testForce() {
+void testForce(bool subsetParticles) {
     class Computation : public PythonForceComputation {
         void compute(const State& state, double& energy, void* forces, bool forcesAreDouble) const {
             ASSERT_EQUAL(5.0, state.getParameters().at("a"));
@@ -63,22 +64,31 @@ void testForce() {
         }
     };
     int numParticles = 5;
+    int totalParticles = (subsetParticles ? numParticles+10 : numParticles);
     System system;
     Vec3 a(2, 0, 0);
     Vec3 b(0.1, 2, 0);
     Vec3 c(0.1, 0.1, 2);
     system.setDefaultPeriodicBoxVectors(a, b, c);
+    NonbondedForce* nonbonded = new NonbondedForce(); // To trigger reordering
+    nonbonded->setNonbondedMethod(NonbondedForce::PME);
+    system.addForce(nonbonded);
     vector<Vec3> positions;
     OpenMM_SFMT::SFMT sfmt;
     init_gen_rand(0, sfmt);
-    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < totalParticles; i++) {
         system.addParticle(1.0);
         positions.push_back(Vec3(genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt), genrand_real2(sfmt)));
+        nonbonded->addParticle(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
     }
     map<string, double> params;
     params["a"] = 5.0;
     params["b"] = 10.0;
-    PythonForce* force = new PythonForce(new Computation(), params);
+    vector<int> particles;
+    if (subsetParticles)
+        for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
+            particles.push_back(i+5);
+    PythonForce* force = new PythonForce(new Computation(), params, particles);
     ASSERT(!force->usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions());
     force->setUsesPeriodicBoundaryConditions(true);
     ASSERT(force->usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions());
@@ -88,8 +98,17 @@ void testForce() {
     context.setPositions(positions);
     State state = context.getState(State::Energy | State::Forces);
     ASSERT_EQUAL_TOL(25.0, state.getPotentialEnergy(), 1e-6);
-    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
-        ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(2*positions[i], state.getForces()[i], 1e-6)
+    if (subsetParticles) {
+        for (int i : particles)
+            ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(2*positions[i], state.getForces()[i], 1e-6)
+        Vec3 zero;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(zero, state.getForces()[i], 1e-6);
+    }
+    else {
+        for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
+            ASSERT_EQUAL_VEC(2*positions[i], state.getForces()[i], 1e-6)
+    }
 
     // Check that force groups are handled correctly.
 
@@ -102,7 +121,8 @@ void runPlatformTests();
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     try {
         initializeTests(argc, argv);
-        testForce();
+        testForce(false);
+        testForce(true);
         runPlatformTests();
     }
     catch(const exception& e) {

wrappers/python/src/swig_doxygen/swigInputConfig.py

@@ -580,5 +580,6 @@ UNITS = {
 ("FixedDisplacement", "getFixedDisplacement0") : ("unit.nanometer", ()),
 ("PythonForce", "getComputation") : (None, ()),
 ("PythonForce", "getGlobalParameters") : (None, ()),
+("PythonForce", "getParticles") : (None, ()),
 ("PythonForce", "getPickledFunction") : (None, ()),
 }

wrappers/python/src/swig_doxygen/swig_lib/python/pythonforce.i

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ namespace OpenMM {
     /**
      * Construct a new PythonForce.
      */
-    PythonForce* _createPythonForce(PyObject* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters={}) {
-        PythonForce* force = new PythonForce(new ComputationWrapper(computation), globalParameters);
+    PythonForce* _createPythonForce(PyObject* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters={}, const std::vector<int>& particles={}) {
+        PythonForce* force = new PythonForce(new ComputationWrapper(computation), globalParameters, particles);
         PyObject* pickle = PyImport_ImportModule("pickle");
         PyObject* dumps = PyUnicode_FromString("dumps");
         PyObject* result = PyObject_CallMethodOneArg(pickle, dumps, computation);
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ namespace OpenMM {
         }
 
         void serialize(const void* object, SerializationNode& node) const {
-            node.setIntProperty("version", 1);
+            node.setIntProperty("version", 2);
             const PythonForce& force = *reinterpret_cast<const PythonForce*>(object);
             if (force.getPickledFunction().size() == 0)
                 throw OpenMMException("PythonForceProxy: Could not serialize PythonForce because its function could not be pickled.");
@@ -148,11 +148,14 @@ namespace OpenMM {
             SerializationNode& globalParams = node.createChildNode("GlobalParameters");
             for (auto param : force.getGlobalParameters())
                 globalParams.createChildNode("Parameter").setStringProperty("name", param.first).setDoubleProperty("default", param.second);
+            SerializationNode& particlesNode = node.createChildNode("Particles");
+            for (int i : force.getParticles())
+               particlesNode.createChildNode("Particle").setIntProperty("index", i);
         }
 
         void* deserialize(const SerializationNode& node) const {
             int version = node.getIntProperty("version");
-            if (version != 1)
+            if (version < 1 || version > 2)
                 throw OpenMMException("Unsupported version number");
             std::vector<char> pickledFunction = hexDecode(node.getStringProperty("function"));
             PyObject* pickle = PyImport_ImportModule("pickle");
@@ -164,7 +167,11 @@ namespace OpenMM {
             std::map<std::string, double> params;
             for (auto& parameter : paramsNode.getChildren())
                 params[parameter.getStringProperty("name")] = parameter.getDoubleProperty("default");
-            PythonForce* force = _createPythonForce(function, params);
+            std::vector<int> particles;
+            if (version > 1)
+                for (auto& particle : node.getChildNode("Particles").getChildren())
+                    particles.push_back(particle.getIntProperty("index"));
+            PythonForce* force = _createPythonForce(function, params, particles);
             if (node.hasProperty("forceGroup"))
                 force->setForceGroup(node.getIntProperty("forceGroup", 0));
             if (node.hasProperty("usesPeriodic"))
@@ -195,7 +202,7 @@ globalParameters : dict
     Any global parameters the function depends on.  Keys are the parameter names, and the
     corresponding values are their default values.
 "
-    PythonForce(PyObject* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters={}) {
-        return _createPythonForce(computation, globalParameters);
+    PythonForce(PyObject* computation, const std::map<std::string, double>& globalParameters={}, const std::vector<int>& particles={}) {
+        return _createPythonForce(computation, globalParameters, particles);
     }
 }

wrappers/python/tests/TestPythonForce.py

@@ -38,6 +38,33 @@ class TestPythonForce(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(2.5*np.sum(positions*positions), state.getPotentialEnergy().value_in_unit(kilojoules_per_mole), places=5)
             self.assertTrue(np.allclose(-1.25*positions, state.getForces(asNumpy=True).value_in_unit(kilojoules_per_mole/nanometer)))
 
+    def testParticleSubset(self):
+        """Test a PythonForce appled to a subset of particles."""
+        system = System()
+        for i in range(10):
+            system.addParticle(1.0)
+        force = PythonForce(compute, {'k':2.5})
+        particles = [1,3,5,7,9]
+        force.setParticles(particles)
+        system.addForce(force)
+        positions = np.random.rand(10, 3)
+        for i in range(Platform.getNumPlatforms()):
+            integrator = VerletIntegrator(0.001)
+            try:
+                context = Context(system, integrator, Platform.getPlatform(i))
+            except OpenMMException:
+                if i == 0:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    # This happens on CI when no GPU is available.
+                    continue
+            context.setPositions(positions)
+            state = context.getState(energy=True, forces=True)
+            filtered = np.zeros(positions.shape)
+            filtered[particles] = positions[particles]
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(2.5*np.sum(filtered*filtered), state.getPotentialEnergy().value_in_unit(kilojoules_per_mole), places=5)
+            self.assertTrue(np.allclose(-1.25*filtered, state.getForces(asNumpy=True).value_in_unit(kilojoules_per_mole/nanometer)))
+
     def testExceptions(self):
         """Test that PythonForce handles exceptions correctly."""
         def compute2(state):
@@ -67,6 +94,7 @@ class TestPythonForce(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test that PythonForce can be serialized."""
         force1 = PythonForce(compute, {'k':2.5})
         force1.setUsesPeriodicBoundaryConditions(True)
+        force1.setParticles([1,3,5])
 
         # Make a copy by serializing and the deserializing it.
 
@@ -76,6 +104,7 @@ class TestPythonForce(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(XmlSerializer.serialize(force1), XmlSerializer.serialize(force2))
         self.assertEqual(dict(force2.getGlobalParameters()), {'k':2.5})
+        self.assertEqual(force1.getParticles(), force2.getParticles())
         self.assertTrue(force2.usesPeriodicBoundaryConditions())
 
         # A locally defined function cannot be pickled.  We should not be able to serialize a force