CudaKernels.cpp

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *
 *                                   OpenMM                                   *
 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *
 * This is part of the OpenMM molecular simulation toolkit originating from   *
 * Simbios, the NIH National Center for Physics-Based Simulation of           *
 * Biological Structures at Stanford, funded under the NIH Roadmap for        *
 * Medical Research, grant U54 GM072970. See https://simtk.org.               *
 *                                                                            *
 * Portions copyright (c) 2008-2025 Stanford University and the Authors.      *
 * Authors: Peter Eastman                                                     *
 * Contributors:                                                              *
 *                                                                            *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
 * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published   *
 * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or       *
 * (at your option) any later version.                                        *
 *                                                                            *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
 * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.                        *
 *                                                                            *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License   *
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.      *
 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

#include "CudaKernels.h"
#include "CudaForceInfo.h"
#include "openmm/Context.h"
#include "openmm/internal/ContextImpl.h"
#include "openmm/internal/NonbondedForceImpl.h"
#include "openmm/common/ContextSelector.h"
#include "CommonKernelSources.h"
#include "CudaBondedUtilities.h"
#include "CudaExpressionUtilities.h"
#include "CudaIntegrationUtilities.h"
#include "CudaNonbondedUtilities.h"
#include "CudaKernelSources.h"
#include "SimTKOpenMMRealType.h"
#include "SimTKOpenMMUtilities.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <iterator>
#include <set>
#include <assert.h>

using namespace OpenMM;
using namespace std;

#define CHECK_RESULT(result, prefix) \
    if (result != CUDA_SUCCESS) { \
        std::stringstream m; \
        m<<prefix<<": "<<CudaContext::getErrorString(result)<<" ("<<result<<")"<<" at "<<__FILE__<<":"<<__LINE__; \
        throw OpenMMException(m.str());\
    }

void CudaCalcForcesAndEnergyKernel::initialize(const System& system) {
}

void CudaCalcForcesAndEnergyKernel::beginComputation(ContextImpl& context, bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
    cu.setForcesValid(true);
    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    cu.clearAutoclearBuffers();
    for (auto computation : cu.getPreComputations())
        computation->computeForceAndEnergy(includeForces, includeEnergy, groups);
    CudaNonbondedUtilities& nb = cu.getNonbondedUtilities();
    cu.setComputeForceCount(cu.getComputeForceCount()+1);
    nb.prepareInteractions(groups);
    map<string, double>& derivs = cu.getEnergyParamDerivWorkspace();
    for (auto& param : context.getParameters())
        derivs[param.first] = 0;
}

double CudaCalcForcesAndEnergyKernel::finishComputation(ContextImpl& context, bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups, bool& valid) {
    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    cu.getBondedUtilities().computeInteractions(groups);
    cu.getNonbondedUtilities().computeInteractions(groups, includeForces, includeEnergy);
    double sum = 0.0;
    for (auto computation : cu.getPostComputations())
        sum += computation->computeForceAndEnergy(includeForces, includeEnergy, groups);
    cu.getIntegrationUtilities().distributeForcesFromVirtualSites();
    if (includeEnergy)
        sum += cu.reduceEnergy();
    if (!cu.getForcesValid())
        valid = false;
    return sum;
}

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::ForceInfo : public CudaForceInfo {
public:
    ForceInfo(const NonbondedForce& force) : force(force) {
        particleOffset.resize(force.getNumParticles(), -1);
        exceptionOffset.resize(force.getNumExceptions(), -1);
        for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(); i++) {
            string parameter;
            int particleIndex;
            double chargeScale, sigmaScale, epsilonScale;
            force.getParticleParameterOffset(i, parameter, particleIndex, chargeScale, sigmaScale, epsilonScale);
            particleOffset[particleIndex] = i;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets(); i++) {
            string parameter;
            int exceptionIndex;
            double chargeProdScale, sigmaScale, epsilonScale;
            force.getExceptionParameterOffset(i, parameter, exceptionIndex, chargeProdScale, sigmaScale, epsilonScale);
            exceptionOffset[exceptionIndex] = i;
        }
    }
    bool areParticlesIdentical(int particle1, int particle2) {
        if (particleOffset[particle1] != -1 || particleOffset[particle2] != -1) {
            if (particleOffset[particle1] == -1 || particleOffset[particle2] == -1)
                return false;
            string parameter1, parameter2;
            int particleIndex1, particleIndex2;
            double chargeScale1, sigmaScale1, epsilonScale1, chargeScale2, sigmaScale2, epsilonScale2;
            force.getParticleParameterOffset(particleOffset[particle1], parameter1, particleIndex1, chargeScale1, sigmaScale1, epsilonScale1);
            force.getParticleParameterOffset(particleOffset[particle2], parameter2, particleIndex2, chargeScale2, sigmaScale2, epsilonScale2);
            if (parameter1 != parameter2 || chargeScale1 != chargeScale2 || sigmaScale1 != sigmaScale2 || epsilonScale1 != epsilonScale2)
                return false;
        }
        double charge1, charge2, sigma1, sigma2, epsilon1, epsilon2;
        force.getParticleParameters(particle1, charge1, sigma1, epsilon1);
        force.getParticleParameters(particle2, charge2, sigma2, epsilon2);
        return (charge1 == charge2 && sigma1 == sigma2 && epsilon1 == epsilon2);
    }
    int getNumParticleGroups() {
        return force.getNumExceptions();
    }
    void getParticlesInGroup(int index, vector<int>& particles) {
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameters(index, particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
        particles.resize(2);
        particles[0] = particle1;
        particles[1] = particle2;
    }
    bool areGroupsIdentical(int group1, int group2) {
        if (exceptionOffset[group1] != -1 || exceptionOffset[group2] != -1) {
            if (exceptionOffset[group1] == -1 || exceptionOffset[group2] == -1)
                return false;
            string parameter1, parameter2;
            int exceptionIndex1, exceptionIndex2;
            double chargeProdScale1, sigmaScale1, epsilonScale1, chargeProdScale2, sigmaScale2, epsilonScale2;
            force.getExceptionParameterOffset(exceptionOffset[group1], parameter1, exceptionIndex1, chargeProdScale1, sigmaScale1, epsilonScale1);
            force.getExceptionParameterOffset(exceptionOffset[group2], parameter2, exceptionIndex2, chargeProdScale2, sigmaScale2, epsilonScale2);
            if (parameter1 != parameter2 || chargeProdScale1 != chargeProdScale2 || sigmaScale1 != sigmaScale2 || epsilonScale1 != epsilonScale2)
                return false;
        }
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd1, chargeProd2, sigma1, sigma2, epsilon1, epsilon2;
        force.getExceptionParameters(group1, particle1, particle2, chargeProd1, sigma1, epsilon1);
        force.getExceptionParameters(group2, particle1, particle2, chargeProd2, sigma2, epsilon2);
        return (chargeProd1 == chargeProd2 && sigma1 == sigma2 && epsilon1 == epsilon2);
    }
private:
    const NonbondedForce& force;
    vector<int> particleOffset, exceptionOffset;
};

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::PmeIO : public CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::IO {
public:
    PmeIO(CudaContext& cu, CUfunction addForcesKernel) : cu(cu), addForcesKernel(addForcesKernel) {
        forceTemp.initialize<float4>(cu, cu.getNumAtoms(), "PmeForce");
    }
    float* getPosq() {
        ContextSelector selector(cu);
        cu.getPosq().download(posq);
        return (float*) &posq[0];
    }
    void setForce(float* force) {
        forceTemp.upload(force);
        void* args[] = {&forceTemp.getDevicePointer(), &cu.getForce().getDevicePointer()};
        cu.executeKernel(addForcesKernel, args, cu.getNumAtoms());
    }
private:
    CudaContext& cu;
    vector<float4> posq;
    CudaArray forceTemp;
    CUfunction addForcesKernel;
};

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::PmePreComputation : public CudaContext::ForcePreComputation {
public:
    PmePreComputation(CudaContext& cu, Kernel& pme, CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::IO& io) : cu(cu), pme(pme), io(io) {
    }
    void computeForceAndEnergy(bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
        Vec3 boxVectors[3] = {Vec3(cu.getPeriodicBoxSize().x, 0, 0), Vec3(0, cu.getPeriodicBoxSize().y, 0), Vec3(0, 0, cu.getPeriodicBoxSize().z)};
        pme.getAs<CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel>().beginComputation(io, boxVectors, includeEnergy);
    }
private:
    CudaContext& cu;
    Kernel pme;
    CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::IO& io;
};

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::PmePostComputation : public CudaContext::ForcePostComputation {
public:
    PmePostComputation(Kernel& pme, CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::IO& io) : pme(pme), io(io) {
    }
    double computeForceAndEnergy(bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
        return pme.getAs<CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel>().finishComputation(io);
    }
private:
    Kernel pme;
    CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::IO& io;
};

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::SyncStreamPreComputation : public CudaContext::ForcePreComputation {
public:
    SyncStreamPreComputation(CudaContext& cu, CUstream stream, CUevent event, int forceGroup) : cu(cu), stream(stream), event(event), forceGroup(forceGroup) {
    }
    void computeForceAndEnergy(bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
        if ((groups&(1<<forceGroup)) != 0) {
            cuEventRecord(event, cu.getCurrentStream());
            cuStreamWaitEvent(stream, event, 0);
        }
    }
private:
    CudaContext& cu;
    CUstream stream;
    CUevent event;
    int forceGroup;
};

class CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::SyncStreamPostComputation : public CudaContext::ForcePostComputation {
public:
    SyncStreamPostComputation(CudaContext& cu, CUevent event, CUfunction addEnergyKernel, CudaArray& pmeEnergyBuffer, int forceGroup) : cu(cu), event(event),
            addEnergyKernel(addEnergyKernel), pmeEnergyBuffer(pmeEnergyBuffer), forceGroup(forceGroup) {
    }
    double computeForceAndEnergy(bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, int groups) {
        if ((groups&(1<<forceGroup)) != 0) {
            cuStreamWaitEvent(cu.getCurrentStream(), event, 0);
            if (includeEnergy) {
                int bufferSize = pmeEnergyBuffer.getSize();
                void* args[] = {&pmeEnergyBuffer.getDevicePointer(), &cu.getEnergyBuffer().getDevicePointer(), &bufferSize};
                cu.executeKernel(addEnergyKernel, args, bufferSize);
            }
        }
        return 0.0;
    }
private:
    CudaContext& cu;
    CUevent event;
    CUfunction addEnergyKernel;
    CudaArray& pmeEnergyBuffer;
    int forceGroup;
};

CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::~CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel() {
    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    if (sort != NULL)
        delete sort;
    if (fft != NULL)
        delete fft;
    if (dispersionFft != NULL)
        delete dispersionFft;
    if (pmeio != NULL)
        delete pmeio;
    if (hasInitializedFFT) {
        if (useCudaFFT) {
            cufftDestroy(fftForward);
            cufftDestroy(fftBackward);
            if (doLJPME) {
                cufftDestroy(dispersionFftForward);
                cufftDestroy(dispersionFftBackward);                
            }
        }
        if (usePmeStream) {
            cuStreamDestroy(pmeStream);
            cuEventDestroy(pmeSyncEvent);
            cuEventDestroy(paramsSyncEvent);
        }
    }
}

void CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::initialize(const System& system, const NonbondedForce& force) {
    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    int forceIndex;
    for (forceIndex = 0; forceIndex < system.getNumForces() && &system.getForce(forceIndex) != &force; ++forceIndex)
        ;
    string prefix = "nonbonded"+cu.intToString(forceIndex)+"_";

    // Identify which exceptions are 1-4 interactions.

    set<int> exceptionsWithOffsets;
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int exception;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameterOffset(i, param, exception, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        exceptionsWithOffsets.insert(exception);
    }
    vector<pair<int, int> > exclusions;
    vector<int> exceptions;
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptions(); i++) {
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameters(i, particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
        exclusions.push_back(pair<int, int>(particle1, particle2));
        if (chargeProd != 0.0 || epsilon != 0.0 || exceptionsWithOffsets.find(i) != exceptionsWithOffsets.end()) {
            exceptionIndex[i] = exceptions.size();
            exceptions.push_back(i);
        }
    }

    // Initialize nonbonded interactions.

    int numParticles = force.getNumParticles();
    vector<float4> baseParticleParamVec(cu.getPaddedNumAtoms(), make_float4(0, 0, 0, 0));
    vector<vector<int> > exclusionList(numParticles);
    hasCoulomb = false;
    hasLJ = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++) {
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getParticleParameters(i, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        baseParticleParamVec[i] = make_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, 0);
        exclusionList[i].push_back(i);
        if (charge != 0.0)
            hasCoulomb = true;
        if (epsilon != 0.0)
            hasLJ = true;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int particle;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getParticleParameterOffset(i, param, particle, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        if (charge != 0.0)
            hasCoulomb = true;
        if (epsilon != 0.0)
            hasLJ = true;
    }
    for (auto exclusion : exclusions) {
        exclusionList[exclusion.first].push_back(exclusion.second);
        exclusionList[exclusion.second].push_back(exclusion.first);
    }
    nonbondedMethod = CalcNonbondedForceKernel::NonbondedMethod(force.getNonbondedMethod());
    bool useCutoff = (nonbondedMethod != NoCutoff);
    bool usePeriodic = (nonbondedMethod != NoCutoff && nonbondedMethod != CutoffNonPeriodic);
    doLJPME = (nonbondedMethod == LJPME && hasLJ);
    usePosqCharges = hasCoulomb ? cu.requestPosqCharges() : false;

    map<string, string> defines;
    defines["HAS_COULOMB"] = (hasCoulomb ? "1" : "0");
    defines["HAS_LENNARD_JONES"] = (hasLJ ? "1" : "0");
    defines["USE_LJ_SWITCH"] = (useCutoff && force.getUseSwitchingFunction() ? "1" : "0");
    if (useCutoff) {
        // Compute the reaction field constants.

        double reactionFieldK = pow(force.getCutoffDistance(), -3.0)*(force.getReactionFieldDielectric()-1.0)/(2.0*force.getReactionFieldDielectric()+1.0);
        double reactionFieldC = (1.0 / force.getCutoffDistance())*(3.0*force.getReactionFieldDielectric())/(2.0*force.getReactionFieldDielectric()+1.0);
        defines["REACTION_FIELD_K"] = cu.doubleToString(reactionFieldK);
        defines["REACTION_FIELD_C"] = cu.doubleToString(reactionFieldC);
        
        // Compute the switching coefficients.
        
        if (force.getUseSwitchingFunction()) {
            defines["LJ_SWITCH_CUTOFF"] = cu.doubleToString(force.getSwitchingDistance());
            defines["LJ_SWITCH_C3"] = cu.doubleToString(10/pow(force.getSwitchingDistance()-force.getCutoffDistance(), 3.0));
            defines["LJ_SWITCH_C4"] = cu.doubleToString(15/pow(force.getSwitchingDistance()-force.getCutoffDistance(), 4.0));
            defines["LJ_SWITCH_C5"] = cu.doubleToString(6/pow(force.getSwitchingDistance()-force.getCutoffDistance(), 5.0));
        }
    }
    if (force.getUseDispersionCorrection() && cu.getContextIndex() == 0 && !doLJPME)
        dispersionCoefficient = NonbondedForceImpl::calcDispersionCorrection(system, force);
    else
        dispersionCoefficient = 0.0;
    alpha = 0;
    ewaldSelfEnergy = 0.0;
    map<string, string> paramsDefines;
    paramsDefines["ONE_4PI_EPS0"] = cu.doubleToString(ONE_4PI_EPS0);
    hasOffsets = (force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets() > 0 || force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets() > 0);
    if (hasOffsets)
        paramsDefines["HAS_OFFSETS"] = "1";
    if (force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets() > 0)
        paramsDefines["HAS_PARTICLE_OFFSETS"] = "1";
    if (force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets() > 0)
        paramsDefines["HAS_EXCEPTION_OFFSETS"] = "1";
    if (usePosqCharges)
        paramsDefines["USE_POSQ_CHARGES"] = "1";
    if (doLJPME)
        paramsDefines["INCLUDE_LJPME_EXCEPTIONS"] = "1";
    if (nonbondedMethod == Ewald) {
        // Compute the Ewald parameters.

        int kmaxx, kmaxy, kmaxz;
        NonbondedForceImpl::calcEwaldParameters(system, force, alpha, kmaxx, kmaxy, kmaxz);
        defines["EWALD_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(alpha);
        defines["TWO_OVER_SQRT_PI"] = cu.doubleToString(2.0/sqrt(M_PI));
        defines["USE_EWALD"] = "1";
        if (cu.getContextIndex() == 0) {
            paramsDefines["INCLUDE_EWALD"] = "1";
            paramsDefines["EWALD_SELF_ENERGY_SCALE"] = cu.doubleToString(ONE_4PI_EPS0*alpha/sqrt(M_PI));
            for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
                ewaldSelfEnergy -= baseParticleParamVec[i].x*baseParticleParamVec[i].x*ONE_4PI_EPS0*alpha/sqrt(M_PI);

            // Create the reciprocal space kernels.

            map<string, string> replacements;
            replacements["NUM_ATOMS"] = cu.intToString(numParticles);
            replacements["PADDED_NUM_ATOMS"] = cu.intToString(cu.getPaddedNumAtoms());
            replacements["KMAX_X"] = cu.intToString(kmaxx);
            replacements["KMAX_Y"] = cu.intToString(kmaxy);
            replacements["KMAX_Z"] = cu.intToString(kmaxz);
            replacements["EXP_COEFFICIENT"] = cu.doubleToString(-1.0/(4.0*alpha*alpha));
            replacements["ONE_4PI_EPS0"] = cu.doubleToString(ONE_4PI_EPS0);
            replacements["M_PI"] = cu.doubleToString(M_PI);
            CUmodule module = cu.createModule(CudaKernelSources::vectorOps+CommonKernelSources::ewald, replacements);
            ewaldSumsKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "calculateEwaldCosSinSums");
            ewaldForcesKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "calculateEwaldForces");
            int elementSize = (cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? sizeof(double2) : sizeof(float2));
            cosSinSums.initialize(cu, (2*kmaxx-1)*(2*kmaxy-1)*(2*kmaxz-1), elementSize, "cosSinSums");
        }
    }
    else if (((nonbondedMethod == PME || nonbondedMethod == LJPME) && hasCoulomb) || doLJPME) {
        // Compute the PME parameters.

        NonbondedForceImpl::calcPMEParameters(system, force, alpha, gridSizeX, gridSizeY, gridSizeZ, false);
        gridSizeX = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(gridSizeX);
        gridSizeY = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(gridSizeY);
        gridSizeZ = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(gridSizeZ);
        if (doLJPME) {
            NonbondedForceImpl::calcPMEParameters(system, force, dispersionAlpha, dispersionGridSizeX,
                                                  dispersionGridSizeY, dispersionGridSizeZ, true);
            dispersionGridSizeX = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(dispersionGridSizeX);
            dispersionGridSizeY = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(dispersionGridSizeY);
            dispersionGridSizeZ = CudaFFT3D::findLegalDimension(dispersionGridSizeZ);
        }

        defines["EWALD_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(alpha);
        defines["TWO_OVER_SQRT_PI"] = cu.doubleToString(2.0/sqrt(M_PI));
        defines["USE_EWALD"] = "1";
        defines["DO_LJPME"] = doLJPME ? "1" : "0";
        if (doLJPME) {
            defines["EWALD_DISPERSION_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(dispersionAlpha);
            double invRCut6 = pow(force.getCutoffDistance(), -6);
            double dalphaR = dispersionAlpha * force.getCutoffDistance();
            double dar2 = dalphaR*dalphaR;
            double dar4 = dar2*dar2;
            double multShift6 = -invRCut6*(1.0 - exp(-dar2) * (1.0 + dar2 + 0.5*dar4));
            defines["INVCUT6"] = cu.doubleToString(invRCut6);
            defines["MULTSHIFT6"] = cu.doubleToString(multShift6);
        }
        if (cu.getContextIndex() == 0) {
            paramsDefines["INCLUDE_EWALD"] = "1";
            paramsDefines["EWALD_SELF_ENERGY_SCALE"] = cu.doubleToString(ONE_4PI_EPS0*alpha/sqrt(M_PI));
            for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
                ewaldSelfEnergy -= baseParticleParamVec[i].x*baseParticleParamVec[i].x*ONE_4PI_EPS0*alpha/sqrt(M_PI);
            if (doLJPME) {
                paramsDefines["INCLUDE_LJPME"] = "1";
                paramsDefines["LJPME_SELF_ENERGY_SCALE"] = cu.doubleToString(pow(dispersionAlpha, 6)/3.0);
                for (int i = 0; i < numParticles; i++)
                    ewaldSelfEnergy += baseParticleParamVec[i].z*pow(baseParticleParamVec[i].y*dispersionAlpha, 6)/3.0;
            }
            char deviceName[100];
            cuDeviceGetName(deviceName, 100, cu.getDevice());
            usePmeStream = (!cu.getPlatformData().disablePmeStream && !cu.getPlatformData().useCpuPme && string(deviceName) != "GeForce GTX 980"); // Using a separate stream is slower on GTX 980
            map<string, string> pmeDefines;
            pmeDefines["PME_ORDER"] = cu.intToString(PmeOrder);
            pmeDefines["NUM_ATOMS"] = cu.intToString(numParticles);
            pmeDefines["PADDED_NUM_ATOMS"] = cu.intToString(cu.getPaddedNumAtoms());
            pmeDefines["RECIP_EXP_FACTOR"] = cu.doubleToString(M_PI*M_PI/(alpha*alpha));
            pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_X"] = cu.intToString(gridSizeX);
            pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_Y"] = cu.intToString(gridSizeY);
            pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_Z"] = cu.intToString(gridSizeZ);
            pmeDefines["EPSILON_FACTOR"] = cu.doubleToString(sqrt(ONE_4PI_EPS0));
            pmeDefines["M_PI"] = cu.doubleToString(M_PI);
            useFixedPointChargeSpreading = cu.getUseDoublePrecision() || cu.getPlatformData().deterministicForces;
            if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading)
                pmeDefines["USE_FIXED_POINT_CHARGE_SPREADING"] = "1";
            if (usePmeStream)
                pmeDefines["USE_PME_STREAM"] = "1";
            map<string, string> replacements;
            replacements["CHARGE"] = (usePosqCharges ? "pos.w" : "charges[atom]");
            CUmodule module = cu.createModule(CudaKernelSources::vectorOps+cu.replaceStrings(CommonKernelSources::pme, replacements), pmeDefines);
            if (cu.getPlatformData().useCpuPme && !doLJPME && usePosqCharges) {
                // Create the CPU PME kernel.

                try {
                    cpuPme = getPlatform().createKernel(CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel::Name(), *cu.getPlatformData().context);
                    cpuPme.getAs<CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel>().initialize(gridSizeX, gridSizeY, gridSizeZ, numParticles, alpha, cu.getPlatformData().deterministicForces);
                    CUfunction addForcesKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "addForces");
                    pmeio = new PmeIO(cu, addForcesKernel);
                    cu.addPreComputation(new PmePreComputation(cu, cpuPme, *pmeio));
                    cu.addPostComputation(new PmePostComputation(cpuPme, *pmeio));
                }
                catch (OpenMMException& ex) {
                    // The CPU PME plugin isn't available.
                }
            }
            if (pmeio == NULL) {
                pmeGridIndexKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "findAtomGridIndex");
                pmeSpreadChargeKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridSpreadCharge");
                pmeConvolutionKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "reciprocalConvolution");
                pmeInterpolateForceKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridInterpolateForce");
                pmeEvalEnergyKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridEvaluateEnergy");
                if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading)
                    pmeFinishSpreadChargeKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "finishSpreadCharge");
                cuFuncSetCacheConfig(pmeSpreadChargeKernel, CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_SHARED);
                cuFuncSetCacheConfig(pmeInterpolateForceKernel, CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_L1);
                if (doLJPME) {
                    pmeDefines["EWALD_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(dispersionAlpha);
                    pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_X"] = cu.intToString(dispersionGridSizeX);
                    pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_Y"] = cu.intToString(dispersionGridSizeY);
                    pmeDefines["GRID_SIZE_Z"] = cu.intToString(dispersionGridSizeZ);
                    pmeDefines["RECIP_EXP_FACTOR"] = cu.doubleToString(M_PI*M_PI/(dispersionAlpha*dispersionAlpha));
                    pmeDefines["USE_LJPME"] = "1";
                    pmeDefines["CHARGE_FROM_SIGEPS"] = "1";
                    module = cu.createModule(CudaKernelSources::vectorOps+CommonKernelSources::pme, pmeDefines);
                    if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading)
                        pmeDispersionFinishSpreadChargeKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "finishSpreadCharge");
                    pmeDispersionGridIndexKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "findAtomGridIndex");
                    pmeDispersionSpreadChargeKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridSpreadCharge");
                    pmeDispersionConvolutionKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "reciprocalConvolution");
                    pmeEvalDispersionEnergyKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridEvaluateEnergy");
                    pmeInterpolateDispersionForceKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "gridInterpolateForce");
                    cuFuncSetCacheConfig(pmeDispersionSpreadChargeKernel, CU_FUNC_CACHE_PREFER_L1);
                }

                // Create required data structures.

                int elementSize = (cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(float));
                int gridElements = gridSizeX*gridSizeY*gridSizeZ;
                if (doLJPME) {
                    gridElements = max(gridElements, dispersionGridSizeX*dispersionGridSizeY*dispersionGridSizeZ);
                }
                pmeGrid1.initialize(cu, gridElements, 2*elementSize, "pmeGrid1");
                pmeGrid2.initialize(cu, gridElements, 2*elementSize, "pmeGrid2");
                if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading)
                    cu.addAutoclearBuffer(pmeGrid2);
                else
                    cu.addAutoclearBuffer(pmeGrid1);
                pmeBsplineModuliX.initialize(cu, gridSizeX, elementSize, "pmeBsplineModuliX");
                pmeBsplineModuliY.initialize(cu, gridSizeY, elementSize, "pmeBsplineModuliY");
                pmeBsplineModuliZ.initialize(cu, gridSizeZ, elementSize, "pmeBsplineModuliZ");
                if (doLJPME) {
                    pmeDispersionBsplineModuliX.initialize(cu, dispersionGridSizeX, elementSize, "pmeDispersionBsplineModuliX");
                    pmeDispersionBsplineModuliY.initialize(cu, dispersionGridSizeY, elementSize, "pmeDispersionBsplineModuliY");
                    pmeDispersionBsplineModuliZ.initialize(cu, dispersionGridSizeZ, elementSize, "pmeDispersionBsplineModuliZ");
                }
                pmeAtomGridIndex.initialize<int2>(cu, numParticles, "pmeAtomGridIndex");
                int energyElementSize = (cu.getUseDoublePrecision() || cu.getUseMixedPrecision() ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(float));
                pmeEnergyBuffer.initialize(cu, cu.getNumThreadBlocks()*CudaContext::ThreadBlockSize, energyElementSize, "pmeEnergyBuffer");
                cu.clearBuffer(pmeEnergyBuffer);
                sort = new CudaSort(cu, new SortTrait(), cu.getNumAtoms());
                int cufftVersion;
                cufftGetVersion(&cufftVersion);
                useCudaFFT = (cufftVersion >= 7050); // There was a critical bug in version 7.0
                if (useCudaFFT) {
                    cufftResult result = cufftPlan3d(&fftForward, gridSizeX, gridSizeY, gridSizeZ, cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? CUFFT_D2Z : CUFFT_R2C);
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error initializing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                    result = cufftPlan3d(&fftBackward, gridSizeX, gridSizeY, gridSizeZ, cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? CUFFT_Z2D : CUFFT_C2R);
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error initializing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                    if (doLJPME) {
                        result = cufftPlan3d(&dispersionFftForward, dispersionGridSizeX, dispersionGridSizeY, 
                                                dispersionGridSizeZ, cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? CUFFT_D2Z : CUFFT_R2C);
                        if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                            throw OpenMMException("Error initializing disperison FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                        result = cufftPlan3d(&dispersionFftBackward, dispersionGridSizeX, dispersionGridSizeY,
                                             dispersionGridSizeZ, cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? CUFFT_Z2D : CUFFT_C2R);
                        if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                            throw OpenMMException("Error initializing disperison FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                    }
                }
                else {
                    fft = new CudaFFT3D(cu, gridSizeX, gridSizeY, gridSizeZ, true);
                    if (doLJPME)
                        dispersionFft = new CudaFFT3D(cu, dispersionGridSizeX, dispersionGridSizeY, dispersionGridSizeZ, true);
                }

                // Prepare for doing PME on its own stream.

                if (usePmeStream) {
                    cuStreamCreate(&pmeStream, CU_STREAM_NON_BLOCKING);
                    if (useCudaFFT) {
                        cufftSetStream(fftForward, pmeStream);
                        cufftSetStream(fftBackward, pmeStream);
                        if (doLJPME) {
                            cufftSetStream(dispersionFftForward, pmeStream);
                            cufftSetStream(dispersionFftBackward, pmeStream);
                        }
                    }
                    CHECK_RESULT(cuEventCreate(&pmeSyncEvent, cu.getEventFlags()), "Error creating event for NonbondedForce");
                    CHECK_RESULT(cuEventCreate(&paramsSyncEvent, cu.getEventFlags()), "Error creating event for NonbondedForce");
                    int recipForceGroup = force.getReciprocalSpaceForceGroup();
                    if (recipForceGroup < 0)
                        recipForceGroup = force.getForceGroup();
                    cu.addPreComputation(new SyncStreamPreComputation(cu, pmeStream, pmeSyncEvent, recipForceGroup));
                    cu.addPostComputation(new SyncStreamPostComputation(cu, pmeSyncEvent, cu.getKernel(module, "addEnergy"), pmeEnergyBuffer, recipForceGroup));
                }
                hasInitializedFFT = true;

                // Initialize the b-spline moduli.

                for (int grid = 0; grid < 2; grid++) {
                    int xsize, ysize, zsize;
                    CudaArray *xmoduli, *ymoduli, *zmoduli;
                    if (grid == 0) {
                        xsize = gridSizeX;
                        ysize = gridSizeY;
                        zsize = gridSizeZ;
                        xmoduli = &pmeBsplineModuliX;
                        ymoduli = &pmeBsplineModuliY;
                        zmoduli = &pmeBsplineModuliZ;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (!doLJPME)
                            continue;
                        xsize = dispersionGridSizeX;
                        ysize = dispersionGridSizeY;
                        zsize = dispersionGridSizeZ;
                        xmoduli = &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliX;
                        ymoduli = &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliY;
                        zmoduli = &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliZ;
                    }
                    int maxSize = max(max(xsize, ysize), zsize);
                    vector<double> data(PmeOrder);
                    vector<double> ddata(PmeOrder);
                    vector<double> bsplines_data(maxSize);
                    data[PmeOrder-1] = 0.0;
                    data[1] = 0.0;
                    data[0] = 1.0;
                    for (int i = 3; i < PmeOrder; i++) {
                        double div = 1.0/(i-1.0);
                        data[i-1] = 0.0;
                        for (int j = 1; j < (i-1); j++)
                            data[i-j-1] = div*(j*data[i-j-2]+(i-j)*data[i-j-1]);
                        data[0] = div*data[0];
                    }

                    // Differentiate.

                    ddata[0] = -data[0];
                    for (int i = 1; i < PmeOrder; i++)
                        ddata[i] = data[i-1]-data[i];
                    double div = 1.0/(PmeOrder-1);
                    data[PmeOrder-1] = 0.0;
                    for (int i = 1; i < (PmeOrder-1); i++)
                        data[PmeOrder-i-1] = div*(i*data[PmeOrder-i-2]+(PmeOrder-i)*data[PmeOrder-i-1]);
                    data[0] = div*data[0];
                    for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
                        bsplines_data[i] = 0.0;
                    for (int i = 1; i <= PmeOrder; i++)
                        bsplines_data[i] = data[i-1];

                    // Evaluate the actual bspline moduli for X/Y/Z.

                    for (int dim = 0; dim < 3; dim++) {
                        int ndata = (dim == 0 ? xsize : dim == 1 ? ysize : zsize);
                        vector<double> moduli(ndata);
                        for (int i = 0; i < ndata; i++) {
                            double sc = 0.0;
                            double ss = 0.0;
                            for (int j = 0; j < ndata; j++) {
                                double arg = (2.0*M_PI*i*j)/ndata;
                                sc += bsplines_data[j]*cos(arg);
                                ss += bsplines_data[j]*sin(arg);
                            }
                            moduli[i] = sc*sc+ss*ss;
                        }
                        for (int i = 0; i < ndata; i++)
                            if (moduli[i] < 1.0e-7)
                                moduli[i] = (moduli[(i-1+ndata)%ndata]+moduli[(i+1)%ndata])*0.5;
                        if (dim == 0)
                            xmoduli->upload(moduli, true);
                        else if (dim == 1)
                            ymoduli->upload(moduli, true);
                        else
                            zmoduli->upload(moduli, true);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Add code to subtract off the reciprocal part of excluded interactions.

    if ((nonbondedMethod == Ewald || nonbondedMethod == PME || nonbondedMethod == LJPME) && pmeio == NULL) {
        int numContexts = cu.getPlatformData().contexts.size();
        int startIndex = cu.getContextIndex()*force.getNumExceptions()/numContexts;
        int endIndex = (cu.getContextIndex()+1)*force.getNumExceptions()/numContexts;
        int numExclusions = endIndex-startIndex;
        if (numExclusions > 0) {
            paramsDefines["HAS_EXCLUSIONS"] = "1";
            vector<vector<int> > atoms(numExclusions, vector<int>(2));
            exclusionAtoms.initialize<int2>(cu, numExclusions, "exclusionAtoms");
            exclusionParams.initialize<float4>(cu, numExclusions, "exclusionParams");
            vector<int2> exclusionAtomsVec(numExclusions);
            for (int i = 0; i < numExclusions; i++) {
                int j = i+startIndex;
                exclusionAtomsVec[i] = make_int2(exclusions[j].first, exclusions[j].second);
                atoms[i][0] = exclusions[j].first;
                atoms[i][1] = exclusions[j].second;
            }
            exclusionAtoms.upload(exclusionAtomsVec);
            map<string, string> replacements;
            replacements["PARAMS"] = cu.getBondedUtilities().addArgument(exclusionParams, "float4");
            replacements["EWALD_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(alpha);
            replacements["TWO_OVER_SQRT_PI"] = cu.doubleToString(2.0/sqrt(M_PI));
            replacements["DO_LJPME"] = doLJPME ? "1" : "0";
            replacements["USE_PERIODIC"] = force.getExceptionsUsePeriodicBoundaryConditions() ? "1" : "0";
            if (doLJPME)
                replacements["EWALD_DISPERSION_ALPHA"] = cu.doubleToString(dispersionAlpha);
            if (force.getIncludeDirectSpace())
                cu.getBondedUtilities().addInteraction(atoms, cu.replaceStrings(CommonKernelSources::pmeExclusions, replacements), force.getForceGroup());
        }
    }

    // Add the interaction to the default nonbonded kernel.

    string source = cu.replaceStrings(CommonKernelSources::coulombLennardJones, defines);
    charges.initialize(cu, cu.getPaddedNumAtoms(), cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(float), "charges");
    baseParticleParams.initialize<float4>(cu, cu.getPaddedNumAtoms(), "baseParticleParams");
    baseParticleParams.upload(baseParticleParamVec);
    map<string, string> replacements;
    replacements["ONE_4PI_EPS0"] = cu.doubleToString(ONE_4PI_EPS0);
    if (usePosqCharges) {
        replacements["CHARGE1"] = "posq1.w";
        replacements["CHARGE2"] = "posq2.w";
    }
    else {
        replacements["CHARGE1"] = prefix+"charge1";
        replacements["CHARGE2"] = prefix+"charge2";
    }
    if (hasCoulomb && !usePosqCharges)
        cu.getNonbondedUtilities().addParameter(CudaNonbondedUtilities::ParameterInfo(prefix+"charge", "real", 1, charges.getElementSize(), charges.getDevicePointer()));
    sigmaEpsilon.initialize<float2>(cu, cu.getPaddedNumAtoms(), "sigmaEpsilon");
    if (hasLJ) {
        replacements["SIGMA_EPSILON1"] = prefix+"sigmaEpsilon1";
        replacements["SIGMA_EPSILON2"] = prefix+"sigmaEpsilon2";
        cu.getNonbondedUtilities().addParameter(CudaNonbondedUtilities::ParameterInfo(prefix+"sigmaEpsilon", "float", 2, sizeof(float2), sigmaEpsilon.getDevicePointer()));
    }
    source = cu.replaceStrings(source, replacements);
    if (force.getIncludeDirectSpace())
        cu.getNonbondedUtilities().addInteraction(useCutoff, usePeriodic, true, force.getCutoffDistance(), exclusionList, source, force.getForceGroup(), numParticles > 3000, true);

    // Initialize the exceptions.

    int numContexts = cu.getPlatformData().contexts.size();
    int startIndex = cu.getContextIndex()*exceptions.size()/numContexts;
    int endIndex = (cu.getContextIndex()+1)*exceptions.size()/numContexts;
    int numExceptions = endIndex-startIndex;
    if (numExceptions > 0) {
        paramsDefines["HAS_EXCEPTIONS"] = "1";
        exceptionAtoms.resize(numExceptions);
        vector<vector<int> > atoms(numExceptions, vector<int>(2));
        exceptionParams.initialize<float4>(cu, numExceptions, "exceptionParams");
        baseExceptionParams.initialize<float4>(cu, numExceptions, "baseExceptionParams");
        vector<float4> baseExceptionParamsVec(numExceptions);
        for (int i = 0; i < numExceptions; i++) {
            double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
            force.getExceptionParameters(exceptions[startIndex+i], atoms[i][0], atoms[i][1], chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
            baseExceptionParamsVec[i] = make_float4(chargeProd, sigma, epsilon, 0);
            exceptionAtoms[i] = make_pair(atoms[i][0], atoms[i][1]);
        }
        baseExceptionParams.upload(baseExceptionParamsVec);
        map<string, string> replacements;
        replacements["APPLY_PERIODIC"] = (usePeriodic && force.getExceptionsUsePeriodicBoundaryConditions() ? "1" : "0");
        replacements["PARAMS"] = cu.getBondedUtilities().addArgument(exceptionParams, "float4");
        if (force.getIncludeDirectSpace())
            cu.getBondedUtilities().addInteraction(atoms, cu.replaceStrings(CommonKernelSources::nonbondedExceptions, replacements), force.getForceGroup());
    }
    
    // Initialize parameter offsets.

    vector<vector<float4> > particleOffsetVec(force.getNumParticles());
    vector<vector<float4> > exceptionOffsetVec(numExceptions);
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int particle;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getParticleParameterOffset(i, param, particle, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        auto paramPos = find(paramNames.begin(), paramNames.end(), param);
        int paramIndex;
        if (paramPos == paramNames.end()) {
            paramIndex = paramNames.size();
            paramNames.push_back(param);
        }
        else
            paramIndex = paramPos-paramNames.begin();
        particleOffsetVec[particle].push_back(make_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, paramIndex));
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int exception;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameterOffset(i, param, exception, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        int index = exceptionIndex[exception];
        if (index < startIndex || index >= endIndex)
            continue;
        auto paramPos = find(paramNames.begin(), paramNames.end(), param);
        int paramIndex;
        if (paramPos == paramNames.end()) {
            paramIndex = paramNames.size();
            paramNames.push_back(param);
        }
        else
            paramIndex = paramPos-paramNames.begin();
        exceptionOffsetVec[index-startIndex].push_back(make_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, paramIndex));
    }
    paramValues.resize(paramNames.size(), 0.0);
    particleParamOffsets.initialize<float4>(cu, max(force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(), 1), "particleParamOffsets");
    particleOffsetIndices.initialize<int>(cu, cu.getPaddedNumAtoms()+1, "particleOffsetIndices");
    vector<int> particleOffsetIndicesVec, exceptionOffsetIndicesVec;
    vector<float4> p, e;
    for (int i = 0; i < particleOffsetVec.size(); i++) {
        particleOffsetIndicesVec.push_back(p.size());
        for (int j = 0; j < particleOffsetVec[i].size(); j++)
            p.push_back(particleOffsetVec[i][j]);
    }
    while (particleOffsetIndicesVec.size() < particleOffsetIndices.getSize())
        particleOffsetIndicesVec.push_back(p.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < exceptionOffsetVec.size(); i++) {
        exceptionOffsetIndicesVec.push_back(e.size());
        for (int j = 0; j < exceptionOffsetVec[i].size(); j++)
            e.push_back(exceptionOffsetVec[i][j]);
    }
    exceptionOffsetIndicesVec.push_back(e.size());
    if (force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets() > 0) {
        particleParamOffsets.upload(p);
        particleOffsetIndices.upload(particleOffsetIndicesVec);
    }
    exceptionParamOffsets.initialize<float4>(cu, max((int) e.size(), 1), "exceptionParamOffsets");
    exceptionOffsetIndices.initialize<int>(cu, exceptionOffsetIndicesVec.size(), "exceptionOffsetIndices");
    if (e.size() > 0) {
        exceptionParamOffsets.upload(e);
        exceptionOffsetIndices.upload(exceptionOffsetIndicesVec);
    }
    globalParams.initialize(cu, max((int) paramValues.size(), 1), cu.getUseDoublePrecision() ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(float), "globalParams");
    if (paramValues.size() > 0)
        globalParams.upload(paramValues, true);
    recomputeParams = true;
    
    // Initialize the kernel for updating parameters.
    
    CUmodule module = cu.createModule(CommonKernelSources::nonbondedParameters, paramsDefines);
    computeParamsKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "computeParameters");
    computeExclusionParamsKernel = cu.getKernel(module, "computeExclusionParameters");
    info = new ForceInfo(force);
    cu.addForce(info);
}

double CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::execute(ContextImpl& context, bool includeForces, bool includeEnergy, bool includeDirect, bool includeReciprocal) {
    // Update particle and exception parameters.

    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    bool paramChanged = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < paramNames.size(); i++) {
        double value = context.getParameter(paramNames[i]);
        if (value != paramValues[i]) {
            paramValues[i] = value;;
            paramChanged = true;
        }
    }
    if (paramChanged) {
        recomputeParams = true;
        globalParams.upload(paramValues, true);
    }
    double energy = (includeReciprocal ? ewaldSelfEnergy : 0.0);
    if (recomputeParams || hasOffsets) {
        int computeSelfEnergy = (includeEnergy && includeReciprocal);
        int numAtoms = cu.getPaddedNumAtoms();
        vector<void*> paramsArgs = {&cu.getEnergyBuffer().getDevicePointer(), &computeSelfEnergy, &globalParams.getDevicePointer(), &numAtoms,
                &baseParticleParams.getDevicePointer(), &cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &charges.getDevicePointer(), &sigmaEpsilon.getDevicePointer(),
                &particleParamOffsets.getDevicePointer(), &particleOffsetIndices.getDevicePointer()};
        int numExceptions;
        if (exceptionParams.isInitialized()) {
            numExceptions = exceptionParams.getSize();
            paramsArgs.push_back(&numExceptions);
            paramsArgs.push_back(&baseExceptionParams.getDevicePointer());
            paramsArgs.push_back(&exceptionParams.getDevicePointer());
            paramsArgs.push_back(&exceptionParamOffsets.getDevicePointer());
            paramsArgs.push_back(&exceptionOffsetIndices.getDevicePointer());
        }
        cu.executeKernel(computeParamsKernel, &paramsArgs[0], cu.getPaddedNumAtoms());
        if (exclusionParams.isInitialized()) {
            int numExclusions = exclusionParams.getSize();
            vector<void*> exclusionParamsArgs = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &charges.getDevicePointer(), &sigmaEpsilon.getDevicePointer(),
                    &numExclusions, &exclusionAtoms.getDevicePointer(), &exclusionParams.getDevicePointer()};
            cu.executeKernel(computeExclusionParamsKernel, &exclusionParamsArgs[0], numExclusions);
        }
        if (usePmeStream) {
            cuEventRecord(paramsSyncEvent, cu.getCurrentStream());
            cuStreamWaitEvent(pmeStream, paramsSyncEvent, 0);
        }
        if (hasOffsets)
            energy = 0.0; // The Ewald self energy was computed in the kernel.
        recomputeParams = false;
    }
    
    // Do reciprocal space calculations.
    
    if (cosSinSums.isInitialized() && includeReciprocal) {
        void* sumsArgs[] = {&cu.getEnergyBuffer().getDevicePointer(), &cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &cosSinSums.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer()};
        cu.executeKernel(ewaldSumsKernel, sumsArgs, cosSinSums.getSize());
        void* forcesArgs[] = {&cu.getForce().getDevicePointer(), &cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &cosSinSums.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer()};
        cu.executeKernel(ewaldForcesKernel, forcesArgs, cu.getNumAtoms());
    }
    if (pmeGrid1.isInitialized() && includeReciprocal) {
        if (usePmeStream)
            cu.setCurrentStream(pmeStream);

        // Invert the periodic box vectors.

        Vec3 boxVectors[3];
        cu.getPeriodicBoxVectors(boxVectors[0], boxVectors[1], boxVectors[2]);
        double determinant = boxVectors[0][0]*boxVectors[1][1]*boxVectors[2][2];
        double scale = 1.0/determinant;
        double4 recipBoxVectors[3];
        recipBoxVectors[0] = make_double4(boxVectors[1][1]*boxVectors[2][2]*scale, 0, 0, 0);
        recipBoxVectors[1] = make_double4(-boxVectors[1][0]*boxVectors[2][2]*scale, boxVectors[0][0]*boxVectors[2][2]*scale, 0, 0);
        recipBoxVectors[2] = make_double4((boxVectors[1][0]*boxVectors[2][1]-boxVectors[1][1]*boxVectors[2][0])*scale, -boxVectors[0][0]*boxVectors[2][1]*scale, boxVectors[0][0]*boxVectors[1][1]*scale, 0);
        float4 recipBoxVectorsFloat[3];
        void* recipBoxVectorPointer[3];
        if (cu.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
            recipBoxVectorPointer[0] = &recipBoxVectors[0];
            recipBoxVectorPointer[1] = &recipBoxVectors[1];
            recipBoxVectorPointer[2] = &recipBoxVectors[2];
        }
        else {
            recipBoxVectorsFloat[0] = make_float4((float) recipBoxVectors[0].x, 0, 0, 0);
            recipBoxVectorsFloat[1] = make_float4((float) recipBoxVectors[1].x, (float) recipBoxVectors[1].y, 0, 0);
            recipBoxVectorsFloat[2] = make_float4((float) recipBoxVectors[2].x, (float) recipBoxVectors[2].y, (float) recipBoxVectors[2].z, 0);
            recipBoxVectorPointer[0] = &recipBoxVectorsFloat[0];
            recipBoxVectorPointer[1] = &recipBoxVectorsFloat[1];
            recipBoxVectorPointer[2] = &recipBoxVectorsFloat[2];
        }

        // Execute the reciprocal space kernels.

        // With fixed point charge spreading, finishSpreadCharge kernel is not needed as
        // gridSpreadCharge can write directly to pmeGrid1.
        CudaArray& pmeSpreadDstGrid = useFixedPointChargeSpreading ? pmeGrid2 : pmeGrid1;

        if (hasCoulomb) {
            void* gridIndexArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                    cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeGridIndexKernel, gridIndexArgs, cu.getNumAtoms());

            sort->sort(pmeAtomGridIndex);

            void* spreadArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &pmeSpreadDstGrid.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                    cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2], &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(),
                    &charges.getDevicePointer()};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeSpreadChargeKernel, spreadArgs, PmeOrder*cu.getNumAtoms(), 128);

            if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading) {
                void* finishSpreadArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), &pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer()};
                cu.executeKernel(pmeFinishSpreadChargeKernel, finishSpreadArgs, gridSizeX*gridSizeY*gridSizeZ, 256);
            }

            if (useCudaFFT) {
                if (cu.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecD2Z(fftForward, (double*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), (double2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                } else {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecR2C(fftForward, (float*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), (float2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                }
            }
            else {
                fft->execFFT(pmeGrid1, pmeGrid2, true);
            }

            if (includeEnergy) {
                void* computeEnergyArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), usePmeStream ? &pmeEnergyBuffer.getDevicePointer() : &cu.getEnergyBuffer().getDevicePointer(),
                        &pmeBsplineModuliX.getDevicePointer(), &pmeBsplineModuliY.getDevicePointer(), &pmeBsplineModuliZ.getDevicePointer(),
                        recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
                cu.executeKernel(pmeEvalEnergyKernel, computeEnergyArgs, gridSizeX*gridSizeY*gridSizeZ);
            }

            void* convolutionArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), &pmeBsplineModuliX.getDevicePointer(),
                    &pmeBsplineModuliY.getDevicePointer(), &pmeBsplineModuliZ.getDevicePointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeConvolutionKernel, convolutionArgs, gridSizeX*gridSizeY*gridSizeZ, 256);

            if (useCudaFFT) {
                if (cu.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecZ2D(fftBackward, (double2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), (double*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                } else {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecC2R(fftBackward, (float2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), (float*)  pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                }
            }
            else {
                fft->execFFT(pmeGrid2, pmeGrid1, false);
            }

            void* interpolateArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &cu.getForce().getDevicePointer(), &pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                    cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2], &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(),
                    &charges.getDevicePointer()};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeInterpolateForceKernel, interpolateArgs, cu.getNumAtoms(), 128);
        }

        if (doLJPME && hasLJ) {
            if (!hasCoulomb) {
                void* gridIndexArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                        cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                        recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
                cu.executeKernel(pmeDispersionGridIndexKernel, gridIndexArgs, cu.getNumAtoms());

                sort->sort(pmeAtomGridIndex);
                cu.clearBuffer(pmeEnergyBuffer);
            }

            cu.clearBuffer(pmeSpreadDstGrid);
            void* spreadArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &pmeSpreadDstGrid.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                    cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2], &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(),
                    &sigmaEpsilon.getDevicePointer()};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeDispersionSpreadChargeKernel, spreadArgs, PmeOrder*cu.getNumAtoms(), 128);

            if (useFixedPointChargeSpreading) {
                void* finishSpreadArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), &pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer()};
                cu.executeKernel(pmeDispersionFinishSpreadChargeKernel, finishSpreadArgs, dispersionGridSizeX*dispersionGridSizeY*dispersionGridSizeZ, 256);
            }

            if (useCudaFFT) {
                if (cu.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecD2Z(dispersionFftForward, (double*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), (double2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                } else {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecR2C(dispersionFftForward, (float*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), (float2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                }
            }
            else {
                dispersionFft->execFFT(pmeGrid1, pmeGrid2, true);
            }

            if (includeEnergy) {
                void* computeEnergyArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), usePmeStream ? &pmeEnergyBuffer.getDevicePointer() : &cu.getEnergyBuffer().getDevicePointer(),
                        &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliX.getDevicePointer(), &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliY.getDevicePointer(), &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliZ.getDevicePointer(),
                        recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
                cu.executeKernel(pmeEvalDispersionEnergyKernel, computeEnergyArgs, dispersionGridSizeX*dispersionGridSizeY*dispersionGridSizeZ);
            }

            void* convolutionArgs[] = {&pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliX.getDevicePointer(),
                    &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliY.getDevicePointer(), &pmeDispersionBsplineModuliZ.getDevicePointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2]};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeDispersionConvolutionKernel, convolutionArgs, dispersionGridSizeX*dispersionGridSizeY*dispersionGridSizeZ, 256);

            if (useCudaFFT) {
                if (cu.getUseDoublePrecision()) {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecZ2D(dispersionFftBackward, (double2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), (double*) pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                } else {
                    cufftResult result = cufftExecC2R(dispersionFftBackward, (float2*) pmeGrid2.getDevicePointer(), (float*)  pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer());
                    if (result != CUFFT_SUCCESS)
                        throw OpenMMException("Error executing FFT: "+cu.intToString(result));
                }
            }
            else {
                dispersionFft->execFFT(pmeGrid2, pmeGrid1, false);
            }

            void* interpolateArgs[] = {&cu.getPosq().getDevicePointer(), &cu.getForce().getDevicePointer(), &pmeGrid1.getDevicePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxSizePointer(),
                    cu.getInvPeriodicBoxSizePointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecXPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecYPointer(), cu.getPeriodicBoxVecZPointer(),
                    recipBoxVectorPointer[0], recipBoxVectorPointer[1], recipBoxVectorPointer[2], &pmeAtomGridIndex.getDevicePointer(),
                    &sigmaEpsilon.getDevicePointer()};
            cu.executeKernel(pmeInterpolateDispersionForceKernel, interpolateArgs, cu.getNumAtoms(), 128);
        }
        if (usePmeStream) {
            cuEventRecord(pmeSyncEvent, pmeStream);
            cu.restoreDefaultStream();
        }
    }

    if (dispersionCoefficient != 0.0 && includeDirect) {
        double4 boxSize = cu.getPeriodicBoxSize();
        energy += dispersionCoefficient/(boxSize.x*boxSize.y*boxSize.z);
    }
    return energy;
}

void CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::copyParametersToContext(ContextImpl& context, const NonbondedForce& force, int firstParticle, int lastParticle, int firstException, int lastException) {
    // Make sure the new parameters are acceptable.
    
    ContextSelector selector(cu);
    if (force.getNumParticles() != cu.getNumAtoms())
        throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The number of particles has changed");
    if (!hasCoulomb || !hasLJ) {
        for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticles(); i++) {
            double charge, sigma, epsilon;
            force.getParticleParameters(i, charge, sigma, epsilon);
            if (!hasCoulomb && charge != 0.0)
                throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The nonbonded force kernel does not include Coulomb interactions, because all charges were originally 0");
            if (!hasLJ && epsilon != 0.0)
                throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The nonbonded force kernel does not include Lennard-Jones interactions, because all epsilons were originally 0");
        }
    }
    set<int> exceptionsWithOffsets;
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int exception;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameterOffset(i, param, exception, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        exceptionsWithOffsets.insert(exception);
    }
    vector<int> exceptions;
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptions(); i++) {
        int particle1, particle2;
        double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameters(i, particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
        if (exceptionIndex.find(i) == exceptionIndex.end()) {
            if (chargeProd != 0.0 || epsilon != 0.0 || exceptionsWithOffsets.find(i) != exceptionsWithOffsets.end())
                throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The set of non-excluded exceptions has changed");
        }
        else
            exceptions.push_back(i);
    }
    int numContexts = cu.getPlatformData().contexts.size();
    int startIndex = cu.getContextIndex()*exceptions.size()/numContexts;
    int endIndex = (cu.getContextIndex()+1)*exceptions.size()/numContexts;
    int numExceptions = endIndex-startIndex;
    if (numExceptions != exceptionAtoms.size())
        throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The set of non-excluded exceptions has changed");
    
    // Record the per-particle parameters.
    
    if (firstParticle <= lastParticle) {
        vector<float4> baseParticleParamVec(cu.getPaddedNumAtoms(), make_float4(0, 0, 0, 0));
        for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticles(); i++) {
            double charge, sigma, epsilon;
            force.getParticleParameters(i, charge, sigma, epsilon);
            baseParticleParamVec[i] = make_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, 0);
        }
        baseParticleParams.uploadSubArray(&baseParticleParamVec[firstParticle], firstParticle, lastParticle-firstParticle+1);

        // Compute the self energy.

        ewaldSelfEnergy = 0.0;
        if (nonbondedMethod == Ewald || nonbondedMethod == PME || nonbondedMethod == LJPME) {
            if (cu.getContextIndex() == 0) {
                for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticles(); i++) {
                    ewaldSelfEnergy -= baseParticleParamVec[i].x*baseParticleParamVec[i].x*ONE_4PI_EPS0*alpha/sqrt(M_PI);
                    if (doLJPME)
                        ewaldSelfEnergy += baseParticleParamVec[i].z*pow(baseParticleParamVec[i].y*dispersionAlpha, 6)/3.0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Record the exceptions.
    
    if (firstException <= lastException) {
        vector<float4> baseExceptionParamsVec(numExceptions);
        for (int i = 0; i < numExceptions; i++) {
            int particle1, particle2;
            double chargeProd, sigma, epsilon;
            force.getExceptionParameters(exceptions[startIndex+i], particle1, particle2, chargeProd, sigma, epsilon);
            if (make_pair(particle1, particle2) != exceptionAtoms[i])
                throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The set of non-excluded exceptions has changed");
            baseExceptionParamsVec[i] = make_float4(chargeProd, sigma, epsilon, 0);
        }
        baseExceptionParams.upload(baseExceptionParamsVec);
    }

    // Record parameter offsets.

    vector<vector<mm_float4> > particleOffsetVec(force.getNumParticles());
    vector<vector<mm_float4> > exceptionOffsetVec(numExceptions);
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int particle;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getParticleParameterOffset(i, param, particle, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        auto paramPos = find(paramNames.begin(), paramNames.end(), param);
        if (paramPos == paramNames.end())
            throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The parameter of a particle parameter offset has changed");
        int paramIndex = paramPos-paramNames.begin();
        particleOffsetVec[particle].push_back(mm_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, paramIndex));
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets(); i++) {
        string param;
        int exception;
        double charge, sigma, epsilon;
        force.getExceptionParameterOffset(i, param, exception, charge, sigma, epsilon);
        int index = exceptionIndex[exception];
        if (index < startIndex || index >= endIndex)
            continue;
        auto paramPos = find(paramNames.begin(), paramNames.end(), param);
        if (paramPos == paramNames.end())
            throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The parameter of an exception parameter offset has changed");
        int paramIndex = paramPos-paramNames.begin();
        exceptionOffsetVec[index-startIndex].push_back(mm_float4(charge, sigma, epsilon, paramIndex));
    }
    if (max(force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets(), 1) != particleParamOffsets.getSize())
        throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The number of particle parameter offsets has changed");
    vector<mm_float4> p, e;
    for (int i = 0; i < particleOffsetVec.size(); i++)
        for (int j = 0; j < particleOffsetVec[i].size(); j++)
            p.push_back(particleOffsetVec[i][j]);
    for (int i = 0; i < exceptionOffsetVec.size(); i++)
        for (int j = 0; j < exceptionOffsetVec[i].size(); j++)
            e.push_back(exceptionOffsetVec[i][j]);
    if (force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets() > 0)
        particleParamOffsets.upload(p);
    if (max((int) e.size(), 1) != exceptionParamOffsets.getSize())
        throw OpenMMException("updateParametersInContext: The number of exception parameter offsets has changed");
    if (e.size() > 0)
        exceptionParamOffsets.upload(e);

    // Compute other values.

    if (force.getUseDispersionCorrection() && cu.getContextIndex() == 0 && (nonbondedMethod == CutoffPeriodic || nonbondedMethod == Ewald || nonbondedMethod == PME))
        dispersionCoefficient = NonbondedForceImpl::calcDispersionCorrection(context.getSystem(), force);
    cu.invalidateMolecules(info, firstParticle <= lastParticle || force.getNumParticleParameterOffsets() > 0,
                           firstException <= lastException || force.getNumExceptionParameterOffsets() > 0);
    recomputeParams = true;
}

void CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::getPMEParameters(double& alpha, int& nx, int& ny, int& nz) const {
    if (nonbondedMethod != PME)
        throw OpenMMException("getPMEParametersInContext: This Context is not using PME");
    if (cu.getPlatformData().useCpuPme)
        cpuPme.getAs<CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel>().getPMEParameters(alpha, nx, ny, nz);
    else {
        alpha = this->alpha;
        nx = gridSizeX;
        ny = gridSizeY;
        nz = gridSizeZ;
    }
}

void CudaCalcNonbondedForceKernel::getLJPMEParameters(double& alpha, int& nx, int& ny, int& nz) const {
    if (!doLJPME)
        throw OpenMMException("getPMEParametersInContext: This Context is not using PME");
    if (cu.getPlatformData().useCpuPme)
        //cpuPme.getAs<CalcPmeReciprocalForceKernel>().getLJPMEParameters(alpha, nx, ny, nz);
        throw OpenMMException("getPMEParametersInContext: CPUPME has not been implemented for LJPME yet.");
    else {
        alpha = this->dispersionAlpha;
        nx = dispersionGridSizeX;
        ny = dispersionGridSizeY;
        nz = dispersionGridSizeZ;
    }
}