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* Initial attempt to implement appending features in-memory to another data set

The intent is for this to enable munging files together easily, without needing to round-trip via numpy or write multiple copies to disk.
In turn, that enables working more efficiently with data sets that were written separately.

* Implement Dataset.dump_text, and fix small bug in appending of group bin boundaries.

Dumping to text enables us to compare results, without having to worry about issues like features being reordered.

* Add basic tests for validation logic for add_features_from.

* Remove various internal mapping items from dataset text dumps

These are too sensitive to the exact feature order chosen, which is not visible to the user.
Including them in tests appears unnecessary, as the data dumping code should provide enough coverage.

* Add test that add_features_from results in identical data sets according to dump_text.

* Add test that booster behaviour after using add_features_from matches that of training on the full data

This checks:
- That training after add_features_from works at all
- That add_features_from does not cause training to misbehave

* Expose feature_penalty and monotone_types/constraints via get_field

These getters allow us to check that add_features_from does the right thing with these vectors.

* Add tests that add_features correctly handles feature_penalty and monotone_constraints.

* Ensure add_features_from properly frees the added dataset and add unit test for this

Since add_features_from moves the feature group pointers from the added dataset to the dataset being added to, the added dataset is invalid after the call.
We must ensure we do not try and access this handle.

* Remove some obsolete TODOs

* Tidy up DumpTextFile by using a single iterator for each feature

This iterators were also passed around as raw pointers without being freed, which is now fixed.

* Factor out offsetting logic in AddFeaturesFrom

* Remove obsolete TODO

* Remove another TODO

This one is debatable, test code can be a bit messy and duplicate-heavy, factoring it out tends to end badly.
Leaving this for now, will revisit if adding more tests later on becomes a mess.

* Add documentation for newly-added methods.

* Fix whitespace issues identified by pylint.

* Fix a few more whitespace issues.

* Fix doc comments

* Implement deep copying for feature groups.

* Replace awkward std::move usage by emplace_back, and reduce vector size to num_features rather than num_total_features.

* Copy feature groups in addFeaturesFrom, rather than moving them.

* Fix bugs in FeatureGroup copy constructor and ensure source dataset remains usable

* Add reserve to PushVector and PushOffset

* Move definition of Clone into class body

* Fix PR review issues

* Fix for loop increment style.

* Fix test failure

* Some more docstring fixes.

* Remove blank line

* add warnings for override parameters of Dataset

* fix pep8

* add feature_penalty

* refactor

* add R's code

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* fix parameter bug

* Update lgb.Dataset.R

* fix a bug

* add indexs in shuffle model.

* fix pep

* fix bug

* added NumberOfTotalModel and NumModelPerIteration to C_API and python-package

* fixed tests

* added tests for current_iteration, num_trees, num_model_per_iteration methods

* break huge line in test

* hotfix

* add support of refit-decay

* add refit into c_api

* add test

* update document

* Update basic.py

* Update test_engine.py

* Update basic.py

* Update test_engine.py

* fix comments

* update test

* fix the comments

* Update test_engine.py

* add start_iteration in model saving

* fix test

* shuffle models ability

* fix bug

* update document

* refine

* Update engine.py

* Update basic.py

* fix comments

* fix comment

* fix include

* reduce dependency on header file

* fix build

* use int64 for string

* [R] Fatal when CSC exceed int32.max

* add network apis.

* support parallel loading dataset in c api.

* fix bug

* fix bug

* thread local for the network interface.

* fix bug.

* expose feature importance to c_api

* support type=gain

* remove dump model from examples and tests temporarily because it's unstable

* use double instead of float

* Explain individual predictions using SHAP value feature attributions

* Address code review

* fix multi-threading.

* fix name style.

* support in CLI version.

* remove warnings.

* Not default parameters.

* fix if...else... .

* fix bug.

* fix warning.

* refine c_api.

* fix R-package.

* fix R's warning.

* fix tests.

* fix pep8 .

* Add early stopping for prediction

* Fix GBDT if-else prediction with early stopping

* Small C++ embelishments to early stopping API and functions

* Fix early stopping efficiency issue by creating a singleton for no early stopping

* Python improvements to early stopping API

* Add assertion check for binary and multiclass prediction score length

* Update vcxproj and vcxproj.filters with new early stopping files

* Remove inline from PredictRaw(), the linker was not able to find it otherwise

* expose save model to string to c_api

* add 'save-model-to-string' to python; use it to copy model

* remove boosting_type

1. add csc support
2. some data type from float to double

Categorical feature support (#108)