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* Fix LightGBM models locale sensitivity and improve R/W performance.

When Java is used, the default C++ locale is broken. This is true for
Java providers that use the C API or even Python models that require JEP.

This patch solves that issue making the model reads/writes insensitive
to such settings.
To achieve it, within the model read/write codebase:
 - C++ streams are imbued with the classic locale
 - Calls to functions that are dependent on the locale are replaced
 - The default locale is not changed!

This approach means:
 - The user's locale is never tampered with, avoiding issues such as
    https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/issues/2979 with the previous
    approach https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/pull/2891
 - Datasets can still be read according the user's locale
 - The model file has a single format independent of locale

Changes:
 - Add CommonC namespace which provides faster locale-independent versions of Common's methods
 - Model code makes conversions through CommonC
 - Cleanup unused Common methods
 - Performance improvements. Use fast libraries for locale-agnostic conversion:
   - value->string: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt
   - string->double: https://github.com/lemire/fast_double_parser (10x
      faster double parsing according to their benchmark)

Bugfixes:
 - https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/issues/2500
 - https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/issues/2890
 - https://github.com/ninia/jep/issues/205

 (as it is related to LGBM as well)

* Align CommonC namespace

* Add new external_libs/ to python setup

* Try fast_double_parser fix #1

Testing commit e09e5aad828bcb16bea7ed0ed8322e019112fdbe

If it works it should fix more LGBM builds

* CMake: Attempt to link fmt without explicit PUBLIC tag

* Exclude external_libs from linting

* Add exernal_libs to MANIFEST.in

* Set dynamic linking option for fmt.

* linting issues

* Try to fix lint includes

* Try to pass fPIC with static fmt lib

* Try CMake P_I_C option with fmt library

* [R-package] Add CMake support for R and CRAN

* Cleanup CMakeLists

* Try fmt hack to remove stdout

* Switch to header-only mode

* Add PRIVATE argument to target_link_libraries

* use fmt in header-only mode

* Remove CMakeLists comment

* Change OpenMP to PUBLIC linking in Mac

* Update fmt submodule to 7.1.2

* Use fmt in header-only-mode

* Remove fmt from CMakeLists.txt

* Upgrade fast_double_parser to v0.2.0

* Revert "Add PRIVATE argument to target_link_libraries"

This reverts commit 3dd45dde7b92531b2530ab54522bb843c56227a7.

* Address James Lamb's comments

* Update R-package/.Rbuildignore
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

* Upgrade to fast_double_parser v0.3.0 - Solaris support

* Use legacy code only in Solaris

* Fix lint issues

* Fix comment

* Address StrikerRUS's comments (solaris ifdef).

* Change header guards
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

~ Added 'noexcept' specifier and defaulted desctructor.
Co-authored-by: Lucas DAVID <lucas@isdom.isoft.fr>

* adding sparse support to TreeSHAP in lightgbm

* updating based on comments

* updated based on comments, used fromiter instead of frombuffer

* updated based on comments

* fixed limits import order

* fix sparse feature contribs to work with more than int32 max rows

* really fixed int64 max error and build warnings

* added sparse test with >int32 max rows

* fixed python side reshape check on sparse data

* updated based on latest comments

* fixed comments

* added CSC INT32_MAX validation to test, fixed comments

* Add interaction constraints functionality.

* Minor fixes.

* Minor fixes.

* Change lambda to function.

* Fix gpu bug, remove extra blank lines.

* Fix gpu bug.

* Fix style issues.

* Try to fix segfault on MACOS.

* Fix bug.

* Fix bug.

* Fix bugs.

* Change parameter format for R.

* Fix R style issues.

* Change string formatting code.

* Change docs to say R package not supported.

* Remove R functionality, moving to separate PR.

* Keep track of branch features in tree object.

* Only track branch features when feature interactions are enabled.

* Fix lint error.

* Update docs and simplify tests.

This reverts commit 656d2676.

* fix

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: StrikerRUS <nekit94-12@hotmail.com>

* [refactor] Cleanup MissingType enum constants

* Update tree.cpp
Co-authored-by: Alberto Ferreira <alberto.ferreira@feedzai.com>

* Add util functions.

* Added monotone_constraints_method as a parameter.

* Add the intermediate constraining method.

* Updated tests.

* Minor fixes.

* Typo.

* Linting.

* Ran the parameter generator for the doc.

* Removed usage of the FeatureMonotone function.

* more fixes

* Fix.

* Remove duplicated code.

* Add debug checks.

* Typo.

* Bug fix.

* Disable the use of intermediate monotone constraints and feature sampling at the same time.

* Added an alias for monotone constraining method.

* Use the right variable to get the number of threads.

* Fix DEBUG checks.

* Add back check to determine if histogram is splittable.

* Added forgotten override keywords.

* Perform monotone constraint update only when necessary.

* Small refactor of FastLeafConstraints.

* Post rebase commit.

* Small refactor.

* Typo.

* Added comment and slightly improved logic of monotone constraints.

* Forgot a const.

* Vectors that are to be modified need to be pointers.

* Rename FastLeafConstraints to IntermediateLeafConstraints to match documentation.

* Remove overload of GoUpToFindLeavesToUpdate.

* Stop memory leaking.

* Fix cpplint issues.

* Fix checks.

* Fix more cpplint issues.

* Refactor config monotone constraints method.

* Typos.

* Remove useless empty lines.

* Add new line to separate includes.

* Replace unsigned ind by size_t.

* Reduce number of trials in tests to decrease CI time.

* Specify monotone constraints better in tests.

* Removed outer loop in test of monotone constraints.

* Added categorical features to the monotone constraints tests.

* Add blank line.

* Regenerate parameters automatically.

* Speed up ShouldKeepGoingLeftRight.
Co-authored-by: Charles Auguste <auguste@dubquantdev801.ire.susq.com>
Co-authored-by: guolinke <guolin.ke@outlook.com>

* some refines

* more omp refactoring

* format define

* fix merge bug

* some fixes

* fix some warnings

* Apply suggestions from code review

* Apply suggestions from code review

* remove dup codes

* Add capability to get possible max and min values for a model

* Change implementation to have return value in tree.cpp, change naming to upper and lower bound, move implementation to gdbt.cpp

* Update include/LightGBM/c_api.h
Co-Authored-By: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Change iteration to avoid potential overflow, add bindings to R and Python and a basic test

* Adjust test values

* Consider const correctness and multithreading protection

* Update test values

* Update test values

* Add test to check that model is exactly the same in all platforms

* Try to parse the model to get the expected values

* Try to parse the model to get the expected values

* Fix implementation, num_leaves can be lower than the leaf_value_ size

* Do not check for num_leaves to be smaller than actual size and get back to test with hardcoded value

* Change test order

* Add gpu_use_dp option in test

* Remove helper test method

* Update src/c_api.cpp
Co-Authored-By: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Update src/io/tree.cpp
Co-Authored-By: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Update src/io/tree.cpp
Co-Authored-By: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Update tests/python_package_test/test_basic.py
Co-Authored-By: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Remoove imports
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* fix nan in tree model

* fix

* add weight in tree model output

* fix bug

* updated Python plotting part to handle weights

* added all necessary includes - fixed build/include_what_you_use error

* fixed the order of includes (build/include_order)

* [WIP] refine config

* [wip] ready for the auto code generate

* auto generate config codes

* use with to open file

* fix bug

* fix pylint

* fix bug

* fix pylint

* fix bugs.

* tmp for failed test.

* fix tests.

* added nthreads alias

* added new aliases from new config.h

* fixed duplicated alias

* refactored parameter_generator.py

* added new aliases from config.h and removed remaining old names

* fix bugs & some miss alias

* added aliases

* add more descriptions.

* add comment.

* decode error description

* added break line char in log massages

* remove protobuf

* add version number

* remove pmml script

* use float for split gain

* fix warnings

* refine the read model logic of gbdt

* fix compile error

* improve decode speed

* fix some bugs

* fix double accuracy problem

* fix bug

* multi-thread save model

* speed up save model to string

* parallel save/load model

* fix some warnings.

* fix warnings.

* fix a bug

* remove debug output

* fix doc

* fix max_bin warning in tests.

* fix max_bin warning

* fix pylint

* clean code for stringToArray

* clean code for TToString

* remove max_bin

* replace "class" with typename

* first commit

* fix bug

* fix by commits

* fix by commit

* add funcs to IfElse

* fix bug

* fix bug

* fix bug

* change tab to space

* Fix feature attributions for regression models and add Python bindings

* Address pylint issue

* Lazy fix missing tree depth info

* finish the data loading part

* allow prediction.

* fix bug for decision type.

* finish split finding part

* fix bugs.

* bug fixed. add a test .

* fix pep8 .

* update documents.

* fix test bugs.

* fix a format

* fix import error in python test.

* disable missing handle in categorial features.

* fix a bug.

* add more tests.

* fix pep8

* fix bugs.

* remove the missing handle code for categorical feature.

* avoid threshold inf

* use __save_model_to_string for feature importance

* Revert "use __save_model_to_string for feature importance"

This reverts commit dca6a85fb3d89866eb56eb0c9ca103ada4d92b53.

* translate model to if-else

* support multiclass and predictleaf

* remove java option for now

* support multi-thread

* add task:convert_model