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[python-package] highlight the path a sample takes through a tree in `plot_tree` and `create_tree_digraph` (fixes #4784) (#5119)

* highlight path in plot_tree

* lint

* rename x to example_case. support categorical features. add test

* lint

* check for exactly one row. test empty example_case

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* handle missing values in numeric splits

* remove literal. add categorical split function

* make categorical feature more important. lint

* add enum. update categorical split. apply suggestions

* update numeric split decision

* lint

* Update python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

[python] fixes for supporting 2d numpy arrays for predictions, grads and hess in multiclass custom objective and eval (#5030)

* fixes for supporting 2d numpy arrays for predictions, grads and hess in multiclass custom objective

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: José Morales <jmoralz92@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: José Morales <jmoralz92@gmail.com>

* [python-package] fix mypy errors in plotting.py

* empty commit

* Improve error message for plot_metric with Booster

* Update error message

* Reffer to string type as `str` and and commas in `list of ...` types

* update `libpath.py` too

* Change to f-strings in test_plotting.py

* Implemented type hinting in python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

* Update python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

* Delete test_plotting.py

File was mistakenly added to pull request

* Revert "Delete test_plotting.py"

This reverts commit df095b612af3abafcc87df4f95e8b523a49ebde5.

* default argument

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

* Removed errant bracket

* Update python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Fixing tuples from ints to floats

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Update python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* Migrate to f-strings in python-package\lightgbm\plotting.py

* Apply suggestion from review

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: James Lamb <jaylamb20@gmail.com>

* centralize Python-package logging in one place

* continue

* fix test name

* removed unused import

* enhance test

* fix lint

* hotfix test

* workaround for GPU test

* remove custom logger from Dask-package

* replace one log func with flags by multiple funcs

* Update setup.py

* Update .appveyor.yml

* Update .travis.yml

* Update .vsts-ci.yml

* Update __init__.py

* Update test.sh

* Update test_windows.ps1

* Update advanced_example.py

* Update requirements_base.txt

* Update conf.py

* Update conf.py

* Update test_engine.py

* Update utils.py

* Update dockerfile-r

* Update README.md

* Update dockerfile.gpu

* Update test_consistency.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update engine.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update callback.py

* Update setup.py

* Update __init__.py

* Update plotting.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update engine.py

* Update compat.py

* Update callback.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update compat.py

* Update plotting.py

* Update engine.py

* Update basic.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update compat.py

* Update engine.py

* Update engine.py

* Update callback.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update plotting.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update compat.py

* Update compat.py

* Update engine.py

* Update plotting.py

* Update sklearn.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update compat.py

* Update compat.py

* Update engine.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update compat.py

* Update compat.py

* Update basic.py

* Update basic.py

* Update .vsts-ci.yml

* Update .vsts-ci.yml

* Update conf.py

* Revert "Update dockerfile-r"

This reverts commit 4ff6ffc7e3eeda24cc6a59a3bb0c973f02d9d71c.

[python][docs] more detailed docs for trees_to_dataframe(), create_tree_digraph(), plot_tree() (#3618)

* [python] more detailed docs for trees_to_dataframe(), create_tree_digraph(), plot_tree()

* fixing warnings

* fix warnings

* undo unnecessary space

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* single line, better weight descriptions

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* column names

* Update python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <nekit94-08@mail.ru>

* dpi option in plot_importance

* pep fix

* added dpi to plot_metric, plot_tree

* add dpi to plot_split_value_histogram

* removed trailing white space in docstring

* updated default value for precision in plot_importance function

* fixed typo

* updated example notebook

* Some basic changes to the plot of the trees to make them readable.

* Squeezed the information in the nodes.

* Added colouring when a dictionnary mapping the features to the constraints is passed.

* Fix spaces.

* Added data percentage as an option in the nodes.

* Squeezed the information in the leaves.

* Important information is now in bold.

* Added a legend for the color of monotone splits.

* Changed "split_gain" to "gain" and "internal_value" to "value".

* Sqeezed leaves a bit more.

* Changed description in the legend.

* Revert "Sqeezed leaves a bit more."

This reverts commit dd8bf14a3ba604b0dfae3b7bb1c64b6784d15e03.

* Increased the readability for the gain.

* Tidied up the legend.

* Added the data percentage in the leaves.

* Added the monotone constraints to the dumped model.

* Monotone constraints are now specified automatically when plotting trees.

* Raise an exception instead of the bug that was here before.

* Removed operators on the branches for a clearer design.

* Small cleaning of the code.

* Setting a monotone constraint on a categorical feature now returns an exception instead of doing nothing.

* Fix bug when monotone constraints are empty.

* Fix another bug when monotone constraints are empty.

* Variable name change.

* Added is / isn't on every edge of the trees.

* Fix test "tree_create_digraph".

* Add new test for plotting trees with monotone constraints.

* Typo.

* Update documentation of categorical features.

* Typo.

* Information in nodes more explicit.

* Used regular strings instead of raw strings.

* Small refactoring.

* Some cleaning.

* Added future statement.

* Changed output for consistency.

* Updated documentation.

* Added comments for colors.

* Changed text on edges for more clarity.

* Small refactoring.

* Modified text in leaves for consistency with nodes.

* Updated default values and documentaton for consistency.

* Replaced CHECK with Log::Fatal for user-friendliness.

* Updated tests.

* Typo.

* Simplify imports.

* Swapped count and weight to improve readibility of the leaves in the plotted trees.

* Thresholds in bold.

* Made information in nodes written in a specific order.

* Added information to clarify legend.

* Code cleaning.

* add weight in tree model output

* fix bug

* updated Python plotting part to handle weights

* added plot_split_value_histogram function

* updated init module

* added plot split value histogram example

* added plot_split_value_histogram to notebook

* added test

* fixed pylint

* updated API docs

* fixed grammar

* set y ticks to int value in more sufficient way

* added docstring style test and fixed errors in existing docstrings

* hotfix

* hotfix

* fix grammar

* hotfix

* use kwargs in tree plotting functions

* relaxed version

* [python] dont format string values with precision

* indent

* use compat.string_type

* remove parentheses

* removed excess import

* added tests for plotting trees in Python

* refined module_INSTALLED mechanism

* added note about that create_tree_digraph is better than plot_tree

* fixed grammar

* fixed params description in graph plotting functions

* clarified types of attributes in their descriptions

* increased readability of graphs by adding spaces

* added precision parameter to plot tree functions

* fixed description of Dataset

* fixed description of Booster

* fixed description of train

* fixed description of cv

* fixed description of callbacks

* fixed description of plotting

* hotfixes

* Fix Invalid decision type error while plotting tree in Python

* Fix Invalid decision type error while plotting tree in Python (modified = to ==)

* python-package: add graphviz.Digraph parameters

* examples: add a plottig example with graphviz

* fix tree index in print