Installation-Guide.rst

Installation Guide
==================

This is a guide for building the LightGBM Command Line Interface (CLI). If you want to build the Python-package or R-package please refer to `Python-package`_ and `R-package`_ folders respectively.

All instructions below are aimed at compiling the 64-bit version of LightGBM.
It is worth compiling the 32-bit version only in very rare special cases involving environmental limitations.
The 32-bit version is slow and untested, so use it at your own risk and don't forget to adjust some of the commands below when installing.

If you need to build a static library instead of a shared one, you can add ``-DBUILD_STATIC_LIB=ON`` to CMake flags.

Users who want to perform benchmarking can make LightGBM output time costs for different internal routines by adding ``-DUSE_TIMETAG=ON`` to CMake flags.

It is possible to build LightGBM in debug mode. In this mode all compiler optimizations are disabled and LightGBM performs more checks internally. To enable debug mode you can add ``-DUSE_DEBUG=ON`` to CMake flags or choose ``Debug_*`` configuration (e.g. ``Debug_DLL``, ``Debug_mpi``) in Visual Studio depending on how you are building LightGBM.

You can also download the artifacts of the latest successful build on master branch (nightly builds) here: |download artifacts|.

.. contents:: **Contents**
    :depth: 1
    :local:
    :backlinks: none

Windows
~~~~~~~

On Windows LightGBM can be built using

- **Visual Studio**;

- **CMake** and **VS Build Tools**;

- **CMake** and **MinGW**.

Visual Studio (or VS Build Tools)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

With GUI
********

1. Install `Visual Studio`_ (2015 or newer).

2. Download `zip archive`_ and unzip it.

3. Go to ``LightGBM-master/windows`` folder.

4. Open ``LightGBM.sln`` file with **Visual Studio**, choose ``Release`` configuration and click ``BUILD`` -> ``Build Solution (Ctrl+Shift+B)``.

   If you have errors about **Platform Toolset**, go to ``PROJECT`` -> ``Properties`` -> ``Configuration Properties`` -> ``General`` and select the toolset installed on your machine.

The ``.exe`` file will be in ``LightGBM-master/windows/x64/Release`` folder.

From Command Line
*****************

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ (3.8 or higher) and `VS Build Tools`_ (**VS Build Tools** is not needed if **Visual Studio** (2015 or newer) is already installed).

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -A x64 ..
     cmake --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config Release

The ``.exe`` and ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/Release`` folder.

MinGW-w64
^^^^^^^^^

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ and `MinGW-w64`_.

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" ..
     mingw32-make.exe -j4

The ``.exe`` and ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/`` folder.

**Note**: You may need to run the ``cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" ..`` one more time if you encounter the ``sh.exe was found in your PATH`` error.

It is recommended that you use **Visual Studio** since it has better multithreading efficiency in **Windows** for many-core systems
(see `Question 4 <./FAQ.rst#i-am-using-windows-should-i-use-visual-studio-or-mingw-for-compiling-lightgbm>`__ and `Question 8 <./FAQ.rst#cpu-usage-is-low-like-10-in-windows-when-using-lightgbm-on-very-large-datasets-with-many-core-systems>`__).

Also, you may want to read `gcc Tips <./gcc-Tips.rst>`__.

Linux
~~~~~

On Linux LightGBM can be built using **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

1. Install `CMake`_.

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake ..
     make -j4

**Note**: glibc >= 2.14 is required.

Also, you may want to read `gcc Tips <./gcc-Tips.rst>`__.

macOS
~~~~~

On macOS LightGBM can be installed using **Homebrew**, or can be built using **CMake** and **Apple Clang** or **gcc**.

Apple Clang
^^^^^^^^^^^

Only **Apple Clang** version 8.1 or higher is supported.

Install Using ``Homebrew``
**************************

.. code::

  brew install lightgbm

Build from GitHub
*****************

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.16 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **OpenMP**:

   .. code::

     brew install libomp

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake ..
     make -j4

gcc
^^^

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.2 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **gcc**:

   .. code::

     brew install gcc

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     export CXX=g++-7 CC=gcc-7  # replace "7" with version of gcc installed on your machine
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake ..
     make -j4

Also, you may want to read `gcc Tips <./gcc-Tips.rst>`__.

Docker
~~~~~~

Refer to `Docker folder <https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/tree/master/docker>`__.

Build Threadless Version (not Recommended)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The default build version of LightGBM is based on OpenMP.
You can build LightGBM without OpenMP support but it is **strongly not recommended**.

Windows
^^^^^^^

On Windows a version of LightGBM without OpenMP support can be built using

- **Visual Studio**;

- **CMake** and **VS Build Tools**;

- **CMake** and **MinGW**.

Visual Studio (or VS Build Tools)
*********************************

With GUI
--------

1. Install `Visual Studio`_ (2015 or newer).

2. Download `zip archive`_ and unzip it.

3. Go to ``LightGBM-master/windows`` folder.

4. Open ``LightGBM.sln`` file with **Visual Studio**.

5. Go to ``PROJECT`` -> ``Properties`` -> ``Configuration Properties`` -> ``C/C++`` -> ``Language`` and change the ``OpenMP Support`` property to ``No (/openmp-)``.

6. Get back to the project's main screen, then choose ``Release`` configuration and click ``BUILD`` -> ``Build Solution (Ctrl+Shift+B)``.

   If you have errors about **Platform Toolset**, go to ``PROJECT`` -> ``Properties`` -> ``Configuration Properties`` -> ``General`` and select the toolset installed on your machine.

The ``.exe`` file will be in ``LightGBM-master/windows/x64/Release`` folder.

From Command Line
-----------------

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ (3.8 or higher) and `VS Build Tools`_ (**VS Build Tools** is not needed if **Visual Studio** (2015 or newer) is already installed).

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -A x64 -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..
     cmake --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config Release

The ``.exe`` and ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/Release`` folder.

MinGW-w64
*********

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ and `MinGW-w64`_.

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..
     mingw32-make.exe -j4

The ``.exe`` and ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/`` folder.

**Note**: You may need to run the ``cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..`` one more time if you encounter the ``sh.exe was found in your PATH`` error.

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux a version of LightGBM without OpenMP support can be built using **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

1. Install `CMake`_.

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..
     make -j4

**Note**: glibc >= 2.14 is required.

macOS
^^^^^

On macOS a version of LightGBM without OpenMP support can be built using **CMake** and **Apple Clang** or **gcc**.

Apple Clang
***********

Only **Apple Clang** version 8.1 or higher is supported.

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.16 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..
     make -j4

gcc
***

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.2 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **gcc**:

   .. code::

     brew install gcc

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     export CXX=g++-7 CC=gcc-7  # replace "7" with version of gcc installed on your machine
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_OPENMP=OFF ..
     make -j4

Build MPI Version
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The default build version of LightGBM is based on socket. LightGBM also supports MPI.
`MPI`_ is a high performance communication approach with `RDMA`_ support.

If you need to run a distributed learning application with high performance communication, you can build the LightGBM with MPI support.

Windows
^^^^^^^

On Windows an MPI version of LightGBM can be built using

- **MS MPI** and **Visual Studio**;

- **MS MPI**, **CMake** and **VS Build Tools**.

With GUI
********

1. You need to install `MS MPI`_ first. Both ``msmpisdk.msi`` and ``msmpisetup.exe`` are needed.

2. Install `Visual Studio`_ (2015 or newer).

3. Download `zip archive`_ and unzip it.

4. Go to ``LightGBM-master/windows`` folder.

5. Open ``LightGBM.sln`` file with **Visual Studio**, choose ``Release_mpi`` configuration and click ``BUILD`` -> ``Build Solution (Ctrl+Shift+B)``.

   If you have errors about **Platform Toolset**, go to ``PROJECT`` -> ``Properties`` -> ``Configuration Properties`` -> ``General`` and select the toolset installed on your machine.

The ``.exe`` file will be in ``LightGBM-master/windows/x64/Release_mpi`` folder.

From Command Line
*****************

1. You need to install `MS MPI`_ first. Both ``msmpisdk.msi`` and ``msmpisetup.exe`` are needed.

2. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ (3.8 or higher) and `VS Build Tools`_ (**VS Build Tools** is not needed if **Visual Studio** (2015 or newer) is already installed).

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -A x64 -DUSE_MPI=ON ..
     cmake --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config Release

The ``.exe`` and ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/Release`` folder.

**Note**: Building MPI version by **MinGW** is not supported due to the miss of MPI library in it.

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux an MPI version of LightGBM can be built using **Open MPI**, **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

1. Install `Open MPI`_.

2. Install `CMake`_.

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_MPI=ON ..
     make -j4

**Note**: glibc >= 2.14 is required.

macOS
^^^^^

On macOS an MPI version of LightGBM can be built using **Open MPI**, **CMake** and **Apple Clang** or **gcc**.

Apple Clang
***********

Only **Apple Clang** version 8.1 or higher is supported.

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.16 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **OpenMP**:

   .. code::

     brew install libomp

3. Install **Open MPI**:

   .. code::

     brew install open-mpi

4. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_MPI=ON ..
     make -j4

gcc
***

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.2 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **gcc**:

   .. code::

     brew install gcc

3. Install **Open MPI**:

   .. code::

     brew install open-mpi

4. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     export CXX=g++-7 CC=gcc-7  # replace "7" with version of gcc installed on your machine
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_MPI=ON ..
     make -j4

Build GPU Version
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux a GPU version of LightGBM (``device_type=gpu``) can be built using **OpenCL**, **Boost**, **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

The following dependencies should be installed before compilation:

-  **OpenCL** 1.2 headers and libraries, which is usually provided by GPU manufacture.

   The generic OpenCL ICD packages (for example, Debian package ``ocl-icd-libopencl1`` and ``ocl-icd-opencl-dev``) can also be used.

-  **libboost** 1.56 or later (1.61 or later is recommended).

   We use Boost.Compute as the interface to GPU, which is part of the Boost library since version 1.61. However, since we include the source code of Boost.Compute as a submodule, we only require the host has Boost 1.56 or later installed. We also use Boost.Align for memory allocation. Boost.Compute requires Boost.System and Boost.Filesystem to store offline kernel cache.

   The following Debian packages should provide necessary Boost libraries: ``libboost-dev``, ``libboost-system-dev``, ``libboost-filesystem-dev``.

-  **CMake** 3.2 or later.

To build LightGBM GPU version, run the following commands:

.. code::

  git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
  cd LightGBM
  mkdir build
  cd build
  cmake -DUSE_GPU=1 ..
  # if you have installed NVIDIA CUDA to a customized location, you should specify paths to OpenCL headers and library like the following:
  # cmake -DUSE_GPU=1 -DOpenCL_LIBRARY=/usr/local/cuda/lib64/libOpenCL.so -DOpenCL_INCLUDE_DIR=/usr/local/cuda/include/ ..
  make -j4

Windows
^^^^^^^

On Windows a GPU version of LightGBM (``device_type=gpu``) can be built using **OpenCL**, **Boost**, **CMake** and **VS Build Tools** or **MinGW**.

If you use **MinGW**, the build procedure is similar to the build on Linux. Refer to `GPU Windows Compilation <./GPU-Windows.rst>`__ to get more details.

Following procedure is for the **MSVC** (Microsoft Visual C++) build.

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ (3.8 or higher) and `VS Build Tools`_ (**VS Build Tools** is not needed if **Visual Studio** (2015 or newer) is installed).

2. Install **OpenCL** for Windows. The installation depends on the brand (NVIDIA, AMD, Intel) of your GPU card.

   - For running on Intel, get `Intel SDK for OpenCL`_.

   - For running on AMD, get AMD APP SDK.

   - For running on NVIDIA, get `CUDA Toolkit`_.

   Further reading and correspondence table: `GPU SDK Correspondence and Device Targeting Table <./GPU-Targets.rst>`__.

3. Install `Boost Binaries`_.

   **Note**: Match your Visual C++ version:
   
   Visual Studio 2015 -> ``msvc-14.0-64.exe``,

   Visual Studio 2017 -> ``msvc-14.1-64.exe``,

   Visual Studio 2019 -> ``msvc-14.2-64.exe``.

4. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -A x64 -DUSE_GPU=1 -DBOOST_ROOT=C:/local/boost_1_63_0 -DBOOST_LIBRARYDIR=C:/local/boost_1_63_0/lib64-msvc-14.0 ..
     # if you have installed NVIDIA CUDA to a customized location, you should specify paths to OpenCL headers and library like the following:
     # cmake -A x64 -DUSE_GPU=1 -DBOOST_ROOT=C:/local/boost_1_63_0 -DBOOST_LIBRARYDIR=C:/local/boost_1_63_0/lib64-msvc-14.0 -DOpenCL_LIBRARY="C:/Program Files/NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit/CUDA/v10.0/lib/x64/OpenCL.lib" -DOpenCL_INCLUDE_DIR="C:/Program Files/NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit/CUDA/v10.0/include" ..
     cmake --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config Release

   **Note**: ``C:/local/boost_1_63_0`` and ``C:/local/boost_1_63_0/lib64-msvc-14.0`` are locations of your **Boost** binaries (assuming you've downloaded 1.63.0 version for Visual Studio 2015).

Docker
^^^^^^

Refer to `GPU Docker folder <https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/tree/master/docker/gpu>`__.

Build CUDA Version (Experimental)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The `original GPU build <#build-gpu-version>`__ of LightGBM (``device_type=gpu``) is based on OpenCL.

The CUDA-based build (``device_type=cuda``) is a separate implementation and requires an NVIDIA graphics card with compute capability 6.0 and higher. It should be considered experimental, and we suggest using it only when it is impossible to use OpenCL version (for example, on IBM POWER microprocessors).

**Note**: only Linux is supported, other operating systems are not supported yet.

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux a CUDA version of LightGBM can be built using **CUDA**, **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

The following dependencies should be installed before compilation:

-  **CUDA** 9.0 or later libraries. Please refer to `this detailed guide`_. Pay great attention to the minimum required versions of host compilers listed in the table from that guide and use only recommended versions of compilers.

-  **CMake** 3.16 or later.

To build LightGBM CUDA version, run the following commands:

.. code::

  git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
  cd LightGBM
  mkdir build
  cd build
  cmake -DUSE_CUDA=1 ..
  make -j4

Build HDFS Version
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The HDFS version of LightGBM was tested on CDH-5.14.4 cluster.

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux a HDFS version of LightGBM can be built using **CMake** and **gcc**.

1. Install `CMake`_.

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_HDFS=ON ..
     # if you have installed HDFS to a customized location, you should specify paths to HDFS headers (hdfs.h) and library (libhdfs.so) like the following:
     # cmake \
     #   -DUSE_HDFS=ON \
     #   -DHDFS_LIB="/opt/cloudera/parcels/CDH-5.14.4-1.cdh5.14.4.p0.3/lib64/libhdfs.so" \
     #   -DHDFS_INCLUDE_DIR="/opt/cloudera/parcels/CDH-5.14.4-1.cdh5.14.4.p0.3/include/" \
     #   ..
     make -j4

Build Java Wrapper
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Using the following instructions you can generate a JAR file containing the LightGBM `C API <./Development-Guide.rst#c-api>`__ wrapped by **SWIG**.

Windows
^^^^^^^

On Windows a Java wrapper of LightGBM can be built using **Java**, **SWIG**, **CMake** and **VS Build Tools** or **MinGW**.

VS Build Tools
**************

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ (3.8 or higher) and `VS Build Tools`_ (**VS Build Tools** is not needed if **Visual Studio** (2015 or newer) is already installed).

2. Install `SWIG`_ and **Java** (also make sure that ``JAVA_HOME`` is set properly).

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -A x64 -DUSE_SWIG=ON ..
     cmake --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config Release

The ``.jar`` file will be in ``LightGBM/build`` folder and the ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/Release`` folder.

MinGW-w64
*********

1. Install `Git for Windows`_, `CMake`_ and `MinGW-w64`_.

2. Install `SWIG`_ and **Java** (also make sure that ``JAVA_HOME`` is set properly).

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" -DUSE_SWIG=ON ..
     mingw32-make.exe -j4

The ``.jar`` file will be in ``LightGBM/build`` folder and the ``.dll`` files will be in ``LightGBM/`` folder.

**Note**: You may need to run the ``cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" -DUSE_SWIG=ON ..`` one more time if you encounter the ``sh.exe was found in your PATH`` error.

It is recommended to use **VS Build Tools (Visual Studio)** since it has better multithreading efficiency in **Windows** for many-core systems
(see `Question 4 <./FAQ.rst#i-am-using-windows-should-i-use-visual-studio-or-mingw-for-compiling-lightgbm>`__ and `Question 8 <./FAQ.rst#cpu-usage-is-low-like-10-in-windows-when-using-lightgbm-on-very-large-datasets-with-many-core-systems>`__).


Also, you may want to read `gcc Tips <./gcc-Tips.rst>`__.

Linux
^^^^^

On Linux a Java wrapper of LightGBM can be built using **Java**, **SWIG**, **CMake** and **gcc** or **Clang**.

1. Install `CMake`_, `SWIG`_ and **Java** (also make sure that ``JAVA_HOME`` is set properly).

2. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_SWIG=ON ..
     make -j4

macOS
^^^^^

On macOS a Java wrapper of LightGBM can be built using **Java**, **SWIG**, **CMake** and **Apple Clang** or **gcc**.

First, install `SWIG`_ and **Java** (also make sure that ``JAVA_HOME`` is set properly).
Then, either follow the **Apple Clang** or **gcc** installation instructions below.

Apple Clang
***********

Only **Apple Clang** version 8.1 or higher is supported.

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.16 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **OpenMP**:

   .. code::

     brew install libomp

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_SWIG=ON -DAPPLE_OUTPUT_DYLIB=ON ..
     make -j4

gcc
***

1. Install `CMake`_ (3.2 or higher):

   .. code::

     brew install cmake

2. Install **gcc**:

   .. code::

     brew install gcc

3. Run the following commands:

   .. code::

     git clone --recursive https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM
     cd LightGBM
     export CXX=g++-7 CC=gcc-7  # replace "7" with version of gcc installed on your machine
     mkdir build
     cd build
     cmake -DUSE_SWIG=ON -DAPPLE_OUTPUT_DYLIB=ON ..
     make -j4

Also, you may want to read `gcc Tips <./gcc-Tips.rst>`__.


.. |download artifacts| image:: ./_static/images/artifacts-not-available.svg
   :target: https://lightgbm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Installation-Guide.html

.. _Python-package: https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/tree/master/python-package

.. _R-package: https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/tree/master/R-package

.. _zip archive: https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/archive/master.zip

.. _Visual Studio: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/

.. _Git for Windows: https://git-scm.com/download/win

.. _CMake: https://cmake.org/

.. _VS Build Tools: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/

.. _MinGW-w64: https://mingw-w64.org/doku.php/download

.. _MPI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface

.. _RDMA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_direct_memory_access

.. _MS MPI: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=100593

.. _Open MPI: https://www.open-mpi.org/

.. _Intel SDK for OpenCL: https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/opencl-drivers

.. _CUDA Toolkit: https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads

.. _Boost Binaries: https://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-binaries/

.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/download.html

.. _this detailed guide: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-installation-guide-linux/index.html