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Closes #2270

* added overload for l-value ref-qualified methods

* Added test.
Before, the code would have failed to build.

Add warnings about extending STL

Primarily for the ccmake curses GUI

* Test on Python 3.9 beta
* Pin Sphinx
* Newer version of PyPy

This adds support for a `py::args_kw_only()` annotation that can be
specified between `py::arg` annotations to indicate that any following
arguments are keyword-only.  This allows you to write:

    m.def("f", [](int a, int b) { /* ... */ },
          py::arg("a"), py::args_kw_only(), py::arg("b"));

and have it work like Python 3's:

    def f(a, *, b):
        # ...

with respect to how `a` and `b` arguments are accepted (that is, `a` can
be positional or by keyword; `b` can only be specified by keyword).

- Not currently supported on PyPy

With this change, and cast.h as-is in master, test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp fails to compile with the error message below.
With the cast.h change in pull/2016, building and testing succeeds.

cd pybind11/build/tests && /usr/bin/c++  -DPYBIND11_TEST_BOOST -DPYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN -Dpybind11_tests_EXPORTS -Ipybind11/include -I/usr/include/python3.7m -isystem /usr/include/eigen3  -Os -DNDEBUG -fPIC -fvisibility=hidden   -std=c++2a -flto -fno-fat-lto-objects -Wall -Wextra -Wconversion -Wcast-qual -Wdeprecated -o CMakeFiles/pybind11_tests.dir/test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp.o -c pybind11/tests/test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp
In file included from pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h:13,
                 from pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:44,
                 from pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h:2,
                 from pybind11/tests/test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp:10:
pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h: In instantiation of ‘static ...

* Fix test build in C++20

* Add C++20 char8_t/u8string support

Fixing SystemError when nb_bool/nb_nonzero sets a Python exception in type_caster<bool>::load (#1976)

* test pair-copyability on C++17 upwards

The stdlib falsely detects containers like M=std::map<T, U>
as copyable, even when one of T and U is not copyable.
Therefore we cannot rely on the stdlib dismissing std::pair<T, M>
by itself, even on C++17.

* fix is_copy_assignable

bind_map used std::is_copy_assignable which suffers from the same problems
as std::is_copy_constructible, therefore the same fix has been applied.

* created tests for copyability

* fix: Avoid conversion to `int_` rhs argument of enum eq/ne

* test: compare unscoped enum with strings

* suppress comparison to None warning

* test unscoped enum arithmetic and comparision with unsupported type

* Make `overload_cast_impl` available in C++11 mode.

Narrow the scope of the `#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)` block around overload_cast to only
cover the parts where C++14 is stricly required. Thus, the implementation in
`pybind11::details::overload_cast_impl` is still available in C++11 mode.

* PR #1581: Modify test to use overload_cast_impl, update docs and change log

Dynamically resolving __contains__ on each call is wasteful since set
has a public PySet_Contains function.

PyArray_DescrFromType returns a new reference, not borrowed one

numpy: Add test for explicit dtype checks. At present, int64 + uint64 do not exactly match dtype(...).num

* Added ability to convert from Python datetime.date and datetime.time to C++ system_clock::time_point

This is only necessary if `get_internals` is called for the first time in a given module when the running thread is in a GIL-released state.

Fixes #1364

* Test dtype field order in numpy dtype tests

When running tests with NumPy 1.14 or later this test exposes the
"invalid buffer descriptor" error reported in #1274.

* Create dtype_ptr with ordered fields