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This somewhat heavyweight solution will avoid size_t/long long/long/int
mismatches on various platforms once and for all. The previous template
overloads could e.g. not handle size_t on Darwin.

One gotcha: the 'format_descriptor<T>::value()' syntax changed to just
'format_descriptor<T>::value'

- new pybind11::base<> attribute to indicate a subclass relationship
- unified infrastructure for parsing variadic arguments in class_ and cpp_function
- use 'handle' and 'object' more consistently everywhere

moved lifetime management of Py_buffer to pybind11::buffer_info, renamed count->size to match NumPy naming (fixes #34)

This gives handle classes a typical pointer semantics with respects to
constness.

The array(const buffer_info &info) constructor fails when given
complex types since their format string is 'Zd' or 'Zf' which has
a length of two and causes an error here:

if (info.format.size() != 1)
    throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported buffer format!");

Fixed by allowing format sizes of one and two.

1. Renamed PYTHON_* to PYBIND_* everywhere

2. Renamed pybind::array_dtype<> to pybind::array_t<>