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All targets provided by pybind11:

* pybind11::module - the existing target for creating extension modules
* pybind11::embed - new target for embedding the interpreter
* pybind11::pybind11 - common "base" target (headers only)

Upcoming changes to buffer_info make it need some things declared in
common.h; it also feels a bit misplaced in common.h (which is arguably
too large already), so move it out.  (Separating this and the subsequent
changes into separate commits to make the changes easier to distinguish
from the move.)

* Arch-indep CMake packaging

Since pybind11 is a header-only library, the CMake packaging does not have to carry any architecture specific checks. Without this patch, the detection of pybind11 will fail on 32-bit architectures if the project was built on a 64-bit machine and vice-versa. This fix is similar to what is applied to `Eigen` and other header-only C++ libraries.

* Make tests buildable independently

This makes "tests" buildable as a separate project that uses
find_package(pybind11 CONFIG) when invoked independently.

This also moves the WERROR option into tests/CMakeLists.txt, as that's
the only place it is used.

* Use Eigen 3.3.1's cmake target, if available

This changes the eigen finding code to attempt to use Eigen's
system-installed Eigen3Config first.  In Eigen 3.3.1, it exports a cmake
Eigen3::Eigen target to get dependencies from (rather than setting the
include path directly).

If it fails, we fall back to the trying to load allowing modules (i.e.
allowing our tools/FindEigen3.cmake).  If we either fallback, or the
eigen version is older than 3.3.1 (or , we still set the include
directory manually; otherwise, for CONFIG + new Eigen, we get it via
the target.

This is also needed to allow 'tests' to be built independently, when
the find_package(Eigen3) is going to find via the system-installed
Eigen3Config.cmake.

* Add a install-then-build test, using clang on linux

This tests that `make install` to the actual system, followed by a build
of the tests (without the main pybind11 repository available) works as
expected.

To also expand the testing variety a bit, it also builds using
clang-3.9 instead of gcc.

* Don't try loading Eigen3Config in cmake < 3.0

It could FATAL_ERROR as the newer cmake includes a cmake 3.0 required
line.

If doing an independent, out-of-tree "tests" build, the regular
find_package(Eigen3) is likely to fail with the same error, but I think
we can just let that be: if you want a recent Eigen with proper cmake
loading support *and* want to do an independent tests build, you'll
need at least cmake 3.0.

Instead of creating a new unique metaclass for each type, the builtin
`property` type is subclassed to support static properties. The new
setter/getters always pass types instead of instances in their `self`
argument. A metaclass is still required to support this behavior, but
it doesn't store any data anymore, so a new one doesn't need to be
created for each class. There is now only one common metaclass which
is shared by all pybind11 types.

* Add flag for installation of headers under python include directory

* Allow the disabling of distutils install_headers

* Avoid C-style const casts

Replace C-style casts that discard `const` with `const_cast` (and, where
necessary, `reinterpret_cast` as well).

* Warn about C-style const-discarding casts

Change pybind11_enable_warnings to also enable `-Wcast-qual` (warn if a
C-style cast discards `const`) by default. The previous commit should
have gotten rid of all of these (at least, all the ones that tripped in
my build, which included the tests), and this should discourage more
from newly appearing.

Fixes #567.

If pybind's CMakeLists gets loaded via an include_directory from another
CMakeLists with a higher minimum version (e.g. 3.0), the project()
command without a version produces a CMP0048 warning.

This commit explicitly requests the new behaviour if the policy exists,
as it won't cause problems (we set VERSION later).

Makes room for an eventual pybind11::embedded target.

Add a BUILD_INTERFACE and a pybind11::pybind11 alias for the interface
library to match the installed target.

Add new cmake tests for add_subdirectory and consolidates the
.cpp and .py files needed for the cmake build tests:

Before:
tests
|-- test_installed_module
|   |-- CMakeLists.txt
|   |-- main.cpp
|   \-- test.py
\-- test_installed_target
    |-- CMakeLists.txt
    |-- main.cpp
    \-- test.py

After:
tests
\-- test_cmake_build
    |-- installed_module/CMakeLists.txt
    |-- installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
    |-- subdirectory_module/CMakeLists.txt
    |-- subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
    |-- main.cpp
    \-- test.py

Added the docstring_options class, which gives global control over the generation of docstrings and function signatures.

Add unit tests and documentation for the chrono cast.

This build makes sure everything still works without optional
dependencies (numpy/scipy/eigen) and also tests the automatic
discovery functions in CMake (Python version, C++ standard).

[skip appveyor]

Use simple asserts and pytest's powerful introspection to make testing
simpler. This merges the old .py/.ref file pairs into simple .py files
where the expected values are right next to the code being tested.

This commit does not touch the C++ part of the code and replicates the
Python tests exactly like the old .ref-file-based approach.

Mark the pybind11 headers as private to the target.

Fixes #305

The function creates a pybind11 module using the specified source files.