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* Simply has_kw_only_args handling

This simplifies tracking the number of kw-only args by instead tracking
the number of positional arguments (which is really what we care about
everywhere this is used).

* Allow keyword-only arguments to follow py::args

This removes the constraint that py::args has to be last (or
second-last, with py::kwargs) and instead makes py::args imply
py::kw_only for any remaining arguments, allowing you to bind a function
that works the same way as a Python function such as:

    def f(a, *args, b):
        return a * b + sum(args)

    f(10, 1, 2, 3, b=20)  # == 206

With this change, you can bind such a function using:

    m.def("f", [](int a, py::args args, int b) { /* ... */ },
        "a"_a, "b"_a);

Or, to be more explicit about the keyword-only arguments:

    m.def("g", [](int a, py::args args, int b) { /* ... */ },
        "a"_a, py::kw_only{}, "b"_a);

(The only difference between the two is that the latter will fail at
binding time if the `kw_only{}` doesn't match the `py::args` position).

This doesn't affect backwards compatibility at all because, currently,
you can't have a py::args anywhere except the end/2nd-last.

* Take args/kwargs by const lvalue ref
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

* Add C++ bindings to throw AttributeError

* Fix formatting bug

* fix: deprecate make_simple_namespace, fix Python 3.11

* docs: update links

* Add additional pygrep pre-commit hooks

* Remove useless noqas with hook

* Fix all single rst backticks

* Simplify mypy pre-commit hook with upstream fixes

* Add back missing comment

* Add one last pygrep hook

* Fix `pybind11::object::operator=` to be safe if `*this` is accessible from Python

* Add `custom_type_setup` attribute

This allows for custom modifications to the PyHeapTypeObject prior to
calling `PyType_Ready`.  This may be used, for example, to define
`tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` functions.

* Apply blacken-docs and fix language-hints

* Add blacken-docs pre-commit hook

* Add pycln pre-commit hook

* Enable a few builtin hooks

* Black no longer ignores pyi files

Co-authored-by: Jouke Witteveen <j.witteveen@cosine.nl>

* Add py::raise_from to enable chaining exceptions on Python 3.3+

* Use 'raise from' in initialization

* Documenting the exact base version of _PyErr_FormatVFromCause, adding back `assert`s.
Co-authored-by: Dustin Spicuzza <dustin@virtualroadside.com>

* Create a module_internals struct

Since we now have two things that are going to be module local, it felt
correct to add a struct to manage them.

* Add local exception translators

These are added via the  register_local_exception_translator function
and are then applied before the global translators

* Add unit tests to show the local exception translator works

* Fix a bug in the unit test with the string value of KeyError

* Fix a formatting issue

* Rename registered_local_types_cpp()

Rename it to get_registered_local_types_cpp() to disambiguate from the
new member of module_internals

* Add additional comments to new local exception code path

* Add a register_local_exception function

* Add additional unit tests for register_local_exception

* Use get_local_internals like get_internals

* Update documentation for new local exception feature

* Add back a missing space

* Clean-up some issues in the docs

* Remove the code duplication when translating exceptions

Separated out the exception processing into a standalone function in the
details namespace.

Clean-up some comments as per PR notes as well

* Remove the code duplication in register_exception

* Cleanup some formatting things caught by clang-format

* Remove the templates from exception translators

But I added a using declaration to alias the type.

* Remove the extra local from local_internals variable names

* Add an extra explanatory comment to local_internals

* Fix a typo in the code

* Adding test_return_vector_bool_raw_ptr to test_stl.py.

* First attempt to make the documentation more accurate, but not trying to be comprehensive, to not bloat the reference table with too many details.

* Fixing minor oversights.

* Applying reviewer suggestion.

* Adding iostream.h thread-safety documentation.

* Restoring `TestThread` code with added `std::lock_guard<std::mutex>`.

* Updating new comments to reflect new information.

* Fixing up `git rebase -X theirs` accidents.

* py::pickle typo

* correct dots and parentheses

* Set visibility of exceptions to default.
Co-authored-by: XZiar <czktc2007@gmail.com>

* add test

* update docs

* Skip failed test.

test_call_policies: Explicitly check free-functions and static methods

docs: the order of alternatives for variant types matters, and follows the same rules as overload resolution (#2784)

This is nice enough to be mentioned explicitly in the docs.

* List all the pyind11 exceptions.

For curious readers, see `translate_exception` and
`PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION.

* feat: add a priority overload with py::prepend

* doc: fix wording as suggested by rwgk

* feat: add get_pointer

* refactor: is_prepended -> prepend (internal)

* docs: suggestion from @wjakob

* tests: add test covering get_pointer/set_pointer

* Remove code inside 'PYPY_VERSION_NUM < 0x06000000' preprocessor if branch

* fix: more cleanup

* Remove more references to PyPy 5.7 and 5.9 in the docs

* Update comment on PyUnicode_UTF* in PyPy
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* WIP: module -> module_ without typedef

* refactor: allow py::module to work again

* fix: use OVERRIDE instead of OVERLOAD

* docs: more accurate statement

Change base parameter type in register_exception and exception constructor from PyObject* to handle (#2467)

* Change base parameter type in register_exception and excepion constructor from PyObject* to handle

* Fix compilation error passing `handle` to `PyObject*`

Resolve empty statement warning when using PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME and PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE (#2325)

* Wrap PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME and PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME in do { ... } while (false), and resolve trailing semicolon

* Deprecate PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_* and get_overload in favor of PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_* and get_override

* Correct erroneous usage of 'overload' instead of 'override' in the implementation and internals

* Fix tests to use non-deprecated PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_* macros

* Update docs to use override instead of overload where appropriate, and add warning about deprecated aliases

* Add semicolons to deprecated PYBIND11_OVERLOAD macros to match original behavior

* Remove deprecation of PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_* macros and get_overload

* Add note to changelog and upgrade guide

* feat: type<T>()

* refactor: using py::type as class

* refactor: py::object as base

* wip: tigher api

* refactor: fix conversion and limit API further

* docs: some added notes from @EricCousineau-TRI

* refactor: use py::type::of

Why only for pointers? Because C casts are hard to grep for.

* Add py::object casting example to embedding docs

* Move implicit cast example to object.rst

* Move to bottom and improve implicit casting text

* Fix xref

* Improve wording as per @bstaletic's suggestion

* ci: only annotate linux for now

* style: block some common mistakes

* Add note about specifying custom base.

* Update exception docs based on PR feedback.

* Fix trailing whitespace.
Co-authored-by: Michal Sustr <michal.sustr@aic.fel.cvut.cz>

* feat: py::pos_only

* fix: review points from @YannickJadoul

* fix: review points from @bstaletic

* refactor: kwonly -> kw_only