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* Added ability to convert from Python datetime.date and datetime.time to C++ system_clock::time_point

This is only necessary if `get_internals` is called for the first time in a given module when the running thread is in a GIL-released state.

Fixes #1364

* Test dtype field order in numpy dtype tests

When running tests with NumPy 1.14 or later this test exposes the
"invalid buffer descriptor" error reported in #1274.

* Create dtype_ptr with ordered fields

* Fix casting of time points with non-system-clock duration on Windows

Add explicit `time_point_cast` to time point with duration of system
clock. Fixes Visual Studio compile error.

* Add test case for custom time points casting

In def_readonly and def_readwrite, there is an assertion that the member comes
from the class or a base class:

    static_assert(std::is_base_of<C, type>::value, "...");

However, if C and type are the same type, is_base_of will still only be true
if they are the same _non-union_ type.  This means we can't define accessors
for the members of a union type because of this assertion.

Update the assertion to test

    std::is_same<C, type>::value || std::is_base_of<C, type>::value

which will allow union types, or members of base classes.

Also add a basic unit test for accessing unions.

* Fix async Python functors invoking from multiple C++ threads (#1587)

Ensure GIL is held during functor destruction.

* Add async Python callbacks test that runs in separate Python thread

I found that the numpy array tests already contained an empty-shaped
array test, but none with data in it.

Following PEP 3118, scalars have an empty shape and ndim 0. This
works already and is now also documented/covered by a test.

* Added __contains__ to stl bindings for maps

* Fixing order of arguments in call to PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches in pybind11::error_already_set.matches

* Added tests on error_already_set::matches fix for exception base classes

* Fix warning that not including a cmake source or build dir will be a fatal error (it is now on newest CMakes)
    * Fixes appveyor
* Travis uses CMake 3.9 for more than a year now
* Travis dropped sudo: false in December
* Dropping Sphinx 2
- clang7: Suppress self-assign warnings; fix missing virtual dtors
- pypy:
  - Keep old version (newer stuff breaks)
  - Pin packages to extra index for speed
- travis:
  - Make docker explicit; remove docker if not needed
  - Make commands more verbose (for debugging / repro)
  - Make Ubuntu dist explicit per job
- Fix Windows
- Add names to travis

Cf. https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/deprecations.html#pytest-namespace

This avoids GIL deadlocking when pybind11 tries to acquire the GIL in a thread that already acquired it using standard Python API (e.g. when running from a Python thread).

* Adds std::deque to the types supported by list_caster in stl.h.
* Adds a new test_deque test in test_stl.{py,cpp}.
* Updates the documentation to include std::deque as a default
  supported type.

* Check default holder

-Recognize "std::unique_ptr<T, D>" as a default holder even if "D" doesn't match between base and derived holders

* Add test for unique_ptr<T, D> change

Pybind11 provides a cast operator between opaque void* pointers on the
C++ side and capsules on the Python side. The py::cast<void *>
expression was not aware of this possibility and incorrectly triggered a
compile-time assertion ("Unable to cast type to reference: value is
local to type caster") that is now fixed.

* Support C++17 aligned new statement

This patch makes pybind11 aware of nonstandard alignment requirements in
bound types and passes on this information to C++17 aligned 'new'
operator. Pre-C++17, the behavior is unchanged.

This PR brings the std::array<> caster in sync with the other STL type
casters: to accept an arbitrary sequence as input (rather than a list,
which is too restrictive).

* Fix for Issue #1258

list_caster::load method will now check for a Python string and prevent its automatic conversion to a list.
This should fix the issue "pybind11/stl.h converts string to vector<string> #1258" (https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1258)

* Added tests for fix of issue #1258

* Changelog: stl string auto-conversion

* Fix potential crash when calling an overloaded function

The crash would occur if:
- dispatcher() uses two-pass logic (because the target is overloaded and some arguments support conversions)
- the first pass (with conversions disabled) doesn't find any matching overload
- the second pass does find a matching overload, but its return value can't be converted to Python

The code for formatting the error message assumed `it` still pointed to the selected overload,
but during the second-pass loop `it` was nullptr. Fix by setting `it` correctly if a second-pass
call returns a nullptr `handle`. Add a new test that segfaults without this fix.

* Make overload iteration const-correct so we don't have to iterate again on second-pass error

* Change test_error_after_conversions dependencies to local classes/variables

This commit addresses an inefficiency in how enums are created in
pybind11. Most of the enum_<> implementation is completely generic --
however, being a template class, it ended up instantiating vast amounts
of essentially identical code in larger projects with many enums.

This commit introduces a generic non-templated helper class that is
compatible with any kind of enumeration. enum_ then becomes a thin
wrapper around this new class.

The new enum_<> API is designed to be 100% compatible with the old one.

object_api::operator[] has a powerful overload for py::handle that can
accept slices, tuples (for NumPy), etc.

Lists, sequences, and tuples provide their own specialized operator[],
which unfortunately disables this functionality. This is accidental, and
the purpose of this commit is to re-enable the more general behavior.

This commit is tangentially related to the previous one in that it makes
py::handle/py::object et al. behave more like their Python counterparts.

This commit revamps the object_api class so that it maps most C++
operators to their Python analogs. This makes it possible to, e.g.
perform arithmetic using a py::int_ or py::array.

* check for already existing enum value added; added test

* added enum value name to exception message

* test for defining enum with multiple identical names moved to test_enum.cpp/py