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Use simple asserts and pytest's powerful introspection to make testing
simpler. This merges the old .py/.ref file pairs into simple .py files
where the expected values are right next to the code being tested.

This commit does not touch the C++ part of the code and replicates the
Python tests exactly like the old .ref-file-based approach.

Rather than adding an `if [ -n "$DOCS" ]` as a separate install
instruction, this simplifies the travis-ci logic to do the pip/venv
setup in the `before_install` hook, leaving the install hook to just
install the needed packages.

This makes the default install script simpler: it doesn't need to check
NATIVE_DEPS or DOCS because both of those now override `install`
anyway, so the top-level `install` is really just the install for the
gcc-4.8 and osx builds; the docker builds and docs build override
install completely.

This switches the travis-ci build to build the docs in a dedicated
build rather than as part of the regular linux/osx builds.

The current linux/g++ testing (using a backported g++-4.8 on a
4-year-old Ubuntu) is quite ancient.  It's good as a baseline level of
support, but it means we aren't testing g++'s C++14 support at all
(which is why #334 happened).

This commit adds a docker-based travis-ci build using the debian
"testing" distribution, which will give us both another test system
(with different versions of build tools), while, more importantly, also
adding a build and test run using g++ in C++14 mode.