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Following commit 90d278, the object code generated by the python
bindings of nanogui (github.com/wjakob/nanogui) went up by a whopping
12%. It turns out that that project has quite a few enums where we don't
really care about arithmetic operators.

This commit thus partially reverts the effects of #503 by introducing
an additional attribute py::arithmetic() that must be specified if the
arithmetic operators are desired.

* Add type caster for std::experimental::optional

* Add tests for std::experimental::optional

* Support both <optional> / <experimental/optional>

* Mention std{::experimental,}::optional in the docs