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Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* `#error BYE_BYE_GOLDEN_SNAKE`

* Removing everything related to 2.7 from ci.yml

* Commenting-out Centos7

* Removing `PYTHON: 27` from .appveyor.yml

* "PY2" removal, mainly from tests. C++ code is not touched.

* Systematic removal of `u` prefix from `u"..."` and `u'...'` literals. Collateral cleanup of a couple minor other things.

* Cleaning up around case-insensitive hits for `[^a-z]py.*2` in tests/.

* Removing obsolete Python 2 mention in compiling.rst

* Proper `#error` for Python 2.

* Using PY_VERSION_HEX to guard `#error "PYTHON 2 IS NO LONGER SUPPORTED.`

* chore: bump pre-commit

* style: run pre-commit for pyupgrade 3+

* tests: use sys.version_info, not PY

* chore: more Python 2 removal

* Uncommenting Centos7 block (PR #3691 showed that it is working again).

* Update pre-commit hooks

* Fix pre-commit hook

* refactor: remove Python 2 from CMake

* refactor: remove Python 2 from setup code

* refactor: simplify, better static typing

* feat: fail with nice messages

* refactor: drop Python 2 C++ code

* docs: cleanup for Python 3

* revert: intree

revert: intree

* docs: minor touchup to py2 statement
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

* Add additional info to TypeInfo when C++->Python casting fails

* Fix typo

* Address reviewer comments

* Apply isort

* Tweak isort config

* Add env.py as a known_first_party

* Add one missing known first party

* Make config compat with older isort versions

* Add another comment

* Revert pyproject setting

* style: use Black everywhere

* style: minor touchup from review

fixes #2191

Add warnings about extending STL

Found via `codespell`

There are two separate additions:

1. `py::hash(obj)` is equivalent to the Python `hash(obj)`.
2. `.def(hash(py::self))` registers the hash function defined by
   `std::hash<T>` as the Python hash function.

This udpates all the remaining tests to the new test suite code and
comment styles started in #898.  For the most part, the test coverage
here is unchanged, with a few minor exceptions as noted below.

- test_constants_and_functions: this adds more overload tests with
  overloads with different number of arguments for more comprehensive
  overload_cast testing.  The test style conversion broke the overload
  tests under MSVC 2015, prompting the additional tests while looking
  for a workaround.

- test_eigen: this dropped the unused functions `get_cm_corners` and
  `get_cm_corners_const`--these same tests were duplicates of the same
  things provided (and used) via ReturnTester methods.

- test_opaque_types: this test had a hidden dependence on ExampleMandA
  which is now fixed by using the global UserType which suffices for the
  relevant test.

- test_methods_and_attributes: this required some additions to UserType
  to make it usable as a replacement for the test's previous SimpleType:
  UserType gained a value mutator, and the `value` property is not
  mutable (it was previously readonly).  Some overload tests were also
  added to better test overload_cast (as described above).

- test_numpy_array: removed the untemplated mutate_data/mutate_data_t:
  the templated versions with an empty parameter pack expand to the same
  thing.

- test_stl: this was already mostly in the new style; this just tweaks
  things a bit, localizing a class, and adding some missing
  `// test_whatever` comments.

- test_virtual_functions: like `test_stl`, this was mostly in the new
  test style already, but needed some `// test_whatever` comments.
  This commit also moves the inherited virtual example code to the end
  of the file, after the main set of tests (since it is less important
  than the other tests, and rather length); it also got renamed to
  `test_inherited_virtuals` (from `test_inheriting_repeat`) because it
  tests both inherited virtual approaches, not just the repeat approach.

The Python method for /= was set as `__idiv__`, which should be
`__itruediv__` under Python 3.

This wasn't totally broken in that without it defined, Python constructs
a new object by calling __truediv__.  The operator tests, however,
didn't actually test the /= operator: when I added it, I saw an extra
construction, leading to the problem.  This commit also includes tests
for the previously untested *= operator, and adds some element-wise
vector multiplication and division operators.

This commit includes modifications that are needed to get pybind11 to work with PyPy. The full test suite compiles and runs except for a last few functions that are commented out (due to problems in PyPy that were reported on the PyPy bugtracker).

Two somewhat intrusive changes were needed to make it possible: two new tags ``py::buffer_protocol()`` and ``py::metaclass()`` must now be specified to the ``class_`` constructor if the class uses the buffer protocol and/or requires a metaclass (e.g. for static properties).

Note that this is only for the PyPy version based on Python 2.7 for now. When the PyPy 3.x has caught up in terms of cpyext compliance, a PyPy 3.x patch will follow.

Use simple asserts and pytest's powerful introspection to make testing
simpler. This merges the old .py/.ref file pairs into simple .py files
where the expected values are right next to the code being tested.

This commit does not touch the C++ part of the code and replicates the
Python tests exactly like the old .ref-file-based approach.