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* tests: keep source dir clean

* ci: make first build inplace

* ci: drop dev setting (wasn't doing anything)

* tests: warn if source directory is dirty

* feat: FindPython support

* refactor: rename to PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON

* docs: Caps fixes

* feat: NOPYTHON mode

* test: check simple call

* docs: add changelog/upgrade guide

* feat: Support Python3 and Python2

* refactor: Use targets in tests

* fix: support CMake 3.4+

* feat: classic search also finds virtual environments

* docs: some updates from @wjakob's review

* fix: wrong name for QUIET mode variable, reported by @skoslowski

* refactor: cleaner output messaging

* fix: support debug Python's in FindPython mode too

* fixup! refactor: cleaner output messaging

* fix: missing pybind11_FOUND and pybind11_INCLUDE_DIR restored to subdir mode

* fix: nicer reporting of Python / PyPy

* fix: out-of-order variable fix

* docs: minor last-minute cleanup

* fix: throwing repr caused a segfault

* fixup! ci: include Python 3.9 RC1 (#2387)

* docs: move helpers to .github where allowed

* docs: more guidelines in CONTRIBUTING

* chore: update issue templates

* fix: review from @bstaletic

* refactor: a few points from @rwgk

* docs: more touchup, review changes

* tests: refactor and cleanup

* refactor: more consistent

* tests: vendor six

* tests: more xfails, nicer system

* tests: simplify to info

* tests: suggestions from @YannickJadoul and @bstaletic

* tests: restore some pypy tests that now pass

* tests: rename info to env

* tests: strict False/True

* tests: drop explicit strict=True again

* tests: reduce minimum PyTest to 3.1

To deal with exceptions that hit destructors or other noexcept functions.

Includes fixes to support Python 2.7 and extends documentation on
error handling.

@virtuald and @YannickJadoul both contributed to this PR.

Important gain: uniformity & therefore easier cleanup when we drop PY2 support.
Very slight loss: it was nice to have `str is bytes` as a reminder in this specific context.

Fix logic in test_bytes_to_string
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Modified Vector STL bind initialization from a buffer type with optimization for simple arrays (#2298)

* Modified Vector STL bind initialization from a buffer type with optimization for simple arrays

* Add subtests to demonstrate processing Python buffer protocol objects with step > 1

* Fixed memoryview step test to only run on Python 3+

* Modified Vector constructor from buffer to return by value for readability

These tests will also alert us to any behavior changes across Python and PyPy versions.

Hardening tests in preparation for changing `pybind11::str` to only hold `PyUnicodeObject` (NOT also `bytes`). Note that this test exposes that `pybind11::str` can also hold `bytes`.

* Enable py::ellipsis on Python 2

* Enable py::ellipsis tests on Python 2 and mention `Ellipsis` in the docs

Fixes issue #1878

fix: include PYTHON_IS_DEBUG

fixes #2191

If the default argument value is a class, and not an instance of a
class, `a.value.attr("__repr__")` raises a `ValueError`. Switching to
`repr(a.value)` makes this use case work.

Fixes #2028

Adds requirements file too.

Tested with 2.7.18rc1, built with Py_UNICODE_SIZE 4.
Change also tested with Python 3.8.

* Fix undefined memoryview format

* Add missing <algorithm> header

* Add workaround for py27 array compatibility

* Workaround py27 memoryview behavior

* Fix memoryview constructor from buffer_info

* Workaround PyMemoryView_FromMemory availability in py27

* Fix up memoryview tests

* Update memoryview test from buffer to check signedness

* Use static factory method to create memoryview

* Remove ndim arg from memoryview::frombuffer and add tests

* Allow ndim=0 memoryview and documentation fixup

* Use void* to align to frombuffer method signature

* Add const variants of frombuffer and frommemory

* Add memory view section in doc

* Fix docs

* Add test for null buffer

* Workaround py27 nullptr behavior in test

* Rename frombuffer to from_buffer

* Change NAMESPACE_BEGIN and NAMESPACE_END macros into PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN and PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END

* Fix sudden HomeBrew 'python not installed' error

* Sweep difference in 'Class.__init__() must be called when overriding __init__' error message between CPython and PyPy under the rug

* Homebrew updated to 3.8 yesterday.
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>