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See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/254

Sergey Lyskov pointed out that the trampoline mechanism used to override
virtual methods from within Python caused unnecessary overheads when
instantiating the original (i.e. non-extended) class.

This commit removes this inefficiency, but some syntax changes were
needed to achieve this. Projects using this features will need to make a
few changes:

In particular, the example below shows the old syntax to instantiate a
class with a trampoline:

class_<TrampolineClass>("MyClass")
    .alias<MyClass>()
    ....

This is what should be used now:

class_<MyClass, std::unique_ptr<MyClass, TrampolineClass>("MyClass")
    ....

Importantly, the trampoline class is now specified as the *third*
argument to the class_ template, and the alias<..>() call is gone. The
second argument with the unique pointer is simply the default holder
type used by pybind11.

Adding documentation for value_error. Fixing various formatting issues. Removing redundant binding for C++ style methods. Adding bindings for iterator and slicing protocol. Extending examples.

This somewhat heavyweight solution will avoid size_t/long long/long/int
mismatches on various platforms once and for all. The previous template
overloads could e.g. not handle size_t on Darwin.

One gotcha: the 'format_descriptor<T>::value()' syntax changed to just
'format_descriptor<T>::value'

- new pybind11::base<> attribute to indicate a subclass relationship
- unified infrastructure for parsing variadic arguments in class_ and cpp_function
- use 'handle' and 'object' more consistently everywhere