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Background: #2999, #4105, #4283, #4284

In a nutshell:

* Only macOS actually needs `PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION` (#4284).

* Evidently (#4283), under macOS `PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION` does not run the risk of introducing ODR violations,

* but evidently (#4283) under Linux it does, in the presumably rare/unusual situation that `RTLD_GLOBAL` is used.

* Windows does no have the equivalent of `RTLD_GLOBAL`, therefore `PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION` has no practical benefit, on the contrary, noisy warning suppression pragmas are needed, therefore it is best left empty.

* `#error BYE_BYE_GOLDEN_SNAKE`

* Removing everything related to 2.7 from ci.yml

* Commenting-out Centos7

* Removing `PYTHON: 27` from .appveyor.yml

* "PY2" removal, mainly from tests. C++ code is not touched.

* Systematic removal of `u` prefix from `u"..."` and `u'...'` literals. Collateral cleanup of a couple minor other things.

* Cleaning up around case-insensitive hits for `[^a-z]py.*2` in tests/.

* Removing obsolete Python 2 mention in compiling.rst

* Proper `#error` for Python 2.

* Using PY_VERSION_HEX to guard `#error "PYTHON 2 IS NO LONGER SUPPORTED.`

* chore: bump pre-commit

* style: run pre-commit for pyupgrade 3+

* tests: use sys.version_info, not PY

* chore: more Python 2 removal

* Uncommenting Centos7 block (PR #3691 showed that it is working again).

* Update pre-commit hooks

* Fix pre-commit hook

* refactor: remove Python 2 from CMake

* refactor: remove Python 2 from setup code

* refactor: simplify, better static typing

* feat: fail with nice messages

* refactor: drop Python 2 C++ code

* docs: cleanup for Python 3

* revert: intree

revert: intree

* docs: minor touchup to py2 statement
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

* Add C++ bindings to throw AttributeError

* Fix formatting bug

* Add additional pygrep pre-commit hooks

* Remove useless noqas with hook

* Fix all single rst backticks

* Simplify mypy pre-commit hook with upstream fixes

* Add back missing comment

* Add one last pygrep hook

* Add py::raise_from to enable chaining exceptions on Python 3.3+

* Use 'raise from' in initialization

* Documenting the exact base version of _PyErr_FormatVFromCause, adding back `assert`s.
Co-authored-by: Dustin Spicuzza <dustin@virtualroadside.com>

* Create a module_internals struct

Since we now have two things that are going to be module local, it felt
correct to add a struct to manage them.

* Add local exception translators

These are added via the  register_local_exception_translator function
and are then applied before the global translators

* Add unit tests to show the local exception translator works

* Fix a bug in the unit test with the string value of KeyError

* Fix a formatting issue

* Rename registered_local_types_cpp()

Rename it to get_registered_local_types_cpp() to disambiguate from the
new member of module_internals

* Add additional comments to new local exception code path

* Add a register_local_exception function

* Add additional unit tests for register_local_exception

* Use get_local_internals like get_internals

* Update documentation for new local exception feature

* Add back a missing space

* Clean-up some issues in the docs

* Remove the code duplication when translating exceptions

Separated out the exception processing into a standalone function in the
details namespace.

Clean-up some comments as per PR notes as well

* Remove the code duplication in register_exception

* Cleanup some formatting things caught by clang-format

* Remove the templates from exception translators

But I added a using declaration to alias the type.

* Remove the extra local from local_internals variable names

* Add an extra explanatory comment to local_internals

* Fix a typo in the code

* Set visibility of exceptions to default.
Co-authored-by: XZiar <czktc2007@gmail.com>

* add test

* update docs

* Skip failed test.

* List all the pyind11 exceptions.

For curious readers, see `translate_exception` and
`PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION.

* WIP: module -> module_ without typedef

* refactor: allow py::module to work again

Change base parameter type in register_exception and exception constructor from PyObject* to handle (#2467)

* Change base parameter type in register_exception and excepion constructor from PyObject* to handle

* Fix compilation error passing `handle` to `PyObject*`

* Add note about specifying custom base.

* Update exception docs based on PR feedback.

* Fix trailing whitespace.
Co-authored-by: Michal Sustr <michal.sustr@aic.fel.cvut.cz>

The main change is to treat error_already_set as a separate category
of exception that arises in different circumstances and needs to be
handled differently. The asymmetry between Python and C++ exceptions
is further emphasized.

To deal with exceptions that hit destructors or other noexcept functions.

Includes fixes to support Python 2.7 and extends documentation on
error handling.

@virtuald and @YannickJadoul both contributed to this PR.

Found via `codespell`