Port tests to pytest

Use simple asserts and pytest's powerful introspection to make testing
simpler. This merges the old .py/.ref file pairs into simple .py files
where the expected values are right next to the code being tested.

This commit does not touch the C++ part of the code and replicates the
Python tests exactly like the old .ref-file-based approach.

example/example-sequences-and-iterators.py

-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function
-import sys
-sys.path.append('.')
-
-from example import Sequence, StringMap
-
-s = Sequence(5)
-print("s = " + str(s))
-print("len(s) = " + str(len(s)))
-print("s[0], s[3] = %f %f" % (s[0], s[3]))
-print('12.34 in s: ' + str(12.34 in s))
-s[0], s[3] = 12.34, 56.78
-print('12.34 in s: ' + str(12.34 in s))
-print("s[0], s[3] = %f %f" % (s[0], s[3]))
-rev = reversed(s)
-rev2 = s[::-1]
-print("rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4] = %f %f %f %f %f" % (rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4]))
-
-for i in rev:
-    print(i, end=' ')
-print('')
-for i in rev2:
-    print(i, end=' ')
-print('')
-print(rev == rev2)
-rev[0::2] = Sequence([2.0, 2.0, 2.0])
-for i in rev:
-    print(i, end=' ')
-print('')
-
-m = StringMap({ 'hi': 'bye', 'black': 'white' })
-print(m['hi'])
-print(len(m))
-print(m['black'])
-try:
-    print(m['orange'])
-    print('Error: should have thrown exception')
-except KeyError:
-    pass
-m['orange'] = 'banana'
-print(m['orange'])
-
-for k in m:
-    print("key = %s, value = %s" % (k, m[k]))
-
-for k,v in m.items():
-    print("item: (%s, %s)" % (k,v))
-
-from example import ConstructorStats
-cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Sequence)
-print("Instances not destroyed:", cstats.alive())
-s = None
-print("Instances not destroyed:", cstats.alive())
-rev = None
-print("Instances not destroyed:", cstats.alive())
-rev2 = None
-print("Instances not destroyed:", cstats.alive())
-print("Constructor values:", cstats.values())
-print("Default constructions:", cstats.default_constructions)
-print("Copy constructions:", cstats.copy_constructions)
-print("Move constructions:", cstats.move_constructions >= 1)
-print("Copy assignments:", cstats.copy_assignments)
-print("Move assignments:", cstats.move_assignments)

example/example-sequences-and-iterators.ref

-### Sequence @ 0x1535b00 created of size 5
-s = <example.Sequence object at 0x7efc73cfa4e0>
-len(s) = 5
-s[0], s[3] = 0.000000 0.000000
-12.34 in s: False
-12.34 in s: True
-s[0], s[3] = 12.340000 56.779999
-### Sequence @ 0x7fff22a45068 created of size 5
-### Sequence @ 0x1538b90 created via move constructor
-### Sequence @ 0x7fff22a45068 destroyed
-### Sequence @ 0x1538bf0 created of size 5
-rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4] = 0.000000 56.779999 0.000000 0.000000 12.340000
-0.0 56.779998779296875 0.0 0.0 12.34000015258789 
-0.0 56.779998779296875 0.0 0.0 12.34000015258789 
-True
-### Sequence @ 0x1b4d1f0 created of size 3 from std::vector
-### Sequence @ 0x1b4d1f0 destroyed
-2.0 56.779998779296875 2.0 0.0 2.0 
-bye
-2
-white
-banana
-key = orange, value = banana
-key = hi, value = bye
-key = black, value = white
-item: (orange, banana)
-item: (hi, bye)
-item: (black, white)
-Instances not destroyed: 3
-### Sequence @ 0x1535b00 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: 2
-### Sequence @ 0x1538b90 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: 1
-### Sequence @ 0x1538bf0 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: 0
-Constructor values: ['of size', '5', 'of size', '5', 'of size', '5', 'of size', '3', 'from std::vector']
-Default constructions: 0
-Copy constructions: 0
-Move constructions: True
-Copy assignments: 0
-Move assignments: 0

example/example-smart-ptr.py

-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function
-import sys
-sys.path.append('.')
-
-from example import MyObject1
-from example import MyObject2
-from example import MyObject3
-
-from example import make_object_1
-from example import make_object_2
-from example import make_myobject1_1
-from example import make_myobject1_2
-from example import make_myobject2_1
-from example import make_myobject2_2
-from example import make_myobject3_1
-from example import make_myobject3_2
-
-from example import print_object_1
-from example import print_object_2
-from example import print_object_3
-from example import print_object_4
-
-from example import print_myobject1_1
-from example import print_myobject1_2
-from example import print_myobject1_3
-from example import print_myobject1_4
-
-from example import print_myobject2_1
-from example import print_myobject2_2
-from example import print_myobject2_3
-from example import print_myobject2_4
-
-from example import print_myobject3_1
-from example import print_myobject3_2
-from example import print_myobject3_3
-from example import print_myobject3_4
-
-for o in [make_object_1(), make_object_2(), MyObject1(3)]:
-    print("Reference count = %i" % o.getRefCount())
-    print_object_1(o)
-    print_object_2(o)
-    print_object_3(o)
-    print_object_4(o)
-
-for o in [make_myobject1_1(), make_myobject1_2(), MyObject1(6), 7]:
-    print(o)
-    if not isinstance(o, int):
-        print_object_1(o)
-        print_object_2(o)
-        print_object_3(o)
-        print_object_4(o)
-    print_myobject1_1(o)
-    print_myobject1_2(o)
-    print_myobject1_3(o)
-    print_myobject1_4(o)
-
-for o in [MyObject2(8), make_myobject2_1(), make_myobject2_2()]:
-    print(o)
-    print_myobject2_1(o)
-    print_myobject2_2(o)
-    print_myobject2_3(o)
-    print_myobject2_4(o)
-
-for o in [MyObject3(9), make_myobject3_1(), make_myobject3_2()]:
-    print(o)
-    print_myobject3_1(o)
-    print_myobject3_2(o)
-    print_myobject3_3(o)
-    print_myobject3_4(o)
-
-from example import ConstructorStats, cstats_ref, Object
-
-cstats = [ConstructorStats.get(Object), ConstructorStats.get(MyObject1),
-        ConstructorStats.get(MyObject2), ConstructorStats.get(MyObject3),
-        cstats_ref()]
-print("Instances not destroyed:", [x.alive() for x in cstats])
-o = None
-print("Instances not destroyed:", [x.alive() for x in cstats])
-print("Object value constructions:", [x.values() for x in cstats])
-print("Default constructions:", [x.default_constructions for x in cstats])
-print("Copy constructions:", [x.copy_constructions for x in cstats])
-#print("Move constructions:", [x.move_constructions >= 0 for x in cstats]) # Doesn't invoke any
-print("Copy assignments:", [x.copy_assignments for x in cstats])
-print("Move assignments:", [x.move_assignments for x in cstats])

example/example-smart-ptr.ref

-### Object @ 0xdeffd0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xdeffd0 created MyObject1[1]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2e03c4a8 created from pointer 0xdeffd0
-### Object @ 0xe43f50 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xe43f50 created MyObject1[2]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845d0 created from pointer 0xe43f50
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32aad8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xe43f50
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845d0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee8cf0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8cf0 created MyObject1[3]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 created from pointer 0xee8cf0
-Reference count = 1
-MyObject1[1]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xdeffd0
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xdeffd0
-MyObject1[1]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xdeffd0
-MyObject1[1]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xdeffd0
-MyObject1[1]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-Reference count = 1
-MyObject1[2]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xe43f50
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xe43f50
-MyObject1[2]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xe43f50
-MyObject1[2]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xe43f50
-MyObject1[2]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-Reference count = 1
-MyObject1[3]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8cf0
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8cf0
-MyObject1[3]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8cf0
-MyObject1[3]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8cf0
-MyObject1[3]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xe43f50 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xe43f50 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32aad8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xdeffd0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xdeffd0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2e03c4a8 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee8310 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8310 created MyObject1[4]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2e03c4a8 created from pointer 0xee8310
-### Object @ 0xee8470 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8470 created MyObject1[5]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845d0 created from pointer 0xee8470
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32aad8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8470
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845d0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee95a0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee95a0 created MyObject1[6]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab38 created from pointer 0xee95a0
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8cf0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee8cf0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 destroyed
-<example.MyObject1 object at 0x7f6a2e03c480>
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8310
-MyObject1[4]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-<example.MyObject1 object at 0x7f6a2c32aab0>
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee8470
-MyObject1[5]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-<example.MyObject1 object at 0x7f6a2c32ab10>
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<Object> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee95a0
-MyObject1[6]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-7
-### Object @ 0xee97f0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee97f0 created MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 created from pointer 0xee97f0
-MyObject1[7]
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee97f0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee97f0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### Object @ 0xee99e0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee99e0 created MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 created from pointer 0xee99e0
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee99e0
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 created via copy constructor with pointer 0xee99e0
-MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845a8 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee99e0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee99e0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### Object @ 0xee97f0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee97f0 created MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 created from pointer 0xee97f0
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee97f0
-MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee97f0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee97f0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 created via default constructor
-### Object @ 0xee99e0 created via default constructor
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee99e0 created MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 created from pointer 0xee99e0
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 assigned via copy assignment pointer 0xee99e0
-MyObject1[7]
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7fff136845c8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee99e0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee99e0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab08 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee95a0 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee95a0 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32ab38 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8470 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee8470 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2c32aad8 destroyed
-### MyObject1 @ 0xee8310 destroyed
-### Object @ 0xee8310 destroyed
-### ref<MyObject1> @ 0x7f6a2e03c4a8 destroyed
-### MyObject2 @ 0xe43f50 created MyObject2[8]
-### MyObject2 @ 0xee95a0 created MyObject2[6]
-### MyObject2 @ 0xee95d0 created MyObject2[7]
-<example.MyObject2 object at 0x7f6a2dfc8768>
-MyObject2[8]
-MyObject2[8]
-MyObject2[8]
-MyObject2[8]
-<example.MyObject2 object at 0x7f6a2dfc86c0>
-MyObject2[6]
-MyObject2[6]
-MyObject2[6]
-MyObject2[6]
-<example.MyObject2 object at 0x7f6a2c32d030>
-MyObject2[7]
-MyObject2[7]
-MyObject2[7]
-MyObject2[7]
-### MyObject2 @ 0xee95a0 destroyed
-### MyObject2 @ 0xe43f50 destroyed
-### MyObject3 @ 0xee9ac0 created MyObject3[9]
-### MyObject3 @ 0xe43f90 created MyObject3[8]
-### MyObject3 @ 0xeea7d0 created MyObject3[9]
-### MyObject2 @ 0xee95d0 destroyed
-<example.MyObject3 object at 0x7f6a2dfc8768>
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-<example.MyObject3 object at 0x7f6a2dfc86c0>
-MyObject3[8]
-MyObject3[8]
-MyObject3[8]
-MyObject3[8]
-<example.MyObject3 object at 0x7f6a2c32d068>
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-MyObject3[9]
-### MyObject3 @ 0xe43f90 destroyed
-### MyObject3 @ 0xee9ac0 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: [0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
-### MyObject3 @ 0xeea7d0 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
-Object value constructions: [[], ['MyObject1[1]', 'MyObject1[2]', 'MyObject1[3]', 'MyObject1[4]', 'MyObject1[5]', 'MyObject1[6]', 'MyObject1[7]', 'MyObject1[7]', 'MyObject1[7]', 'MyObject1[7]'], ['MyObject2[8]', 'MyObject2[6]', 'MyObject2[7]'], ['MyObject3[9]', 'MyObject3[8]', 'MyObject3[9]'], ['from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer', 'from pointer']]
-Default constructions: [10, 0, 0, 0, 30]
-Copy constructions: [0, 0, 0, 0, 12]
-Copy assignments: [0, 0, 0, 0, 30]
-Move assignments: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

example/example-stl-binder-vector.py

-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-from example import VectorInt, El, VectorEl, VectorVectorEl, VectorBool
-
-v_int = VectorInt([0, 0])
-print(len(v_int))
-
-print(bool(v_int))
-
-v_int2 = VectorInt([0, 0])
-print(v_int == v_int2)
-
-v_int2[1] = 1
-print(v_int != v_int2)
-
-v_int2.append(2)
-v_int2.append(3)
-v_int2.insert(0, 1)
-v_int2.insert(0, 2)
-v_int2.insert(0, 3)
-print(v_int2)
-
-v_int.append(99)
-v_int2[2:-2] = v_int
-print(v_int2)
-del v_int2[1:3]
-print(v_int2)
-del v_int2[0]
-print(v_int2)
-
-v_a = VectorEl()
-v_a.append(El(1))
-v_a.append(El(2))
-print(v_a)
-
-vv_a = VectorVectorEl()
-vv_a.append(v_a)
-vv_b = vv_a[0]
-print(vv_b)
-
-vv_c = VectorBool()
-for i in range(10):
-    vv_c.append(i % 2 == 0)
-for i in range(10):
-    if vv_c[i] != (i % 2 == 0):
-        print("Error!")
-print(vv_c)

example/example-stl-binder-vector.ref

-2
-True
-True
-True
-VectorInt[3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3]
-VectorInt[3, 2, 0, 0, 99, 2, 3]
-VectorInt[3, 0, 99, 2, 3]
-VectorInt[0, 99, 2, 3]
-VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]
-VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]
-VectorBool[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]

example/example-virtual-functions.py

-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function
-import sys
-sys.path.append('.')
-
-from example import ExampleVirt, runExampleVirt, runExampleVirtVirtual, runExampleVirtBool
-from example import A_Repeat, B_Repeat, C_Repeat, D_Repeat, A_Tpl, B_Tpl, C_Tpl, D_Tpl
-from example import NCVirt, NonCopyable, Movable
-
-
-class ExtendedExampleVirt(ExampleVirt):
-    def __init__(self, state):
-        super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).__init__(state + 1)
-        self.data = "Hello world"
-
-    def run(self, value):
-        print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run(%i), calling parent..' % value)
-        return super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).run(value + 1)
-
-    def run_bool(self):
-        print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()')
-        return False
-
-    def pure_virtual(self):
-        print('ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): %s' % self.data)
-
-
-ex12 = ExampleVirt(10)
-print(runExampleVirt(ex12, 20))
-try:
-    runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12)
-except Exception as e:
-    print("Caught expected exception: " + str(e))
-
-ex12p = ExtendedExampleVirt(10)
-print(runExampleVirt(ex12p, 20))
-print(runExampleVirtBool(ex12p))
-runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12p)
-
-class VI_AR(A_Repeat):
-    def unlucky_number(self):
-        return 99
-class VI_AT(A_Tpl):
-    def unlucky_number(self):
-        return 999
-
-class VI_CR(C_Repeat):
-    def lucky_number(self):
-        return C_Repeat.lucky_number(self) + 1.25
-class VI_CT(C_Tpl):
-    pass
-class VI_CCR(VI_CR):
-    def lucky_number(self):
-        return VI_CR.lucky_number(self) * 10
-class VI_CCT(VI_CT):
-    def lucky_number(self):
-        return VI_CT.lucky_number(self) * 1000
-
-
-class VI_DR(D_Repeat):
-    def unlucky_number(self):
-        return 123
-    def lucky_number(self):
-        return 42.0
-class VI_DT(D_Tpl):
-    def say_something(self, times):
-        print("VI_DT says:" + (' quack' * times))
-    def unlucky_number(self):
-        return 1234
-    def lucky_number(self):
-        return -4.25
-
-classes = [
-    # A_Repeat, A_Tpl, # abstract (they have a pure virtual unlucky_number)
-    VI_AR, VI_AT,
-    B_Repeat, B_Tpl,
-    C_Repeat, C_Tpl,
-    VI_CR, VI_CT, VI_CCR, VI_CCT,
-    D_Repeat, D_Tpl, VI_DR, VI_DT
-]
-
-for cl in classes:
-    print("\n%s:" % cl.__name__)
-    obj = cl()
-    obj.say_something(3)
-    print("Unlucky = %d" % obj.unlucky_number())
-    if hasattr(obj, "lucky_number"):
-        print("Lucky = %.2f" % obj.lucky_number())
-
-class NCVirtExt(NCVirt):
-    def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
-        # Constructs and returns a new instance:
-        nc = NonCopyable(a*a, b*b)
-        return nc
-    def get_movable(self, a, b):
-        # Return a referenced copy
-        self.movable = Movable(a, b)
-        return self.movable
-
-class NCVirtExt2(NCVirt):
-    def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
-        # Keep a reference: this is going to throw an exception
-        self.nc = NonCopyable(a, b)
-        return self.nc
-    def get_movable(self, a, b):
-        # Return a new instance without storing it
-        return Movable(a, b)
-
-ncv1 = NCVirtExt()
-print("2^2 * 3^2 =")
-ncv1.print_nc(2, 3)
-print("4 + 5 =")
-ncv1.print_movable(4, 5)
-ncv2 = NCVirtExt2()
-print("7 + 7 =")
-ncv2.print_movable(7, 7)
-try:
-    ncv2.print_nc(9, 9)
-    print("Something's wrong: exception not raised!")
-except RuntimeError as e:
-    # Don't print the exception message here because it differs under debug/non-debug mode
-    print("Caught expected exception")
-
-from example import ConstructorStats
-del ex12
-del ex12p
-del obj
-del ncv1
-del ncv2
-cstats = [ConstructorStats.get(ExampleVirt), ConstructorStats.get(NonCopyable), ConstructorStats.get(Movable)]
-print("Instances not destroyed:", [x.alive() for x in cstats])
-print("Constructor values:", [x.values() for x in cstats])
-print("Copy constructions:", [x.copy_constructions for x in cstats])
-print("Move constructions:", [cstats[i].move_constructions >= 1 for i in range(1, len(cstats))])
-

example/example-virtual-functions.ref

-### ExampleVirt @ 0x2073a90 created 10
-Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=10, value=20)
-30
-Caught expected exception: Tried to call pure virtual function "ExampleVirt::pure_virtual"
-### ExampleVirt @ 0x2076a00 created 11
-ExtendedExampleVirt::run(20), calling parent..
-Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=11, value=21)
-32
-ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()
-False
-ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): Hello world
-
-VI_AR:
-hihihi
-Unlucky = 99
-
-VI_AT:
-hihihi
-Unlucky = 999
-
-B_Repeat:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 13
-Lucky = 7.00
-
-B_Tpl:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 13
-Lucky = 7.00
-
-C_Repeat:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888.00
-
-C_Tpl:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888.00
-
-VI_CR:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 889.25
-
-VI_CT:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888.00
-
-VI_CCR:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 8892.50
-
-VI_CCT:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888000.00
-
-D_Repeat:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888.00
-
-D_Tpl:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 4444
-Lucky = 888.00
-
-VI_DR:
-B says hi 3 times
-Unlucky = 123
-Lucky = 42.00
-
-VI_DT:
-VI_DT says: quack quack quack
-Unlucky = 1234
-Lucky = -4.25
-2^2 * 3^2 =
-### NonCopyable @ 0x207df10 created 4 9
-### NonCopyable @ 0x7ffcfe866228 created via move constructor
-### NonCopyable @ 0x207df10 destroyed
-36
-### NonCopyable @ 0x7ffcfe866228 destroyed
-4 + 5 =
-### Movable @ 0x207e230 created 4 5
-### Movable @ 0x7ffcfe86624c created via copy constructor
-9
-### Movable @ 0x7ffcfe86624c destroyed
-7 + 7 =
-### Movable @ 0x20259e0 created 7 7
-### Movable @ 0x7ffcfe86624c created via move constructor
-### Movable @ 0x20259e0 destroyed
-14
-### Movable @ 0x7ffcfe86624c destroyed
-### NonCopyable @ 0x2025a00 created 9 9
-Caught expected exception
-### ExampleVirt @ 0x2073a90 destroyed
-### ExampleVirt @ 0x2076a00 destroyed
-### Movable @ 0x207e230 destroyed
-### NonCopyable @ 0x2025a00 destroyed
-Instances not destroyed: [0, 0, 0]
-Constructor values: [['10', '11'], ['4', '9', '9', '9'], ['4', '5', '7', '7']]
-Copy constructions: [0, 0, 1]
-Move constructions: [True, True]

example/issues.py

-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function
-import sys
-sys.path.append('.')
-
-from example.issues import print_cchar, print_char
-from example.issues import DispatchIssue, dispatch_issue_go
-from example.issues import Placeholder, return_vec_of_reference_wrapper
-from example.issues import iterator_passthrough
-from example.issues import ElementList, ElementA, print_element
-from example.issues import expect_float, expect_int
-from example.issues import A, call_f
-from example.issues import StrIssue
-from example.issues import NestA, NestB, NestC, print_NestA, print_NestB, print_NestC
-import gc
-
-print_cchar("const char *")
-print_char('c')
-
-
-class PyClass1(DispatchIssue):
-    def dispatch(self):
-        print("Yay..")
-
-
-class PyClass2(DispatchIssue):
-    def dispatch(self):
-        try:
-            super(PyClass2, self).dispatch()
-        except Exception as e:
-            print("Failed as expected: " + str(e))
-        p = PyClass1()
-        dispatch_issue_go(p)
-
-b = PyClass2()
-dispatch_issue_go(b)
-
-print(return_vec_of_reference_wrapper(Placeholder(4)))
-
-print(list(iterator_passthrough(iter([3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]))))
-
-el = ElementList()
-for i in range(10):
-    el.add(ElementA(i))
-gc.collect()
-for i, v in enumerate(el.get()):
-    print("%i==%i, " % (i, v.value()), end='')
-print()
-
-try:
-    print_element(None)
-except Exception as e:
-    print("Failed as expected: " + str(e))
-
-try:
-    print(expect_int(5.2))
-except Exception as e:
-    print("Failed as expected: " + str(e))
-
-print(expect_float(12))
-
-class B(A):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super(B, self).__init__()
-
-    def f(self):
-        print("In python f()")
-
-print("C++ version")
-a = A()
-call_f(a)
-
-print("Python version")
-b = B()
-call_f(b)
-
-print(StrIssue(3))
-try:
-    print(StrIssue("no", "such", "constructor"))
-except TypeError as e:
-    print("Failed as expected: " + str(e))
-
-a = NestA()
-b = NestB()
-c = NestC()
-a += 10
-b.a += 100
-c.b.a += 1000
-b -= 1
-c.b -= 3
-c *= 7
-print_NestA(a)
-print_NestA(b.a)
-print_NestA(c.b.a)
-print_NestB(b)
-print_NestB(c.b)
-print_NestC(c)
-abase = a.as_base()
-print(abase.value)
-a.as_base().value += 44
-print(abase.value)
-print(c.b.a.as_base().value)
-c.b.a.as_base().value += 44
-print(c.b.a.as_base().value)
-del c
-gc.collect()
-del a # Should't delete while abase is still alive
-gc.collect()
-print(abase.value)
-del abase
-gc.collect()

example/issues.ref

-const char *
-c
-Failed as expected: Tried to call pure virtual function "Base::dispatch"
-Yay..
-[Placeholder[1], Placeholder[2], Placeholder[3], Placeholder[4]]
-[3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]
-0==0, 1==1, 2==2, 3==3, 4==4, 5==5, 6==6, 7==7, 8==8, 9==9, 
-Failed as expected: Incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
-    1. (arg0: example.issues.ElementA) -> None
-    Invoked with: None
-Failed as expected: Incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
-    1. (arg0: int) -> int
-    Invoked with: 5.2
-12.0
-C++ version
-A.f()
-Python version
-PyA.PyA()
-PyA.f()
-In python f()
-StrIssue.__str__ called
-StrIssue[3]
-Failed as expected: Incompatible constructor arguments. The following argument types are supported:
-    1. example.issues.StrIssue(arg0: int)
-    2. example.issues.StrIssue()
-    Invoked with: no, such, constructor
-### NestABase @ 0x15eb630 created via default constructor
-### NestA @ 0x15eb630 created via default constructor
-### NestABase @ 0x1704000 created via default constructor
-### NestA @ 0x1704000 created via default constructor
-### NestB @ 0x1704000 created via default constructor
-### NestABase @ 0x1633110 created via default constructor
-### NestA @ 0x1633110 created via default constructor
-### NestB @ 0x1633110 created via default constructor
-### NestC @ 0x1633110 created via default constructor
-13
-103
-1003
-3
-1
-35
--2
-42
--2
-42
-### NestC @ 0x1633110 destroyed
-### NestB @ 0x1633110 destroyed
-### NestA @ 0x1633110 destroyed
-### NestABase @ 0x1633110 destroyed
-42
-### NestA @ 0x15eb630 destroyed
-### NestABase @ 0x15eb630 destroyed
-### NestB @ 0x1704000 destroyed
-### NestA @ 0x1704000 destroyed
-### NestABase @ 0x1704000 destroyed

example/run_test.py

-import sys
-import os
-import re
-import subprocess
-import difflib
-
-remove_unicode_marker = re.compile(r'u(\'[^\']*\')')
-remove_long_marker    = re.compile(r'([0-9])L')
-remove_hex            = re.compile(r'0x[0-9a-fA-F]+')
-shorten_floats        = re.compile(r'([1-9][0-9]*\.[0-9]{4})[0-9]*')
-
-def sanitize(lines):
-    lines = lines.split('\n')
-    for i in range(len(lines)):
-        line = lines[i]
-        if line.startswith(" |"):
-            line = ""
-        if line.startswith("### "):
-            # Constructor/destructor output.  Useful for example, but unreliable across compilers;
-            # testing of proper construction/destruction occurs with ConstructorStats mechanism instead
-            line = ""
-        line = remove_unicode_marker.sub(r'\1', line)
-        line = remove_long_marker.sub(r'\1', line)
-        line = remove_hex.sub(r'0', line)
-        line = shorten_floats.sub(r'\1', line)
-        line = line.replace('__builtin__', 'builtins')
-        line = line.replace('example.', '')
-        line = line.replace('unicode', 'str')
-        line = line.replace('ExampleWithEnum.EMode', 'EMode')
-        line = line.replace('example.EMode', 'EMode')
-        line = line.replace('method of builtins.PyCapsule instance', '')
-        line = line.strip()
-        lines[i] = line
-
-    return '\n'.join(sorted([l for l in lines if l != ""]))
-
-path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-if path != '':
-    os.chdir(path)
-
-if len(sys.argv) < 2:
-    print("Syntax: %s <test name>" % sys.argv[0])
-    exit(0)
-
-name = sys.argv[1]
-try:
-    output_bytes = subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, "-u", name + ".py"],
-                                           stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
-except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
-    print('Test `{}` failed:\n{}\n'.format(name, '-' * 50))
-    print(exc.output.decode())
-    print('-' * 50)
-    sys.exit(1)
-
-output    = sanitize(output_bytes.decode('utf-8'))
-reference = sanitize(open(name + '.ref', 'r').read())
-
-if output == reference:
-    print('Test "%s" succeeded.' % name)
-    exit(0)
-else:
-    print('Test "%s" FAILED!' % name)
-    print('--- output')
-    print('+++ reference')
-    print(''.join(difflib.ndiff(output.splitlines(True),
-                                reference.splitlines(True))))
-    exit(-1)

setup.py

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-# Setup script for PyPI; use CMakeFile.txt to build the example application
+# Setup script for PyPI; use CMakeFile.txt to build extension modules
 
 from setuptools import setup
 from pybind11 import __version__

tests/CMakeLists.txt

+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+  message(STATUS "Setting tests build type to MinSizeRel as none was specified")
+  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MinSizeRel CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build" FORCE)
+endif()
+
+set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES
+  test_buffers.cpp
+  test_callbacks.cpp
+  test_constants_and_functions.cpp
+  test_eval.cpp
+  test_exceptions.cpp
+  test_inheritance.cpp
+  test_issues.cpp
+  test_keep_alive.cpp
+  test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
+  test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
+  test_modules.cpp
+  test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
+  test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
+  test_opaque_types.cpp
+  test_operator_overloading.cpp
+  test_pickling.cpp
+  test_python_types.cpp
+  test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
+  test_smart_ptr.cpp
+  test_stl_binders.cpp
+  test_virtual_functions.cpp
+)
+
+# Check if Eigen is available
+find_package(Eigen3 QUIET)
+
+if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
+  list(APPEND PYBIND11_TEST_FILES test_eigen.cpp)
+  message(STATUS "Building tests with Eigen v${EIGEN3_VERSION}")
+else()
+  message(STATUS "Building tests WITHOUT Eigen")
+endif()
+
+# Create the binding library
+pybind11_add_module(pybind11_tests pybind11_tests.cpp ${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES})
+pybind11_enable_warnings(pybind11_tests)
+
+if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
+  target_include_directories(pybind11_tests PRIVATE ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  target_compile_definitions(pybind11_tests PRIVATE -DPYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN)
+endif()
+
+set(testdir ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests)
+
+# Always write the output file directly into the 'tests' directory (even on MSVC)
+if(NOT CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
+  set_target_properties(pybind11_tests PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${testdir})
+  foreach(config ${CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES})
+    string(TOUPPER ${config} config)
+    set_target_properties(pybind11_tests PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${config} ${testdir})
+  endforeach()
+endif()
+
+# A single command to compile and run the tests
+add_custom_target(pytest COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pytest
+                  DEPENDS pybind11_tests WORKING_DIRECTORY ${testdir})

tests/conftest.py

+"""pytest configuration
+
+Extends output capture as needed by pybind11: ignore constructors, optional unordered lines.
+Adds docstring and exceptions message sanitizers: ignore Python 2 vs 3 differences.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import textwrap
+import difflib
+import re
+import os
+import sys
+import contextlib
+
+_unicode_marker = re.compile(r'u(\'[^\']*\')')
+_long_marker    = re.compile(r'([0-9])L')
+_hexadecimal    = re.compile(r'0x[0-9a-fA-F]+')
+
+
+def _strip_and_dedent(s):
+    """For triple-quote strings"""
+    return textwrap.dedent(s.lstrip('\n').rstrip())
+
+
+def _split_and_sort(s):
+    """For output which does not require specific line order"""
+    return sorted(_strip_and_dedent(s).splitlines())
+
+
+def _make_explanation(a, b):
+    """Explanation for a failed assert -- the a and b arguments are List[str]"""
+    return ["--- actual / +++ expected"] + [line.strip('\n') for line in difflib.ndiff(a, b)]
+
+
+class Output(object):
+    """Basic output post-processing and comparison"""
+    def __init__(self, string):
+        self.string = string
+        self.explanation = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.string
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # Ignore constructor/destructor output which is prefixed with "###"
+        a = [line for line in self.string.strip().splitlines() if not line.startswith("###")]
+        b = _strip_and_dedent(other).splitlines()
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
+            return False
+
+
+class Unordered(Output):
+    """Custom comparison for output without strict line ordering"""
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = _split_and_sort(self.string)
+        b = _split_and_sort(other)
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
+            return False
+
+
+class Capture(object):
+    def __init__(self, capfd):
+        self.capfd = capfd
+        self.out = ""
+
+    def _flush_stdout(self):
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        os.fsync(sys.stdout.fileno())  # make sure C++ output is also read
+        return self.capfd.readouterr()[0]
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._flush_stdout()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_):
+        self.out = self._flush_stdout()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = Output(self.out)
+        b = other
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = a.explanation
+            return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.out
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self.out
+
+    @property
+    def unordered(self):
+        return Unordered(self.out)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def capture(capfd):
+    """Extended `capfd` with context manager and custom equality operators"""
+    return Capture(capfd)
+
+
+class SanitizedString(object):
+    def __init__(self, sanitizer):
+        self.sanitizer = sanitizer
+        self.string = ""
+        self.explanation = []
+
+    def __call__(self, thing):
+        self.string = self.sanitizer(thing)
+        return self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = self.string
+        b = _strip_and_dedent(other)
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a.splitlines(), b.splitlines())
+            return False
+
+
+def _sanitize_general(s):
+    s = s.strip()
+    s = s.replace("pybind11_tests.", "m.")
+    s = s.replace("unicode", "str")
+    s = _long_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
+    s = _unicode_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
+    return s
+
+
+def _sanitize_docstring(thing):
+    s = thing.__doc__
+    s = _sanitize_general(s)
+    return s
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def doc():
+    """Sanitize docstrings and add custom failure explanation"""
+    return SanitizedString(_sanitize_docstring)
+
+
+def _sanitize_message(thing):
+    s = str(thing)
+    s = _sanitize_general(s)
+    s = _hexadecimal.sub("0", s)
+    return s
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def msg():
+    """Sanitize messages and add custom failure explanation"""
+    return SanitizedString(_sanitize_message)
+
+
+# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
+def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
+    """Hook to insert custom failure explanation"""
+    if hasattr(left, 'explanation'):
+        return left.explanation
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress(exception):
+    """Suppress the desired exception"""
+    try:
+        yield
+    except exception:
+        pass
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    """Add import suppression and test requirements to `pytest` namespace"""
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+    except ImportError:
+        np = None
+    try:
+        import scipy
+    except ImportError:
+        scipy = None
+    try:
+        from pybind11_tests import have_eigen
+    except ImportError:
+        have_eigen = False
+
+    skipif = pytest.mark.skipif
+    return {
+        'suppress': suppress,
+        'requires_numpy': skipif(not np, reason="numpy is not installed"),
+        'requires_scipy': skipif(not np, reason="scipy is not installed"),
+        'requires_eigen_and_numpy': skipif(not have_eigen or not np,
+                                           reason="eigen and/or numpy are not installed"),
+        'requires_eigen_and_scipy': skipif(not have_eigen or not scipy,
+                                           reason="eigen and/or scipy are not installed"),
+    }

example/constructor-stats.h → tests/constructor_stats.h

 #pragma once
 /*
-    example/constructor-stats.h -- framework for printing and tracking object
+    tests/constructor_stats.h -- framework for printing and tracking object
     instance lifetimes in example/test code.
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ inspection/testing in python) by using the functions with `print_` replaced with
 
 */
 
-#include "example.h"
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <list>
 #include <typeindex>
@@ -117,9 +117,12 @@ public:
         _values.push_back(oss.str());
         value(std::forward<Tmore>(args)...);
     }
+
+    // Move out stored values
     py::list values() {
         py::list l;
         for (const auto &v : _values) l.append(py::cast(v));
+        _values.clear();
         return l;
     }
 

example/object.h → tests/object.h

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #define __OBJECT_H
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include "constructor-stats.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
 
 /// Reference counted object base class
 class Object {

example/example.cpp → tests/pybind11_tests.cpp

 /*
-    example/example.cpp -- pybind example plugin
+    tests/pybind11_tests.cpp -- pybind example plugin
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
 
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
     BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 */
 
-#include "example.h"
-#include "constructor-stats.h"
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
 
 void init_ex_methods_and_attributes(py::module &);
 void init_ex_python_types(py::module &);
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ void bind_ConstructorStats(py::module &m) {
         ;
 }
 
-PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
-    py::module m("example", "pybind example plugin");
+PYBIND11_PLUGIN(pybind11_tests) {
+    py::module m("pybind11_tests", "pybind example plugin");
 
     bind_ConstructorStats(m);
 
@@ -76,9 +76,12 @@ PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
     init_ex_numpy_dtypes(m);
     init_issues(m);
 
-    #if defined(PYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN)
-        init_eigen(m);
-    #endif
+#if defined(PYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN)
+    init_eigen(m);
+    m.attr("have_eigen") = py::cast(true);
+#else
+    m.attr("have_eigen") = py::cast(false);
+#endif
 
     return m.ptr();
 }

example/example-buffers.cpp → tests/test_buffers.cpp

 /*
-    example/example-buffers.cpp -- supporting Pythons' buffer protocol
+    tests/test_buffers.cpp -- supporting Pythons' buffer protocol
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
 
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
     BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 */
 
-#include "example.h"
-#include "constructor-stats.h"
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
 
 class Matrix {
 public:

tests/test_buffers.py

+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import Matrix, ConstructorStats
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+@pytest.requires_numpy
+def test_to_python():
+    m = Matrix(5, 5)
+
+    assert m[2, 3] == 0
+    m[2, 3] = 4
+    assert m[2, 3] == 4
+
+    m2 = np.array(m, copy=False)
+    assert m2.shape == (5, 5)
+    assert abs(m2).sum() == 4
+    assert m2[2, 3] == 4
+    m2[2, 3] = 5
+    assert m2[2, 3] == 5
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Matrix)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m2  # holds an m reference
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ["5x5 matrix"]
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+@pytest.requires_numpy
+def test_from_python():
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        Matrix(np.array([1, 2, 3]))  # trying to assign a 1D array
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "Incompatible buffer format!"
+
+    m3 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]).astype(np.float32)
+    m4 = Matrix(m3)
+
+    for i in range(m4.rows()):
+        for j in range(m4.cols()):
+            assert m3[i, j] == m4[i, j]
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Matrix)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m3, m4
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ["2x3 matrix"]
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0