GitLab

* Enable non-standard shape
* Use perfdb for non xdlops
* Fix transpose+broadcast strides
Co-authored-by: jungpark-mlir <jungwook.park@amd.com>

Removes use_dynamic_same_auto_pad
Change padding_mode to be used for dynamic padding
Move compute_padded_shape to pad_calc.cpp as it will be used in other dynamic padding cases
Fix same_lower compute_padded_shape bug and add a test.

Stream sync changes and associated API level changes

Improvements/Additions to be made:

changes for the quant_convolution,
changes for the deconvolution,
Macros for MIOpen status checks

test_gpu_pack_int8_args fails on gfx908 machine, because it doesn't set compute_fp32 flag correctly. This PR fixes the test such that it checks for the device-name, and rocblas-versions and sets this flag accordingly.

Implement operator for CPU and GPU implementations

* Remove device functions
* Update tests

* fix typo for add_sigmoid

* Replaced `find_library` with `find_package` to locate MLIR static library
* Unified the include dir for headers and remove backward compatibility
* Embedded the external/include dir into the exported library

* Dynamic shape handling in shape object

* rewrite empty lens multibroadcast test

* Shape class changes to handle dynamic
* More throw errors for functions that don't make sense for dynamic shape
* Print output changes
* Serialization changes

* Fixing serialization errors

* Remove const on dyn_dim copy getters

* Dynamic shape tests

* Fix serialize errors

* Add dyn_data struct to avoid ambiguous constructor

* Tidy fix: emplace_back() over for loop

* Tidy fix: use move

* Use std::initializer_list in constructor
Reverts the dyn_data struct change
Should get around the ambiguous braced initialization list error

* avoid typedef

* element_space, min,max,opt _lens change

* formatting

* Comments fix

* dynamic bytes() test

* Seralize and reflect changes

* formatting

* Test the dynamic lens functions

* progress

* Formatting

* Dynamic conv draft progress

* Add operator<< tests for coverage

* Coverage update

* Add to conv dynamic batch test

* Dynamic image size test

* Dynamic weight handling

* Dyn image shape test change, fix dyn weight cond

* Comment update

* Dynamic weights shape test and fix

* Use ternary operator

* Tidy fixes

* Handle dynamic graph input shapes in ONNX parser

* Formatting

* Handle dynamic shape for convolution

* formatting

* cppcheck fixes

* Add onnx test files

* Fix typo

* Disable auto_pad for dynamic input shape

* check_shapes object checks for allowing dynamic shapes

* Fix any_of

* Change to maintain const objectness

* Formatting

* Check shapes allow dynamic

* Refactor compute_shape() call into op.compute()
Allows for per operator differences with handling dynamic shape
Fix operation.hpp change to use the generator

* Comment fix

* Refactor normalize_attributes() calls to use max_lens()

* Comment addition

* Update other normalize_attributes() calls

* Change to using constructor and add tests

* Use const member function

* Add more dynamic shape support

* Add tests for error code coverage

* Fix opt shape bug and add shape tests

* capture all by ref

* Fix typo with img shape calculation

* Add more tests

* dynamic auto pad attempt
Linker error with pad_calc.cpp

* Fix parse dyn auto_pad
Should only need to use dynamic auto pad when the image shape or kernel
shape are dynamic. For a dynamic batch size, the auto pad calculation is
the same.

* Fix linking error

* Fix auto_pad bug
Fixed input tensor with auto_pad setting on

* auto_pad onnx tests

* Fix auto_pad calculation, evaluate in ref_conv
add ref_ops tests

* Add shape tests, fix bugs

* Refactor first two output dynamic len calculation

* Conv MLIR test update

* i64 MLIR test fix

* Fix MLIR test typo
Co-authored-by: Chris Austen <causten@users.noreply.github.com>

Currently, while copying a host buffer to the device, it first registers/maps the host buffer pointer to address space of the device.

If the host buffer has been allocated by the hipHostMalloc then, it is implicitly registered to the device's address space, and no need to register again. This PR adds a check for the same.

* Add mlir c api

* Formatting

* Create a type attribute

* Formatting

* Parse module

* Formatting

* Add mlir dump function

* Add test case

* Formatting

* Fix tidy issues

* Update mlit version

* Update to newer mlir

* Format

* Move mlir to the gpu and update the test

* Formatting

* Fix bug when appending module

* Format

* Remove old cmake flag

* Update message

* Add return

* Format

* Add mlir_compile

* Format

* Register dialect

* Handle unsinged integers

* Dont provide output for return instruction

* Format

* Add code to insert memrefs

* Format

* Add mlir verification

* Formatting

* Enable pointwise_fusion

* Disable eliminate_data_type

* Set kernal name

* Format

* Fix device name

* Formatting

* Fix output arg

* Format

* Updates

* Upate hash

* Add fuse_mlir pass

* Format

* Add fuse mlir

* Format

* Update mlir

* Sort parameter names

* Format

* Reenable disabled passes

* Remove old mlir conv

* Remove asym default padding

* Add more verbose tracing

* Format

* Fix compilation errors

* Format

* Whitelist operators

* Format

* Add namespace

* Format

* Update triple

* Format

* Use func dialect

* Format

* Use func.return

* Format

* Upgrade mlir version

* Add comment

* Handle symetrical padding

* Format

* Cleanup debug output

* Format

* List failed tests

* Move mlir compile to jit pipeline

* Format

* Update version

* Add source locations

* Format

* Correctly add module

* Format

* Update failed tests

* Fix failures when mlir is disabled

* Format

* Update mlir version

* Check type for fp32

* Format

* Remove failed test

* Update mlir in driver

* Tidy fixes

* Foramt

* Tidy fixes

* Format

* Fix const

* Remove from requirements

* Fix cmake version

* Fix tidy warning

* Use another ifdef

* Fix tidy

* Other tidy fix

* Format

* Update hash

* Add missing license files

* Format

* Format

* Fix fnction name

Updated each source file in the repo with the existing license.

* add allocate op header

* formatting

* add replace_allocate pass

* formatting

* move output param to remove_allocate pass

* formatting

* fix bugs in replace_allocate pass

* formatting

* fix verify if tests

* formatting

* move if op logic

* formatting

* cleanup lowering

* cleanup lowering

* formatting

* fix tidy

* formatting

* fix tidy

* add cpu allocate check

* formatting

* change cpu allocate in pass

* formatting

* add some tests for replace_allocate pass

* formatting

* pass by ref

* fix run_pass

* formatting

* update variable name for module

* update dce to use contains() and fix tidy

* formatting

* update cppcheck

* add if test

* formatting

* add if test

* rename var to mod_output_names

* formatting

* remove conditional

* update allocate op and tests

* formatting

* update replace_allocate tests

* update create_output_names() and conditional in replace_allocate

* formatting

* remove extra variable in replace_allocate

* update tools script for allocation_model
Co-authored-by: Umang Yadav <29876643+umangyadav@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Chris Austen <causten@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Paul Fultz II <pfultz2@yahoo.com>

Add compile tests for gpu math functions

This adds the infrastructure so we can compile everything in parallel, whereas before only pointwise kernels were compiled in parallel. This will also directly integrate with lowering and the gpu-driver. The kernels for pointwise and roialign are using this infrastructure. Scatternd is not since it does require standard shape.

This also makes it easier to add new runtime compiled kernels in the future.

wrapped in a any_ptr class so the type can be checked at runtime for a mismatch.

There is now a MIGRAPHX_DISABLE_POINTWISE_FUSION to disable it

Currently, eliminate_contiguous will never remove contiguous for operators that use module inputs due to the fact that it doesn't pass the module inputs to compute_shape.

- Update to pass the module inputs correctly to compute_shape
- Fix the overloads of compute_shape so that when passed an empty vector of module inputs it will call the overload without module inputs
- Add tests with contiguous and pointwise module function.
- Move add_pointwise function to a seperate header to reuse across different tests

Previously dot operator was defined as C = alpha * A . B + beta * C where * is scalar multiplication and . is dot product or matrix multiplication depending on dimension of the inputs.

Aim is to have the definition of dot operator as C = A . B without having alpha or beta.

In order to achieve the same effect as alpha and beta (1) it multiplies the one of the inputs to the dot operator with alpha value. (2) if beta is present then, multiplies the C with beta and then adds into the output from step 1.

Add operators, refactor parsers, add rewrite passes, add tests
Add ref implementations
Move broadcasting of scales and zero points to onnx parser
Allow for x and zero_point to have different types in quantizelinear; fix zero_point default type
fp16 and fp8 quantization to include subgraph and parameters
fix unit test to use qdq operators for int8 quantization
Co-authored-by: turneram <alturner@amd.com>

* fix two asserts for debug build

* add unit test for copy parameters

* clang format

* add a unit test for reorder_dims

* change tranpose to always require perm not be empty

* clang format

* remove an unnecessary line

* fix tidy error

* fix review comments

* rename broadcast and multibroadcast output_lens attribute to out_lens attribute, and change tests and source code to reflect the same

* change the reshape attribute from dims to out_lens

* change transpose attribute's name from dims to perm to reflect better meaning

* use permutation instead of perm for transpose

clang formaating

* use dims instead of out_lens for reshape

clang formatting

* Enable warnings when jit compiling

* Formatting

* Add hiprtc compile option
* Add cross compile test
* Update error reporting
* Add tests for errors and warnings
* Fix tidy warning
* Add comment to ifdefs
* Skip null character at end of log
* Assert there is null at the end

* Add method to compile pointwise

* Formatting

* Add lambda

* Add semicolon

* Rename variable

* Add driver to run jit kernels

* Formatting

* Add context

* Formatting

* Make seperate driver folder

* Add more general gpu driver

* Formatting

* Print out wll time

* Formatting

* Run multiple times and skip first run

* Formatting

* Seperate time_op

* Run an op for comparison

* Formatting

* Add debug asserts

* Formatting

* Change parameer name

* Formatting

* Fix argument order

* Formatting

* Add preloading

* Formatting

* Allow a different data type

* Formatting

* Pipeline transformations

* Formatting

* Add vectorization

* Formatting

* Reduce dims

* Formatting

* Compile with launch params as constant

* Formatting

* Make sure buffer can be vecotrized

* Formatting

* Enable vectorization and preloading

* Formatting

* Add print header

* Formatting

* Avoid allocating to large of LDS

* Formatting

* Add some vec functions to a seperate header

* Formatting

* Add stride loops

* Formatting

* Improve the transform pipeline

* Formatting

* Add const

* Fix shape check

* Formatting

* Just check stride axis is zero

* Remove extra finc_vector_axis overload

* Simplify some mroe functions

* Formatting

* Remove some more extra functions

* Formatting

* Simplify more decltypes

* Add another const

* Fix test

* Get buffer pointer different for older compilers
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <shucai@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Chris Austen <causten@users.noreply.github.com>

* Unify device_name function

* Formatting
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* add a flag to indicate int8x4 input format

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* remove log info

* remove unnecessary changes

* fix cppcheck error

* add unit tests to have more code coverage

* clang format

* add debug info

* remove log info

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* clang format

* add one more unit tests for more scenarios

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* rename p to m

* fix review comments

* refine unit tests

* clang format

* refine unit tests and fixed a bug

* clang format

* fix build error related to rocm4.2

* fix a bug related to alpha and beta

* refine two unit tests related to int8_gemm

* fix cppcheck error

* refine unit test to pass on mi100

* add unit test for packing int8 args

* clang format

* change unit tests back

* disable some unit tests for gpu

* clang format

* refine unit tests to run on mi100

* clang format

* refine unit tests

* refine unit tests

* clang format

* change back a unit test
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Remove unused data types

* Formatting

* Reduce types generated for hip kernels

* Formatting

* Fix onnx tests

* Formatting
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add eliminate_data_type pass

* Formatting

* Auto convert quant ops

* Formatting

* Flip the order of decompose

* Compute max size differently

* Formatting

* Clamp values in convert

* Formatting

* Fix loss of precision in reduce

* Formatting

* Fix bugs in reduction

* Fix accumulator type in reference softmax implementation

* Formatting

* Update convert test

* Remove unused variables

* Remove unnecessary quant_dot check

* Formatting

* Add tests

* Formatting

* Remove unused code

* Remove duplicate ops

* Remove blaze dependency

* Use set since shape::type_t is no hashable on gcc 5

* Formatting

* Add dnnl binary op

* Formatting

* Add binary and eltwise

* Formatting

* Add softmax

* Formatting

* Remove unused operators

* Add missing files

* Formatting

* Add lrn

* Formatting

* Add deconvolution

* Formatting

* Change allocate default

* Add reorder

* Formatting

* Add reductions

* Formatting

* Sort lines

* Change literals in another loop

* Add pow operator

* Formatting

* Add pow operator

* Formatting

* Make sure shapes are packed

* Allow broadcasted inputs

* Remove unused operators

* Simplify functions

* Remove softmax

* Add sub and erf functions

* Formatting

* Fix bug

* Formatting

* Improve parallism

* Formatting

* Allow multiple batch dimensions

* Formatting

* Move literal transforms out of lowering

* Formatting

* Add gather operator

* Sort lines

* Add early exit for carry

* Formatting

* Add missing concat

* Rename macro

* Fix deep nesting

* Formatting

* Fix cppcheck issues

* Remov else

* Move attribute to typedef

* Formatting

* Disable maybe-uninitialized warning since its broken on gcc

* Add constexpr default constructor

* Formatting

* Fix compiler warnings

* Fix adjust_allocation test

* Add layernorm matcher

* Add gelu_erf matcher

* Formatting

* Add gelu_tanh matcher

* Formatting

* Remove match namespace

* Formatting

* Use matcher instead of string

* Formatting

* Add fusions

* Formatting

* Add post op field

* Formatting

* Make post_ops serializable

* Formatting

* Add eltwise fusions

* Formatting

* Fix null conversions

* Formatting

* Add fuse_ops source files

* Formatting

* Set binary post op index correctly

* Formatting

* Fix serialization bugs

* Check if used once

* Formatting

* Fix error in get_primitive_attr

* Formatting

* Add compile function

* Formatting

* Limit fusions

* Formatting

* Disable with env variable instead of using compile arg

* Formatting

* Fix implicit conversion to bool

* Declar on seperate lines

* Formatting

* Fix cppcheck issues

* Fix ICE in pack_join

* Formatting

* Use const ref

* Make enum hashable

* Formatting

* Add explicit this

* Fix merge issues

* Fix dangling ref

* Formatting

* Add test for compile

* Formatting

* Add more value tests

* Formatting
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <shucai@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add definitions for all pointwise operators

* Formatting

* Add cpp generator class

* Formatting

* Move compilation to core

* Formatting

* Add clock to tmp name

* Add dynamic loader

* Formatting

* Add tests for code gen

* Formatting

* Add test for literals

* Formatting

* Use with_char

* Add missing header

* Fix mismerge

* Ignore tidy warning

* Fxx gcc 5 errors

* Apply fixits

* Skip signed bitwise of status

* Remove unused parameters

* Explicitly add c++14 flag

* Fix tidy warning

* Remove .o files

* Add code object op

* Formattting

* Add more value tests

* Formatting

* Fix from_value conversion from binary

* Formatting

* Dont use offload copy

* Remove iostream header

* Fix compilation errors

* Formatting

* Rename var

* Add missing files

* Formatting

* Remove duplicate variable

* Remove comment

* Template the function so sfinae will work

* Formatting

* Use template specialization since ADL is broken on hcc

* Formatting

* Annotate the constructor with HD for hcc

* Make variable const
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add eliminate_data_type pass

* Formatting

* Auto convert quant ops

* Formatting

* Flip the order of decompose

* Compute max size differently

* Formatting

* Clamp values in convert

* Formatting

* Fix loss of precision in reduce

* Formatting

* Fix bugs in reduction

* Fix accumulator type in reference softmax implementation

* Formatting

* Update convert test

* Remove unused variables

* Remove unnecessary quant_dot check

* Formatting

* Add tests

* Formatting

* Remove unused code

* Remove duplicate ops

* Remove blaze dependency

* Use set since shape::type_t is no hashable on gcc 5

* Formatting

* Add dnnl binary op

* Formatting

* Add binary and eltwise

* Formatting

* Add softmax

* Formatting

* Remove unused operators

* Add missing files

* Formatting

* Add lrn

* Formatting

* Add deconvolution

* Formatting

* Change allocate default

* Add reorder

* Formatting

* Add reductions

* Formatting

* Sort lines

* Change literals in another loop

* Add pow operator

* Formatting

* Add pow operator

* Formatting

* Make sure shapes are packed

* Allow broadcasted inputs

* Remove unused operators

* Simplify functions

* Remove softmax

* Add sub and erf functions

* Formatting

* Fix bug

* Formatting

* Improve parallism

* Formatting

* Allow multiple batch dimensions

* Formatting

* Move literal transforms out of lowering

* Formatting

* Add gather operator

* Sort lines

* Add early exit for carry

* Formatting

* Add missing concat

* Rename macro

* Fix deep nesting

* Formatting

* Fix cppcheck issues

* Remov else

* Move attribute to typedef

* Formatting

* Disable maybe-uninitialized warning since its broken on gcc

* Add constexpr default constructor

* Formatting

* Fix compiler warnings

* Fix adjust_allocation test
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <shucai@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add code object op

* Formattting

* Add more value tests

* Formatting

* Fix from_value conversion from binary

* Formatting

* Dont use offload copy

* Remove iostream header
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* add an api get_main_module

* clang format

* modify onnx unit test for module

* clang format

* refactor ops unit test with the get_main_module

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* refine module c api

* add python api for module

* clang format

* fix a python api issue

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* refine unit tests changes

* clang format

* code backup

* code backup

* clang format

* defer some changes to later PRs

* change return of get_main_module from ref to pointer

* clang format

* add unit tests for the get_main_module_api

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* add more unit tests for more code change coverage

* clang format

* fixed a unit test error

* clang format

* fix unit test

* clang format

* code backup

* code change for more code coverage

* change program to module in various passes and matcher

* clang format

* modify the pass API

* code backup

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* Add option to no generate a destroy method

* Formatting

* fix some review comments

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* clang format

* code backup

* code backup

* clang format

* fix cppcheck errors

* clang format

* clang format

* fix build errors

* clang format

* modify gpu unit tests to using module

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* Add flag to enable cpu backend

* Make buffers shared

* Enable optimizations

* Formatting

* fix review comments

* code backup

* clang format

* code backup

* clang format

* fix a bug related to a unit test

* clang format

* clang format

* fix a build error

* remove unnecessary code

* remove unnecessary files

* code backup

* clang format

* remove the compile function from the module class

* clang format

* clang format

* remove the context parameter from the from_value method of the module class

* code refinement

* clang format

* merge changes from develop branch

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* fix a build error

* fixed a merge error

* fix cppcheck error

* fixed review comments

* clang format

* fix cppcheck error

* fix a cppcheck error

* fix cppcheck error

* fix build error caused by merge

* Add missing has_op function

* Formatting

* merge changes from develop branch

* fix a cppcheck error

* fixed some review comments

* clang format

* remove the begin/end function of the program class

* clang format

* refine code and fix cppcheck error

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* add unit tests for more code coverage

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* fix review comments

* clang format

* fix a build error in debug mode

* clang format
Co-authored-by: Paul <pfultz2@yahoo.com>

* Add flag to enable cpu backend

* Make buffers shared

* Enable optimizations

* Add onednn

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Add dnnl header

* Formatting

* Rewrite rnn first

* Formatting

* Call reference implementation

* Formatting

* Make literal data shared

* Formatting

* Add convolution

* Formatting

* Compensate for dilation

* Formatting

* Use name/make_op instead

* Formatting

* Rename gemm header

* Formatting

* Add dnnl convolution/gemm operators

* Formatting

* Add eliminate_contiguous

* Add faster pointwise operators

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Add dnnl op class

* Formatting

* Add add op

* Formatting

* Add concat operator

* Formatting

* Add more ops

* Create descriptor during finalization

* Formatting

* Dont rewrite pooling

* Enable memory coloring

* Formatting

* Add output aliases

* Formatting

* Fix errors

* Formatting

* Convert literals

* Add missing file

* Remove batch_norm

* Formatting

* Use strides

* Formatting

* Add some debug checks

* Formatting

* Fix big in adjusting shape for gemm

* Formatting

* Fix fallback dot operator

* Zero initialize buffers

* Add suport for group convolutions

* Formatting

* Make adjust allocation target independent

* Formatting

* Enable adjust_allocation for gpu/cpu

* Formatting

* Add copy to allocation model

* Formatting

* Add copy operator

* Formatting

* Better handling of output parameters in adjust_allocation

* Formatting

* Build with dnnl

* Make dnnl required

* Fix compile error

* Tidy fixes

* Formatting

* Tidy fixes

* Formatting

* Fix more tidy issues

* Formatting

* Add mul op

* Add mul op

* Set c compiler to clang as well

* Compensate for normalized compute shape

* Formatting

* Fix cppcheck errors

* Formatting

* Add onednn library to hcc

* Guard clang pragmas

* Disable cpu mode for gcc for now

* Leave it enabled it for gcc 7

* Fix cppcheck suppresion

* Fix compile error on gcc 5

* Remove unused code
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <shucai.xiao@amd.com>
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* code backup

* clang format

* change corresponding tool files

* clang format
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add compiler flags

* Add missing include

* Add filesystem header

* Formatting

* Add tmp_dir to run

* Formatting

* Kernel compilation and launching

* Formatting

* Seperate pack_args

* Formatting

* Add alignment tests

* Formatting

* Add compile test

* Formatting

* Complete compile test

* Formatting

* Use is_regular_file free function

* Fix is_regular_file call

* Fix tidy issues

* Fix tidy

* Fix tidy issue

* Print size in read_buffer to debug issue on jenkins

* Add hip flags before src file

* Fix reading output files

* Fix unsued variable warning

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Disable tidy check
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <shucai.xiao@amd.com>
Co-authored-by: mvermeulen <5479696+mvermeulen@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add all_targets cmake target

* Rename target

* Add ref target

* Rename tests

* Refactor compiler target

* Formatting

* Verify for every target

* Formatting

* Add verify test suite

* Formatting

* Add initial test programs

* Formatting

* Add rnn tests

* Formatting

* Validate gpu

* Formatting

* Remove old gpu tests

* Fix gpu tests

* Fix ref error

* Fix tidy issues

* Formatting

* Tidy fixes

* Fix header in python api

* Rename to ref

* Use ref in verify_onnx

* Fix tidy issue

* Build with verbose on

* Fix typo

* Remove verbose

* rename some cpu prefix to ref
Co-authored-by: Shucai Xiao <Shucai.Xiao@amd.com>

* Added greater and less operators

* Fixed ops_test.cpp

* Set commutative to false for less, greater

* Refactored parse_equal/less/greater into parse_compare_op

* Removed unnecessary function attributes() from greater.hpp/less.hpp

* Added op_name arguments

* Removed local settings

* Formatting

* Missing comma

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Formatting

* Missing space
Co-authored-by: Paul Fultz II <pfultz2@yahoo.com>