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🧼 NLP task guides (#15731) 

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docs/source/_toctree.yml
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- local: model_summary
title: Summary of the models
- local: training
title: Fine-tune a pretrained model
title: Fine-tuning a pretrained model
- local: accelerate
title: Distributed training with 🤗 Accelerate
- local: model_sharing
......@@ -41,6 +41,22 @@
title: Troubleshooting
- local: custom_datasets
title: Fine-tuning with custom datasets
- sections:
- local: tasks/sequence_classification
title: Text classification
- local: tasks/token_classification
title: Token classification
- local: tasks/question_answering
title: Question answering
- local: tasks/language_modeling
title: Language modeling
- local: tasks/translation
title: Translation
- local: tasks/summarization
title: Summarization
- local: tasks/multiple_choice
title: Multiple choice
title: Fine-tune for downstream tasks
- local: notebooks
title: "🤗 Transformers Notebooks"
- local: sagemaker
......@@ -73,7 +89,7 @@
title: Sharing custom models
- local: pr_checks
title: Checks on a Pull Request
title: Advanced guides
title: How-to guides
- sections:
- local: bertology
title: BERTology
......
docs/source/tasks/language_modeling.mdx 0 → 100644
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# Language modeling
Language modeling predicts words in a sentence. There are two forms of language modeling.
<Youtube id="Vpjb1lu0MDk"/>
Causal language modeling predicts the next token in a sequence of tokens, and the model can only attend to tokens on the left.
<Youtube id="mqElG5QJWUg"/>
Masked language modeling predicts a masked token in a sequence, and the model can attend to tokens bidirectionally.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [DistilGPT2](https://huggingface.co/distilgpt2) for causal language modeling and [DistilRoBERTa](https://huggingface.co/distilroberta-base) for masked language modeling on the [r/askscience](https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/) subset of the [ELI5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/eli5) dataset.
<Tip>
You can fine-tune other architectures for language modeling such as [GPT-Neo](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neo-125M), [GPT-J](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B), and [BERT](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased), following the same steps presented in this guide!
See the text generation [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/text-generation) and fill mask [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/fill-mask) for more information about their associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load ELI5 dataset
Load only the first 5000 rows of the ELI5 dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library since it is pretty large:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> eli5 = load_dataset("eli5", split="train_asks[:5000]")
```
Split this dataset into a train and test set:
```py
eli5 = eli5.train_test_split(test_size=0.2)
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> eli5["train"][0]
{'answers': {'a_id': ['c3d1aib', 'c3d4lya'],
'score': [6, 3],
'text': ["The velocity needed to remain in orbit is equal to the square root of Newton's constant times the mass of earth divided by the distance from the center of the earth. I don't know the altitude of that specific mission, but they're usually around 300 km. That means he's going 7-8 km/s.\n\nIn space there are no other forces acting on either the shuttle or the guy, so they stay in the same position relative to each other. If he were to become unable to return to the ship, he would presumably run out of oxygen, or slowly fall into the atmosphere and burn up.",
"Hope you don't mind me asking another question, but why aren't there any stars visible in this photo?"]},
'answers_urls': {'url': []},
'document': '',
'q_id': 'nyxfp',
'selftext': '_URL_0_\n\nThis was on the front page earlier and I have a few questions about it. Is it possible to calculate how fast the astronaut would be orbiting the earth? Also how does he stay close to the shuttle so that he can return safely, i.e is he orbiting at the same speed and can therefore stay next to it? And finally if his propulsion system failed, would he eventually re-enter the atmosphere and presumably die?',
'selftext_urls': {'url': ['http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1201/freeflyer_nasa_3000.jpg']},
'subreddit': 'askscience',
'title': 'Few questions about this space walk photograph.',
'title_urls': {'url': []}}
```
Notice `text` is a subfield nested inside the `answers` dictionary. When you preprocess the dataset, you will need to extract the `text` subfield into a separate column.
## Preprocess
<Youtube id="ma1TrR7gE7I"/>
For causal language modeling, load the DistilGPT2 tokenizer to process the `text` subfield:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilgpt2")
```
<Youtube id="8PmhEIXhBvI"/>
For masked language modeling, load the DistilRoBERTa tokenizer instead:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilroberta-base")
```
Extract the `text` subfield from its nested structure with the [`flatten`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/process.html#flatten) method:
```py
>>> eli5 = eli5.flatten()
>>> eli5["train"][0]
{'answers.a_id': ['c3d1aib', 'c3d4lya'],
'answers.score': [6, 3],
'answers.text': ["The velocity needed to remain in orbit is equal to the square root of Newton's constant times the mass of earth divided by the distance from the center of the earth. I don't know the altitude of that specific mission, but they're usually around 300 km. That means he's going 7-8 km/s.\n\nIn space there are no other forces acting on either the shuttle or the guy, so they stay in the same position relative to each other. If he were to become unable to return to the ship, he would presumably run out of oxygen, or slowly fall into the atmosphere and burn up.",
"Hope you don't mind me asking another question, but why aren't there any stars visible in this photo?"],
'answers_urls.url': [],
'document': '',
'q_id': 'nyxfp',
'selftext': '_URL_0_\n\nThis was on the front page earlier and I have a few questions about it. Is it possible to calculate how fast the astronaut would be orbiting the earth? Also how does he stay close to the shuttle so that he can return safely, i.e is he orbiting at the same speed and can therefore stay next to it? And finally if his propulsion system failed, would he eventually re-enter the atmosphere and presumably die?',
'selftext_urls.url': ['http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1201/freeflyer_nasa_3000.jpg'],
'subreddit': 'askscience',
'title': 'Few questions about this space walk photograph.',
'title_urls.url': []}
```
Each subfield is now a separate column as indicated by the `answers` prefix. Notice that `answers.text` is a list. Instead of tokenizing each sentence separately, convert the list to a string to jointly tokenize them.
Here is how you can create a preprocessing function to convert the list to a string and truncate sequences to be no longer than DistilGPT2's maximum input length:
```py
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... return tokenizer([" ".join(x) for x in examples["answers.text"]], truncation=True)
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once and increasing the number of processes with `num_proc`. Remove the columns you don't need:
```py
>>> tokenized_eli5 = eli5.map(
... preprocess_function,
... batched=True,
... num_proc=4,
... remove_columns=eli5["train"].column_names,
... )
```
Now you need a second preprocessing function to capture text truncated from any lengthy examples to prevent loss of information. This preprocessing function should:
- Concatenate all the text.
- Split the concatenated text into smaller chunks defined by `block_size`.
```py
>>> block_size = 128
>>> def group_texts(examples):
... concatenated_examples = {k: sum(examples[k], []) for k in examples.keys()}
... total_length = len(concatenated_examples[list(examples.keys())[0]])
... result = {
... k: [t[i : i + block_size] for i in range(0, total_length, block_size)]
... for k, t in concatenated_examples.items()
... }
... result["labels"] = result["input_ids"].copy()
... return result
```
Apply the `group_texts` function over the entire dataset:
```py
>>> lm_dataset = tokenized_eli5.map(group_texts, batched=True, num_proc=4)
```
For causal language modeling, use [`DataCollatorForLanguageModeling`] to create a batch of examples. It will also *dynamically pad* your text to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
You can use the end of sequence token as the padding token, and set `mlm=False`. This will use the inputs as labels shifted to the right by one element:
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForLanguageModeling
>>> tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(tokenizer=tokenizer, mlm=False)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForLanguageModeling
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(tokenizer=tokenizer, mlm=False, return_tensors="tf")
```
For masked language modeling, use the same [`DataCollatorForLanguageModeling`] except you should specify `mlm_probability` to randomly mask tokens each time you iterate over the data.
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForLanguageModeling
>>> tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(tokenizer=tokenizer, mlm_probability=0.15)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForLanguageModeling
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(tokenizer=tokenizer, mlm=False, return_tensors="tf")
```
## Causal language modeling
Causal language modeling is frequently used for text generation. This section shows you how to fine-tune [DistilGPT2](https://huggingface.co/distilgpt2) to generate new text.
### Fine-tune with Trainer
Load DistilGPT2 with [`AutoModelForCausalLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, TrainingArguments, Trainer
>>> model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("distilgpt2")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, datasets, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=lm_dataset["train"],
... eval_dataset=lm_dataset["test"],
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
### Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = lm_dataset["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_test_set = lm_dataset["test"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer, AdamWeightDecay
>>> optimizer = AdamWeightDecay(learning_rate=2e-5, weight_decay_rate=0.01)
```
Load DistilGPT2 with [`TFAutoModelForCausalLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForCausalLM
>>> model = TFAutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("distilgpt2")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_test_set, epochs=3)
```
## Masked language modeling
Masked language modeling is also known as a fill-mask task because it predicts a masked token in a sequence. Models for masked language modeling require a good contextual understanding of an entire sequence instead of only the left context. This section shows you how to fine-tune [DistilRoBERTa](https://huggingface.co/distilroberta-base) to predict a masked word.
### Fine-tune with Trainer
Load DistilRoBERTa with [`AutoModelForMaskedlM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForMaskedLM
>>> model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained("distilroberta-base")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, datasets, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... num_train_epochs=3,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=lm_dataset["train"],
... eval_dataset=lm_dataset["test"],
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
### Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = lm_dataset["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_test_set = lm_dataset["test"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer, AdamWeightDecay
>>> optimizer = AdamWeightDecay(learning_rate=2e-5, weight_decay_rate=0.01)
```
Load DistilRoBERTa with [`TFAutoModelForMaskedLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForMaskedLM
>>> model = TFAutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("distilroberta-base")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_test_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for causal language modeling, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/language_modeling.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/language_modeling-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
\ No newline at end of file
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Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
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# Multiple choice
A multiple choice task is similar to question answering, except several candidate answers are provided along with a context. The model is trained to select the correct answer from multiple inputs given a context.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [BERT](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased) on the `regular` configuration of the [SWAG](https://huggingface.co/datasets/swag) dataset to select the best answer given multiple options and some context.
## Load SWAG dataset
Load the SWAG dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> swag = load_dataset("swag", "regular")
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> swag["train"][0]
{'ending0': 'passes by walking down the street playing their instruments.',
'ending1': 'has heard approaching them.',
'ending2': "arrives and they're outside dancing and asleep.",
'ending3': 'turns the lead singer watches the performance.',
'fold-ind': '3416',
'gold-source': 'gold',
'label': 0,
'sent1': 'Members of the procession walk down the street holding small horn brass instruments.',
'sent2': 'A drum line',
'startphrase': 'Members of the procession walk down the street holding small horn brass instruments. A drum line',
'video-id': 'anetv_jkn6uvmqwh4'}
```
The `sent1` and `sent2` fields show how a sentence begins, and each `ending` field shows how a sentence could end. Given the sentence beginning, the model must pick the correct sentence ending as indicated by the `label` field.
## Preprocess
Load the BERT tokenizer to process the start of each sentence and the four possible endings:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
```
The preprocessing function needs to do:
1. Make four copies of the `sent1` field so you can combine each of them with `sent2` to recreate how a sentence starts.
2. Combine `sent2` with each of the four possible sentence endings.
3. Flatten these two lists so you can tokenize them, and then unflatten them afterward so each example has a corresponding `input_ids`, `attention_mask`, and `labels` field.
```py
>>> ending_names = ["ending0", "ending1", "ending2", "ending3"]
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... first_sentences = [[context] * 4 for context in examples["sent1"]]
... question_headers = examples["sent2"]
... second_sentences = [
... [f"{header} {examples[end][i]}" for end in ending_names] for i, header in enumerate(question_headers)
... ]
... first_sentences = sum(first_sentences, [])
... second_sentences = sum(second_sentences, [])
... tokenized_examples = tokenizer(first_sentences, second_sentences, truncation=True)
... return {k: [v[i : i + 4] for i in range(0, len(v), 4)] for k, v in tokenized_examples.items()}
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once:
```py
tokenized_swag = swag.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```
🤗 Transformers doesn't have a data collator for multiple choice, so you will need to create one. You can adapt the [`DataCollatorWithPadding`] to create a batch of examples for multiple choice. It will also *dynamically pad* your text and labels to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
`DataCollatorForMultipleChoice` will flatten all the model inputs, apply padding, and then unflatten the results:
```py
>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase, PaddingStrategy
>>> from typing import Optional, Union
>>> import torch
>>> @dataclass
... class DataCollatorForMultipleChoice:
... """
... Data collator that will dynamically pad the inputs for multiple choice received.
... """
... tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizerBase
... padding: Union[bool, str, PaddingStrategy] = True
... max_length: Optional[int] = None
... pad_to_multiple_of: Optional[int] = None
... def __call__(self, features):
... label_name = "label" if "label" in features[0].keys() else "labels"
... labels = [feature.pop(label_name) for feature in features]
... batch_size = len(features)
... num_choices = len(features[0]["input_ids"])
... flattened_features = [
... [{k: v[i] for k, v in feature.items()} for i in range(num_choices)] for feature in features
... ]
... flattened_features = sum(flattened_features, [])
... batch = self.tokenizer.pad(
... flattened_features,
... padding=self.padding,
... max_length=self.max_length,
... pad_to_multiple_of=self.pad_to_multiple_of,
... return_tensors="pt",
... )
... batch = {k: v.view(batch_size, num_choices, -1) for k, v in batch.items()}
... batch["labels"] = torch.tensor(labels, dtype=torch.int64)
... return batch
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase, PaddingStrategy
>>> from typing import Optional, Union
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> @dataclass
... class DataCollatorForMultipleChoice:
... """
... Data collator that will dynamically pad the inputs for multiple choice received.
... """
... tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizerBase
... padding: Union[bool, str, PaddingStrategy] = True
... max_length: Optional[int] = None
... pad_to_multiple_of: Optional[int] = None
... def __call__(self, features):
... label_name = "label" if "label" in features[0].keys() else "labels"
... labels = [feature.pop(label_name) for feature in features]
... batch_size = len(features)
... num_choices = len(features[0]["input_ids"])
... flattened_features = [
... [{k: v[i] for k, v in feature.items()} for i in range(num_choices)] for feature in features
... ]
... flattened_features = sum(flattened_features, [])
... batch = self.tokenizer.pad(
... flattened_features,
... padding=self.padding,
... max_length=self.max_length,
... pad_to_multiple_of=self.pad_to_multiple_of,
... return_tensors="tf",
... )
... batch = {k: tf.reshape(v, (batch_size, num_choices, -1)) for k, v in batch.items()}
... batch["labels"] = tf.convert_to_tensor(labels, dtype=tf.int64)
... return batch
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load BERT with [`AutoModelForMultipleChoice`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForMultipleChoice, TrainingArguments, Trainer
>>> model = AutoModelForMultipleChoice.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Trainer, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=5e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... num_train_epochs=3,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_swag["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_swag["validation"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=DataCollatorForMultipleChoice(tokenizer=tokenizer),
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs in `columns`, targets in `label_cols`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForMultipleChoice(tokenizer=tokenizer)
>>> tf_train_set = tokenized_swag["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids"],
... label_cols=["labels"],
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=batch_size,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_validation_set = tokenized_swag["validation"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids"],
... label_cols=["labels"],
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=batch_size,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer
>>> batch_size = 16
>>> num_train_epochs = 2
>>> total_train_steps = (len(tokenized_swag["train"]) // batch_size) * num_train_epochs
>>> optimizer, schedule = create_optimizer(init_lr=5e-5, num_warmup_steps=0, num_train_steps=total_train_steps)
```
Load BERT with [`TFAutoModelForMultipleChoice`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForMultipleChoice
>>> model = TFAutoModelForMultipleChoice.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> model.compile(
... optimizer=optimizer,
... loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
... )
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_validation_set, epochs=2)
```
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the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
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# Question answering
<Youtube id="ajPx5LwJD-I"/>
Question answering tasks return an answer given a question. There are two common forms of question answering:
- Extractive: extract the answer from the given context.
- Abstractive: generate an answer from the context that correctly answers the question.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [DistilBERT](https://huggingface.co/distilbert-base-uncased) on the [SQuAD](https://huggingface.co/datasets/squad) dataset for extractive question answering.
<Tip>
See the question answering [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/question-answering) for more information about other forms of question answering and their associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load SQuAD dataset
Load the SQuAD dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> squad = load_dataset("squad")
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> squad["train"][0]
{'answers': {'answer_start': [515], 'text': ['Saint Bernadette Soubirous']},
'context': 'Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building\'s gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.',
'id': '5733be284776f41900661182',
'question': 'To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?',
'title': 'University_of_Notre_Dame'
}
```
The `answers` field is a dictionary containing the starting position of the answer and the `text` of the answer.
## Preprocess
<Youtube id="qgaM0weJHpA"/>
Load the DistilBERT tokenizer to process the `question` and `context` fields:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased")
```
There are a few preprocessing steps particular to question answering that you should be aware of:
1. Some examples in a dataset may have a very long `context` that exceeds the maximum input length of the model. Truncate only the `context` by setting `truncation="only_second"`.
2. Next, map the start and end positions of the answer to the original `context` by setting
`return_offset_mapping=True`.
3. With the mapping in hand, you can find the start and end tokens of the answer. Use the [`sequence_ids`](https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/python/latest/api/reference.html#tokenizers.Encoding.sequence_ids) method to
find which part of the offset corresponds to the `question` and which corresponds to the `context`.
Here is how you can create a function to truncate and map the start and end tokens of the answer to the `context`:
```py
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... questions = [q.strip() for q in examples["question"]]
... inputs = tokenizer(
... questions,
... examples["context"],
... max_length=384,
... truncation="only_second",
... return_offsets_mapping=True,
... padding="max_length",
... )
... offset_mapping = inputs.pop("offset_mapping")
... answers = examples["answers"]
... start_positions = []
... end_positions = []
... for i, offset in enumerate(offset_mapping):
... answer = answers[i]
... start_char = answer["answer_start"][0]
... end_char = answer["answer_start"][0] + len(answer["text"][0])
... sequence_ids = inputs.sequence_ids(i)
... # Find the start and end of the context
... idx = 0
... while sequence_ids[idx] != 1:
... idx += 1
... context_start = idx
... while sequence_ids[idx] == 1:
... idx += 1
... context_end = idx - 1
... # If the answer is not fully inside the context, label it (0, 0)
... if offset[context_start][0] > end_char or offset[context_end][1] < start_char:
... start_positions.append(0)
... end_positions.append(0)
... else:
... # Otherwise it's the start and end token positions
... idx = context_start
... while idx <= context_end and offset[idx][0] <= start_char:
... idx += 1
... start_positions.append(idx - 1)
... idx = context_end
... while idx >= context_start and offset[idx][1] >= end_char:
... idx -= 1
... end_positions.append(idx + 1)
... inputs["start_positions"] = start_positions
... inputs["end_positions"] = end_positions
... return inputs
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once. Remove the columns you don't need:
```py
>>> tokenized_squad = squad.map(preprocess_function, batched=True, remove_columns=squad["train"].column_names)
```
Use [`DefaultDataCollator`] to create a batch of examples. Unlike other data collators in 🤗 Transformers, the `DefaultDataCollator` does not apply additional preprocessing such as padding.
```py
>>> from transformers import DefaultDataCollator
>>> data_collator = DefaultDataCollator()
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DefaultDataCollator
>>> data_collator = DefaultDataCollator(return_tensors="tf")
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load DistilBERT with [`AutoModelForQuestionAnswering`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForQuestionAnswering, TrainingArguments, Trainer
>>> model = AutoModelForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... num_train_epochs=3,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_squad["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_squad["validation"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and the start and end positions of an answer in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = tokenized_squad["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "start_positions", "end_positions"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_validation_set = tokenized_squad["validation"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "start_positions", "end_positions"],
... dummy_labels=True,
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer
>>> batch_size = 16
>>> num_epochs = 2
>>> total_train_steps = (len(tokenized_squad["train"]) // batch_size) * num_epochs
>>> optimizer, schedule = create_optimizer(
... init_lr=2e-5,
... num_warmup_steps=0,
... num_train_steps=total_train_steps,
... )
```
Load DistilBERT with [`TFAutoModelForQuestionAnswering`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForQuestionAnswering
>>> model = TFAutoModelForQuestionAnswering("distilbert-base-uncased")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_validation_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for question answering, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/question_answering.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/question_answering-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
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Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-->
# Text classification
<Youtube id="leNG9fN9FQU"/>
Text classification is a common NLP task that assigns a label or class to text. There are many practical applications of text classification widely used in production by some of today's largest companies. One of the most popular forms of text classification is sentiment analysis, which assigns a label like positive, negative, or neutral to a sequence of text.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [DistilBERT](https://huggingface.co/distilbert-base-uncased) on the [IMDb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/imdb) dataset to determine whether a movie review is positive or negative.
<Tip>
See the text classification [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/text-classification) for more information about other forms of text classification and their associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load IMDb dataset
Load the IMDb dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> imdb = load_dataset("imdb")
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> imdb["test"][0]
{
"label": 0,
"text": "I love sci-fi and am willing to put up with a lot. Sci-fi movies/TV are usually underfunded, under-appreciated and misunderstood. I tried to like this, I really did, but it is to good TV sci-fi as Babylon 5 is to Star Trek (the original). Silly prosthetics, cheap cardboard sets, stilted dialogues, CG that doesn't match the background, and painfully one-dimensional characters cannot be overcome with a 'sci-fi' setting. (I'm sure there are those of you out there who think Babylon 5 is good sci-fi TV. It's not. It's clichéd and uninspiring.) While US viewers might like emotion and character development, sci-fi is a genre that does not take itself seriously (cf. Star Trek). It may treat important issues, yet not as a serious philosophy. It's really difficult to care about the characters here as they are not simply foolish, just missing a spark of life. Their actions and reactions are wooden and predictable, often painful to watch. The makers of Earth KNOW it's rubbish as they have to always say \"Gene Roddenberry's Earth...\" otherwise people would not continue watching. Roddenberry's ashes must be turning in their orbit as this dull, cheap, poorly edited (watching it without advert breaks really brings this home) trudging Trabant of a show lumbers into space. Spoiler. So, kill off a main character. And then bring him back as another actor. Jeeez! Dallas all over again.",
}
```
There are two fields in this dataset:
- `text`: a string containing the text of the movie review.
- `label`: a value that can either be `0` for a negative review or `1` for a positive review.
## Preprocess
Load the DistilBERT tokenizer to process the `text` field:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased")
```
Create a preprocessing function to tokenize `text` and truncate sequences to be no longer than DistilBERT's maximum input length:
```py
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... return tokenizer(examples["text"], truncation=True)
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once:
```py
tokenized_imdb = imdb.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```
Use [`DataCollatorWithPadding`] to create a batch of examples. It will also *dynamically pad* your text to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorWithPadding
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer=tokenizer)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorWithPadding
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer=tokenizer, return_tensors="tf")
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load DistilBERT with [`AutoModelForSequenceClassification`] along with the number of expected labels:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, TrainingArguments, Trainer
>>> model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2)
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... num_train_epochs=5,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_imdb["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_imdb["test"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
<Tip>
[`Trainer`] will apply dynamic padding by default when you pass `tokenizer` to it. In this case, you don't need to specify a data collator explicitly.
</Tip>
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_dataset = tokenized_imdb["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "label"],
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_validation_dataset = tokenized_imdb["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "label"],
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> batch_size = 16
>>> num_epochs = 5
>>> batches_per_epoch = len(tokenized_imdb["train"]) // batch_size
>>> total_train_steps = int(batches_per_epoch * num_epochs)
>>> optimizer, schedule = create_optimizer(init_lr=2e-5, num_warmup_steps=0, num_train_steps=total_train_steps)
```
Load DistilBERT with [`TFAutoModelForSequenceClassification`] along with the number of expected labels:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForSequenceClassification
>>> model = TFAutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2)
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_validation_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for text classification, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/text_classification.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/text_classification-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
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Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-->
# Summarization
<Youtube id="yHnr5Dk2zCI"/>
Summarization creates a shorter version of a document or an article that captures all the important information. Along with translation, it is another example of a task that can be formulated as a sequence-to-sequence task. Summarization can be:
- Extractive: extract the most relevant information from a document.
- Abstractive: generate new text that captures the most relevant information.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [T5](https://huggingface.co/t5-small) on the California state bill subset of the [BillSum](https://huggingface.co/datasets/billsum) dataset for abstractive summarization.
<Tip>
See the summarization [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/summarization) for more information about its associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load BillSum dataset
Load the BillSum dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> billsum = load_dataset("billsum", split="ca_test")
```
Split this dataset into a train and test set:
```py
>>> billsum = billsum.train_test_split(test_size=0.2)
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> billsum["train"][0]
{'summary': 'Existing law authorizes state agencies to enter into contracts for the acquisition of goods or services upon approval by the Department of General Services. Existing law sets forth various requirements and prohibitions for those contracts, including, but not limited to, a prohibition on entering into contracts for the acquisition of goods or services of $100,000 or more with a contractor that discriminates between spouses and domestic partners or same-sex and different-sex couples in the provision of benefits. Existing law provides that a contract entered into in violation of those requirements and prohibitions is void and authorizes the state or any person acting on behalf of the state to bring a civil action seeking a determination that a contract is in violation and therefore void. Under existing law, a willful violation of those requirements and prohibitions is a misdemeanor.\nThis bill would also prohibit a state agency from entering into contracts for the acquisition of goods or services of $100,000 or more with a contractor that discriminates between employees on the basis of gender identity in the provision of benefits, as specified. By expanding the scope of a crime, this bill would impose a state-mandated local program.\nThe California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.\nThis bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.',
'text': 'The people of the State of California do enact as follows:\n\n\nSECTION 1.\nSection 10295.35 is added to the Public Contract Code, to read:\n10295.35.\n(a) (1) Notwithstanding any other law, a state agency shall not enter into any contract for the acquisition of goods or services in the amount of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more with a contractor that, in the provision of benefits, discriminates between employees on the basis of an employee’s or dependent’s actual or perceived gender identity, including, but not limited to, the employee’s or dependent’s identification as transgender.\n(2) For purposes of this section, “contract” includes contracts with a cumulative amount of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more per contractor in each fiscal year.\n(3) For purposes of this section, an employee health plan is discriminatory if the plan is not consistent with Section 1365.5 of the Health and Safety Code and Section 10140 of the Insurance Code.\n(4) The requirements of this section shall apply only to those portions of a contractor’s operations that occur under any of the following conditions:\n(A) Within the state.\n(B) On real property outside the state if the property is owned by the state or if the state has a right to occupy the property, and if the contractor’s presence at that location is connected to a contract with the state.\n(C) Elsewhere in the United States where work related to a state contract is being performed.\n(b) Contractors shall treat as confidential, to the maximum extent allowed by law or by the requirement of the contractor’s insurance provider, any request by an employee or applicant for employment benefits or any documentation of eligibility for benefits submitted by an employee or applicant for employment.\n(c) After taking all reasonable measures to find a contractor that complies with this section, as determined by the state agency, the requirements of this section may be waived under any of the following circumstances:\n(1) There is only one prospective contractor willing to enter into a specific contract with the state agency.\n(2) The contract is necessary to respond to an emergency, as determined by the state agency, that endangers the public health, welfare, or safety, or the contract is necessary for the provision of essential services, and no entity that complies with the requirements of this section capable of responding to the emergency is immediately available.\n(3) The requirements of this section violate, or are inconsistent with, the terms or conditions of a grant, subvention, or agreement, if the agency has made a good faith attempt to change the terms or conditions of any grant, subvention, or agreement to authorize application of this section.\n(4) The contractor is providing wholesale or bulk water, power, or natural gas, the conveyance or transmission of the same, or ancillary services, as required for ensuring reliable services in accordance with good utility practice, if the purchase of the same cannot practically be accomplished through the standard competitive bidding procedures and the contractor is not providing direct retail services to end users.\n(d) (1) A contractor shall not be deemed to discriminate in the provision of benefits if the contractor, in providing the benefits, pays the actual costs incurred in obtaining the benefit.\n(2) If a contractor is unable to provide a certain benefit, despite taking reasonable measures to do so, the contractor shall not be deemed to discriminate in the provision of benefits.\n(e) (1) Every contract subject to this chapter shall contain a statement by which the contractor certifies that the contractor is in compliance with this section.\n(2) The department or other contracting agency shall enforce this section pursuant to its existing enforcement powers.\n(3) (A) If a contractor falsely certifies that it is in compliance with this section, the contract with that contractor shall be subject to Article 9 (commencing with Section 10420), unless, within a time period specified by the department or other contracting agency, the contractor provides to the department or agency proof that it has complied, or is in the process of complying, with this section.\n(B) The application of the remedies or penalties contained in Article 9 (commencing with Section 10420) to a contract subject to this chapter shall not preclude the application of any existing remedies otherwise available to the department or other contracting agency under its existing enforcement powers.\n(f) Nothing in this section is intended to regulate the contracting practices of any local jurisdiction.\n(g) This section shall be construed so as not to conflict with applicable federal laws, rules, or regulations. In the event that a court or agency of competent jurisdiction holds that federal law, rule, or regulation invalidates any clause, sentence, paragraph, or section of this code or the application thereof to any person or circumstances, it is the intent of the state that the court or agency sever that clause, sentence, paragraph, or section so that the remainder of this section shall remain in effect.\nSEC. 2.\nSection 10295.35 of the Public Contract Code shall not be construed to create any new enforcement authority or responsibility in the Department of General Services or any other contracting agency.\nSEC. 3.\nNo reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIII\u2009B of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIII\u2009B of the California Constitution.',
'title': 'An act to add Section 10295.35 to the Public Contract Code, relating to public contracts.'}
```
The `text` field is the input and the `summary` field is the target.
## Preprocess
Load the T5 tokenizer to process `text` and `summary`:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
The preprocessing function needs to:
1. Prefix the input with a prompt so T5 knows this is a summarization task. Some models capable of multiple NLP tasks require prompting for specific tasks.
2. Use a context manager with the `as_target_tokenizer()` function to parallelize tokenization of inputs and labels.
3. Truncate sequences to be no longer than the maximum length set by the `max_length` parameter.
```py
>>> prefix = "summarize: "
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... inputs = [prefix + doc for doc in examples["text"]]
... model_inputs = tokenizer(inputs, max_length=1024, truncation=True)
... with tokenizer.as_target_tokenizer():
... labels = tokenizer(examples["summary"], max_length=128, truncation=True)
... model_inputs["labels"] = labels["input_ids"]
... return model_inputs
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once:
```py
>>> tokenized_billsum = billsum.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```
Use [`DataCollatorForSeq2Seq`] to create a batch of examples. It will also *dynamically pad* your text and labels to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForSeq2Seq
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer=tokenizer, model=model)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForSeq2Seq
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer=tokenizer, model=model, return_tensors="tf")
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load T5 with [`AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, Seq2SeqTrainingArguments, Seq2SeqTrainer
>>> model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`Seq2SeqTrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Seq2SeqTrainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... save_total_limit=3,
... num_train_epochs=1,
... fp16=True,
... )
>>> trainer = Seq2SeqTrainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_billsum["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_billsum["test"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = tokenized_billsum["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_test_set = tokenized_billsum["test"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer, AdamWeightDecay
>>> optimizer = AdamWeightDecay(learning_rate=2e-5, weight_decay_rate=0.01)
```
Load T5 with [`TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
>>> model = TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_test_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for summarization, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/summarization.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/summarization-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
\ No newline at end of file
docs/source/tasks/token_classification.mdx 0 → 100644
View file @ fecb08c2
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Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-->
# Token classification
<Youtube id="wVHdVlPScxA"/>
Token classification assigns a label to individual tokens in a sentence. One of the most common token classification tasks is Named Entity Recognition (NER). NER attempts to find a label for each entity in a sentence, such as a person, location, or organization.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [DistilBERT](https://huggingface.co/distilbert-base-uncased) on the [WNUT 17](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wnut_17) dataset to detect new entities.
<Tip>
See the token classification [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/token-classification) for more information about other forms of token classification and their associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load WNUT 17 dataset
Load the WNUT 17 dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> wnut = load_dataset("wnut_17")
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> wnut["train"][0]
{'id': '0',
'ner_tags': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
'tokens': ['@paulwalk', 'It', "'s", 'the', 'view', 'from', 'where', 'I', "'m", 'living', 'for', 'two', 'weeks', '.', 'Empire', 'State', 'Building', '=', 'ESB', '.', 'Pretty', 'bad', 'storm', 'here', 'last', 'evening', '.']
}
```
Each number in `ner_tags` represents an entity. Convert the number to a label name for more information:
```py
>>> label_list = wnut["train"].features[f"ner_tags"].feature.names
>>> label_list
[
"O",
"B-corporation",
"I-corporation",
"B-creative-work",
"I-creative-work",
"B-group",
"I-group",
"B-location",
"I-location",
"B-person",
"I-person",
"B-product",
"I-product",
]
```
The `ner_tag` describes an entity, such as a corporation, location, or person. The letter that prefixes each `ner_tag` indicates the token position of the entity:
- `B-` indicates the beginning of an entity.
- `I-` indicates a token is contained inside the same entity (e.g., the `State` token is a part of an entity like
`Empire State Building`).
- `0` indicates the token doesn't correspond to any entity.
## Preprocess
<Youtube id="iY2AZYdZAr0"/>
Load the DistilBERT tokenizer to process the `tokens`:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased")
```
Since the input has already been split into words, set `is_split_into_words=True` to tokenize the words into subwords:
```py
>>> tokenized_input = tokenizer(example["tokens"], is_split_into_words=True)
>>> tokens = tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(tokenized_input["input_ids"])
>>> tokens
['[CLS]', '@', 'paul', '##walk', 'it', "'", 's', 'the', 'view', 'from', 'where', 'i', "'", 'm', 'living', 'for', 'two', 'weeks', '.', 'empire', 'state', 'building', '=', 'es', '##b', '.', 'pretty', 'bad', 'storm', 'here', 'last', 'evening', '.', '[SEP]']
```
Adding the special tokens `[CLS]` and `[SEP]` and subword tokenization creates a mismatch between the input and labels. A single word corresponding to a single label may be split into two subwords. You will need to realign the tokens and labels by:
1. Mapping all tokens to their corresponding word with the [`word_ids`](https://huggingface.co/docs/tokenizers/python/latest/api/reference.html#tokenizers.Encoding.word_ids) method.
2. Assigning the label `-100` to the special tokens `[CLS]` and `[SEP]` so the PyTorch loss function ignores
them.
3. Only labeling the first token of a given word. Assign `-100` to other subtokens from the same word.
Here is how you can create a function to realign the tokens and labels, and truncate sequences to be no longer than DistilBERT's maximum input length::
```py
>>> def tokenize_and_align_labels(examples):
... tokenized_inputs = tokenizer(examples["tokens"], truncation=True, is_split_into_words=True)
... labels = []
... for i, label in enumerate(examples[f"ner_tags"]):
... word_ids = tokenized_inputs.word_ids(batch_index=i) # Map tokens to their respective word.
... previous_word_idx = None
... label_ids = []
... for word_idx in word_ids: # Set the special tokens to -100.
... if word_idx is None:
... label_ids.append(-100)
... elif word_idx != previous_word_idx: # Only label the first token of a given word.
... label_ids.append(label[word_idx])
... else:
... label_ids.append(-100)
... previous_word_idx = word_idx
... labels.append(label_ids)
... tokenized_inputs["labels"] = labels
... return tokenized_inputs
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to tokenize and align the labels over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once:
```py
>>> tokenized_wnut = wnut.map(tokenize_and_align_labels, batched=True)
```
Use [`DataCollatorForTokenClassification`] to create a batch of examples. It will also *dynamically pad* your text and labels to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForTokenClassification
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForTokenClassification(tokenizer=tokenizer)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForTokenClassification
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForTokenClassification(tokenizer=tokenizer, return_tensors="tf")
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load DistilBERT with [`AutoModelForTokenClassification`] along with the number of expected labels:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForTokenClassification, TrainingArguments, Trainer
>>> model = AutoModelForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2)
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`TrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Trainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... num_train_epochs=3,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... )
>>> trainer = Trainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_wnut["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_wnut["test"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = tokenized_wnut["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_validation_set = tokenized_wnut["validation"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer
>>> batch_size = 16
>>> num_train_epochs = 3
>>> num_train_steps = (len(tokenized_wnut["train"]) // batch_size) * num_train_epochs
>>> optimizer, lr_schedule = create_optimizer(
... init_lr=2e-5,
... num_train_steps=num_train_steps,
... weight_decay_rate=0.01,
... num_warmup_steps=0,
... )
```
Load DistilBERT with [`TFAutoModelForTokenClassification`] along with the number of expected labels:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForTokenClassification
>>> model = TFAutoModelForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2)
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_validation_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for token classification, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/token_classification.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/token_classification-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
\ No newline at end of file
docs/source/tasks/translation.mdx 0 → 100644
View file @ fecb08c2
<!--Copyright 2022 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-->
# Translation
<Youtube id="1JvfrvZgi6c"/>
Translation converts a sequence of text from one language to another. It is one of several tasks you can formulate as a sequence-to-sequence problem, a powerful framework that extends to vision and audio tasks.
This guide will show you how to fine-tune [T5](https://huggingface.co/t5-small) on the English-French subset of the [OPUS Books](https://huggingface.co/datasets/opus_books) dataset to translate English text to French.
<Tip>
See the translation [task page](https://huggingface.co/tasks/translation) for more information about its associated models, datasets, and metrics.
</Tip>
## Load OPUS Books dataset
Load the OPUS Books dataset from the 🤗 Datasets library:
```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset
>>> books = load_dataset("opus_books", "en-fr")
```
Split this dataset into a train and test set:
```py
books = books["train"].train_test_split(test_size=0.2)
```
Then take a look at an example:
```py
>>> books["train"][0]
{'id': '90560',
'translation': {'en': 'But this lofty plateau measured only a few fathoms, and soon we reentered Our Element.',
'fr': 'Mais ce plateau élevé ne mesurait que quelques toises, et bientôt nous fûmes rentrés dans notre élément.'}}
```
The `translation` field is a dictionary containing the English and French translations of the text.
## Preprocess
<Youtube id="XAR8jnZZuUs"/>
Load the T5 tokenizer to process the language pairs:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
The preprocessing function needs to:
1. Prefix the input with a prompt so T5 knows this is a translation task. Some models capable of multiple NLP tasks require prompting for specific tasks.
2. Tokenize the input (English) and target (French) separately. You can't tokenize French text with a tokenizer pretrained on an English vocabulary. A context manager will help set the tokenizer to French first before tokenizing it.
3. Truncate sequences to be no longer than the maximum length set by the `max_length` parameter.
```py
>>> source_lang = "en"
>>> target_lang = "fr"
>>> prefix = "translate English to French: "
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
... inputs = [prefix + example[source_lang] for example in examples["translation"]]
... targets = [example[target_lang] for example in examples["translation"]]
... model_inputs = tokenizer(inputs, max_length=128, truncation=True)
... with tokenizer.as_target_tokenizer():
... labels = tokenizer(targets, max_length=128, truncation=True)
... model_inputs["labels"] = labels["input_ids"]
... return model_inputs
```
Use 🤗 Datasets [`map`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map) function to apply the preprocessing function over the entire dataset. You can speed up the `map` function by setting `batched=True` to process multiple elements of the dataset at once:
```py
>>> tokenized_books = books.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```
Use [`DataCollatorForSeq2Seq`] to create a batch of examples. It will also *dynamically pad* your text and labels to the length of the longest element in its batch, so they are a uniform length. While it is possible to pad your text in the `tokenizer` function by setting `padding=True`, dynamic padding is more efficient.
```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForSeq2Seq
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer=tokenizer, model=model)
===PT-TF-SPLIT===
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorForSeq2Seq
>>> data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer=tokenizer, model=model, return_tensors="tf")
```
## Fine-tune with Trainer
Load T5 with [`AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, Seq2SeqTrainingArguments, Seq2SeqTrainer
>>> model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with the [`Trainer`], take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-trainer)!
</Tip>
At this point, only three steps remain:
1. Define your training hyperparameters in [`Seq2SeqTrainingArguments`].
2. Pass the training arguments to [`Seq2SeqTrainer`] along with the model, dataset, tokenizer, and data collator.
3. Call [`~Trainer.train`] to fine-tune your model.
```py
>>> training_args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(
... output_dir="./results",
... evaluation_strategy="epoch",
... learning_rate=2e-5,
... per_device_train_batch_size=16,
... per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
... weight_decay=0.01,
... save_total_limit=3,
... num_train_epochs=1,
... fp16=True,
... )
>>> trainer = Seq2SeqTrainer(
... model=model,
... args=training_args,
... train_dataset=tokenized_books["train"],
... eval_dataset=tokenized_books["test"],
... tokenizer=tokenizer,
... data_collator=data_collator,
... )
>>> trainer.train()
```
## Fine-tune with TensorFlow
To fine-tune a model in TensorFlow is just as easy, with only a few differences.
<Tip>
If you aren't familiar with fine-tuning a model with Keras, take a look at the basic tutorial [here](training#finetune-with-keras)!
</Tip>
Convert your datasets to the `tf.data.Dataset` format with [`to_tf_dataset`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.to_tf_dataset). Specify inputs and labels in `columns`, whether to shuffle the dataset order, batch size, and the data collator:
```py
>>> tf_train_set = tokenized_books["train"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=True,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
>>> tf_test_set = tokenized_books["test"].to_tf_dataset(
... columns=["attention_mask", "input_ids", "labels"],
... shuffle=False,
... batch_size=16,
... collate_fn=data_collator,
... )
```
Set up an optimizer function, learning rate schedule, and some training hyperparameters:
```py
>>> from transformers import create_optimizer, AdamWeightDecay
>>> optimizer = AdamWeightDecay(learning_rate=2e-5, weight_decay_rate=0.01)
```
Load T5 with [`TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM`]:
```py
>>> from transformers import TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
>>> model = TFAutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("t5-small")
```
Configure the model for training with [`compile`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#compile-method):
```py
>>> model.compile(optimizer=optimizer)
```
Call [`fit`](https://keras.io/api/models/model_training_apis/#fit-method) to fine-tune the model:
```py
>>> model.fit(x=tf_train_set, validation_data=tf_test_set, epochs=3)
```
<Tip>
For a more in-depth example of how to fine-tune a model for translation, take a look at the corresponding
[PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/translation.ipynb)
or [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/master/examples/translation-tf.ipynb).
</Tip>
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