preprocessing.mdx

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# Preprocess

[[open-in-colab]]

Before you can train a model on a dataset, it needs to be preprocessed into the expected model input format. Whether your data is text, images, or audio, they need to be converted and assembled into batches of tensors. 🤗 Transformers provides a set of preprocessing classes to help prepare your data for the model. In this tutorial, you'll learn that for:

* Text, use a [Tokenizer](./main_classes/tokenizer) to convert text into a sequence of tokens, create a numerical representation of the tokens, and assemble them into tensors.
* Computer vision and speech, use a [Feature extractor](./main_classes/feature_extractor) to extract sequential features from audio waveforms and images and convert them into tensors.
* Multimodal inputs, use a [Processor](./main_classes/processors) to combine a tokenizer and a feature extractor.

<Tip>

`AutoProcessor` **always** works and automatically chooses the correct class for the model you're using, whether you're using a tokenizer, feature extractor or processor.

</Tip>

Before you begin, install 🤗 Datasets so you can load some datasets to experiment with:

```bash
pip install datasets
```

## Natural Language Processing

<Youtube id="Yffk5aydLzg"/>

The main tool for preprocessing textual data is a [tokenizer](main_classes/tokenizer). A tokenizer splits text into *tokens* according to a set of rules. The tokens are converted into numbers and then tensors, which become the model inputs. Any additional inputs required by the model are added by the tokenizer.

<Tip>

If you plan on using a pretrained model, it's important to use the associated pretrained tokenizer. This ensures the text is split the same way as the pretraining corpus, and uses the same corresponding tokens-to-index (usually referrred to as the *vocab*) during pretraining.

</Tip>

Get started by loading a pretrained tokenizer with the [`AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained`] method. This downloads the *vocab* a model was pretrained with:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer

>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased")
```

Then pass your text to the tokenizer:

```py
>>> encoded_input = tokenizer("Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.")
>>> print(encoded_input)
{'input_ids': [101, 2079, 2025, 19960, 10362, 1999, 1996, 3821, 1997, 16657, 1010, 2005, 2027, 2024, 11259, 1998, 4248, 2000, 4963, 1012, 102], 
 'token_type_ids': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
 'attention_mask': [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]}
```

The tokenizer returns a dictionary with three important items:

* [input_ids](glossary#input-ids) are the indices corresponding to each token in the sentence.
* [attention_mask](glossary#attention-mask) indicates whether a token should be attended to or not.
* [token_type_ids](glossary#token-type-ids) identifies which sequence a token belongs to when there is more than one sequence.

Return your input by decoding the `input_ids`:

```py
>>> tokenizer.decode(encoded_input["input_ids"])
'[CLS] Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger. [SEP]'
```

As you can see, the tokenizer added two special tokens - `CLS` and `SEP` (classifier and separator) - to the sentence. Not all models need
special tokens, but if they do, the tokenizer automatically adds them for you.

If there are several sentences you want to preprocess, pass them as a list to the tokenizer:

```py
>>> batch_sentences = [
...     "But what about second breakfast?",
...     "Don't think he knows about second breakfast, Pip.",
...     "What about elevensies?",
... ]
>>> encoded_inputs = tokenizer(batch_sentences)
>>> print(encoded_inputs)
{'input_ids': [[101, 1252, 1184, 1164, 1248, 6462, 136, 102], 
               [101, 1790, 112, 189, 1341, 1119, 3520, 1164, 1248, 6462, 117, 21902, 1643, 119, 102], 
               [101, 1327, 1164, 5450, 23434, 136, 102]], 
 'token_type_ids': [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 
 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]}
```

### Pad

Sentences aren't always the same length which can be an issue because tensors, the model inputs, need to have a uniform shape. Padding is a strategy for ensuring tensors are rectangular by adding a special *padding token* to shorter sentences.

Set the `padding` parameter to `True` to pad the shorter sequences in the batch to match the longest sequence:

```py
>>> batch_sentences = [
...     "But what about second breakfast?",
...     "Don't think he knows about second breakfast, Pip.",
...     "What about elevensies?",
... ]
>>> encoded_input = tokenizer(batch_sentences, padding=True)
>>> print(encoded_input)
{'input_ids': [[101, 1252, 1184, 1164, 1248, 6462, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
               [101, 1790, 112, 189, 1341, 1119, 3520, 1164, 1248, 6462, 117, 21902, 1643, 119, 102], 
               [101, 1327, 1164, 5450, 23434, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 
 'token_type_ids': [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 
 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]}
```

The first and third sentences are now padded with `0`'s because they are shorter.

### Truncation

On the other end of the spectrum, sometimes a sequence may be too long for a model to handle. In this case, you'll need to truncate the sequence to a shorter length.

Set the `truncation` parameter to `True` to truncate a sequence to the maximum length accepted by the model:

```py
>>> batch_sentences = [
...     "But what about second breakfast?",
...     "Don't think he knows about second breakfast, Pip.",
...     "What about elevensies?",
... ]
>>> encoded_input = tokenizer(batch_sentences, padding=True, truncation=True)
>>> print(encoded_input)
{'input_ids': [[101, 1252, 1184, 1164, 1248, 6462, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
               [101, 1790, 112, 189, 1341, 1119, 3520, 1164, 1248, 6462, 117, 21902, 1643, 119, 102], 
               [101, 1327, 1164, 5450, 23434, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 
 'token_type_ids': [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 
 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]}
```

<Tip>

Check out the [Padding and truncation](./pad_truncation) concept guide to learn more different padding and truncation arguments.

</Tip>

### Build tensors

Finally, you want the tokenizer to return the actual tensors that get fed to the model.

Set the `return_tensors` parameter to either `pt` for PyTorch, or `tf` for TensorFlow:

<frameworkcontent>
<pt>

```py
>>> batch_sentences = [
...     "But what about second breakfast?",
...     "Don't think he knows about second breakfast, Pip.",
...     "What about elevensies?",
... ]
>>> encoded_input = tokenizer(batch_sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors="pt")
>>> print(encoded_input)
{'input_ids': tensor([[101, 1252, 1184, 1164, 1248, 6462, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                      [101, 1790, 112, 189, 1341, 1119, 3520, 1164, 1248, 6462, 117, 21902, 1643, 119, 102],
                      [101, 1327, 1164, 5450, 23434, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]), 
 'token_type_ids': tensor([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]), 
 'attention_mask': tensor([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                           [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                           [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])}
```
</pt>
<tf>
```py
>>> batch_sentences = [
...     "But what about second breakfast?",
...     "Don't think he knows about second breakfast, Pip.",
...     "What about elevensies?",
... ]
>>> encoded_input = tokenizer(batch_sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors="tf")
>>> print(encoded_input)
{'input_ids': <tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 9), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[101, 1252, 1184, 1164, 1248, 6462, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [101, 1790, 112, 189, 1341, 1119, 3520, 1164, 1248, 6462, 117, 21902, 1643, 119, 102],
       [101, 1327, 1164, 5450, 23434, 136, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
      dtype=int32)>, 
 'token_type_ids': <tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 9), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=int32)>, 
 'attention_mask': <tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 9), dtype=int32, numpy=
array([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
       [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=int32)>}
```
</tf>
</frameworkcontent>

## Audio

For audio tasks, you'll need a [feature extractor](main_classes/feature_extractor) to prepare your dataset for the model. The feature extractor is designed to extract features from raw audio data, and convert them into tensors.

Load the [MInDS-14](https://huggingface.co/datasets/PolyAI/minds14) dataset (see the 🤗 [Datasets tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/load_hub.html) for more details on how to load a dataset) to see how you can use a feature extractor with audio datasets:

```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset, Audio

>>> dataset = load_dataset("PolyAI/minds14", name="en-US", split="train")
```

Access the first element of the `audio` column to take a look at the input. Calling the `audio` column automatically loads and resamples the audio file:

```py
>>> dataset[0]["audio"]
{'array': array([ 0.        ,  0.00024414, -0.00024414, ..., -0.00024414,
         0.        ,  0.        ], dtype=float32),
 'path': '/root/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/f14948e0e84be638dd7943ac36518a4cf3324e8b7aa331c5ab11541518e9368c/en-US~JOINT_ACCOUNT/602ba55abb1e6d0fbce92065.wav',
 'sampling_rate': 8000}
```

This returns three items:

* `array` is the speech signal loaded - and potentially resampled - as a 1D array.
* `path` points to the location of the audio file.
* `sampling_rate` refers to how many data points in the speech signal are measured per second.

For this tutorial, you'll use the [Wav2Vec2](https://huggingface.co/facebook/wav2vec2-base) model. Take a look at the model card, and you'll learn Wav2Vec2 is pretrained on 16kHz sampled speech audio. It is important your audio data's sampling rate matches the sampling rate of the dataset used to pretrain the model. If your data's sampling rate isn't the same, then you need to resample your data. 

1. Use 🤗 Datasets' [`~datasets.Dataset.cast_column`] method to upsample the sampling rate to 16kHz:

```py
>>> dataset = dataset.cast_column("audio", Audio(sampling_rate=16_000))
```

2. Call the `audio` column again to resample the audio file:

```py
>>> dataset[0]["audio"]
{'array': array([ 2.3443763e-05,  2.1729663e-04,  2.2145823e-04, ...,
         3.8356509e-05, -7.3497440e-06, -2.1754686e-05], dtype=float32),
 'path': '/root/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/f14948e0e84be638dd7943ac36518a4cf3324e8b7aa331c5ab11541518e9368c/en-US~JOINT_ACCOUNT/602ba55abb1e6d0fbce92065.wav',
 'sampling_rate': 16000}
```

Next, load a feature extractor to normalize and pad the input. When padding textual data, a `0` is added for shorter sequences. The same idea applies to audio data. The feature extractor adds a `0` - interpreted as silence - to `array`.

Load the feature extractor with [`AutoFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained`]:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoFeatureExtractor

>>> feature_extractor = AutoFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained("facebook/wav2vec2-base")
```

Pass the audio `array` to the feature extractor. We also recommend adding the `sampling_rate` argument in the feature extractor in order to better debug any silent errors that may occur.

```py
>>> audio_input = [dataset[0]["audio"]["array"]]
>>> feature_extractor(audio_input, sampling_rate=16000)
{'input_values': [array([ 3.8106556e-04,  2.7506407e-03,  2.8015103e-03, ...,
        5.6335266e-04,  4.6588284e-06, -1.7142107e-04], dtype=float32)]}
```

Just like the tokenizer, you can apply padding or truncation to handle variable sequences in a batch. Take a look at the sequence length of these two audio samples:

```py
>>> dataset[0]["audio"]["array"].shape
(173398,)

>>> dataset[1]["audio"]["array"].shape
(106496,)
```

Create a function to preprocess the dataset so the audio samples are the same lengths. Specify a maximum sample length, and the feature extractor will either pad or truncate the sequences to match it:

```py
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
...     audio_arrays = [x["array"] for x in examples["audio"]]
...     inputs = feature_extractor(
...         audio_arrays,
...         sampling_rate=16000,
...         padding=True,
...         max_length=100000,
...         truncation=True,
...     )
...     return inputs
```

Apply the `preprocess_function` to the the first few examples in the dataset:

```py
>>> processed_dataset = preprocess_function(dataset[:5])
```

The sample lengths are now the same and match the specified maximum length. You can pass your processed dataset to the model now!

```py
>>> processed_dataset["input_values"][0].shape
(100000,)

>>> processed_dataset["input_values"][1].shape
(100000,)
```

## Computer vision

For computer vision tasks, you'll need a [feature extractor](main_classes/feature_extractor) to prepare your dataset for the model. The feature extractor is designed to extract features from images, and convert them into tensors.

Load the [food101](https://huggingface.co/datasets/food101) dataset (see the 🤗 [Datasets tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/load_hub.html) for more details on how to load a dataset) to see how you can use a feature extractor with computer vision datasets: 

<Tip>

Use 🤗 Datasets `split` parameter to only load a small sample from the training split since the dataset is quite large!

</Tip>

```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset

>>> dataset = load_dataset("food101", split="train[:100]")
```

Next, take a look at the image with 🤗 Datasets [`Image`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html?highlight=image#datasets.Image) feature:

```py
>>> dataset[0]["image"]
```

<div class="flex justify-center">
    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/vision-preprocess-tutorial.png"/>
</div>

Load the feature extractor with [`AutoFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained`]:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoFeatureExtractor

>>> feature_extractor = AutoFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224")
```

For computer vision tasks, it is common to add some type of data augmentation to the images as a part of preprocessing. You can add augmentations with any library you'd like, but in this tutorial, you'll use torchvision's [`transforms`](https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/transforms.html) module. If you're interested in using another data augmentation library, learn how in the [Albumentations](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/image_classification_albumentations.ipynb) or [Kornia notebooks](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/image_classification_kornia.ipynb).

1. Normalize the image with the feature extractor and use [`Compose`](https://pytorch.org/vision/master/generated/torchvision.transforms.Compose.html) to chain some transforms - [`RandomResizedCrop`](https://pytorch.org/vision/main/generated/torchvision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop.html) and [`ColorJitter`](https://pytorch.org/vision/main/generated/torchvision.transforms.ColorJitter.html) - together:

```py
>>> from torchvision.transforms import Compose, Normalize, RandomResizedCrop, ColorJitter, ToTensor

>>> normalize = Normalize(mean=feature_extractor.image_mean, std=feature_extractor.image_std)
>>> size = (
...     feature_extractor.size["shortest_edge"]
...     if "shortest_edge" in feature_extractor.size
...     else (feature_extractor.size["height"], feature_extractor.size["width"])
... )
>>> _transforms = Compose([RandomResizedCrop(size), ColorJitter(brightness=0.5, hue=0.5), ToTensor(), normalize])
```

2. The model accepts [`pixel_values`](model_doc/visionencoderdecoder#transformers.VisionEncoderDecoderModel.forward.pixel_values) as its input, which is generated by the feature extractor. Create a function that generates `pixel_values` from the transforms:

```py
>>> def transforms(examples):
...     examples["pixel_values"] = [_transforms(image.convert("RGB")) for image in examples["image"]]
...     return examples
```

3. Then use 🤗 Datasets [`set_transform`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/process.html#format-transform) to apply the transforms on the fly:

```py
>>> dataset.set_transform(transforms)
```

4. Now when you access the image, you'll notice the feature extractor has added `pixel_values`. You can pass your processed dataset to the model now!

```py
>>> dataset[0]["image"]
{'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=384x512 at 0x7F1A7B0630D0>,
 'label': 6,
 'pixel_values': tensor([[[ 0.0353,  0.0745,  0.1216,  ..., -0.9922, -0.9922, -0.9922],
          [-0.0196,  0.0667,  0.1294,  ..., -0.9765, -0.9843, -0.9922],
          [ 0.0196,  0.0824,  0.1137,  ..., -0.9765, -0.9686, -0.8667],
          ...,
          [ 0.0275,  0.0745,  0.0510,  ..., -0.1137, -0.1216, -0.0824],
          [ 0.0667,  0.0824,  0.0667,  ..., -0.0588, -0.0745, -0.0980],
          [ 0.0353,  0.0353,  0.0431,  ..., -0.0039, -0.0039, -0.0588]],
 
         [[ 0.2078,  0.2471,  0.2863,  ..., -0.9451, -0.9373, -0.9451],
          [ 0.1608,  0.2471,  0.3098,  ..., -0.9373, -0.9451, -0.9373],
          [ 0.2078,  0.2706,  0.3020,  ..., -0.9608, -0.9373, -0.8275],
          ...,
          [-0.0353,  0.0118, -0.0039,  ..., -0.2392, -0.2471, -0.2078],
          [ 0.0196,  0.0353,  0.0196,  ..., -0.1843, -0.2000, -0.2235],
          [-0.0118, -0.0039, -0.0039,  ..., -0.0980, -0.0980, -0.1529]],
 
         [[ 0.3961,  0.4431,  0.4980,  ..., -0.9216, -0.9137, -0.9216],
          [ 0.3569,  0.4510,  0.5216,  ..., -0.9059, -0.9137, -0.9137],
          [ 0.4118,  0.4745,  0.5216,  ..., -0.9137, -0.8902, -0.7804],
          ...,
          [-0.2314, -0.1922, -0.2078,  ..., -0.4196, -0.4275, -0.3882],
          [-0.1843, -0.1686, -0.2000,  ..., -0.3647, -0.3804, -0.4039],
          [-0.1922, -0.1922, -0.1922,  ..., -0.2941, -0.2863, -0.3412]]])}
```

Here is what the image looks like after the transforms are applied. The image has been randomly cropped and it's color properties are different.

```py
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

>>> img = dataset[0]["pixel_values"]
>>> plt.imshow(img.permute(1, 2, 0))
```

<div class="flex justify-center">
    <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/preprocessed_image.png"/>
</div>

## Multimodal

For tasks involving multimodal inputs, you'll need a [processor](main_classes/processors) to prepare your dataset for the model. A processor couples a tokenizer and feature extractor.

Load the [LJ Speech](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lj_speech) dataset (see the 🤗 [Datasets tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/load_hub.html) for more details on how to load a dataset) to see how you can use a processor for automatic speech recognition (ASR):

```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset

>>> lj_speech = load_dataset("lj_speech", split="train")
```

For ASR, you're mainly focused on `audio` and `text` so you can remove the other columns:

```py
>>> lj_speech = lj_speech.map(remove_columns=["file", "id", "normalized_text"])
```

Now take a look at the `audio` and `text` columns:

```py
>>> lj_speech[0]["audio"]
{'array': array([-7.3242188e-04, -7.6293945e-04, -6.4086914e-04, ...,
         7.3242188e-04,  2.1362305e-04,  6.1035156e-05], dtype=float32),
 'path': '/root/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/917ece08c95cf0c4115e45294e3cd0dee724a1165b7fc11798369308a465bd26/LJSpeech-1.1/wavs/LJ001-0001.wav',
 'sampling_rate': 22050}

>>> lj_speech[0]["text"]
'Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition'
```

Remember you should always [resample](preprocessing#audio) your audio dataset's sampling rate to match the sampling rate of the dataset used to pretrain a model!

```py
>>> lj_speech = lj_speech.cast_column("audio", Audio(sampling_rate=16_000))
```

Load a processor with [`AutoProcessor.from_pretrained`]:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoProcessor

>>> processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/wav2vec2-base-960h")
```

1. Create a function to process the audio data contained in `array` to `input_values`, and tokenize `text` to `labels`. These are the inputs to the model:

```py
>>> def prepare_dataset(example):
...     audio = example["audio"]

...     example.update(processor(audio=audio["array"], text=example["text"], sampling_rate=16000))

...     return example
```

2. Apply the `prepare_dataset` function to a sample:

```py
>>> prepare_dataset(lj_speech[0])
```

The processor has now added `input_values` and `labels`, and the sampling rate has also been correctly downsampled to 16kHz. You can pass your processed dataset to the model now!