run_bertology.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Copyright 2018 CMU and The HuggingFace Inc. team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
""" Bertology: this script shows how you can explore the internals of the models in the library to:
    - compute the entropy of the head attentions
    - compute the importance of each head
    - prune (remove) the low importance head.
    Some parts of this script are adapted from the code of Michel et al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10650)
    which is available at https://github.com/pmichel31415/are-16-heads-really-better-than-1
"""
import os
import argparse
import logging
from datetime import timedelta, datetime
from tqdm import tqdm

import numpy as np

import torch
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, SequentialSampler, TensorDataset, Subset
from torch.utils.data.distributed import DistributedSampler
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss, MSELoss

from transformers import (WEIGHTS_NAME,
                                  BertConfig, BertForSequenceClassification, BertTokenizer,
                                  XLMConfig, XLMForSequenceClassification, XLMTokenizer,
                                  XLNetConfig, XLNetForSequenceClassification, XLNetTokenizer)

from run_glue import set_seed, load_and_cache_examples, ALL_MODELS, MODEL_CLASSES

from transformers import glue_compute_metrics as compute_metrics
from transformers import glue_output_modes as output_modes
from transformers import glue_processors as processors

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def entropy(p):
    """ Compute the entropy of a probability distribution """
    plogp = p * torch.log(p)
    plogp[p == 0] = 0
    return -plogp.sum(dim=-1)


def print_2d_tensor(tensor):
    """ Print a 2D tensor """
    logger.info("lv, h >\t" + "\t".join(f"{x + 1}" for x in range(len(tensor))))
    for row in range(len(tensor)):
        if tensor.dtype != torch.long:
            logger.info(f"layer {row + 1}:\t" + "\t".join(f"{x:.5f}" for x in tensor[row].cpu().data))
        else:
            logger.info(f"layer {row + 1}:\t" + "\t".join(f"{x:d}" for x in tensor[row].cpu().data))


def compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader, compute_entropy=True, compute_importance=True, head_mask=None):
    """ This method shows how to compute:
        - head attention entropy
        - head importance scores according to http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10650
    """
    # Prepare our tensors
    n_layers, n_heads = model.bert.config.num_hidden_layers, model.bert.config.num_attention_heads
    head_importance = torch.zeros(n_layers, n_heads).to(args.device)
    attn_entropy = torch.zeros(n_layers, n_heads).to(args.device)

    if head_mask is None:
        head_mask = torch.ones(n_layers, n_heads).to(args.device)
    head_mask.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
    preds = None
    labels = None
    tot_tokens = 0.0

    for step, batch in enumerate(tqdm(eval_dataloader, desc="Iteration", disable=args.local_rank not in [-1, 0])):
        batch = tuple(t.to(args.device) for t in batch)
        input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_ids = batch

        # Do a forward pass (not with torch.no_grad() since we need gradients for importance score - see below)
        outputs = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=segment_ids, attention_mask=input_mask, labels=label_ids, head_mask=head_mask)
        loss, logits, all_attentions = outputs[0], outputs[1], outputs[-1]  # Loss and logits are the first, attention the last
        loss.backward()  # Backpropagate to populate the gradients in the head mask

        if compute_entropy:
            for layer, attn in enumerate(all_attentions):
                masked_entropy = entropy(attn.detach()) * input_mask.float().unsqueeze(1)
                attn_entropy[layer] += masked_entropy.sum(-1).sum(0).detach()

        if compute_importance:
            head_importance += head_mask.grad.abs().detach()

        # Also store our logits/labels if we want to compute metrics afterwards
        if preds is None:
            preds = logits.detach().cpu().numpy()
            labels = label_ids.detach().cpu().numpy()
        else:
            preds = np.append(preds, logits.detach().cpu().numpy(), axis=0)
            labels = np.append(labels, label_ids.detach().cpu().numpy(), axis=0)

        tot_tokens += input_mask.float().detach().sum().data

    # Normalize
    attn_entropy /= tot_tokens
    head_importance /= tot_tokens
    # Layerwise importance normalization
    if not args.dont_normalize_importance_by_layer:
        exponent = 2
        norm_by_layer = torch.pow(torch.pow(head_importance, exponent).sum(-1), 1/exponent)
        head_importance /= norm_by_layer.unsqueeze(-1) + 1e-20

    if not args.dont_normalize_global_importance:
        head_importance = (head_importance - head_importance.min()) / (head_importance.max() - head_importance.min())

    # Print/save matrices
    np.save(os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'attn_entropy.npy'), attn_entropy.detach().cpu().numpy())
    np.save(os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'head_importance.npy'), head_importance.detach().cpu().numpy())

    logger.info("Attention entropies")
    print_2d_tensor(attn_entropy)
    logger.info("Head importance scores")
    print_2d_tensor(head_importance)
    logger.info("Head ranked by importance scores")
    head_ranks = torch.zeros(head_importance.numel(), dtype=torch.long, device=args.device)
    head_ranks[head_importance.view(-1).sort(descending=True)[1]] = torch.arange(head_importance.numel(), device=args.device)
    head_ranks = head_ranks.view_as(head_importance)
    print_2d_tensor(head_ranks)

    return attn_entropy, head_importance, preds, labels


def mask_heads(args, model, eval_dataloader):
    """ This method shows how to mask head (set some heads to zero), to test the effect on the network,
        based on the head importance scores, as described in Michel et al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10650)
    """
    _, head_importance, preds, labels = compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader, compute_entropy=False)
    preds = np.argmax(preds, axis=1) if args.output_mode == "classification" else np.squeeze(preds)
    original_score = compute_metrics(args.task_name, preds, labels)[args.metric_name]
    logger.info("Pruning: original score: %f, threshold: %f", original_score, original_score * args.masking_threshold)

    new_head_mask = torch.ones_like(head_importance)
    num_to_mask = max(1, int(new_head_mask.numel() * args.masking_amount))

    current_score = original_score
    while current_score >= original_score * args.masking_threshold:
        head_mask = new_head_mask.clone() # save current head mask
        # heads from least important to most - keep only not-masked heads
        head_importance[head_mask == 0.0] = float('Inf')
        current_heads_to_mask = head_importance.view(-1).sort()[1]

        if len(current_heads_to_mask) <= num_to_mask:
            break

        # mask heads
        current_heads_to_mask = current_heads_to_mask[:num_to_mask]
        logger.info("Heads to mask: %s", str(current_heads_to_mask.tolist()))
        new_head_mask = new_head_mask.view(-1)
        new_head_mask[current_heads_to_mask] = 0.0
        new_head_mask = new_head_mask.view_as(head_mask)
        print_2d_tensor(new_head_mask)

        # Compute metric and head importance again
        _, head_importance, preds, labels = compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader, compute_entropy=False, head_mask=new_head_mask)
        preds = np.argmax(preds, axis=1) if args.output_mode == "classification" else np.squeeze(preds)
        current_score = compute_metrics(args.task_name, preds, labels)[args.metric_name]
        logger.info("Masking: current score: %f, remaning heads %d (%.1f percents)", current_score, new_head_mask.sum(), new_head_mask.sum()/new_head_mask.numel() * 100)

    logger.info("Final head mask")
    print_2d_tensor(head_mask)
    np.save(os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'head_mask.npy'), head_mask.detach().cpu().numpy())

    return head_mask


def prune_heads(args, model, eval_dataloader, head_mask):
    """ This method shows how to prune head (remove heads weights) based on
        the head importance scores as described in Michel et al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10650)
    """
    # Try pruning and test time speedup
    # Pruning is like masking but we actually remove the masked weights
    before_time = datetime.now()
    _, _, preds, labels = compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader,
                                                   compute_entropy=False, compute_importance=False, head_mask=head_mask)
    preds = np.argmax(preds, axis=1) if args.output_mode == "classification" else np.squeeze(preds)
    score_masking = compute_metrics(args.task_name, preds, labels)[args.metric_name]
    original_time = datetime.now() - before_time

    original_num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())
    heads_to_prune = dict((layer, (1 - head_mask[layer].long()).nonzero().tolist()) for layer in range(len(head_mask)))
    assert sum(len(h) for h in heads_to_prune.values()) == (1 - head_mask.long()).sum().item()
    model.prune_heads(heads_to_prune)
    pruned_num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())

    before_time = datetime.now()
    _, _, preds, labels = compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader,
                                                    compute_entropy=False, compute_importance=False, head_mask=None)
    preds = np.argmax(preds, axis=1) if args.output_mode == "classification" else np.squeeze(preds)
    score_pruning = compute_metrics(args.task_name, preds, labels)[args.metric_name]
    new_time = datetime.now() - before_time

    logger.info("Pruning: original num of params: %.2e, after pruning %.2e (%.1f percents)", original_num_params, pruned_num_params, pruned_num_params/original_num_params * 100)
    logger.info("Pruning: score with masking: %f score with pruning: %f", score_masking, score_pruning)
    logger.info("Pruning: speed ratio (new timing / original timing): %f percents", original_time/new_time * 100)


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    ## Required parameters
    parser.add_argument("--data_dir", default=None, type=str, required=True,
                        help="The input data dir. Should contain the .tsv files (or other data files) for the task.")
    parser.add_argument("--model_name_or_path", default=None, type=str, required=True,
                        help="Path to pre-trained model or shortcut name selected in the list: " + ", ".join(
                            ALL_MODELS))
    parser.add_argument("--task_name", default=None, type=str, required=True,
                        help="The name of the task to train selected in the list: " + ", ".join(processors.keys()))
    parser.add_argument("--output_dir", default=None, type=str, required=True,
                        help="The output directory where the model predictions and checkpoints will be written.")

    ## Other parameters
    parser.add_argument("--config_name", default="", type=str,
                        help="Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name_or_path")
    parser.add_argument("--tokenizer_name", default="", type=str,
                        help="Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name_or_path")
    parser.add_argument("--cache_dir", default="", type=str,
                        help="Where do you want to store the pre-trained models downloaded from s3")
    parser.add_argument("--data_subset", type=int, default=-1,
                        help="If > 0: limit the data to a subset of data_subset instances.")
    parser.add_argument("--overwrite_output_dir", action='store_true',
                        help="Whether to overwrite data in output directory")
    parser.add_argument('--overwrite_cache', action='store_true',
                        help="Overwrite the cached training and evaluation sets")

    parser.add_argument("--dont_normalize_importance_by_layer", action='store_true',
                        help="Don't normalize importance score by layers")
    parser.add_argument("--dont_normalize_global_importance", action='store_true',
                        help="Don't normalize all importance scores between 0 and 1")

    parser.add_argument("--try_masking", action='store_true',
                        help="Whether to try to mask head until a threshold of accuracy.")
    parser.add_argument("--masking_threshold", default=0.9, type=float,
                        help="masking threshold in term of metrics (stop masking when metric < threshold * original metric value).")
    parser.add_argument("--masking_amount", default=0.1, type=float,
                        help="Amount to heads to masking at each masking step.")
    parser.add_argument("--metric_name", default="acc", type=str,
                        help="Metric to use for head masking.")

    parser.add_argument("--max_seq_length", default=128, type=int,
                        help="The maximum total input sequence length after WordPiece tokenization. \n"
                             "Sequences longer than this will be truncated, sequences shorter padded.")
    parser.add_argument("--batch_size", default=1, type=int, help="Batch size.")

    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=42)
    parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int, default=-1, help="local_rank for distributed training on gpus")
    parser.add_argument("--no_cuda", action='store_true', help="Whether not to use CUDA when available")
    parser.add_argument('--server_ip', type=str, default='', help="Can be used for distant debugging.")
    parser.add_argument('--server_port', type=str, default='', help="Can be used for distant debugging.")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.server_ip and args.server_port:
        # Distant debugging - see https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/debugging#_attach-to-a-local-script
        import ptvsd
        print("Waiting for debugger attach")
        ptvsd.enable_attach(address=(args.server_ip, args.server_port), redirect_output=True)
        ptvsd.wait_for_attach()

    # Setup devices and distributed training
    if args.local_rank == -1 or args.no_cuda:
        args.device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.no_cuda else "cpu")
        args.n_gpu = torch.cuda.device_count()
    else:
        torch.cuda.set_device(args.local_rank)
        args.device = torch.device("cuda", args.local_rank)
        args.n_gpu = 1
        torch.distributed.init_process_group(backend='nccl')  # Initializes the distributed backend

    # Setup logging
    logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO if args.local_rank in [-1, 0] else logging.WARN)
    logger.info("device: {} n_gpu: {}, distributed: {}".format(args.device, args.n_gpu, bool(args.local_rank != -1)))

    # Set seeds
    set_seed(args)

    # Prepare GLUE task
    args.task_name = args.task_name.lower()
    if args.task_name not in processors:
        raise ValueError("Task not found: %s" % (args.task_name))
    processor = processors[args.task_name]()
    args.output_mode = output_modes[args.task_name]
    label_list = processor.get_labels()
    num_labels = len(label_list)

    # Load pretrained model and tokenizer
    if args.local_rank not in [-1, 0]:
        torch.distributed.barrier()  # Make sure only the first process in distributed training will download model & vocab

    args.model_type = ""
    for key in MODEL_CLASSES:
        if key in args.model_name_or_path.lower():
            args.model_type = key  # take the first match in model types
            break
    config_class, model_class, tokenizer_class = MODEL_CLASSES[args.model_type]
    config = config_class.from_pretrained(args.config_name if args.config_name else args.model_name_or_path,
                                          num_labels=num_labels,
                                          finetuning_task=args.task_name,
                                          output_attentions=True,
                                          cache_dir=args.cache_dir if args.cache_dir else None)
    tokenizer = tokenizer_class.from_pretrained(args.tokenizer_name if args.tokenizer_name else args.model_name_or_path,
                                                cache_dir=args.cache_dir if args.cache_dir else None)
    model = model_class.from_pretrained(args.model_name_or_path,
                                        from_tf=bool('.ckpt' in args.model_name_or_path),
                                        config=config,
                                        cache_dir=args.cache_dir if args.cache_dir else None)

    if args.local_rank == 0:
        torch.distributed.barrier()  # Make sure only the first process in distributed training will download model & vocab

    # Distributed and parallel training
    model.to(args.device)
    if args.local_rank != -1:
        model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(model, device_ids=[args.local_rank],
                                                          output_device=args.local_rank,
                                                          find_unused_parameters=True)
    elif args.n_gpu > 1:
        model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model)

    # Print/save training arguments
    torch.save(args, os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'run_args.bin'))
    logger.info("Training/evaluation parameters %s", args)

    # Prepare dataset for the GLUE task
    eval_data = load_and_cache_examples(args, args.task_name, tokenizer, evaluate=True)
    if args.data_subset > 0:
        eval_data = Subset(eval_data, list(range(min(args.data_subset, len(eval_data)))))
    eval_sampler = SequentialSampler(eval_data) if args.local_rank == -1 else DistributedSampler(eval_data)
    eval_dataloader = DataLoader(eval_data, sampler=eval_sampler, batch_size=args.batch_size)


    # Compute head entropy and importance score
    compute_heads_importance(args, model, eval_dataloader)


    # Try head masking (set heads to zero until the score goes under a threshole)
    # and head pruning (remove masked heads and see the effect on the network)
    if args.try_masking and args.masking_threshold > 0.0 and args.masking_threshold < 1.0:
        head_mask = mask_heads(args, model, eval_dataloader)
        prune_heads(args, model, eval_dataloader, head_mask)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()