[Docs] Reorganize pooling docs. (#35592)

Signed-off-by: wang.yuqi <yuqi.wang@daocloud.io> Signed-off-by: wang.yuqi <noooop@126.com> Signed-off-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Cyrus Leung <cyrus.tl.leung@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com>

[Docs] Reorganize pooling docs. (#35592)
Signed-off-by: wang.yuqi <yuqi.wang@daocloud.io> Signed-off-by: wang.yuqi <noooop@126.com> Signed-off-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Cyrus Leung <cyrus.tl.leung@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com>
f9e2a383 · wang.yuqi · GitHub · 4426447b · f9e2a383 · f9e2a383
Unverified Commit f9e2a383 authored Mar 19, 2026 by wang.yuqi Committed by GitHub Mar 19, 2026
16 changed files
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ mkdocs.yaml @hmellor
 # Pooling models
 /examples/pooling @noooop
+/docs/models/pooling_models @noooop
 /tests/models/*/pooling* @noooop
 /tests/entrypoints/pooling @noooop
 /vllm/config/pooler.py @noooop

--- a/docs/.nav.yml
+++ b/docs/.nav.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ nav:
    - Models:
      - models/supported_models.md
      - models/generative_models.md
-      - models/pooling_models.md
+      - Pooling Models: models/pooling_models
      - models/extensions
      - Hardware Supported Models:
        - models/hardware_supported_models/*

--- a/docs/contributing/model/tests.md
+++ b/docs/contributing/model/tests.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ For [generative models](../../models/generative_models.md), there are two levels
 #### Pooling models
-For [pooling models](../../models/pooling_models.md), we simply check the cosine similarity, as defined in [tests/models/utils.py](../../../tests/models/utils.py).
+For [pooling models](../../models/pooling_models/README.md), we simply check the cosine similarity, as defined in [tests/models/utils.py](../../../tests/models/utils.py).
 ### Multi-modal processing

--- a/docs/features/README.md
+++ b/docs/features/README.md
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ th:not(:first-child) {
 }
 </style>
-| Feature | [CP](../configuration/optimization.md#chunked-prefill) | [APC](automatic_prefix_caching.md) | [LoRA](lora.md) | [SD](speculative_decoding/README.md) | CUDA graph | [pooling](../models/pooling_models.md) | <abbr title="Encoder-Decoder Models">enc-dec</abbr> | <abbr title="Logprobs">logP</abbr> | <abbr title="Prompt Logprobs">prmpt logP</abbr> | <abbr title="Async Output Processing">async output</abbr> | multi-step | <abbr title="Multimodal Inputs">mm</abbr> | best-of | beam-search | [prompt-embeds](prompt_embeds.md) |
+| Feature | [CP](../configuration/optimization.md#chunked-prefill) | [APC](automatic_prefix_caching.md) | [LoRA](lora.md) | [SD](speculative_decoding/README.md) | CUDA graph | [pooling](../models/pooling_models/README.md) | <abbr title="Encoder-Decoder Models">enc-dec</abbr> | <abbr title="Logprobs">logP</abbr> | <abbr title="Prompt Logprobs">prmpt logP</abbr> | <abbr title="Async Output Processing">async output</abbr> | multi-step | <abbr title="Multimodal Inputs">mm</abbr> | best-of | beam-search | [prompt-embeds](prompt_embeds.md) |
 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 | [CP](../configuration/optimization.md#chunked-prefill) | ✅ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
 | [APC](automatic_prefix_caching.md) | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
 | [LoRA](lora.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
 | [SD](speculative_decoding/README.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | | | |
 | CUDA graph | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | | |
-| [pooling](../models/pooling_models.md) | 🟠\* | 🟠\* | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | |
+| [pooling](../models/pooling_models/README.md) | 🟠\* | 🟠\* | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | | |
 | <abbr title="Encoder-Decoder Models">enc-dec</abbr> | ❌ | [❌](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/7366) | ❌ | [❌](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/7366) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | | |
 | <abbr title="Logprobs">logP</abbr> | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | | |
 | <abbr title="Prompt Logprobs">prmpt logP</abbr> | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | | | | | |
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ th:not(:first-child) {
 | [LoRA](lora.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
 | [SD](speculative_decoding/README.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
 | CUDA graph | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | [❌](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/26970) |
-| [pooling](../models/pooling_models.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
+| [pooling](../models/pooling_models/README.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
 | <abbr title="Encoder-Decoder Models">enc-dec</abbr> | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
 | [mm](multimodal_inputs.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
 | [prompt-embeds](prompt_embeds.md) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❔ | ✅ |

--- a/docs/mkdocs/hooks/url_schemes.py
+++ b/docs/mkdocs/hooks/url_schemes.py
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
 """
-MkDocs hook to enable the following links to render correctly:
+MkDocs hook + markdown extension to enable the following links to render correctly,
+including inside content included via pymdownx.snippets:
 - Relative file links outside of the `docs/` directory, e.g.:
    - [Text](../some_file.py)
@@ -12,13 +13,17 @@ MkDocs hook to enable the following links to render correctly:
        e.g. <...pull/123> -> [Pull Request #123](.../pull/123)
    - Works for external repos too by including the `owner/repo` in the link title
-The goal is to simplify cross-referencing common GitHub resources
+The link replacement runs as a markdown preprocessor (priority 25) so that it executes
-in project docs.
+after pymdownx.snippets (priority 32) has expanded all included content.
+The on_page_markdown hook passes the current page context to the preprocessor before
+each page is converted.
 """
 from pathlib import Path
 import regex as re
+from markdown import Extension
+from markdown.preprocessors import Preprocessor
 from mkdocs.config.defaults import MkDocsConfig
 from mkdocs.structure.files import Files
 from mkdocs.structure.pages import Page
@@ -26,7 +31,6 @@ from mkdocs.structure.pages import Page
 ROOT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.resolve()
 DOC_DIR = ROOT_DIR / "docs"
 gh_icon = ":octicons-mark-github-16:"
 # Regex pieces
@@ -48,46 +52,90 @@ github_link = re.compile(rf"(\[{TITLE}\]\(|<){URL}(\)|>)")
 relative_link = re.compile(rf"\[{TITLE}\]\({RELATIVE}\)")
+class UrlSchemesPreprocessor(Preprocessor):
+    """Preprocessor that runs after pymdownx.snippets to process all links."""
+    def __init__(self, md, ext):
+        super().__init__(md)
+        self.ext = ext
+    def run(self, lines):
+        page = self.ext.page
+        if page is None or getattr(page.file, "abs_src_path", None) is None:
+            return lines
+        def replace_relative_link(match: re.Match) -> str:
+            """
+            Replace relative file links with URLs if they point outside the docs dir.
+            """
+            title = match.group("title")
+            path = match.group("path")
+            path = (Path(page.file.abs_src_path).parent / path).resolve()
+            fragment = match.group("fragment") or ""
+            # Check if the path exists and is outside the docs dir
+            if not path.exists() or path.is_relative_to(DOC_DIR):
+                return match.group(0)
+            # Files and directories have different URL schemes on GitHub
+            slug = "tree/main" if path.is_dir() else "blob/main"
+            path = path.relative_to(ROOT_DIR)
+            url = f"https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/{slug}/{path}{fragment}"
+            return f"[{gh_icon} {title}]({url})"
+        def replace_github_link(match: re.Match) -> str:
+            """
+            Replace GitHub issue, PR, and project links with enhanced Markdown links.
+            """
+            repo = match.group("repo")
+            type = match.group("type")
+            number = match.group("number")
+            # Title and fragment could be None
+            title = match.group("title") or ""
+            fragment = match.group("fragment") or ""
+            # Use default titles for raw links
+            if not title:
+                title = TITLES[type]
+                if "vllm-project" not in repo:
+                    title += repo
+                title += f"#{number}"
+            url = f"https://github.com/{repo}/{type}/{number}{fragment}"
+            return f"[{gh_icon} {title}]({url})"
+        markdown = "\n".join(lines)
+        markdown = relative_link.sub(replace_relative_link, markdown)
+        markdown = github_link.sub(replace_github_link, markdown)
+        return markdown.split("\n")
+class UrlSchemesExtension(Extension):
+    """Markdown extension that registers the URL schemes preprocessor."""
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self.page = None
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+    def extendMarkdown(self, md):
+        # Priority 25 runs after pymdownx.snippets (priority 32)
+        md.preprocessors.register(UrlSchemesPreprocessor(md, self), "url_schemes", 25)
+# Singleton extension instance shared between the hook and the preprocessor.
+_ext = UrlSchemesExtension()
+def on_config(config: MkDocsConfig) -> MkDocsConfig:
+    """Register the URL schemes markdown extension."""
+    config["markdown_extensions"].append(_ext)
+    return config
 def on_page_markdown(
    markdown: str, *, page: Page, config: MkDocsConfig, files: Files
 ) -> str:
-    def replace_relative_link(match: re.Match) -> str:
+    """Pass the current page context to the preprocessor."""
-        """Replace relative file links with URLs if they point outside the docs dir."""
+    _ext.page = page
-        title = match.group("title")
-        path = match.group("path")
-        path = (Path(page.file.abs_src_path).parent / path).resolve()
-        fragment = match.group("fragment") or ""
-        # Check if the path exists and is outside the docs dir
-        if not path.exists() or path.is_relative_to(DOC_DIR):
-            return match.group(0)
-        # Files and directories have different URL schemes on GitHub
-        slug = "tree/main" if path.is_dir() else "blob/main"
-        path = path.relative_to(ROOT_DIR)
-        url = f"https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/{slug}/{path}{fragment}"
-        return f"[{gh_icon} {title}]({url})"
-    def replace_github_link(match: re.Match) -> str:
-        """Replace GitHub issue, PR, and project links with enhanced Markdown links."""
-        repo = match.group("repo")
-        type = match.group("type")
-        number = match.group("number")
-        # Title and fragment could be None
-        title = match.group("title") or ""
-        fragment = match.group("fragment") or ""
-        # Use default titles for raw links
-        if not title:
-            title = TITLES[type]
-            if "vllm-project" not in repo:
-                title += repo
-            title += f"#{number}"
-        url = f"https://github.com/{repo}/{type}/{number}{fragment}"
-        return f"[{gh_icon} {title}]({url})"
-    markdown = relative_link.sub(replace_relative_link, markdown)
-    markdown = github_link.sub(replace_github_link, markdown)
    return markdown
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/README.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/README.md
+# Pooling Models
+!!! note
+    We currently support pooling models primarily for convenience. This is not guaranteed to provide any performance improvements over using Hugging Face Transformers or Sentence Transformers directly.
+    We plan to optimize pooling models in vLLM. Please comment on <https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/21796> if you have any suggestions!
+## What are pooling models?
+Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be primarily divided into the following two types of tasks:
+- Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
+- Natural Language Generation (NLG)
+The generative models supported by vLLM cover a variety of task types, such as the large language models (LLMs) we are familiar with, multimodal models (VLM) that handle multimodal inputs like images, videos, and audio, speech-to-text transcription models, and real-time models that support streaming input. Their common feature is the ability to generate text. Taking it a step further, vLLM-Omni supports the generation of multimodal content, including images, videos, and audio.
+As the capabilities of generative models continue to improve, the boundaries of these models are also constantly expanding. However, certain application scenarios still require specialized small language models to efficiently complete specific tasks. These models typically have the following characteristics:
+- They do not require content generation.
+- They only need to perform very limited functions, without requiring strong generalization, creativity, or high intelligence.
+- They demand extremely low latency and may operate on cost-constrained hardware.
+- Text-only models typically have fewer than 1 billion parameters, while multimodal models generally have fewer than 10 billion parameters.
+Although these models are relatively small in scale, they are still based on the Transformer architecture, similar or even identical to the most advanced large language models today. Many recently released pooling models are also fine-tuned from large language models, allowing them to benefit from the continuous improvements in large models. This architecture similarity enables them to reuse much of vLLM’s infrastructure. If compatible, we would be happy to help them leverage the latest features of vLLM as well.
+### Sequence-wise Task and Token-wise Task
+The key distinction between sequence-wise task and token-wise task lies in their output granularity: sequence-wise task produces a single result for an entire input sequence, whereas token-wise task yields a result for each individual token within the sequence.
+Of course, we also have "plugin" tasks that allow users to customize input and output processors. For more information, please refer to [IO Processor Plugins](../../design/io_processor_plugins.md).
+### Pooling Tasks
+| Pooling Tasks      | Granularity   | Outputs                                         |
+|--------------------|---------------|-------------------------------------------------|
+| `classify`         | Sequence-wise | probability vector of classes for each sequence |
+| `score` (see note) | Sequence-wise | reranker score for each sequence                |
+| `embed`            | Sequence-wise | vector representations for each sequence        |
+| `token_classify`   | Token-wise    | probability vector of classes for each token    |
+| `token_embed`      | Token-wise    | vector representations for each token           |
+!!! note
+    Within classification tasks, there is a specialized subcategory: Cross-encoder (aka reranker) models. These models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input and output num_labels equal to 1.
+### Score Types
+| Pooling Tasks      | Granularity   | Outputs                                         | Score Types        | scoring function         |
+|--------------------|---------------|-------------------------------------------------|--------------------|--------------------------|
+| `classify`         | Sequence-wise | probability vector of classes for each sequence | nan                | nan                      |
+| `score` (see note) | Sequence-wise | reranker score for each sequence                | `cross-encoder`    | linear classifier        |
+| `embed`            | Sequence-wise | vector representations for each sequence        | `bi-encoder`       | cosine similarity        |
+| `token_classify`   | Token-wise    | probability vector of classes for each token    | nan                | nan                      |
+| `token_embed`      | Token-wise    | vector representations for each token           | `late-interaction` | late interaction(MaxSim) |
+The score models is designed to compute similarity scores between two input prompts. It supports three model types (aka `score_type`): `cross-encoder`, `late-interaction`, and `bi-encoder`.
+### Pooling Usages
+| Pooling Usages              | Description                                                                                                                                             |
+|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Classification Usages       | Predicting which predefined category, class, or label best corresponds to a given input.                                                                |
+| Embedding Usages            | Converts unstructured data (text, images, audio, etc.) into structured numerical vectors (embeddings).                                                  |
+| Token Classification Usages | Token-wise classification                                                                                                                               |
+| Token Embedding Usages      | Token-wise embedding                                                                                                                                    |
+| Scoring Usages              | Computes similarity scores between two inputs. It supports three model types (aka `score_type`): `cross-encoder`, `late-interaction`, and `bi-encoder`. |
+| Reward Usages               | Evaluates the quality of outputs generated by a language model, acting as a proxy for human preferences.                                                |
+We also have some special models that support multiple pooling tasks, or have specific usage scenarios, or support special inputs and outputs.
+For more detailed information, please refer to the link below.
+- [Classification Usages](classify.md)
+- [Embedding Usages](embed.md)
+- [Reward Usages](reward.md)
+- [Token Classification Usages](token_classify.md)
+- [Token Embedding Usages](token_embed.md)
+- [Scoring Usages](scoring.md)
+- [Specific Model Examples](specific_models.md)
+## Offline Inference
+Each pooling model in vLLM supports one or more of these tasks according to
+[Pooler.get_supported_tasks][vllm.model_executor.layers.pooler.Pooler.get_supported_tasks],
+enabling the corresponding APIs.
+### Offline APIs corresponding to pooling tasks
+| Task             | APIs                                                                       |
+|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `embed`          | `LLM.embed(...)`,`LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="embed")`, `LLM.score(...)` |
+| `classify`       | `LLM.classify(...)`, `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="classify")`            |
+| `score`          | `LLM.score(...)`                                                           |
+| `token_classify` | `LLM.reward(...)`, `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="token_classify")`        |
+| `token_embed`    | `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="token_embed")`, `LLM.score(...)`            |
+| `plugin`         | `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="plugin")`                                   |
+### `LLM.classify`
+The [classify][vllm.LLM.classify] method outputs a probability vector for each prompt.
+It is primarily designed for [classification models](classify.md).
+For more information about `LLM.embed`, see [this page](classify.md#offline-inference).
+### `LLM.embed`
+The [embed][vllm.LLM.embed] method outputs an embedding vector for each prompt.
+It is primarily designed for [embedding models](embed.md).
+For more information about `LLM.embed`, see [this page](embed.md#offline-inference).
+### `LLM.score`
+The [score][vllm.LLM.score] method outputs similarity scores between sentence pairs.
+It is primarily designed for [score models](scoring.md).
+### `LLM.encode`
+The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM.
+Please use one of the more specific methods or set the task directly when using `LLM.encode`, refer to the [table above](#offline-apis-corresponding-to-pooling-tasks).
+### Examples
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="intfloat/e5-small", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="embed")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+## Online Serving
+Our online Server provides endpoints that correspond to the offline APIs:
+- Corresponding to `LLM.embed`:
+    - [Cohere Embed API](embed.md#cohere-embed-api) (`/v2/embed`)
+    - [Openai-compatible Embeddings API](embed.md#openai-compatible-embeddings-api) (`/v1/embeddings`)
+- Corresponding to `LLM.classify`:
+    - [Classification API](classify.md#online-serving)(`/classify`)
+- Corresponding to `LLM.score`:
+    - [Score API](scoring.md#score-api)(`/score`)
+    - [Rerank API](scoring.md#rerank-api) (`/rerank`, `/v1/rerank`, `/v2/rerank`)
+- Pooling API (`/pooling`) is similar to `LLM.encode`, being applicable to all types of pooling models.
+The following introduces the Pooling API. For other APIs, please refer to the link above.
+### Pooling API
+Our Pooling API (`/pooling`) is similar to `LLM.encode`, being applicable to all types of pooling models.
+The input format is the same as [Embeddings API](embed.md#openai-compatible-embeddings-api), but the output data can contain an arbitrary nested list, not just a 1-D list of floats.
+Please use one of the more specific APIs or set the task directly when using the Pooling API, refer to the [table above](#offline-apis-corresponding-to-pooling-tasks).
+Code example: [examples/pooling/pooling/pooling_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/pooling/pooling_online.py)
+### Examples
+```python
+# start a supported embeddings model server with `vllm serve`, e.g.
+# vllm serve intfloat/e5-small
+import requests
+host = "localhost"
+port = "8000"
+model_name = "intfloat/e5-small"
+api_url = f"http://{host}:{port}/pooling"
+prompts = [
+    "Hello, my name is",
+    "The president of the United States is",
+    "The capital of France is",
+    "The future of AI is",
+]
+prompt = {"model": model_name, "input": prompts, "task": "embed"}
+response = requests.post(api_url, json=prompt)
+for output in response.json()["data"]:
+    data = output["data"]
+    print(f"Data: {data!r} (size={len(data)})")
+```
+## Configuration
+In vLLM, pooling models implement the [VllmModelForPooling][vllm.model_executor.models.VllmModelForPooling] interface.
+These models use a [Pooler][vllm.model_executor.layers.pooler.Pooler] to extract the final hidden states of the input
+before returning them.
+### Model Runner
+Run a model in pooling mode via the option `--runner pooling`.
+!!! tip
+    There is no need to set this option in the vast majority of cases as vLLM can automatically
+    detect the appropriate model runner via `--runner auto`.
+### Model Conversion
+vLLM can adapt models for various pooling tasks via the option `--convert <type>`.
+If `--runner pooling` has been set (manually or automatically) but the model does not implement the
+[VllmModelForPooling][vllm.model_executor.models.VllmModelForPooling] interface,
+vLLM will attempt to automatically convert the model according to the architecture names
+shown in the table below.
+| Architecture                                    | `--convert` | Supported pooling tasks               |
+| ----------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------------- |
+| `*ForTextEncoding`, `*EmbeddingModel`, `*Model` | `embed`     | `token_embed`, `embed`                |
+| `*ForRewardModeling`, `*RewardModel`            | `embed`     | `token_embed`, `embed`                |
+| `*For*Classification`, `*ClassificationModel`   | `classify`  | `token_classify`, `classify`, `score` |
+!!! tip
+    You can explicitly set `--convert <type>` to specify how to convert the model.
+### Pooler Configuration
+#### Predefined models
+If the [Pooler][vllm.model_executor.layers.pooler.Pooler] defined by the model accepts `pooler_config`,
+you can override some of its attributes via the `--pooler-config` option.
+#### Converted models
+If the model has been converted via `--convert` (see above),
+the pooler assigned to each task has the following attributes by default:
+| Task       | Pooling Type | Normalization | Softmax |
+| ---------- | ------------ | ------------- | ------- |
+| `embed`    | `LAST`       | ✅︎            | ❌      |
+| `classify` | `LAST`       | ❌            | ✅︎      |
+When loading [Sentence Transformers](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers) models,
+its Sentence Transformers configuration file (`modules.json`) takes priority over the model's defaults.
+You can further customize this via the `--pooler-config` option,
+which takes priority over both the model's and Sentence Transformers' defaults.
+## Removed Features
+### Encode task
+We have split the `encode` task into two more specific token-wise tasks: `token_embed` and `token_classify`:
+- `token_embed` is the same as `embed`, using normalization as the activation.
+- `token_classify` is the same as `classify`, by default using softmax as the activation.
+Pooling models now default support all pooling, you can use it without any settings.
+- Extracting hidden states prefers using `token_embed` task.
+- Named Entity Recognition (NER) and reward models prefers using `token_classify` task.
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/classify.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/classify.md
+# Classification Usages
+Classification involves predicting which predefined category, class, or label best corresponds to a given input.
+## Summary
+- Model Usage: (sequence) classification
+- Pooling Task: `classify`
+- Offline APIs:
+    - `LLM.classify(...)`
+    - `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="classify")`
+- Online APIs:
+    - [Classification API](classify.md#online-serving) (`/classify`)
+    - Pooling API (`/pooling`)
+The key distinction between (sequence) classification and token classification lies in their output granularity: (sequence) classification produces a single result for an entire input sequence, whereas token classification yields a result for each individual token within the sequence.
+Many classification models support both (sequence) classification and token classification. For further details on token classification, please refer to [this page](token_classify.md).
+## Typical Use Cases
+### Classification
+The most fundamental application of classification models is to categorize input data into predefined classes.
+## Supported Models
+### Text-only Models
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |
+| `ErnieForSequenceClassification` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `Forrest20231206/ernie-3.0-base-zh-cls` | | |
+| `GPT2ForSequenceClassification` | GPT2 | `nie3e/sentiment-polish-gpt2-small` | | |
+| `Qwen2ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen2-based | `jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach` | | |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
+### Multimodal Models
+!!! note
+    For more information about multimodal models inputs, see [this page](../supported_models.md#list-of-multimodal-language-models).
+| Architecture | Models | Inputs | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ------ | ----------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |
+| `Qwen2_5_VLForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen2_5_VL-based | T + I<sup>E+</sup> + V<sup>E+</sup> | `muziyongshixin/Qwen2.5-VL-7B-for-VideoCls` | | |
+| `*ForConditionalGeneration`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | \* | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
+If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
+[as_seq_cls_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_seq_cls_model]. By default, the class probabilities are extracted from the softmaxed hidden state corresponding to the last token.
+### Cross-encoder Models
+Cross-encoder (aka reranker) models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input and output num_labels equal to 1. Most classification models can also be used as [cross-encoder models](scoring.md#cross-encoder-models). For more information on cross-encoder models, please refer to [this page](scoring.md).
+--8<-- "docs/models/pooling_models/scoring.md:supported-score-models"
+### Reward Models
+Using (sequence) classification models as reward models. For more information, see [Reward Models](reward.md).
+--8<-- "docs/models/pooling_models/reward.md:supported-sequence-reward-models"
+## Offline Inference
+### Pooling Parameters
+The following [pooling parameters][vllm.PoolingParams] are supported.
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:common-pooling-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:classify-pooling-params"
+```
+### `LLM.classify`
+The [classify][vllm.LLM.classify] method outputs a probability vector for each prompt.
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.classify("Hello, my name is")
+probs = output.outputs.probs
+print(f"Class Probabilities: {probs!r} (size={len(probs)})")
+```
+A code example can be found here: [examples/offline_inference/basic/classify.py](../../../examples/basic/offline_inference/classify.py)
+### `LLM.encode`
+The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM.
+Set `pooling_task="classify"` when using `LLM.encode` for classification Models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="classify")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+## Online Serving
+### Classification API
+Online `/classify` API is similar to `LLM.classify`.
+#### Completion Parameters
+The following Classification API parameters are supported:
+??? code
+    ```python
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:completion-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-params"
+    ```
+The following extra parameters are supported:
+??? code
+    ```python
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-extra-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:completion-extra-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-extra-params"
+    ```
+#### Chat Parameters
+For chat-like input (i.e. if `messages` is passed), the following parameters are supported:
+??? code
+    ```python
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:chat-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-params"
+    ```
+these extra parameters are supported instead:
+??? code
+    ```python
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-extra-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:chat-extra-params"
+    --8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-extra-params"
+    ```
+#### Example Requests
+Code example: [examples/pooling/classify/classification_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/classify/classification_online.py)
+You can classify multiple texts by passing an array of strings:
+```bash
+curl -v "http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "model": "jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach",
+    "input": [
+      "Loved the new café—coffee was great.",
+      "This update broke everything. Frustrating."
+    ]
+  }'
+```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "classify-7c87cac407b749a6935d8c7ce2a8fba2",
+      "object": "list",
+      "created": 1745383065,
+      "model": "jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach",
+      "data": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "label": "Default",
+          "probs": [
+            0.565970778465271,
+            0.4340292513370514
+          ],
+          "num_classes": 2
+        },
+        {
+          "index": 1,
+          "label": "Spoiled",
+          "probs": [
+            0.26448777318000793,
+            0.7355121970176697
+          ],
+          "num_classes": 2
+        }
+      ],
+      "usage": {
+        "prompt_tokens": 20,
+        "total_tokens": 20,
+        "completion_tokens": 0,
+        "prompt_tokens_details": null
+      }
+    }
+    ```
+You can also pass a string directly to the `input` field:
+```bash
+curl -v "http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "model": "jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach",
+    "input": "Loved the new café—coffee was great."
+  }'
+```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "classify-9bf17f2847b046c7b2d5495f4b4f9682",
+      "object": "list",
+      "created": 1745383213,
+      "model": "jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach",
+      "data": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "label": "Default",
+          "probs": [
+            0.565970778465271,
+            0.4340292513370514
+          ],
+          "num_classes": 2
+        }
+      ],
+      "usage": {
+        "prompt_tokens": 10,
+        "total_tokens": 10,
+        "completion_tokens": 0,
+        "prompt_tokens_details": null
+      }
+    }
+    ```
+## More examples
+More examples can be found here: [examples/pooling/classify](../../../examples/pooling/classify)
+## Supported Features
+### Enable/disable activation
+You can enable or disable activation via `use_activation`.
+### Problem type (e.g. `multi_label_classification`)
+You can modify the `problem_type` via problem_type in the Hugging Face config. The supported problem types are: `single_label_classification`, `multi_label_classification`, and `regression`.
+Implement alignment with transformers [ForSequenceClassificationLoss](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/57bb6db6ee4cfaccc45b8d474dfad5a17811ca60/src/transformers/loss/loss_utils.py#L92).
+### Logit bias
+You can modify the `logit_bias` (aka `sigmoid_normalize`) through the logit_bias parameter in `vllm.config.PoolerConfig`.
+## Removed Features
+### Remove softmax from PoolingParams
+We have already removed `softmax` and `activation` from PoolingParams. Instead, use `use_activation`, since we allow `classify` and `token_classify` to use any activation function.
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/embed.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/embed.md
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/reward.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/reward.md
+# Reward Usages
+A reward model (RM) is designed to evaluate and score the quality of outputs generated by a language model, acting as a proxy for human preferences.
+## Summary
+- Model Usage: reward
+- Pooling Task:
+| Model Types                        | Pooling Tasks  |
+|------------------------------------|----------------|
+| (sequence) (outcome) reward models | classify       |
+| token (outcome) reward models      | token_classify |
+| process reward models              | token_classify |
+- Offline APIs:
+    - `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="...")`
+- Online APIs:
+    - Pooling API (`/pooling`)
+## Supported Models
+### Reward Models
+Using sequence classification models as (sequence) (outcome) reward models, the usage and supported features are the same as for normal [classification models](classify.md).
+--8<-- [start:supported-sequence-reward-models]
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| `JambaForSequenceClassification` | Jamba | `ai21labs/Jamba-tiny-reward-dev`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `Qwen3ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-based | `Skywork/Skywork-Reward-V2-Qwen3-0.6B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `LlamaForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Llama-based | `Skywork/Skywork-Reward-V2-Llama-3.2-1B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
+[as_seq_cls_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_seq_cls_model]. By default, the class probabilities are extracted from the softmaxed hidden state corresponding to the last token.
+--8<-- [end:supported-sequence-reward-models]
+### Token Reward Models
+The key distinction between (sequence) classification and token classification lies in their output granularity: (sequence) classification produces a single result for an entire input sequence, whereas token classification yields a result for each individual token within the sequence.
+Using token classification models as token (outcome) reward models, the usage and supported features are the same as for normal [token classification models](token_classify.md).
+--8<-- [start:supported-token-reward-models]
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| `InternLM2ForRewardModel` | InternLM2-based | `internlm/internlm2-1_8b-reward`, `internlm/internlm2-7b-reward`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `Qwen2ForRewardModel` | Qwen2-based | `Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-RM-72B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
+[as_seq_cls_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_seq_cls_model].
+--8<-- [end:supported-token-reward-models]
+### Process Reward Models
+The process reward models used for evaluating intermediate steps are crucial to achieving the desired outcome.
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| `LlamaForCausalLM` | Llama-based | `peiyi9979/math-shepherd-mistral-7b-prm`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `Qwen2ForProcessRewardModel` | Qwen2-based | `Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-PRM-7B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+!!! important
+    For process-supervised reward models such as `peiyi9979/math-shepherd-mistral-7b-prm`, the pooling config should be set explicitly,
+    e.g.: `--pooler-config '{"pooling_type": "STEP", "step_tag_id": 123, "returned_token_ids": [456, 789]}'`.
+## Offline Inference
+### Pooling Parameters
+The following [pooling parameters][vllm.PoolingParams] are supported.
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:common-pooling-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:classify-pooling-params"
+```
+### `LLM.encode`
+The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM.
+- Reward Models
+Set `pooling_task="classify"` when using `LLM.encode` for (sequence) (outcome) reward models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="Skywork/Skywork-Reward-V2-Qwen3-0.6B", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="classify")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+- Token Reward Models
+Set `pooling_task="token_classify"` when using `LLM.encode` for token (outcome) reward models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="internlm/internlm2-1_8b-reward", runner="pooling", trust_remote_code=True)
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="token_classify")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+- Process Reward Models
+Set `pooling_task="token_classify"` when using `LLM.encode` for token (outcome) reward models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-PRM-7B", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is<extra_0><extra_0><extra_0>", pooling_task="token_classify")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+## Online Serving
+Please refer to the [pooling API](README.md#pooling-api). Pooling task corresponding to reward model types refer to the [table above](#summary).
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/scoring.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/scoring.md
+# Scoring Usages
+The score models is designed to compute similarity scores between two input prompts. It supports three model types (aka `score_type`): `cross-encoder`, `late-interaction`, and `bi-encoder`.
+!!! note
+    vLLM handles only the model inference component of RAG pipelines (such as embedding generation and reranking). For higher-level RAG orchestration, you should leverage integration frameworks like [LangChain](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain).
+## Summary
+- Model Usage: Scoring
+- Pooling Task:
+| Score Types        | Pooling Tasks | scoring function         |
+|--------------------|---------------|--------------------------|
+| `cross-encoder`    | `score`       | linear classifier        |
+| `late-interaction` | `token_embed` | late interaction(MaxSim) |
+| `bi-encoder`       | `embed`       | cosine similarity        |
+- Offline APIs:
+    - `LLM.score`
+- Online APIs:
+    - [Score API](scoring.md#score-api) (`/score`)
+    - [Rerank API](scoring.md#rerank-api) (`/rerank`, `/v1/rerank`, `/v2/rerank`)
+## Supported Models
+### Cross-encoder models
+[Cross-encoder](https://www.sbert.net/examples/applications/cross-encoder/README.html) (aka reranker) models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input and output num_labels equal to 1.
+--8<-- [start:supported-score-models]
+#### Text-only Models
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | Score template (see note) | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
+| `BertForSequenceClassification` | BERT-based | `cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2`, etc. | N/A | | |
+| `GemmaForSequenceClassification` | Gemma-based | `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma`(see note), etc. | [bge-reranker-v2-gemma.jinja](../../../examples/pooling/score/template/bge-reranker-v2-gemma.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `GteNewForSequenceClassification` | mGTE-TRM (see note) | `Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-reranker-base`, etc. | N/A | | |
+| `LlamaBidirectionalForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Llama-based with bidirectional attention | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-rerank-1b-v2`, etc. | [nemotron-rerank.jinja](../../../examples/pooling/score/template/nemotron-rerank.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `Qwen2ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen2-based | `mixedbread-ai/mxbai-rerank-base-v2`(see note), etc. | [mxbai_rerank_v2.jinja](../../../examples/pooling/score/template/mxbai_rerank_v2.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `Qwen3ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-based | `tomaarsen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B-seq-cls`, `Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B`(see note), etc. | [qwen3_reranker.jinja](../../../examples/pooling/score/template/qwen3_reranker.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `RobertaForSequenceClassification` | RoBERTa-based | `cross-encoder/quora-roberta-base`, etc. | N/A | | |
+| `XLMRobertaForSequenceClassification` | XLM-RoBERTa-based | `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3`, etc. | N/A | | |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
+!!! note
+    Some models require a specific prompt format to work correctly.
+    You can find Example HF Models's corresponding score template in [examples/pooling/score/template/](../../../examples/pooling/score/template)
+    Examples : [examples/pooling/score/using_template_offline.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/using_template_offline.py) [examples/pooling/score/using_template_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/using_template_online.py)
+!!! note
+    Load the official original `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma` by using the following command.
+    ```bash
+    vllm serve BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["GemmaForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["Yes"],"method": "no_post_processing"}'
+    ```
+!!! note
+    The second-generation GTE model (mGTE-TRM) is named `NewForSequenceClassification`. The name `NewForSequenceClassification` is too generic, you should set `--hf-overrides '{"architectures": ["GteNewForSequenceClassification"]}'` to specify the use of the `GteNewForSequenceClassification` architecture.
+!!! note
+    Load the official original `mxbai-rerank-v2` by using the following command.
+    ```bash
+    vllm serve mixedbread-ai/mxbai-rerank-base-v2 --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen2ForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["0", "1"], "method": "from_2_way_softmax"}'
+    ```
+!!! note
+    Load the official original `Qwen3 Reranker` by using the following command. More information can be found at: [examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_offline.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_offline.py) [examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_online.py).
+    ```bash
+    vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen3ForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["no", "yes"],"is_original_qwen3_reranker": true}'
+    ```
+#### Multimodal Models
+!!! note
+    For more information about multimodal models inputs, see [this page](../supported_models.md#list-of-multimodal-language-models).
+| Architecture | Models | Inputs | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ------ | ----------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |
+| `JinaVLForSequenceClassification` | JinaVL-based | T + I<sup>E+</sup> | `jinaai/jina-reranker-m0`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `LlamaNemotronVLForSequenceClassification` | Llama Nemotron Reranker + SigLIP | T + I<sup>E+</sup> | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-rerank-vl-1b-v2` | | |
+| `Qwen3VLForSequenceClassification` | Qwen3-VL-Reranker | T + I<sup>E+</sup> + V<sup>E+</sup> | `Qwen/Qwen3-VL-Reranker-2B`(see note), etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](README.md#model-conversion))  
+\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
+!!! note
+    Similar to Qwen3-Reranker, you need to use the following `--hf_overrides` to load the official original `Qwen3-VL-Reranker`.
+    ```bash
+    vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-VL-Reranker-2B --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen3VLForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["no", "yes"],"is_original_qwen3_reranker": true}'
+    ```
+--8<-- [end:supported-score-models]
+### Late-interaction models
+All models that support token embedding task also support using the score API to compute similarity scores by calculating the late interaction of two input prompts. See [this page](token_embed.md) for more information about token embedding models.
+--8<-- "docs/models/pooling_models/token_embed.md:supported-token-embed-models"
+### Bi-encoder
+All models that support embedding task also support using the score API to compute similarity scores by calculating the cosine similarity of two input prompt's embeddings. See [this page](embed.md) for more information about embedding models.
+--8<-- "docs/models/pooling_models/embed.md:supported-embed-models"
+## Offline Inference
+### Pooling Parameters
+The following [pooling parameters][vllm.PoolingParams] are only supported by cross-encoder models and do not work for late-interaction and bi-encoder models.
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:common-pooling-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:classify-pooling-params"
+```
+### `LLM.score`
+The [score][vllm.LLM.score] method outputs similarity scores between sentence pairs.
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.score(
+    "What is the capital of France?",
+    "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.",
+)
+score = output.outputs.score
+print(f"Score: {score}")
+```
+A code example can be found here: [examples/basic/offline_inference/score.py](../../../examples/basic/offline_inference/score.py)
+## Online Serving
+### Score API
+Our Score API (`/score`) is similar to `LLM.score`, compute similarity scores between two input prompts.
+#### Parameters
+The following Score API parameters are supported:
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-extra-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-extra-params"
+```
+#### Examples
+##### Single inference
+You can pass a string to both `queries` and `documents`, forming a single sentence pair.
+```bash
+curl -X 'POST' \
+  'http://127.0.0.1:8000/score' \
+  -H 'accept: application/json' \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+  "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+  "encoding_format": "float",
+  "queries": "What is the capital of France?",
+  "documents": "The capital of France is Paris."
+}'
+```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "score-request-id",
+      "object": "list",
+      "created": 693447,
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+      "data": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "object": "score",
+          "score": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "usage": {}
+    }
+    ```
+##### Batch inference
+You can pass a string to `queries` and a list to `documents`, forming multiple sentence pairs
+where each pair is built from `queries` and a string in `documents`.
+The total number of pairs is `len(documents)`.
+??? console "Request"
+    ```bash
+    curl -X 'POST' \
+      'http://127.0.0.1:8000/score' \
+      -H 'accept: application/json' \
+      -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+      -d '{
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+      "queries": "What is the capital of France?",
+      "documents": [
+        "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.",
+        "The capital of France is Paris."
+      ]
+    }'
+    ```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "score-request-id",
+      "object": "list",
+      "created": 693570,
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+      "data": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "object": "score",
+          "score": 0.001094818115234375
+        },
+        {
+          "index": 1,
+          "object": "score",
+          "score": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "usage": {}
+    }
+    ```
+You can pass a list to both `queries` and `documents`, forming multiple sentence pairs
+where each pair is built from a string in `queries` and the corresponding string in `documents` (similar to `zip()`).
+The total number of pairs is `len(documents)`.
+??? console "Request"
+    ```bash
+    curl -X 'POST' \
+      'http://127.0.0.1:8000/score' \
+      -H 'accept: application/json' \
+      -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+      -d '{
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+      "encoding_format": "float",
+      "queries": [
+        "What is the capital of Brazil?",
+        "What is the capital of France?"
+      ],
+      "documents": [
+        "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.",
+        "The capital of France is Paris."
+      ]
+    }'
+    ```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "score-request-id",
+      "object": "list",
+      "created": 693447,
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3",
+      "data": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "object": "score",
+          "score": 1
+        },
+        {
+          "index": 1,
+          "object": "score",
+          "score": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "usage": {}
+    }
+    ```
+##### Multi-modal inputs
+You can pass multi-modal inputs to scoring models by passing `content` including a list of multi-modal input (image, etc.) in the request. Refer to the examples below for illustration.
+=== "JinaVL-Reranker"
+    To serve the model:
+    ```bash
+    vllm serve jinaai/jina-reranker-m0
+    ```
+    Since the request schema is not defined by OpenAI client, we post a request to the server using the lower-level `requests` library:
+    ??? Code
+        ```python
+        import requests
+        response = requests.post(
+            "http://localhost:8000/v1/score",
+            json={
+                "model": "jinaai/jina-reranker-m0",
+                "queries": "slm markdown",
+                "documents": [
+                    {
+                        "content": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "image_url",
+                                "image_url": {
+                                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jina-ai/multimodal-reranker-test/main/handelsblatt-preview.png"
+                                },
+                            }
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "content": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "image_url",
+                                "image_url": {
+                                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jina-ai/multimodal-reranker-test/main/handelsblatt-preview.png"
+                                },
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        response_json = response.json()
+        print("Scoring output:", response_json["data"][0]["score"])
+        print("Scoring output:", response_json["data"][1]["score"])
+        ```
+Full example:
+- [examples/pooling/score/vision_score_api_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/vision_score_api_online.py)
+- [examples/pooling/score/vision_rerank_api_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/vision_rerank_api_online.py)
+### Rerank API
+`/rerank`, `/v1/rerank`, and `/v2/rerank` APIs are compatible with both [Jina AI's rerank API interface](https://jina.ai/reranker/) and
+[Cohere's rerank API interface](https://docs.cohere.com/v2/reference/rerank) to ensure compatibility with
+popular open-source tools.
+Code example: [examples/pooling/score/rerank_api_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/score/rerank_api_online.py)
+#### Parameters
+The following rerank api parameters are supported:
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:pooling-common-extra-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/entrypoints/pooling/base/protocol.py:classify-extra-params"
+```
+#### Examples
+Note that the `top_n` request parameter is optional and will default to the length of the `documents` field.
+Result documents will be sorted by relevance, and the `index` property can be used to determine original order.
+??? console "Request"
+    ```bash
+    curl -X 'POST' \
+      'http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1/rerank' \
+      -H 'accept: application/json' \
+      -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+      -d '{
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-base",
+      "query": "What is the capital of France?",
+      "documents": [
+        "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.",
+        "The capital of France is Paris.",
+        "Horses and cows are both animals"
+      ]
+    }'
+    ```
+??? console "Response"
+    ```json
+    {
+      "id": "rerank-fae51b2b664d4ed38f5969b612edff77",
+      "model": "BAAI/bge-reranker-base",
+      "usage": {
+        "total_tokens": 56
+      },
+      "results": [
+        {
+          "index": 1,
+          "document": {
+            "text": "The capital of France is Paris."
+          },
+          "relevance_score": 0.99853515625
+        },
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "document": {
+            "text": "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia."
+          },
+          "relevance_score": 0.0005860328674316406
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+    ```
+## More examples
+More examples can be found here: [examples/pooling/score](../../../examples/pooling/score)
+## Supported Features
+AS cross-encoder models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input and output num_labels equal to 1, cross-encoder features should be consistent with (sequence) classification. For more information, see [this page](classify.md#supported-features).
+### Score Template
+Score templates are supported for **cross-encoder** models only. If you are using an **embedding** model for scoring, vLLM does not apply a score template.
+Some scoring models require a specific prompt format to work correctly. You can specify a custom score template using the `--chat-template` parameter (see [Chat Template](../../serving/openai_compatible_server.md#chat-template)).
+Like chat templates, the score template receives a `messages` list. For scoring, each message has a `role` attribute—either `"query"` or `"document"`. For the usual kind of point-wise cross-encoder, you can expect exactly two messages: one query and one document. To access the query and document content, use Jinja's `selectattr` filter:
+- **Query**: `{{ (messages | selectattr("role", "eq", "query") | first).content }}`
+- **Document**: `{{ (messages | selectattr("role", "eq", "document") | first).content }}`
+This approach is more robust than index-based access (`messages[0]`, `messages[1]`) because it selects messages by their semantic role. It also avoids assumptions about message ordering if additional message types are added to `messages` in the future.
+Example template file: [examples/pooling/score/template/nemotron-rerank.jinja](../../../examples/pooling/score/template/nemotron-rerank.jinja)
+### Enable/disable activation
+You can enable or disable activation via `use_activation` only works for cross-encoder models.
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models.md
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/token_classify.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/token_classify.md
+# Token Classification Usages
+## Summary
+- Model Usage: token classification
+- Pooling Tasks: `token_classify`
+- Offline APIs:
+    - `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="token_classify")`
+- Online APIs:
+    - Pooling API (`/pooling`)
+The key distinction between (sequence) classification and token classification lies in their output granularity: (sequence) classification produces a single result for an entire input sequence, whereas token classification yields a result for each individual token within the sequence.
+Many classification models support both (sequence) classification and token classification. For further details on (sequence) classification, please refer to [this page](classify.md).
+## Typical Use Cases
+### Named Entity Recognition (NER)
+For implementation examples, see:
+Offline: [examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_offline.py](../../../examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_offline.py)
+Online: [examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_online.py)
+### Sparse retrieval (lexical matching)
+The BAAI/bge-m3 model leverages token classification for sparse retrieval. For more information, see [this page](specific_models.md#baaibge-m3).
+## Supported Models
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
+| `BertForTokenClassification` | bert-based | `boltuix/NeuroBERT-NER` (see note), etc. | | |
+| `ErnieForTokenClassification` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `gyr66/Ernie-3.0-base-chinese-finetuned-ner` | | |
+| `ModernBertForTokenClassification` | ModernBERT-based | `disham993/electrical-ner-ModernBERT-base` | | |
+| `Qwen3ForTokenClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-based | `bd2lcco/Qwen3-0.6B-finetuned` | | |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
+If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
+[as_seq_cls_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_seq_cls_model]. By default, the class probabilities are extracted from the softmaxed hidden state corresponding to the last token.
+### As Reward Models
+Using token classification models as reward models. For details on reward models, see [Reward Models](reward.md).
+--8<-- "docs/models/pooling_models/reward.md:supported-token-reward-models"
+## Offline Inference
+### Pooling Parameters
+The following [pooling parameters][vllm.PoolingParams] are supported.
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:common-pooling-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:classify-pooling-params"
+```
+### `LLM.encode`
+The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM.
+Set `pooling_task="token_classify"` when using `LLM.encode` for token classification Models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="boltuix/NeuroBERT-NER", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="token_classify")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+## Online Serving
+Please refer to the [pooling API](README.md#pooling-api) and use `"task":"token_classify"`.
+## More examples
+More examples can be found here: [examples/pooling/token_classify](../../../examples/pooling/token_classify)
+## Supported Features
+Token classification features should be consistent with (sequence) classification. For more information, see [this page](classify.md#supported-features).
--- a/docs/models/pooling_models/token_embed.md
+++ b/docs/models/pooling_models/token_embed.md
+# Token Embedding Usages
+## Summary
+- Model Usage: Token classification models
+- Pooling Tasks: `token_embed`
+- Offline APIs:
+    - `LLM.encode(..., pooling_task="token_embed")`
+- Online APIs:
+    - Pooling API (`/pooling`)
+The difference between the (sequence) embedding task and the token embedding task is that (sequence) embedding outputs one embedding for each sequence, while token embedding outputs a embedding for each token.
+Many embedding models support both (sequence) embedding and token embedding. For further details on (sequence) embedding, please refer to [this page](embed.md).
+## Typical Use Cases
+### Multi-Vector Retrieval
+For implementation examples, see:
+Offline: [examples/pooling/token_embed/multi_vector_retrieval_offline.py](../../../examples/pooling/token_embed/multi_vector_retrieval_offline.py)
+Online: [examples/pooling/token_embed/multi_vector_retrieval_online.py](../../../examples/pooling/token_embed/multi_vector_retrieval_online.py)
+### Late interaction
+Similarity scores can be computed using late interaction between two input prompts via the score API. For more information, see [Score API](scoring.md).
+### Extract last hidden states
+Models of any architecture can be converted into embedding models using `--convert embed`. Token embedding can then be used to extract the last hidden states from these models.
+## Supported Models
+--8<-- [start:supported-token-embed-models]
+### Text-only Models
+| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| `ColBERTModernBertModel` | ModernBERT | `lightonai/GTE-ModernColBERT-v1` | | |
+| `ColBERTJinaRobertaModel` | Jina XLM-RoBERTa | `jinaai/jina-colbert-v2` | | |
+| `HF_ColBERT` | BERT | `answerdotai/answerai-colbert-small-v1`, `colbert-ir/colbertv2.0` | | |
+| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
+### Multimodal Models
+!!! note
+    For more information about multimodal models inputs, see [this page](../supported_models.md#list-of-multimodal-language-models).
+| Architecture | Models | Inputs | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../../features/lora.md) | [PP](../../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
+| ------------ | ------ | ----- | ----------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |
+| `ColModernVBertForRetrieval` | ColModernVBERT | T / I | `ModernVBERT/colmodernvbert-merged` | | |
+| `ColPaliForRetrieval` | ColPali | T / I | `vidore/colpali-v1.3-hf` | | |
+| `ColQwen3` | Qwen3-VL | T / I | `TomoroAI/tomoro-colqwen3-embed-4b`, `TomoroAI/tomoro-colqwen3-embed-8b` | | |
+| `ColQwen3_5` | ColQwen3.5 | T + I + V | `athrael-soju/colqwen3.5-4.5B-v3` | | |
+| `OpsColQwen3Model` | Qwen3-VL | T / I | `OpenSearch-AI/Ops-Colqwen3-4B`, `OpenSearch-AI/Ops-Colqwen3-8B` | | |
+| `Qwen3VLNemotronEmbedModel` | Qwen3-VL | T / I | `nvidia/nemotron-colembed-vl-4b-v2`, `nvidia/nemotron-colembed-vl-8b-v2` | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
+| `*ForConditionalGeneration`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | \* | N/A | \* | \* |
+<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into an embedding model via `--convert embed`. ([details](./README.md#model-conversion))  
+\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
+If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using [as_embedding_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_embedding_model].
+--8<-- [end:supported-token-embed-models]
+## Offline Inference
+### Pooling Parameters
+The following [pooling parameters][vllm.PoolingParams] are supported.
+```python
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:common-pooling-params"
+--8<-- "vllm/pooling_params.py:embed-pooling-params"
+```
+### `LLM.encode`
+The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM.
+Set `pooling_task="token_embed"` when using `LLM.encode` for token embedding Models:
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="answerdotai/answerai-colbert-small-v1", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is", pooling_task="token_embed")
+data = output.outputs.data
+print(f"Data: {data!r}")
+```
+### `LLM.score`
+The [score][vllm.LLM.score] method outputs similarity scores between sentence pairs.
+All models that support token embedding task also support using the score API to compute similarity scores by calculating the late interaction of two input prompts.
+```python
+from vllm import LLM
+llm = LLM(model="answerdotai/answerai-colbert-small-v1", runner="pooling")
+(output,) = llm.score(
+    "What is the capital of France?",
+    "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.",
+)
+score = output.outputs.score
+print(f"Score: {score}")
+```
+## Online Serving
+Please refer to the [pooling API](README.md#pooling-api) and use `"task":"token_embed"`.
+## More examples
+More examples can be found here: [examples/pooling/token_embed](../../../examples/pooling/token_embed)
+## Supported Features
+Token embedding features should be consistent with (sequence) embedding. For more information, see [this page](embed.md#supported-features).
--- a/docs/models/supported_models.md
+++ b/docs/models/supported_models.md
 # Supported Models
-vLLM supports [generative](./generative_models.md) and [pooling](./pooling_models.md) models across various tasks.
+vLLM supports [generative](./generative_models.md) and [pooling](./pooling_models/README.md) models across various tasks.
 For each task, we list the model architectures that have been implemented in vLLM.
 Alongside each architecture, we include some popular models that use it.
@@ -499,156 +499,6 @@ Some models are supported only via the [Transformers modeling backend](#transfor
 !!! note
    Currently, the ROCm version of vLLM supports Mistral and Mixtral only for context lengths up to 4096.
-### Pooling Models
-See [this page](./pooling_models.md) for more information on how to use pooling models.
-!!! important
-    Since some model architectures support both generative and pooling tasks,
-    you should explicitly specify `--runner pooling` to ensure that the model is used in pooling mode instead of generative mode.
-#### Embedding
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.embed`](./pooling_models.md#llmembed) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| `BertModel`<sup>C</sup> | BERT-based | `BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5`, `Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-xs`, etc. | | |
-| `BertSpladeSparseEmbeddingModel` | SPLADE | `naver/splade-v3` | | |
-| `ErnieModel` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `shibing624/text2vec-base-chinese-sentence` | | |
-| `Gemma2Model`<sup>C</sup> | Gemma 2-based | `BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Gemma3TextModel`<sup>C</sup> | Gemma 3-based | `google/embeddinggemma-300m`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `GritLM` | GritLM | `parasail-ai/GritLM-7B-vllm`. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `GteModel`<sup>C</sup> | Arctic-Embed-2.0-M | `Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v2.0`. | | |
-| `GteNewModel`<sup>C</sup> | mGTE-TRM (see note) | `Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base`, etc. | | |
-| `ModernBertModel`<sup>C</sup> | ModernBERT-based | `Alibaba-NLP/gte-modernbert-base`, etc. | | |
-| `NomicBertModel`<sup>C</sup> | Nomic BERT | `nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1`, `nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v2-moe`, `Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-long`, etc. | | |
-| `LlamaBidirectionalModel`<sup>C</sup> | Llama-based with bidirectional attention | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-embed-1b-v2`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `LlamaModel`<sup>C</sup>, `LlamaForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, `MistralModel`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Llama-based | `intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen2Model`<sup>C</sup>, `Qwen2ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen2-based | `ssmits/Qwen2-7B-Instruct-embed-base` (see note), `Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct` (see note), etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen3Model`<sup>C</sup>, `Qwen3ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-based | `Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `VoyageQwen3BidirectionalEmbedModel`<sup>C</sup> | Voyage Qwen3-based with bidirectional attention | `voyageai/voyage-4-nano`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `RobertaModel`, `RobertaForMaskedLM` | RoBERTa-based | `sentence-transformers/all-roberta-large-v1`, etc. | | |
-| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
-<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into an embedding model via `--convert embed`. ([details](./pooling_models.md#model-conversion))  
-\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
-!!! note
-    `ssmits/Qwen2-7B-Instruct-embed-base` has an improperly defined Sentence Transformers config.
-    You need to manually set mean pooling by passing `--pooler-config '{"pooling_type": "MEAN"}'`.
-!!! note
-    For `Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-*`, you need to enable `--trust-remote-code` for the correct tokenizer to be loaded.
-    See [relevant issue on HF Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/34882).
-!!! note
-    `jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3` supports multiple tasks through LoRA, while vllm temporarily only supports text-matching tasks by merging LoRA weights.
-!!! note
-    The second-generation GTE model (mGTE-TRM) is named `NewModel`. The name `NewModel` is too generic, you should set `--hf-overrides '{"architectures": ["GteNewModel"]}'` to specify the use of the `GteNewModel` architecture.
-If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
-[as_embedding_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_embedding_model]. By default, the embeddings
-of the whole prompt are extracted from the normalized hidden state corresponding to the last token.
-#### Classification
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.classify`](./pooling_models.md#llmclassify) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| `ErnieForSequenceClassification` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `Forrest20231206/ernie-3.0-base-zh-cls` | | |
-| `GPT2ForSequenceClassification` | GPT2 | `nie3e/sentiment-polish-gpt2-small` | | |
-| `JambaForSequenceClassification` | Jamba | `ai21labs/Jamba-tiny-reward-dev`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | \* | \* |
-<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./pooling_models.md#model-conversion))  
-\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
-If your model is not in the above list, we will try to automatically convert the model using
-[as_seq_cls_model][vllm.model_executor.models.adapters.as_seq_cls_model]. By default, the class probabilities are extracted from the softmaxed hidden state corresponding to the last token.
-#### Cross-encoder / Reranker
-Cross-encoder and reranker models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input.
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.score`](./pooling_models.md#llmscore) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | Score template (see note) | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
-| `BertForSequenceClassification` | BERT-based | `cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2`, etc. | N/A | | |
-| `ErnieForSequenceClassification` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `Forrest20231206/ernie-3.0-base-zh-cls` | N/A | | |
-| `GemmaForSequenceClassification` | Gemma-based | `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma`(see note), etc. | [bge-reranker-v2-gemma.jinja](../../examples/pooling/score/template/bge-reranker-v2-gemma.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `GteNewForSequenceClassification` | mGTE-TRM (see note) | `Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-reranker-base`, etc. | N/A | | |
-| `LlamaBidirectionalForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Llama-based with bidirectional attention | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-rerank-1b-v2`, etc. | [nemotron-rerank.jinja](../../examples/pooling/score/template/nemotron-rerank.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen2ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen2-based | `mixedbread-ai/mxbai-rerank-base-v2`(see note), etc. | [mxbai_rerank_v2.jinja](../../examples/pooling/score/template/mxbai_rerank_v2.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen3ForSequenceClassification`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-based | `tomaarsen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B-seq-cls`, `Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B`(see note), etc. | [qwen3_reranker.jinja](../../examples/pooling/score/template/qwen3_reranker.jinja) | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `RobertaForSequenceClassification` | RoBERTa-based | `cross-encoder/quora-roberta-base`, etc. | N/A | | |
-| `XLMRobertaForSequenceClassification` | XLM-RoBERTa-based | `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3`, etc. | N/A | | |
-| `*Model`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | N/A | N/A | \* | \* |
-<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./pooling_models.md#model-conversion))  
-\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
-!!! note
-    Some models require a specific prompt format to work correctly.
-    You can find Example HF Models's corresponding score template in [examples/pooling/score/template/](../../examples/pooling/score/template)
-    Examples : [examples/pooling/score/using_template_offline.py](../../examples/pooling/score/using_template_offline.py) [examples/pooling/score/using_template_online.py](../../examples/pooling/score/using_template_online.py)
-!!! note
-    Load the official original `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma` by using the following command.
-    ```bash
-    vllm serve BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-gemma --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["GemmaForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["Yes"],"method": "no_post_processing"}'
-    ```
-!!! note
-    The second-generation GTE model (mGTE-TRM) is named `NewForSequenceClassification`. The name `NewForSequenceClassification` is too generic, you should set `--hf-overrides '{"architectures": ["GteNewForSequenceClassification"]}'` to specify the use of the `GteNewForSequenceClassification` architecture.
-!!! note
-    Load the official original `mxbai-rerank-v2` by using the following command.
-    ```bash
-    vllm serve mixedbread-ai/mxbai-rerank-base-v2 --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen2ForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["0", "1"], "method": "from_2_way_softmax"}'
-    ```
-!!! note
-    Load the official original `Qwen3 Reranker` by using the following command. More information can be found at: [examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_offline.py](../../examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_offline.py) [examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_online.py](../../examples/pooling/score/qwen3_reranker_online.py).
-    ```bash
-    vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen3ForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["no", "yes"],"is_original_qwen3_reranker": true}'
-    ```
-#### Reward Modeling
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.reward`](./pooling_models.md#llmreward) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| `InternLM2ForRewardModel` | InternLM2-based | `internlm/internlm2-1_8b-reward`, `internlm/internlm2-7b-reward`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `LlamaForCausalLM` | Llama-based | `peiyi9979/math-shepherd-mistral-7b-prm`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen2ForRewardModel` | Qwen2-based | `Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-RM-72B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen2ForProcessRewardModel` | Qwen2-based | `Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-PRM-7B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-!!! important
-    For process-supervised reward models such as `peiyi9979/math-shepherd-mistral-7b-prm`, the pooling config should be set explicitly,
-    e.g.: `--pooler-config '{"pooling_type": "STEP", "step_tag_id": 123, "returned_token_ids": [456, 789]}'`.
-#### Token Classification
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.encode`](./pooling_models.md#llmencode) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ----------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
-| `BertForTokenClassification` | bert-based | `boltuix/NeuroBERT-NER` (see note), etc. | | |
-| `ErnieForTokenClassification` | BERT-like Chinese ERNIE | `gyr66/Ernie-3.0-base-chinese-finetuned-ner` | | |
-| `ModernBertForTokenClassification` | ModernBERT-based | `disham993/electrical-ner-ModernBERT-base` | | |
-!!! note
-    Named Entity Recognition (NER) usage, please refer to [examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_offline.py](../../examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_offline.py), [examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_online.py](../../examples/pooling/token_classify/ner_online.py).
 ## List of Multimodal Language Models
 The following modalities are supported depending on the model:
@@ -816,57 +666,23 @@ Speech2Text models trained specifically for Automatic Speech Recognition.
 !!! note
    `VoxtralForConditionalGeneration` requires `mistral-common[audio]` to be installed.
-### Pooling Models
+## Pooling Models
-See [this page](./pooling_models.md) for more information on how to use pooling models.
-#### Embedding
+See [this page](pooling_models/README.md) for more information on how to use pooling models.
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.embed`](./pooling_models.md#llmembed) API.
+!!! important
+    Since some model architectures support both generative and pooling tasks,
-!!! note
+    you should explicitly specify `--runner pooling` to ensure that the model is used in pooling mode instead of generative mode.
-    To get the best results, you should use pooling models that are specifically trained as such.
-The following table lists those that are tested in vLLM.
-| Architecture | Models | Inputs | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| `CLIPModel` | CLIP | T / I | `openai/clip-vit-base-patch32`, `openai/clip-vit-large-patch14`, etc. | | |
-| `ColModernVBertForRetrieval` | ColModernVBERT | T / I | `ModernVBERT/colmodernvbert-merged` | | |
-| `ColPaliForRetrieval` | ColPali | T / I | `vidore/colpali-v1.3-hf` | | |
-| `ColQwen3_5` | ColQwen3.5 | T + I + V | `athrael-soju/colqwen3.5-4.5B-v3` | | |
-| `LlamaNemotronVLModel` | Llama Nemotron Embedding + SigLIP | T + I | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-embed-vl-1b-v2` | | |
-| `LlavaNextForConditionalGeneration`<sup>C</sup> | LLaVA-NeXT-based | T / I | `royokong/e5-v` | | ✅︎ |
-| `Phi3VForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup> | Phi-3-Vision-based | T + I | `TIGER-Lab/VLM2Vec-Full` | | ✅︎ |
-| `Qwen3VLForConditionalGeneration`<sup>C</sup> | Qwen3-VL | T + I + V | `Qwen/Qwen3-VL-Embedding-2B`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `SiglipModel` | SigLIP, SigLIP2 | T / I | `google/siglip-base-patch16-224`, `google/siglip2-base-patch16-224` | | |
-| `*ForConditionalGeneration`<sup>C</sup>, `*ForCausalLM`<sup>C</sup>, etc. | Generative models | \* | N/A | \* | \* |
-<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into an embedding model via `--convert embed`. ([details](./pooling_models.md#model-conversion))  
-\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
---
-#### Cross-encoder / Reranker
-Cross-encoder and reranker models are a subset of classification models that accept two prompts as input.
-These models primarily support the [`LLM.score`](./pooling_models.md#llmscore) API.
-| Architecture | Models | Inputs | Example HF Models | [LoRA](../features/lora.md) | [PP](../serving/parallelism_scaling.md) |
-| ------------ | ------ | ------ | ----------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| `JinaVLForSequenceClassification` | JinaVL-based | T + I<sup>E+</sup> | `jinaai/jina-reranker-m0`, etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-| `LlamaNemotronVLForSequenceClassification` | Llama Nemotron Reranker + SigLIP | T + I<sup>E+</sup> | `nvidia/llama-nemotron-rerank-vl-1b-v2` | | |
-| `Qwen3VLForSequenceClassification` | Qwen3-VL-Reranker | T + I<sup>E+</sup> + V<sup>E+</sup> | `Qwen/Qwen3-VL-Reranker-2B`(see note), etc. | ✅︎ | ✅︎ |
-<sup>C</sup> Automatically converted into a classification model via `--convert classify`. ([details](./pooling_models.md#model-conversion))  
-\* Feature support is the same as that of the original model.
-!!! note
+See the link below for more information on the models supported for specific pooling tasks.
-    Similar to Qwen3-Reranker, you need to use the following `--hf_overrides` to load the official original `Qwen3-VL-Reranker`.
-    ```bash
+- [Classification Usages](pooling_models/classify.md)
-    vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-VL-Reranker-2B --hf_overrides '{"architectures": ["Qwen3VLForSequenceClassification"],"classifier_from_token": ["no", "yes"],"is_original_qwen3_reranker": true}'
+- [Embedding Usages](pooling_models/embed.md)
-    ```
+- [Reward Usages](pooling_models/reward.md)
+- [Token Classification Usages](pooling_models/token_classify.md)
+- [Token Embedding Usages](pooling_models/token_embed.md)
+- [Scoring Usages](pooling_models/scoring.md)
+- [Specific Model Examples](pooling_models/specific_models.md)
 ## Model Support Policy

--- a/docs/serving/offline_inference.md
+++ b/docs/serving/offline_inference.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ After initializing the `LLM` instance, use the available APIs to perform model i
 The available APIs depend on the model type:
 - [Generative models](../models/generative_models.md) output logprobs which are sampled from to obtain the final output text.
- [Pooling models](../models/pooling_models.md) output their hidden states directly.
+- [Pooling models](../models/pooling_models/README.md) output their hidden states directly.
 !!! info
    [API Reference](../api/README.md#offline-inference)

--- a/docs/serving/openai_compatible_server.md
+++ b/docs/serving/openai_compatible_server.md