[Hardware] Initial TPU integration (#5292)

Dockerfile.tpu

+ARG NIGHTLY_DATE="20240601"
+ARG BASE_IMAGE="us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/tpu-pytorch-releases/docker/xla:nightly_3.10_tpuvm_$NIGHTLY_DATE"
+
+FROM $BASE_IMAGE
+
+WORKDIR /workspace
+COPY . /workspace/vllm
+
+ENV VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE="tpu"
+# Install aiohttp separately to avoid build errors.
+RUN pip install aiohttp
+# Install the TPU and Pallas dependencies.
+RUN pip install torch_xla[tpu] -f https://storage.googleapis.com/libtpu-releases/index.html
+RUN pip install torch_xla[pallas] -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_nightly_releases.html -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jaxlib_nightly_releases.html
+
+# Build vLLM.
+RUN cd /workspace/vllm && python setup.py develop
+
+CMD ["/bin/bash"]

benchmarks/benchmark_latency.py

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         "--device",
         type=str,
         default="cuda",
-        choices=["cuda", "cpu"],
+        choices=["cuda", "cpu", "tpu"],
         help='device type for vLLM execution, supporting CUDA and CPU.')
     parser.add_argument('--block-size',
                         type=int,

benchmarks/benchmark_throughput.py

@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "--device",
         type=str,
         default="cuda",
-        choices=["cuda", "cpu"],
+        choices=["cuda", "cpu", "tpu"],
         help='device type for vLLM execution, supporting CUDA and CPU.')
     parser.add_argument(
         "--enable-prefix-caching",

docs/source/getting_started/tpu-installation.rst

+.. _installation_tpu:
+
+Installation with TPU
+=====================
+
+vLLM supports Google Cloud TPUs using PyTorch XLA.
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+* Google Cloud TPU VM (single host)
+* TPU versions: v5e, v5p, v4
+* Python: 3.10
+
+Installation options:
+
+1. :ref:`Build a docker image with Dockerfile <build_docker_tpu>`.
+2. :ref:`Build from source <build_from_source_tpu>`.
+
+.. _build_docker_tpu:
+
+Build a docker image with :code:`Dockerfile.tpu`
+------------------------------------------------
+
+`Dockerfile.tpu <https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/main/Dockerfile.tpu>`_ is provided to build a docker image with TPU support.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ docker build -f Dockerfile.tpu -t vllm-tpu .
+
+
+You can run the docker image with the following command:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ # Make sure to add `--privileged --net host --shm-size=16G`.
+    $ docker run --privileged --net host --shm-size=16G -it vllm-tpu
+
+
+.. _build_from_source_tpu:
+
+Build from source
+-----------------
+
+You can also build and install the TPU backend from source.
+
+First, install the dependencies:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ # (Recommended) Create a new conda environment.
+    $ conda create -n myenv python=3.10 -y
+    $ conda activate myenv
+
+    $ # Clean up the existing torch and torch-xla packages.
+    $ pip uninstall torch torch-xla -y
+
+    $ # Install PyTorch and PyTorch XLA.
+    $ export DATE="+20240601"
+    $ pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/pytorch-xla-releases/wheels/tpuvm/torch-nightly${DATE}-cp310-cp310-linux_x86_64.whl
+    $ pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/pytorch-xla-releases/wheels/tpuvm/torch_xla-nightly${DATE}-cp310-cp310-linux_x86_64.whl
+
+    $ # Install JAX and Pallas.
+    $ pip install torch_xla[tpu] -f https://storage.googleapis.com/libtpu-releases/index.html
+    $ pip install torch_xla[pallas] -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_nightly_releases.html -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jaxlib_nightly_releases.html
+
+    $ # Install other build dependencies.
+    $ pip install packaging aiohttp
+
+
+Next, build vLLM from source. This will only take a few seconds:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    $ VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE="tpu" python setup.py develop

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@ Documentation
 
    getting_started/installation
    getting_started/amd-installation
-   getting_started/neuron-installation
    getting_started/cpu-installation
+   getting_started/neuron-installation
+   getting_started/tpu-installation
    getting_started/quickstart
    getting_started/debugging
    getting_started/examples/examples_index

requirements-tpu.txt

+# Common dependencies
+-r requirements-common.txt
+
+# Dependencies for TPU
+# Currently, the TPU backend uses a nightly version of PyTorch XLA.
+# You can install the dependencies in Dockerfile.tpu.
+triton  # To avoid import errors

setup.py

@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ class cmake_build_ext(build_ext):
 
 
 def _is_cuda() -> bool:
-    return VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE == "cuda" \
-            and torch.version.cuda is not None \
-            and not _is_neuron()
+    has_cuda = torch.version.cuda is not None
+    return (VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE == "cuda" and has_cuda
+            and not (_is_neuron() or _is_tpu()))
 
 
 def _is_hip() -> bool:
@@ -225,10 +225,18 @@ def _is_neuron() -> bool:
     return torch_neuronx_installed or VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE == "neuron"
 
 
+def _is_tpu() -> bool:
+    return VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE == "tpu"
+
+
 def _is_cpu() -> bool:
     return VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE == "cpu"
 
 
+def _build_custom_ops() -> bool:
+    return _is_cuda() or _is_hip() or _is_cpu()
+
+
 def _install_punica() -> bool:
     return envs.VLLM_INSTALL_PUNICA_KERNELS
 
@@ -325,6 +333,8 @@ def get_vllm_version() -> str:
         if neuron_version != MAIN_CUDA_VERSION:
             neuron_version_str = neuron_version.replace(".", "")[:3]
             version += f"+neuron{neuron_version_str}"
+    elif _is_tpu():
+        version += "+tpu"
     elif _is_cpu():
         version += "+cpu"
     else:
@@ -372,6 +382,8 @@ def get_requirements() -> List[str]:
         requirements = _read_requirements("requirements-rocm.txt")
     elif _is_neuron():
         requirements = _read_requirements("requirements-neuron.txt")
+    elif _is_tpu():
+        requirements = _read_requirements("requirements-tpu.txt")
     elif _is_cpu():
         requirements = _read_requirements("requirements-cpu.txt")
     else:
@@ -385,7 +397,7 @@ ext_modules = []
 if _is_cuda() or _is_hip():
     ext_modules.append(CMakeExtension(name="vllm._moe_C"))
 
-if not _is_neuron():
+if _build_custom_ops():
     ext_modules.append(CMakeExtension(name="vllm._C"))
 
     if _install_punica():
@@ -428,6 +440,6 @@ setup(
     extras_require={
         "tensorizer": ["tensorizer>=2.9.0"],
     },
-    cmdclass={"build_ext": cmake_build_ext} if not _is_neuron() else {},
+    cmdclass={"build_ext": cmake_build_ext} if _build_custom_ops() else {},
     package_data=package_data,
 )

vllm/attention/backends/pallas.py

+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
+
+import torch
+import torch_xla.experimental.custom_kernel  # Required to register custom ops.
+import torch_xla.experimental.dynamo_set_buffer_donor
+
+from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import (AttentionBackend, AttentionImpl,
+                                              AttentionMetadata)
+
+
+class PallasAttentionBackend(AttentionBackend):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_impl_cls() -> Type["PallasAttentionBackendImpl"]:
+        return PallasAttentionBackendImpl
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_metadata(*args, **kwargs) -> "PallasMetadata":
+        return PallasMetadata(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_kv_cache_shape(
+        num_blocks: int,
+        block_size: int,
+        num_kv_heads: int,
+        head_size: int,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        return (num_kv_heads, num_blocks, block_size, head_size)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def swap_blocks(
+        src_kv_cache: torch.Tensor,
+        dst_kv_cache: torch.Tensor,
+        src_to_dst: Dict[int, int],
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError("swap_blocks is not implemented.")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def copy_blocks(
+        kv_caches: List[torch.Tensor],
+        src_to_dists: Dict[int, List[int]],
+    ) -> None:
+        # TODO(woosuk): Implement this.
+        raise NotImplementedError("copy_blocks is not implemented.")
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PallasMetadata(AttentionMetadata):
+
+    # Currently, input sequences can only contain all prefills
+    # or all decoding.
+    block_tables: Optional[torch.Tensor]
+    context_lens: Optional[torch.Tensor]
+
+    @property
+    def prefill_metadata(self) -> Optional["PallasMetadata"]:
+        if self.num_prefills == 0:
+            return None
+
+        assert self.num_decode_tokens == 0
+        assert self.block_tables is None
+        assert self.context_lens is None
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def decode_metadata(self) -> Optional["PallasMetadata"]:
+        if self.num_decode_tokens == 0:
+            return None
+
+        assert self.num_prefills == 0
+        assert self.num_prefill_tokens == 0
+        assert self.block_tables is not None
+        assert self.context_lens is not None
+        return self
+
+
+class PallasAttentionBackendImpl(AttentionImpl):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_heads: int,
+        head_size: int,
+        scale: float,
+        num_kv_heads: int,
+        alibi_slopes: Optional[List[float]],
+        sliding_window: Optional[int],
+        kv_cache_dtype: str,
+        blocksparse_params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.head_size = head_size
+        self.scale = float(scale)
+        self.num_kv_heads = num_heads if num_kv_heads is None else num_kv_heads
+
+        assert self.num_heads % self.num_kv_heads == 0
+        self.num_queries_per_kv = self.num_heads // self.num_kv_heads
+        if head_size % 128 != 0:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Head size must be a multiple of 128.")
+        if alibi_slopes is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Alibi slopes is not supported.")
+        if sliding_window is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Sliding window is not supported.")
+        if kv_cache_dtype != "auto":
+            raise NotImplementedError("FP8 KV cache dtype is not supported.")
+        if blocksparse_params is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Blocksparse is not supported.")
+
+        if torch_xla.tpu.version() < 4:
+            raise NotImplementedError("TPU version must be 4 or higher.")
+
+        self.megacore_mode = None
+        tpu_type = torch_xla.tpu.get_tpu_env()["TYPE"].lower()
+        if not tpu_type.endswith("lite"):
+            if self.num_kv_heads % 2 == 0:
+                self.megacore_mode = "kv_head"
+            else:
+                # NOTE(woosuk): If the batch size is not a multiple of 2, the
+                # megacore mode will be None.
+                self.megacore_mode = "batch"
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        query: torch.Tensor,
+        key: torch.Tensor,
+        value: torch.Tensor,
+        kv_cache: Tuple[Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[torch.Tensor]],
+        attn_metadata: PallasMetadata,
+        kv_scale: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward pass with Pallas attention.
+
+        Args:
+            query: shape = [batch_size, seq_len, num_heads * head_size]
+            key: shape = [batch_size, seq_len, num_kv_heads * head_size]
+            value: shape = [batch_size, seq_len, num_kv_heads * head_size]
+            key_cache = [num_kv_heads, num_blocks, block_size, head_size]
+            value_cache = [num_kv_heads, num_blocks, block_size, head_size]
+            attn_metadata: Metadata for attention.
+        Returns:
+            shape = [batch_size, seq_len, num_heads * head_size]
+        """
+        assert kv_scale == 1.0
+        batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size = query.shape
+        query = query.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_size)
+        key = key.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_kv_heads, self.head_size)
+        value = value.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_kv_heads,
+                           self.head_size)
+
+        if kv_cache[0] is not None:
+            slot_mapping = attn_metadata.slot_mapping
+            key_cache, value_cache = kv_cache
+            write_to_kv_cache(key, value, key_cache, value_cache, slot_mapping)
+
+        query = query * self.scale
+        if attn_metadata.num_prefills > 0:
+            assert seq_len % 16 == 0, (
+                "Pallas FlashAttention kernel requires seq_len to be a "
+                f"multiple of 16 but got {seq_len}")
+
+            # Handle GQA/MQA.
+            if self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads:
+                key = key.repeat_interleave(self.num_queries_per_kv, dim=-2)
+                key = key.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads,
+                               self.head_size)
+                value = value.repeat_interleave(self.num_queries_per_kv,
+                                                dim=-2)
+                value = value.view(batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads,
+                                   self.head_size)
+            # FlashAttention requires [batch_size, num_heads, seq_len, d_model]
+            # while the input is [batch_size, seq_len, num_heads, d_model].
+            # Permute the input to match the required format.
+            output = torch.ops.xla.flash_attention(
+                query.permute(0, 2, 1, 3),
+                key.permute(0, 2, 1, 3),
+                value.permute(0, 2, 1, 3),
+                True,
+            )
+            output = output.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
+        else:
+            # Decoding run.
+            assert kv_cache is not None
+
+            pages_per_compute_block = 16  # TODO(woosuk): Tune this value.
+            if self.megacore_mode == "batch" and batch_size % 2 != 0:
+                megacore_mode = None
+            else:
+                megacore_mode = self.megacore_mode
+
+            # NOTE(woosuk): A temporary workaround to avoid the error:
+            # "xla::paged_attention() Expected a value of type 'str' for
+            # argument 'megacore_mode' but instead found type 'NoneType'."
+            if megacore_mode is not None:
+                output = torch.ops.xla.paged_attention(
+                    query.squeeze(dim=1),
+                    key_cache,
+                    value_cache,
+                    attn_metadata.context_lens,
+                    attn_metadata.block_tables,
+                    pages_per_compute_block,
+                    megacore_mode=megacore_mode,
+                )
+            else:
+                output = torch.ops.xla.paged_attention(
+                    query.squeeze(dim=1),
+                    key_cache,
+                    value_cache,
+                    attn_metadata.context_lens,
+                    attn_metadata.block_tables,
+                    pages_per_compute_block,
+                )
+
+        # Reshape the output tensor.
+        return output.reshape(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)
+
+
+def write_to_kv_cache(
+    key: torch.Tensor,
+    value: torch.Tensor,
+    key_cache: torch.Tensor,
+    value_cache: torch.Tensor,
+    slot_mapping: torch.Tensor,
+) -> None:
+    torch.ops.xla.dynamo_set_buffer_donor_(key_cache, True)
+    torch.ops.xla.dynamo_set_buffer_donor_(value_cache, True)
+
+    key = key.flatten(0, 2)
+    value = value.flatten(0, 2)
+    key_cache = key_cache.flatten(0, 2)
+    value_cache = value_cache.flatten(0, 2)
+    key_cache.index_copy_(0, slot_mapping, key)
+    value_cache.index_copy_(0, slot_mapping, value)

vllm/attention/selector.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import torch
 import vllm.envs as envs
 from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import AttentionBackend
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
-from vllm.utils import is_cpu, is_hip
+from vllm.utils import is_cpu, is_hip, is_tpu
 
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class _Backend(enum.Enum):
     ROCM_FLASH = enum.auto()
     TORCH_SDPA = enum.auto()
     FLASHINFER = enum.auto()
+    PALLAS = enum.auto()
 
 
 @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ def get_attn_backend(
                        "Please make sure --enforce-eager is set.")
         from vllm.attention.backends.flashinfer import FlashInferBackend
         return FlashInferBackend
+    elif backend == _Backend.PALLAS:
+        logger.info("Using Pallas backend.")
+        from vllm.attention.backends.pallas import PallasAttentionBackend
+        return PallasAttentionBackend
     else:
         raise ValueError("Invalid attention backend.")
 
@@ -80,7 +85,6 @@ def which_attn_to_use(
     block_size: int,
 ) -> _Backend:
     """Returns which flash attention backend to use."""
-
     # Default case.
     selected_backend = _Backend.FLASH_ATTN
 
@@ -100,6 +104,11 @@ def which_attn_to_use(
             logger.info("Cannot use %s backend on CPU.", selected_backend)
         return _Backend.TORCH_SDPA
 
+    if is_tpu():
+        if selected_backend != _Backend.PALLAS:
+            logger.info("Cannot use %s backend on TPU.", selected_backend)
+        return _Backend.PALLAS
+
     if is_hip():
         # AMD GPUs.
         selected_backend = (_Backend.ROCM_FLASH if selected_backend

vllm/config.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from vllm.logger import init_logger
 from vllm.model_executor.layers.quantization import QUANTIZATION_METHODS
 from vllm.model_executor.models import ModelRegistry
 from vllm.transformers_utils.config import get_config, get_hf_text_config
-from vllm.utils import get_cpu_memory, is_cpu, is_hip, is_neuron
+from vllm.utils import get_cpu_memory, is_cpu, is_hip, is_neuron, is_tpu
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ray.util.placement_group import PlacementGroup
@@ -748,6 +748,8 @@ class DeviceConfig:
             # Automated device type detection
             if is_neuron():
                 self.device_type = "neuron"
+            elif is_tpu():
+                self.device_type = "tpu"
             elif is_cpu():
                 self.device_type = "cpu"
             else:
@@ -761,6 +763,8 @@ class DeviceConfig:
         # Some device types require processing inputs on CPU
         if self.device_type in ["neuron"]:
             self.device = torch.device("cpu")
+        elif self.device_type in ["tpu"]:
+            self.device = None
         else:
             # Set device with device type
             self.device = torch.device(self.device_type)

vllm/engine/arg_utils.py

@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ class EngineArgs:
         parser.add_argument("--device",
                             type=str,
                             default=EngineArgs.device,
-                            choices=["auto", "cuda", "neuron", "cpu"],
+                            choices=["auto", "cuda", "neuron", "cpu", "tpu"],
                             help='Device type for vLLM execution.')
 
         # Related to Vision-language models such as llava

vllm/engine/async_llm_engine.py

@@ -375,6 +375,9 @@ class AsyncLLMEngine:
         if engine_config.device_config.device_type == "neuron":
             from vllm.executor.neuron_executor import NeuronExecutorAsync
             executor_class = NeuronExecutorAsync
+        elif engine_config.device_config.device_type == "tpu":
+            from vllm.executor.tpu_executor import TPUExecutorAsync
+            executor_class = TPUExecutorAsync
         elif engine_config.device_config.device_type == "cpu":
             assert distributed_executor_backend is None, (
                 "Distributed execution is not supported with the CPU backend.")

vllm/engine/llm_engine.py

@@ -341,6 +341,9 @@ class LLMEngine:
         if engine_config.device_config.device_type == "neuron":
             from vllm.executor.neuron_executor import NeuronExecutor
             executor_class = NeuronExecutor
+        elif engine_config.device_config.device_type == "tpu":
+            from vllm.executor.tpu_executor import TPUExecutor
+            executor_class = TPUExecutor
         elif engine_config.device_config.device_type == "cpu":
             from vllm.executor.cpu_executor import CPUExecutor
             executor_class = CPUExecutor

vllm/envs.py

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     VLLM_TRACE_FUNCTION: int = 0
     VLLM_ATTENTION_BACKEND: Optional[str] = None
     VLLM_CPU_KVCACHE_SPACE: int = 0
+    VLLM_XLA_CACHE_PATH: str = "~/.vllm/xla_cache/"
     VLLM_USE_RAY_COMPILED_DAG: bool = False
     VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD: str = "spawn"
     VLLM_IMAGE_FETCH_TIMEOUT: int = 5
@@ -217,6 +218,11 @@ environment_variables: Dict[str, Callable[[], Any]] = {
     # Default is 5 seconds
     "VLLM_IMAGE_FETCH_TIMEOUT":
     lambda: int(os.getenv("VLLM_IMAGE_FETCH_TIMEOUT", "5")),
+
+    # Path to the XLA persistent cache directory.
+    # Only used for XLA devices such as TPUs.
+    "VLLM_XLA_CACHE_PATH":
+    lambda: os.getenv("VLLM_XLA_CACHE_PATH", "~/.vllm/xla_cache/"),
 }
 
 # end-env-vars-definition

vllm/executor/tpu_executor.py

+from typing import List, Set, Tuple
+
+import torch
+
+from vllm.executor.executor_base import ExecutorAsyncBase, ExecutorBase
+from vllm.logger import init_logger
+from vllm.lora.request import LoRARequest
+from vllm.sequence import ExecuteModelRequest, SamplerOutput
+from vllm.utils import (get_distributed_init_method, get_ip, get_open_port,
+                        make_async)
+
+logger = init_logger(__name__)
+
+
+class TPUExecutor(ExecutorBase):
+
+    def _init_executor(self) -> None:
+        assert not self.scheduler_config.chunked_prefill_enabled, (
+            "Chunked prefill is not yet supported for TPU backend")
+        assert not self.speculative_config, (
+            "Speculative decoding is not yet supported for TPU backend")
+        if self.model_config.dtype in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
+            logger.warning(
+                "The TPU backend currently does not support %s. "
+                "Using bfloat16 instead.", self.model_config.dtype)
+            self.model_config.dtype = torch.bfloat16
+
+        # Instantiate the worker and load the model to the device.
+        self._init_worker()
+
+    def _init_worker(self):
+        from vllm.worker.tpu_worker import TPUWorker
+
+        assert self.parallel_config.world_size == 1, (
+            "TPUExecutor currently only supports a single TPU chip.")
+        distributed_init_method = get_distributed_init_method(
+            get_ip(), get_open_port())
+        self.driver_worker = TPUWorker(
+            self.model_config,
+            self.parallel_config,
+            self.scheduler_config,
+            self.device_config,
+            self.cache_config,
+            self.load_config,
+            self.vision_language_config,
+            local_rank=0,
+            rank=0,
+            distributed_init_method=distributed_init_method,
+        )
+        self.driver_worker.init_device()
+        self.driver_worker.load_model()
+
+    def initialize_cache(
+        self,
+        num_gpu_blocks: int,
+        num_cpu_blocks: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the KV cache by invoking the underlying worker."""
+        # NOTE: This is logged in the executor because there can be >1 worker
+        # with other executors. We could log in the engine level, but work
+        # remains to abstract away the device for non-GPU configurations.
+        logger.info("# TPU blocks: %d, # CPU blocks: %d", num_gpu_blocks,
+                    num_cpu_blocks)
+        self.driver_worker.initialize_cache(num_gpu_blocks, num_cpu_blocks)
+
+    def determine_num_available_blocks(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        """Determine the number of available KV blocks by invoking the
+        underlying worker.
+        """
+        return self.driver_worker.determine_num_available_blocks()
+
+    def execute_model(
+        self,
+        execute_model_req: ExecuteModelRequest,
+    ) -> List[SamplerOutput]:
+        output = self.driver_worker.execute_model(execute_model_req)
+        return output
+
+    def add_lora(self, lora_request: LoRARequest) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError("LoRA is not implemented for TPU backend.")
+
+    def remove_lora(self, lora_id: int) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError("LoRA is not implemented for TPU backend.")
+
+    def list_loras(self) -> Set[int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("LoRA is not implemented for TPU backend.")
+
+    def check_health(self) -> None:
+        # TPUExecutor will always be healthy as long as it's running.
+        return
+
+
+class TPUExecutorAsync(TPUExecutor, ExecutorAsyncBase):
+
+    async def execute_model_async(
+        self,
+        sexecute_model_req: ExecuteModelRequest,
+    ) -> SamplerOutput:
+        output = await make_async(self.driver_worker.execute_model
+                                  )(sexecute_model_req)
+        return output

vllm/model_executor/custom_op.py

 import torch.nn as nn
 
-from vllm.utils import is_cpu, is_hip
+from vllm.utils import is_cpu, is_hip, is_tpu
 
 
 class CustomOp(nn.Module):
@@ -56,5 +56,7 @@ class CustomOp(nn.Module):
             return self.forward_hip
         elif is_cpu():
             return self.forward_cpu
+        elif is_tpu():
+            return self.forward_tpu
         else:
             return self.forward_cuda

vllm/model_executor/layers/rotary_embedding.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 
 from vllm.model_executor.custom_op import CustomOp
+from vllm.utils import is_tpu
 
 
 def _rotate_neox(x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
@@ -43,6 +44,19 @@ def _rotate_gptj(x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
     return x.flatten(-2)
 
 
+def _apply_rotary_emb(
+    x: torch.Tensor,
+    freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    x_ = torch.view_as_complex(
+        torch.stack(torch.chunk(x.transpose(1, 2).float(), 2, dim=-1), dim=-1))
+    x_out = torch.view_as_real(x_ * freqs_cis).type_as(x)
+    x_out = torch.cat(torch.chunk(x_out, 2, dim=-1), dim=-2)
+    x_out = x_out.reshape(x_out.shape[0], x_out.shape[1], x_out.shape[2],
+                          -1).transpose(1, 2)
+    return x_out
+
+
 class RotaryEmbedding(CustomOp):
     """Original rotary positional embedding."""
 
@@ -64,8 +78,14 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(CustomOp):
         self.dtype = dtype
 
         cache = self._compute_cos_sin_cache()
-        cache = cache.to(dtype)
-        self.register_buffer("cos_sin_cache", cache, persistent=False)
+        self.use_native2 = is_tpu() and is_neox_style
+        if not self.use_native2:
+            cache = cache.to(dtype)
+            self.register_buffer("cos_sin_cache", cache, persistent=False)
+        else:
+            cos, sin = cache.chunk(2, dim=-1)
+            freqs_cis = cos + 1j * sin
+            self.register_buffer("freqs_cis", freqs_cis, persistent=False)
 
     def _compute_inv_freq(self, base: Union[int, float]) -> torch.Tensor:
         """Compute the inverse frequency."""
@@ -100,7 +120,11 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(CustomOp):
         key: torch.Tensor,
         offsets: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
     ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
-        """PyTorch-native implementation equivalent to forward()."""
+        """A PyTorch-native implementation equivalent to forward().
+
+        This method mimics the implementation of the custom CUDA kernel
+        used in `forward_cuda()`.
+        """
         query = query.view(*query.shape[:-1], -1, self.head_size)
         key = key.view(*key.shape[:-1], -1, self.head_size)
 
@@ -138,6 +162,42 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(CustomOp):
         key = key.flatten(-2)
         return query, key
 
+    def forward_native2(
+        self,
+        positions: torch.Tensor,
+        query: torch.Tensor,
+        key: torch.Tensor,
+        offsets: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Another PyTorch-native implementation of forward().
+
+        This method might perform better than `forward_native()` when compiled.
+        """
+        if positions.dim() == 1:
+            batch_size = 1
+            seq_len = positions.shape[0]
+        else:
+            batch_size, seq_len = positions.shape
+        if offsets is not None:
+            positions = positions + offsets
+        freqs_cis = self.freqs_cis.index_select(0, positions.flatten())
+        freqs_cis = freqs_cis.view(batch_size, 1, seq_len, -1)
+
+        query_shape = query.shape
+        query = query.view(batch_size, seq_len, -1, self.head_size)
+        query_rot = query[..., :self.rotary_dim]
+        query_pass = query[..., self.rotary_dim:]
+        query_rot = _apply_rotary_emb(query_rot, freqs_cis)
+        query = torch.cat((query_rot, query_pass), dim=-1).reshape(query_shape)
+
+        key_shape = key.shape
+        key = key.view(batch_size, seq_len, -1, self.head_size)
+        key_rot = key[..., :self.rotary_dim]
+        key_pass = key[..., self.rotary_dim:]
+        key_rot = _apply_rotary_emb(key_rot, freqs_cis)
+        key = torch.cat((key_rot, key_pass), dim=-1).reshape(key_shape)
+        return query, key
+
     def forward_cuda(
         self,
         positions: torch.Tensor,
@@ -161,6 +221,17 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(CustomOp):
                                  self.cos_sin_cache, self.is_neox_style)
         return query, key
 
+    def forward_tpu(
+        self,
+        positions: torch.Tensor,
+        query: torch.Tensor,
+        key: torch.Tensor,
+        offsets: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        forward_fn = (self.forward_native2
+                      if self.use_native2 else self.forward_native)
+        return forward_fn(positions, query, key, offsets)
+
     def extra_repr(self) -> str:
         s = f"head_size={self.head_size}, rotary_dim={self.rotary_dim}"
         s += f", max_position_embeddings={self.max_position_embeddings}"

vllm/model_executor/model_loader/loader.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.weight_utils import (
     pt_weights_iterator, safetensors_weights_iterator)
 from vllm.model_executor.models.vlm_base import VisionLanguageModelBase
 from vllm.model_executor.utils import set_weight_attrs
+from vllm.utils import is_tpu
 
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -227,12 +228,26 @@ class DefaultModelLoader(BaseModelLoader):
         if self.load_config.load_format == LoadFormat.NPCACHE:
             # Currently np_cache only support *.bin checkpoints
             assert use_safetensors is False
-            return np_cache_weights_iterator(model_name_or_path,
-                                             self.load_config.download_dir,
-                                             hf_folder, hf_weights_files)
-        if use_safetensors:
-            return safetensors_weights_iterator(hf_weights_files)
-        return pt_weights_iterator(hf_weights_files)
+            weights_iterator = np_cache_weights_iterator(
+                model_name_or_path, self.load_config.download_dir, hf_folder,
+                hf_weights_files)
+        elif use_safetensors:
+            weights_iterator = safetensors_weights_iterator(hf_weights_files)
+        else:
+            weights_iterator = pt_weights_iterator(hf_weights_files)
+
+        if is_tpu():
+            # In PyTorch XLA, we should call `xm.mark_step` frequently so that
+            # not too many ops are accumulated in the XLA program.
+            import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+
+            def _xla_weights_iterator(iterator: Generator):
+                for weights in iterator:
+                    yield weights
+                    xm.mark_step()
+
+            weights_iterator = _xla_weights_iterator(weights_iterator)
+        return weights_iterator
 
     def load_model(self, *, model_config: ModelConfig,
                    device_config: DeviceConfig,

vllm/utils.py

@@ -146,6 +146,15 @@ def is_neuron() -> bool:
     return transformers_neuronx is not None
 
 
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def is_tpu() -> bool:
+    try:
+        import libtpu
+    except ImportError:
+        libtpu = None
+    return libtpu is not None
+
+
 @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def get_max_shared_memory_bytes(gpu: int = 0) -> int:
     """Returns the maximum shared memory per thread block in bytes."""
@@ -546,6 +555,11 @@ def maybe_expand_dim(tensor: torch.Tensor,
     return tensor
 
 
+def get_dtype_size(dtype: torch.dtype) -> int:
+    """Get the size of the data type in bytes."""
+    return torch.tensor([], dtype=dtype).element_size()
+
+
 def merge_dicts(dict1: Dict[Any, List[Any]],
                 dict2: Dict[Any, List[Any]]) -> Dict[Any, List[Any]]:
     """Merge 2 dicts that have key -> List of items.

vllm/worker/cache_engine.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import torch
 from vllm.attention import get_attn_backend
 from vllm.config import CacheConfig, ModelConfig, ParallelConfig
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
-from vllm.utils import STR_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE, is_pin_memory_available
+from vllm.utils import (STR_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE, get_dtype_size,
+                        is_pin_memory_available)
 
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -108,9 +109,5 @@ class CacheEngine:
             dtype = model_config.dtype
         else:
             dtype = STR_DTYPE_TO_TORCH_DTYPE[cache_config.cache_dtype]
-        dtype_size = _get_dtype_size(dtype)
+        dtype_size = get_dtype_size(dtype)
         return dtype_size * total
-
-
-def _get_dtype_size(dtype: torch.dtype) -> int:
-    return torch.tensor([], dtype=dtype).element_size()