model_runner.py

import dataclasses
import gc
import inspect
import itertools
import time
import warnings
import weakref
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import (TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set,
                    Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union)

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.distributed
import torch.nn as nn

import vllm.envs as envs
from vllm.attention import AttentionMetadata, get_attn_backend
from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import AttentionState
from vllm.compilation.compile_context import set_compile_context
from vllm.compilation.levels import CompilationLevel
from vllm.config import (CacheConfig, DeviceConfig, LoadConfig, LoRAConfig,
                         ModelConfig, ObservabilityConfig, ParallelConfig,
                         PromptAdapterConfig, SchedulerConfig)
from vllm.core.scheduler import SchedulerOutputs
from vllm.distributed import get_pp_group
from vllm.distributed.parallel_state import graph_capture
from vllm.forward_context import set_forward_context
from vllm.inputs import INPUT_REGISTRY, InputRegistry
from vllm.logger import init_logger
from vllm.lora.layers import LoRAMapping
from vllm.lora.request import LoRARequest
from vllm.lora.worker_manager import LRUCacheWorkerLoRAManager
from vllm.model_executor import SamplingMetadata, SamplingMetadataCache
from vllm.model_executor.layers.rotary_embedding import MRotaryEmbedding
from vllm.model_executor.layers.sampler import SamplerOutput
from vllm.model_executor.model_loader import get_model
from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.tensorizer import TensorizerConfig
from vllm.model_executor.models import supports_lora, supports_multimodal
from vllm.model_executor.models.utils import set_cpu_offload_max_bytes
from vllm.multimodal import (MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY, BatchedTensorInputs,
                             MultiModalInputs, MultiModalRegistry)
from vllm.prompt_adapter.layers import PromptAdapterMapping
from vllm.prompt_adapter.request import PromptAdapterRequest
from vllm.prompt_adapter.worker_manager import (
    LRUCacheWorkerPromptAdapterManager)
from vllm.sampling_params import SamplingParams
from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors, SequenceGroupMetadata
from vllm.utils import (DeviceMemoryProfiler, PyObjectCache, async_tensor_h2d,
                        flatten_2d_lists, is_hip, is_pin_memory_available,
                        supports_dynamo)
from vllm.worker.model_runner_base import (
    ModelRunnerBase, ModelRunnerInputBase, ModelRunnerInputBuilderBase,
    _add_attn_metadata_broadcastable_dict,
    _add_sampling_metadata_broadcastable_dict,
    _init_attn_metadata_from_tensor_dict,
    _init_sampling_metadata_from_tensor_dict, dump_input_when_exception)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import AttentionBackend

logger = init_logger(__name__)

LORA_WARMUP_RANK = 8
_BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT = 8
# all the token sizes that **can** be captured by cudagraph.
# they can be arbitrarily large.
# currently it includes: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, ..., 8192.
# the actual sizes to capture will be determined by the model,
# depending on the model's max_num_seqs.
# NOTE: _get_graph_batch_size needs to be updated if this list is changed.
_BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE = [1, 2, 4] + [
    _BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT * i for i in range(1, 1025)
]
_NUM_WARMUP_ITERS = 2

TModelInputForGPU = TypeVar('TModelInputForGPU', bound="ModelInputForGPU")

# For now, bump up cache limits for recompilations during CUDA graph warmups.
torch._dynamo.config.cache_size_limit = 128
torch._dynamo.config.accumulated_cache_size_limit = 128


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ModelInputForGPU(ModelRunnerInputBase):
    """
    This base class contains metadata needed for the base model forward pass
    but not metadata for possible additional steps, e.g., sampling. Model
    runners that run additional steps should subclass this method to add
    additional fields.
    """
    input_tokens: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    input_positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    seq_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None
    query_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None
    lora_mapping: Optional["LoRAMapping"] = None
    lora_requests: Optional[Set[LoRARequest]] = None
    attn_metadata: Optional["AttentionMetadata"] = None
    prompt_adapter_mapping: Optional[PromptAdapterMapping] = None
    prompt_adapter_requests: Optional[Set[PromptAdapterRequest]] = None
    multi_modal_kwargs: Optional[BatchedTensorInputs] = None
    request_ids_to_seq_ids: Optional[Dict[str, List[int]]] = None
    finished_requests_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
    virtual_engine: int = 0
    async_callback: Optional[Callable] = None
    seq_group_metadata_list: Optional[List[SequenceGroupMetadata]] = None
    scheduler_outputs: Optional[SchedulerOutputs] = None

    def as_broadcastable_tensor_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        tensor_dict = {
            "input_tokens": self.input_tokens,
            "input_positions": self.input_positions,
            "lora_requests": self.lora_requests,
            "lora_mapping": self.lora_mapping,
            "multi_modal_kwargs": self.multi_modal_kwargs,
            "prompt_adapter_mapping": self.prompt_adapter_mapping,
            "prompt_adapter_requests": self.prompt_adapter_requests,
            "virtual_engine": self.virtual_engine,
            "request_ids_to_seq_ids": self.request_ids_to_seq_ids,
            "finished_requests_ids": self.finished_requests_ids,
        }
        _add_attn_metadata_broadcastable_dict(tensor_dict, self.attn_metadata)
        return tensor_dict

    @classmethod
    def from_broadcasted_tensor_dict(
        cls: Type[TModelInputForGPU],
        tensor_dict: Dict[str, Any],
        attn_backend: Optional["AttentionBackend"] = None,
    ) -> TModelInputForGPU:
        if attn_backend is not None:
            tensor_dict = _init_attn_metadata_from_tensor_dict(
                attn_backend, tensor_dict)
        return cls(**tensor_dict)


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata(ModelInputForGPU):
    """
    Used by the ModelRunner.
    """
    sampling_metadata: Optional["SamplingMetadata"] = None
    # Used for speculative decoding. We do not broadcast it because it is only
    # used by the driver worker.
    is_prompt: Optional[bool] = None

    def as_broadcastable_tensor_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        tensor_dict = {
            "input_tokens": self.input_tokens,
            "input_positions": self.input_positions,
            "lora_requests": self.lora_requests,
            "lora_mapping": self.lora_mapping,
            "multi_modal_kwargs": self.multi_modal_kwargs,
            "prompt_adapter_mapping": self.prompt_adapter_mapping,
            "prompt_adapter_requests": self.prompt_adapter_requests,
            "virtual_engine": self.virtual_engine,
            "request_ids_to_seq_ids": self.request_ids_to_seq_ids,
            "finished_requests_ids": self.finished_requests_ids,
        }
        _add_attn_metadata_broadcastable_dict(tensor_dict, self.attn_metadata)
        _add_sampling_metadata_broadcastable_dict(tensor_dict,
                                                  self.sampling_metadata)
        return tensor_dict

    @classmethod
    def from_broadcasted_tensor_dict(
        cls,
        tensor_dict: Dict[str, Any],
        attn_backend: Optional["AttentionBackend"] = None,
    ) -> "ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata":
        tensor_dict = _init_sampling_metadata_from_tensor_dict(tensor_dict)
        if attn_backend is not None:
            tensor_dict = _init_attn_metadata_from_tensor_dict(
                attn_backend, tensor_dict)
        return cls(**tensor_dict)


class ModelInputForGPUBuilder(ModelRunnerInputBuilderBase[ModelInputForGPU]):
    """Build ModelInputForGPU from SequenceGroupMetadata."""

    # Note: ideally we would be using a dataclass(kw_only=True)
    # here, so that this can be subclassed easily,
    # but kw_only is not supported in python<3.10.
    class InterDataForSeqGroup:
        """Intermediate data for the current sequence group."""

        def simple_reinit(self):
            self.input_tokens[0].clear()  # type: ignore
            self.input_positions[0].clear()  # type: ignore
            self.mrope_input_positions = None  # type: ignore
            self.seq_lens[0] = 0  # type: ignore
            self.orig_seq_lens[0] = 0  # type: ignore
            self.query_lens[0] = 0  # type: ignore
            self.context_lens[0] = 0  # type: ignore
            self.curr_sliding_window_blocks[0] = 0  # type: ignore
            self.lora_index_mapping.clear()  # type: ignore
            self.lora_prompt_mapping.clear()  # type: ignore
            self.lora_requests.clear()  # type: ignore
            self.prompt_adapter_index_mapping.clear()  # type: ignore
            self.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping.clear()  # type: ignore

        def __init__(
            self,
            *,
            # From sequence group metadata.
            request_id: str,
            seq_ids: List[int],
            is_prompt: bool,
            block_tables: Optional[Dict[int, List[int]]],
            computed_block_nums: List[int],
            n_seqs: int = 0,

            # Input tokens and positions.
            input_tokens: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None,
            input_positions: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None,
            mrope_input_positions: Optional[List[List[List[int]]]] = None,

            # The sequence length (may be capped to the sliding window).
            seq_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            # The original sequence length (before applying sliding window).
            # This is used to compute slot mapping.
            orig_seq_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            # The query length.
            query_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            # The number of tokens that are already computed.
            context_lens: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            # The current sliding window block.
            curr_sliding_window_blocks: Optional[List[int]] = None,

            # LoRA inputs.
            lora_index_mapping: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None,
            lora_prompt_mapping: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None,
            lora_requests: Optional[Set[LoRARequest]] = None,

            # Prompt adapter inputs.
            prompt_adapter_index_mapping: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping: Optional[List[int]] = None,
            prompt_adapter_request: Optional[PromptAdapterRequest] = None,

            # Multi-modal inputs.
            multi_modal_inputs: Optional[MultiModalInputs] = None,

            # Whether the prefix cache is hit (prefill only).
            prefix_cache_hit: bool = False,
            reinit: bool = False,
            reinit_use_defaults: bool = False,
            encoder_seq_len: int = 0,
        ):
            if reinit:
                assert len(self.seq_ids) == len(seq_ids)  # type: ignore
                for i, seq_id in enumerate(seq_ids):
                    self.seq_ids[i] = seq_id  # type: ignore
            else:
                self.seq_ids = seq_ids

            self.request_id = request_id
            self.is_prompt = is_prompt
            self.block_tables = block_tables
            self.computed_block_nums = computed_block_nums
            self.n_seqs = n_seqs
            self.encoder_seq_len = encoder_seq_len

            if reinit:
                if len(self.seq_ids) == 1 and reinit_use_defaults:
                    self.simple_reinit()
                else:
                    if input_tokens:
                        self.input_tokens = input_tokens
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.input_tokens[seq_id].clear()

                    if input_positions:
                        self.input_positions = input_positions
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.input_positions[seq_id].clear()

                    self.mrope_input_positions = None

                    if seq_lens:
                        self.seq_lens = seq_lens
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.seq_lens[seq_id] = 0

                    if orig_seq_lens:
                        self.orig_seq_lens = orig_seq_lens
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.orig_seq_lens[seq_id] = 0

                    if query_lens:
                        self.query_lens = query_lens
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.query_lens[seq_id] = 0

                    if context_lens:
                        self.context_lens = context_lens
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.context_lens[seq_id] = 0

                    if curr_sliding_window_blocks:
                        self.curr_sliding_window_blocks = \
                            curr_sliding_window_blocks
                    else:
                        for seq_id in range(len(self.seq_ids)):
                            self.curr_sliding_window_blocks[seq_id] = 0

                    if lora_index_mapping:
                        self.lora_index_mapping = lora_index_mapping
                    else:
                        self.lora_index_mapping.clear()

                    if lora_prompt_mapping:
                        self.lora_prompt_mapping = lora_prompt_mapping
                    else:
                        self.lora_prompt_mapping.clear()

                    if lora_requests:
                        self.lora_requests = lora_requests
                    else:
                        self.lora_requests.clear()

                    if prompt_adapter_index_mapping:
                        self.prompt_adapter_index_mapping = \
                            prompt_adapter_index_mapping
                    else:
                        self.prompt_adapter_index_mapping.clear()

                    if prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping:
                        self.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping = \
                            prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping
                    else:
                        self.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping.clear()

            else:
                self.input_tokens = input_tokens or []
                self.input_positions = input_positions or []
                self.mrope_input_positions = mrope_input_positions or None
                self.seq_lens = seq_lens or []
                self.orig_seq_lens = orig_seq_lens or []
                self.query_lens = query_lens or []
                self.context_lens = context_lens or []
                self.curr_sliding_window_blocks = \
                    curr_sliding_window_blocks or []

                self.lora_index_mapping = lora_index_mapping or []
                self.lora_prompt_mapping = lora_prompt_mapping or []
                self.lora_requests = lora_requests or set()

                self.prompt_adapter_index_mapping = (
                    prompt_adapter_index_mapping or [])
                self.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping = (
                    prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping or [])

            self.prompt_adapter_request = prompt_adapter_request
            self.multi_modal_inputs = multi_modal_inputs
            self.prefix_cache_hit = prefix_cache_hit

            self.n_seqs = len(self.seq_ids)

            if not reinit:
                self.__post_init__()

        def __post_init__(self):
            self.n_seqs = len(self.seq_ids)

            self.input_tokens = [[] for _ in range(self.n_seqs)]
            self.input_positions = [[] for _ in range(self.n_seqs)]
            self.mrope_input_positions = None
            self.seq_lens = [0] * self.n_seqs
            self.orig_seq_lens = [0] * self.n_seqs
            self.query_lens = [0] * self.n_seqs
            self.context_lens = [0] * self.n_seqs
            self.curr_sliding_window_blocks = [0] * self.n_seqs

            self.lora_index_mapping = []
            self.lora_prompt_mapping = []

    def gen_inter_data_builder(self, num_seqs: int):
        return lambda: ModelInputForGPUBuilder.InterDataForSeqGroup(
            request_id="",
            seq_ids=[0] * num_seqs,
            is_prompt=True,
            block_tables=None,
            computed_block_nums=[])

    def init_cached_inter_data(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert len(args) == 0
        assert "seq_ids" in kwargs
        seq_ids = kwargs["seq_ids"]
        num_seqs = len(seq_ids)

        # The inter-data cache is per model_runner
        inter_data_cache = self.runner.inter_data_cache
        if num_seqs not in inter_data_cache:
            inter_data_cache[num_seqs] = PyObjectCache(
                self.gen_inter_data_builder(num_seqs))

        obj = inter_data_cache[num_seqs].get_object()
        obj.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        return obj

    def reset_cached_inter_data(self):
        for cache in self.runner.inter_data_cache.values():
            cache.reset()

    def __init__(self,
                 runner: "GPUModelRunnerBase",
                 finished_requests_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None):
        super().__init__()
        # Compute functions for each sequence in a sequence group.
        # WARNING: The order of the functions matters!
        self.per_seq_compute_fns = [
            self._compute_lens,
            self._compute_for_prefix_cache_hit,
            self._compute_for_sliding_window,
            self._compute_lora_input,
        ]
        # Compute functions for each sequence group.
        # WARNING: The order of the functions matters!
        self.per_seq_group_compute_fns = [
            self._compute_prompt_adapter_input,
            self._compute_multi_modal_input,
        ]

        self.runner = runner
        self.model_input_cls = self.runner._model_input_cls
        self.attn_backend = self.runner.attn_backend
        self.scheduler_config = self.runner.scheduler_config
        self.sliding_window = self.runner.sliding_window
        self.block_size = self.runner.block_size
        self.enable_lora = self.runner.lora_config is not None
        self.enable_prompt_adapter = (self.runner.prompt_adapter_config
                                      is not None)
        self.multi_modal_input_mapper = self.runner.multi_modal_input_mapper
        self.finished_requests_ids = finished_requests_ids
        self.decode_only = True

        # Intermediate data (data in CPU before going to GPU) for
        # the current sequence group.
        self.inter_data_list: List[
            ModelInputForGPUBuilder.InterDataForSeqGroup] = []

        # Attention metadata inputs.
        self.attn_metadata_builder = self.attn_backend.make_metadata_builder(
            weakref.proxy(self))

        # Engine/Model configurations.
        self.chunked_prefill_enabled = (
            self.scheduler_config is not None
            and self.scheduler_config.chunked_prefill_enabled)
        if self.sliding_window is not None:
            self.sliding_window_blocks = (
                self.sliding_window + self.block_size - 1) // self.block_size
            self.block_aligned_sliding_window = \
                self.sliding_window_blocks * self.block_size

    def _compute_lens(self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup, seq_idx: int,
                      seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """Compute context length, sequence length and tokens
        for the given sequence data.
        """
        seq_data = seq_group_metadata.seq_data[inter_data.seq_ids[seq_idx]]
        token_chunk_size = seq_group_metadata.token_chunk_size

        # Compute context length (the number of tokens that are
        # already computed) and sequence length (total number of tokens).

        seq_len = seq_data.get_len()
        if inter_data.is_prompt:
            context_len = seq_data.get_num_computed_tokens()
            seq_len = min(seq_len, context_len + token_chunk_size)
        elif self.runner.scheduler_config.is_multi_step or \
            self.runner.model_config.is_encoder_decoder_model:
            context_len = seq_len - 1
        else:
            context_len = seq_data.get_num_computed_tokens()

        # Compute tokens.
        tokens = seq_data.get_token_ids()[context_len:seq_len]

        inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx] = seq_len
        inter_data.orig_seq_lens[seq_idx] = seq_len
        inter_data.context_lens[seq_idx] = context_len
        inter_data.input_tokens[seq_idx].extend(tokens)
        inter_data.input_positions[seq_idx].extend(range(context_len, seq_len))
        inter_data.query_lens[seq_idx] = seq_len - context_len

        if seq_data.mrope_position_delta is not None:
            if inter_data.mrope_input_positions is None:
                inter_data.mrope_input_positions = [None] * inter_data.n_seqs

            inter_data.mrope_input_positions[
                seq_idx] = MRotaryEmbedding.get_next_input_positions(
                    seq_data.mrope_position_delta,
                    context_len,
                    seq_len,
                )

    def _compute_for_prefix_cache_hit(
            self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup, seq_idx: int,
            seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """Check if hit prefix cache (i.e., some blocks are already computed).
        If hit, update input tokens and positions to only compute the
        remaining blocks.
        """
        computed_block_nums = inter_data.computed_block_nums

        # Note that prefix caching does not support sliding window.
        prefix_cache_hit = (computed_block_nums is not None
                            and len(computed_block_nums) > 0
                            and self.sliding_window is None
                            and inter_data.is_prompt)
        inter_data.prefix_cache_hit = prefix_cache_hit

        if not prefix_cache_hit:
            return

        assert computed_block_nums is not None
        # The cache hit prompt tokens in this sequence. Note that
        # this may be larger than the sequence length if chunked
        # prefill is enabled.
        prefix_cache_len = len(computed_block_nums) * self.block_size
        # The number of so far computed prompt tokens in this sequence.
        context_len = inter_data.context_lens[seq_idx]
        # The total number of prompt tokens in this sequence.
        # When chunked prefill is enabled, this is the token number of
        # computed chunks + current chunk.
        seq_len = inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx]
        if prefix_cache_len <= context_len:
            # We already passed the cache hit region,
            # so do normal computation.
            pass
        elif context_len < prefix_cache_len < seq_len:
            # Partial hit. Compute the missing part.
            uncomputed_start = prefix_cache_len - context_len
            inter_data.input_tokens[seq_idx] = inter_data.input_tokens[
                seq_idx][uncomputed_start:]
            inter_data.input_positions[seq_idx] = inter_data.input_positions[
                seq_idx][uncomputed_start:]
            context_len = prefix_cache_len

            inter_data.context_lens[seq_idx] = context_len
            inter_data.query_lens[
                seq_idx] = inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx] - context_len
        elif seq_len <= prefix_cache_len:
            # Full hit. Only compute the last token to avoid
            # erroneous behavior. FIXME: Ideally we should directly
            # mark all tokens as computed in the scheduler and do not
            # schedule this sequence, so this case should not happen.
            inter_data.input_tokens[seq_idx] = inter_data.input_tokens[
                seq_idx][-1:]
            inter_data.input_positions[seq_idx] = inter_data.input_positions[
                seq_idx][-1:]
            inter_data.query_lens[seq_idx] = 1
            inter_data.context_lens[seq_idx] = inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx] - 1

    def _compute_for_sliding_window(self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup,
                                    seq_idx: int,
                                    seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """Update seq_len and curr_sliding_window_block for the given
        sequence data (only required by decoding) if sliding window is enabled.
        """
        curr_sliding_window_block = 0
        sliding_seq_len = inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx]
        if not inter_data.is_prompt and self.sliding_window is not None:
            # TODO(sang): This is a hack to make sliding window work with
            # paged attn. We can remove it if we make paged attn kernel
            # to properly handle slinding window attn.
            curr_sliding_window_block = self.sliding_window_blocks
            if self.scheduler_config.use_v2_block_manager:
                # number of elements in last block
                suff_len = inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx] % self.block_size
                sliding_seq_len = min(
                    inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx],
                    self.block_aligned_sliding_window + suff_len)
                if suff_len > 0:
                    curr_sliding_window_block += 1
            else:
                sliding_seq_len = min(inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx],
                                      self.sliding_window)

        inter_data.curr_sliding_window_blocks[
            seq_idx] = curr_sliding_window_block
        inter_data.seq_lens[seq_idx] = sliding_seq_len

    def _compute_lora_input(self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup,
                            seq_idx: int,
                            seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """If LoRA is enabled, compute LoRA index and prompt mapping."""
        if not self.enable_lora:
            return

        lora_id = seq_group_metadata.lora_int_id
        if lora_id > 0:
            inter_data.lora_requests.add(seq_group_metadata.lora_request)
        query_len = inter_data.query_lens[seq_idx]
        inter_data.lora_index_mapping.append([lora_id] * query_len)
        inter_data.lora_prompt_mapping.append(
            [lora_id] *
            (query_len if seq_group_metadata.sampling_params
             and seq_group_metadata.sampling_params.prompt_logprobs is not None
             else 1))

    def _compute_prompt_adapter_input(
            self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup,
            seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """If prompt adapter is enabled, compute index and prompt mapping.
        """
        # Note that when is_prompt=True, we expect only one sequence
        # in the group.
        if not self.enable_prompt_adapter:
            return

        prompt_adapter_id = seq_group_metadata.prompt_adapter_id
        if prompt_adapter_id <= 0 or not inter_data.is_prompt:
            return

        # We expect only one sequence in the group when is_prompt=True.
        assert inter_data.n_seqs == 1
        query_len = inter_data.query_lens[0]
        inter_data.prompt_adapter_request = (
            seq_group_metadata.prompt_adapter_request)

        num_tokens = seq_group_metadata.prompt_adapter_num_virtual_tokens
        inter_data.prompt_adapter_index_mapping = [
            prompt_adapter_id
        ] * num_tokens + [0] * (query_len - num_tokens)
        inter_data.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping = [prompt_adapter_id] * (
            query_len if seq_group_metadata.sampling_params
            and seq_group_metadata.sampling_params.prompt_logprobs else 1)

    def _compute_multi_modal_input(self, inter_data: InterDataForSeqGroup,
                                   seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """If multi-modal data is given, add it to the input."""
        mm_data = seq_group_metadata.multi_modal_data
        if not mm_data:
            return

        mm_kwargs = self.multi_modal_input_mapper(
            mm_data,
            mm_processor_kwargs=seq_group_metadata.mm_processor_kwargs)
        inter_data.multi_modal_inputs = mm_kwargs

        # special processing for mrope position deltas.
        if self.runner.model_is_mrope:
            image_grid_thw = mm_kwargs.get("image_grid_thw", None)
            video_grid_thw = mm_kwargs.get("video_grid_thw", None)
            assert image_grid_thw is not None or video_grid_thw is not None, (
                "mrope embedding type requires multi-modal input mapper "
                "returns 'image_grid_thw' or 'video_grid_thw'.")

            hf_config = self.runner.model_config.hf_config

            inter_data.mrope_input_positions = [None] * inter_data.n_seqs
            for seq_idx in range(inter_data.n_seqs):
                seq_data = seq_group_metadata.seq_data[
                    inter_data.seq_ids[seq_idx]]
                token_ids = seq_data.get_token_ids()

                mrope_input_positions, mrope_position_delta = \
                    MRotaryEmbedding.get_input_positions(
                        token_ids,
                        image_grid_thw=image_grid_thw,
                        video_grid_thw=video_grid_thw,
                        image_token_id=hf_config.image_token_id,
                        video_token_id=hf_config.video_token_id,
                        vision_start_token_id=hf_config.vision_start_token_id,
                        vision_end_token_id=hf_config.vision_end_token_id,
                        spatial_merge_size=hf_config.vision_config.
                        spatial_merge_size,
                        context_len=inter_data.context_lens[seq_idx],
                    )

                seq_data.mrope_position_delta = mrope_position_delta
                inter_data.mrope_input_positions[
                    seq_idx] = mrope_input_positions

    def add_seq_group(self, seq_group_metadata: SequenceGroupMetadata):
        """Add a sequence group to the builder."""
        seq_ids = seq_group_metadata.seq_data.keys()
        n_seqs = len(seq_ids)
        is_prompt = seq_group_metadata.is_prompt

        if is_prompt:
            assert n_seqs == 1
            self.decode_only = False

        encoder_seq_len = 0

        if self.runner.model_config.is_encoder_decoder_model:
            encoder_seq_len = seq_group_metadata.encoder_seq_data.get_len()

        inter_data = self.init_cached_inter_data(
            request_id=seq_group_metadata.request_id,
            seq_ids=seq_ids,
            is_prompt=is_prompt,
            block_tables=seq_group_metadata.block_tables,
            computed_block_nums=seq_group_metadata.computed_block_nums,
            reinit=True,
            reinit_use_defaults=True,
            encoder_seq_len=encoder_seq_len)

        self.inter_data_list.append(inter_data)

        for seq_idx in range(n_seqs):
            for per_seq_fn in self.per_seq_compute_fns:
                per_seq_fn(inter_data, seq_idx, seq_group_metadata)
        for per_seq_group_fn in self.per_seq_group_compute_fns:
            per_seq_group_fn(inter_data, seq_group_metadata)

    def _use_captured_graph(self,
                            batch_size: int,
                            decode_only: bool,
                            max_decode_seq_len: int,
                            max_encoder_seq_len: int = 0) -> bool:
        return (decode_only and not self.runner.model_config.enforce_eager
                and batch_size <= _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE[-1]
                and max_decode_seq_len <= self.runner.max_seq_len_to_capture
                and max_encoder_seq_len <= self.runner.max_seq_len_to_capture
                and batch_size <= self.runner.max_batchsize_to_capture)

    def _get_cuda_graph_pad_size(self,
                                 num_seqs: int,
                                 max_decode_seq_len: int,
                                 max_encoder_seq_len: int = 0) -> int:
        """
        Determine the number of padding sequences required for running in
        CUDA graph mode. Returns -1 if CUDA graphs cannot be used.

        In the multi-step + chunked-prefill case, only the first step
        has Prefills (if any). The rest of the steps are guaranteed to be all
        decodes. In this case, we set up the padding as if all the sequences
        are decodes so we may run all steps except the first step in CUDA graph
        mode. The padding is accounted for in the multi-step `advance_step`
        family of functions.

        Args:
            num_seqs (int): Number of sequences scheduled to run. 
            max_decode_seq_len (int): Greatest of all the decode sequence
                lengths. Used only in checking the viablility of using
                CUDA graphs.
            max_encoder_seq_len (int, optional): Greatest of all the encode
                sequence lengths. Defaults to 0. Used only in checking the
                viability of using CUDA graphs. 
        Returns:
            int: Returns the determined number of padding sequences. If
                CUDA graphs is not viable, returns -1.
        """
        is_mscp: bool = self.runner.scheduler_config.is_multi_step and \
                    self.runner.scheduler_config.chunked_prefill_enabled
        decode_only = self.decode_only or is_mscp
        if not decode_only:
            # Early exit so we can treat num_seqs as the batch_size below.
            return -1

        # batch_size out of this function refers to the number of input
        # tokens being scheduled. This conflation of num_seqs as batch_size
        # is valid as this is a decode-only case.
        batch_size = num_seqs
        if not self._use_captured_graph(batch_size, decode_only,
                                        max_decode_seq_len,
                                        max_encoder_seq_len):
            return -1

        graph_batch_size = _get_graph_batch_size(batch_size)
        assert graph_batch_size >= batch_size
        return graph_batch_size - batch_size

    def build(self) -> ModelInputForGPU:
        """Finalize the builder intermediate data and
        create on-device tensors.
        """
        # Combine and flatten intermediate data.
        input_tokens = []
        for inter_data in self.inter_data_list:
            for cur_input_tokens in inter_data.input_tokens:
                input_tokens.extend(cur_input_tokens)

        if not input_tokens:
            # This may happen when all prefill requests hit
            # prefix caching and there is no decode request.
            return self.model_input_cls()

        mrope_input_positions: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None
        if any(inter_data.mrope_input_positions is not None
               for inter_data in self.inter_data_list):
            mrope_input_positions = [[] for _ in range(3)]
            for idx in range(3):
                for inter_data in self.inter_data_list:
                    msections = inter_data.mrope_input_positions
                    if msections is None:
                        for _seq_input_positions in inter_data.input_positions:
                            mrope_input_positions[idx].extend(
                                _seq_input_positions)
                    else:
                        for _seq_mrope_input_positions in msections:
                            mrope_input_positions[idx].extend(
                                _seq_mrope_input_positions[idx])
            input_positions = None
        else:
            input_positions = []
            for inter_data in self.inter_data_list:
                for cur_input_positions in inter_data.input_positions:
                    input_positions.extend(cur_input_positions)

        seq_lens = []
        query_lens = []
        max_decode_seq_len = 0
        max_encoder_seq_len = 0
        for inter_data in self.inter_data_list:
            seq_lens.extend(inter_data.seq_lens)
            query_lens.extend(inter_data.query_lens)
            if not inter_data.is_prompt:
                max_decode_seq_len = max(max_decode_seq_len,
                                         max(inter_data.seq_lens))
                if self.runner.model_config.is_encoder_decoder_model:
                    max_encoder_seq_len = max(max_encoder_seq_len,
                                              inter_data.encoder_seq_len)

        # Mapping from request IDs to sequence IDs. Used for Jamba models
        # that manages the cache by itself.
        request_ids_to_seq_ids = {
            data.request_id: data.seq_ids
            for data in self.inter_data_list
        }

        cuda_graph_pad_size = self._get_cuda_graph_pad_size(
            num_seqs=len(seq_lens),
            max_decode_seq_len=max_encoder_seq_len,
            max_encoder_seq_len=max_encoder_seq_len)

        batch_size = len(input_tokens)
        if cuda_graph_pad_size != -1:
            # If cuda graph can be used, pad tensors accordingly.
            # See `capture_model` API for more details.
            # vLLM uses cuda graph only for decoding requests.
            batch_size += cuda_graph_pad_size

        # Tokens and positions.
        if cuda_graph_pad_size:
            input_tokens.extend(itertools.repeat(0, cuda_graph_pad_size))
        assert self.runner.device is not None
        input_tokens_tensor = async_tensor_h2d(input_tokens, torch.long,
                                               self.runner.device,
                                               self.runner.pin_memory)
        if mrope_input_positions is not None:
            for idx in range(3):
                mrope_input_positions[idx].extend(
                    itertools.repeat(0, cuda_graph_pad_size))
            input_positions_tensor = async_tensor_h2d(mrope_input_positions,
                                                      torch.long,
                                                      self.runner.device,
                                                      self.runner.pin_memory)
        else:
            input_positions.extend(itertools.repeat(0, cuda_graph_pad_size))
            input_positions_tensor = async_tensor_h2d(input_positions,
                                                      torch.long,
                                                      self.runner.device,
                                                      self.runner.pin_memory)
        # Sequence and query lengths.
        if cuda_graph_pad_size:
            seq_lens.extend(itertools.repeat(1, cuda_graph_pad_size))

        # Attention metadata.
        attn_metadata = self.attn_metadata_builder.build(
            seq_lens, query_lens, cuda_graph_pad_size, batch_size)

        # LoRA data.
        lora_requests = set()
        lora_mapping = None
        if self.enable_lora:
            lora_requests = set(r for data in self.inter_data_list
                                for r in data.lora_requests)
            lora_index_mapping = flatten_2d_lists([
                flatten_2d_lists(inter_data.lora_index_mapping)
                for inter_data in self.inter_data_list
            ])
            if cuda_graph_pad_size:
                lora_index_mapping.extend(
                    itertools.repeat(0, cuda_graph_pad_size))
            lora_prompt_mapping = flatten_2d_lists([
                flatten_2d_lists(inter_data.lora_prompt_mapping)
                for inter_data in self.inter_data_list
            ])

            lora_mapping = LoRAMapping(
                **dict(index_mapping=lora_index_mapping,
                       prompt_mapping=lora_prompt_mapping,
                       is_prefill=not self.decode_only))

        # Prompt adapter data.
        prompt_adapter_requests: Set[PromptAdapterRequest] = set()
        prompt_adapter_mapping = None
        if self.enable_prompt_adapter:
            prompt_adapter_requests = set(
                data.prompt_adapter_request for data in self.inter_data_list
                if data.prompt_adapter_request is not None)
            prompt_adapter_index_mapping = flatten_2d_lists([
                inter_data.prompt_adapter_index_mapping
                for inter_data in self.inter_data_list
            ])
            if cuda_graph_pad_size:
                prompt_adapter_index_mapping.extend(
                    itertools.repeat(0, cuda_graph_pad_size))
            prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping = flatten_2d_lists([
                inter_data.prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping
                for inter_data in self.inter_data_list
            ])
            prompt_adapter_mapping = PromptAdapterMapping(
                prompt_adapter_index_mapping,
                prompt_adapter_prompt_mapping,
            )

        # Multi-modal data.
        multi_modal_inputs_list = [
            data.multi_modal_inputs for data in self.inter_data_list
            if data.multi_modal_inputs is not None
        ]
        multi_modal_kwargs = MultiModalInputs.batch(multi_modal_inputs_list)

        return self.model_input_cls(
            input_tokens=input_tokens_tensor,
            input_positions=input_positions_tensor,
            attn_metadata=attn_metadata,
            seq_lens=seq_lens,
            query_lens=query_lens,
            lora_mapping=lora_mapping,
            lora_requests=lora_requests,
            multi_modal_kwargs=multi_modal_kwargs,
            request_ids_to_seq_ids=request_ids_to_seq_ids,
            finished_requests_ids=self.finished_requests_ids,
            prompt_adapter_mapping=prompt_adapter_mapping,
            prompt_adapter_requests=prompt_adapter_requests)


class GPUModelRunnerBase(ModelRunnerBase[TModelInputForGPU]):
    """
    Helper class for shared methods between GPU model runners.
    """
    _model_input_cls: Type[TModelInputForGPU]
    _builder_cls: Type[ModelInputForGPUBuilder]

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_config: ModelConfig,
        parallel_config: ParallelConfig,
        scheduler_config: SchedulerConfig,
        device_config: DeviceConfig,
        cache_config: CacheConfig,
        load_config: LoadConfig,
        lora_config: Optional[LoRAConfig],
        kv_cache_dtype: Optional[str] = "auto",
        is_driver_worker: bool = False,
        prompt_adapter_config: Optional[PromptAdapterConfig] = None,
        return_hidden_states: bool = False,
        observability_config: Optional[ObservabilityConfig] = None,
        input_registry: InputRegistry = INPUT_REGISTRY,
        mm_registry: MultiModalRegistry = MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY,
    ):
        self.model_config = model_config
        self.parallel_config = parallel_config
        self.scheduler_config = scheduler_config
        self.device_config = device_config
        self.cache_config = cache_config
        self.lora_config = lora_config
        self.load_config = load_config
        self.is_driver_worker = is_driver_worker
        self.prompt_adapter_config = prompt_adapter_config
        self.return_hidden_states = return_hidden_states
        self.observability_config = observability_config

        self.device = self.device_config.device
        self.pin_memory = is_pin_memory_available()

        self.kv_cache_dtype = kv_cache_dtype
        self.sliding_window = model_config.get_sliding_window()
        self.block_size = cache_config.block_size
        self.max_seq_len_to_capture = self.model_config.max_seq_len_to_capture
        self.max_batchsize_to_capture = _get_max_graph_batch_size(
            self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs)

        self.graph_runners: List[Dict[int, CUDAGraphRunner]] = [
            {} for _ in range(self.parallel_config.pipeline_parallel_size)
        ]
        self.graph_memory_pool: Optional[Tuple[
            int, int]] = None  # Set during graph capture.

        self.has_inner_state = model_config.has_inner_state

        # When using CUDA graph, the input block tables must be padded to
        # max_seq_len_to_capture. However, creating the block table in
        # Python can be expensive. To optimize this, we cache the block table
        # in numpy and only copy the actual input content at every iteration.
        # The shape of the cached block table will be
        # (max batch size to capture, max context len to capture / block size).
        self.graph_block_tables = np.zeros(
            (self.max_batchsize_to_capture, self.get_max_block_per_batch()),
            dtype=np.int32)
        self.attn_backend = get_attn_backend(
            self.model_config.get_head_size(),
            self.model_config.get_sliding_window(),
            self.model_config.dtype,
            self.kv_cache_dtype,
            self.block_size,
            self.model_config.is_attention_free,
        )
        self.attn_state = self.attn_backend.get_state_cls()(
            weakref.proxy(self))

        # Multi-modal data support
        self.input_registry = input_registry
        self.mm_registry = mm_registry
        self.multi_modal_input_mapper = mm_registry \
            .create_input_mapper(model_config)
        self.mm_registry.init_mm_limits_per_prompt(self.model_config)

        # Lazy initialization
        self.model: nn.Module  # Set after load_model
        # Set after load_model.
        self.lora_manager: Optional[LRUCacheWorkerLoRAManager] = None
        self.prompt_adapter_manager: LRUCacheWorkerPromptAdapterManager = None

        set_cpu_offload_max_bytes(
            int(self.cache_config.cpu_offload_gb * 1024**3))

        # Used to cache python objects
        self.inter_data_cache: Dict[int, PyObjectCache] = {}

        # Using the PythonizationCache in Pipeline-Parallel clobbers the
        # SequenceGroupToSample object. In Pipeline-Parallel, we have
        # more than 1 Scheduler, resulting in a potential back-to-back
        # prepare_model_inputs() call. This clobbers the cached
        # SequenceGroupToSample objects, as we reset the cache during
        # every prepare_model_inputs() call.
        self.sampling_metadata_cache: SamplingMetadataCache = \
              SamplingMetadataCache() \
                if self.parallel_config.pipeline_parallel_size == 1 else None

    def load_model(self) -> None:
        logger.info("Starting to load model %s...", self.model_config.model)
        with DeviceMemoryProfiler() as m:
            self.model = get_model(model_config=self.model_config,
                                   device_config=self.device_config,
                                   load_config=self.load_config,
                                   lora_config=self.lora_config,
                                   parallel_config=self.parallel_config,
                                   scheduler_config=self.scheduler_config,
                                   cache_config=self.cache_config)

        self.model_memory_usage = m.consumed_memory
        logger.info("Loading model weights took %.4f GB",
                    self.model_memory_usage / float(2**30))

        if self.lora_config:
            assert supports_lora(
                self.model
            ), f"{self.model.__class__.__name__} does not support LoRA yet."

            if supports_multimodal(self.model):
                logger.warning("Regarding multimodal models, vLLM currently "
                               "only supports adding LoRA to language model.")
            # It's necessary to distinguish between the max_position_embeddings
            # of VLMs and LLMs.
            if hasattr(self.model.config, "max_position_embeddings"):
                max_pos_embeddings = self.model.config.max_position_embeddings
            else:
                max_pos_embeddings = (
                    self.model.config.text_config.max_position_embeddings)

            self.lora_manager = LRUCacheWorkerLoRAManager(
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs,
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens,
                self.vocab_size,
                self.lora_config,
                self.device,
                self.model.embedding_modules,
                self.model.embedding_padding_modules,
                max_position_embeddings=max_pos_embeddings,
            )
            self.model = self.lora_manager.create_lora_manager(self.model)

        if self.prompt_adapter_config:
            self.prompt_adapter_manager = LRUCacheWorkerPromptAdapterManager(
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs,
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens, self.device,
                self.prompt_adapter_config)
            self.model = (
                self.prompt_adapter_manager.create_prompt_adapter_manager(
                    self.model))

        if self.kv_cache_dtype == "fp8" and is_hip():
            # Currently only ROCm accepts kv-cache scaling factors
            # via quantization_param_path and this will be deprecated
            # in the future.
            if self.model_config.quantization_param_path is not None:
                if callable(getattr(self.model, "load_kv_cache_scales", None)):
                    warnings.warn(
                        "Loading kv cache scaling factor from JSON is "
                        "deprecated and will be removed. Please include "
                        "kv cache scaling factors in the model checkpoint.",
                        FutureWarning,
                        stacklevel=2)
                    self.model.load_kv_cache_scales(
                        self.model_config.quantization_param_path)
                    logger.info("Loaded KV cache scaling factors from %s",
                                self.model_config.quantization_param_path)
                else:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "Using FP8 KV cache and scaling factors provided but "
                        "model %s does not support loading scaling factors.",
                        self.model.__class__)
            else:
                logger.warning(
                    "Using FP8 KV cache but no scaling factors "
                    "provided. Defaulting to scaling factors of 1.0. "
                    "This may lead to less accurate results!")

        if envs.VLLM_TORCH_COMPILE_LEVEL == CompilationLevel.DYNAMO_AS_IS \
            and supports_dynamo():
            from vllm.plugins import get_torch_compile_backend
            backend = get_torch_compile_backend() or "eager"
            self.model = torch.compile(
                self.model,
                fullgraph=envs.VLLM_TEST_DYNAMO_FULLGRAPH_CAPTURE,
                backend=backend)

    def save_sharded_state(
        self,
        path: str,
        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
        max_size: Optional[int] = None,
    ) -> None:
        from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.loader import ShardedStateLoader
        ShardedStateLoader.save_model(
            self.model,
            path,
            pattern=pattern,
            max_size=max_size,
        )

    def save_tensorized_model(
        self,
        tensorizer_config: TensorizerConfig,
    ) -> None:
        from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.loader import TensorizerLoader
        TensorizerLoader.save_model(
            self.model,
            tensorizer_config=tensorizer_config,
        )

    def get_max_block_per_batch(self) -> int:
        block_size = self.block_size
        return (self.max_seq_len_to_capture + block_size - 1) // block_size

    def _prepare_model_input_tensors(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: List[SequenceGroupMetadata],
        finished_requests_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
    ) -> TModelInputForGPU:
        """Helper method to prepare the model input based on a given sequence
        group. Prepares metadata needed for the base model forward pass but not
        metadata for possible additional steps, e.g., sampling.

        The API assumes seq_group_metadata_list is sorted by prefill -> decode.

        The result tensors and data structure also batches input in prefill
        -> decode order. For example,

        - input_tokens[:num_prefill_tokens] contains prefill tokens.
        - input_tokens[num_prefill_tokens:] contains decode tokens.

        If cuda graph is required, this API automatically pads inputs.
        """
        builder = self._builder_cls(weakref.proxy(self), finished_requests_ids)
        for seq_group_metadata in seq_group_metadata_list:
            builder.add_seq_group(seq_group_metadata)

        builder.reset_cached_inter_data()

        return builder.build()  # type: ignore

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def profile_run(self) -> None:
        # Enable top-k sampling to reflect the accurate memory usage.
        sampling_params = SamplingParams(top_p=0.99, top_k=self.vocab_size - 1)
        max_num_batched_tokens = self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
        max_num_seqs = self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs
        # This represents the maximum number of different requests
        # that will have unique loras, an therefore the max amount of memory
        # consumption create dummy lora request copies from the lora request
        # passed in, which contains a lora from the lora warmup path.
        dummy_lora_requests: List[LoRARequest] = []
        dummy_lora_requests_per_seq: List[LoRARequest] = []
        if self.lora_config:
            assert self.lora_manager is not None
            with self.lora_manager.dummy_lora_cache():
                for idx in range(self.lora_config.max_loras):
                    lora_id = idx + 1
                    dummy_lora_request = LoRARequest(
                        lora_name=f"warmup_{lora_id}",
                        lora_int_id=lora_id,
                        lora_path="/not/a/real/path",
                    )
                    self.lora_manager.add_dummy_lora(dummy_lora_request,
                                                     rank=LORA_WARMUP_RANK)
                    dummy_lora_requests.append(dummy_lora_request)
                dummy_lora_requests_per_seq = [
                    dummy_lora_requests[idx % len(dummy_lora_requests)]
                    for idx in range(max_num_seqs)
                ]

        # Profile memory usage with max_num_sequences sequences and the total
        # number of tokens equal to max_num_batched_tokens.
        seqs: List[SequenceGroupMetadata] = []
        # Additional GPU memory may be needed for multi-modal encoding, which
        # needs to be accounted for when calculating the GPU blocks for
        # vLLM blocker manager.
        # To exercise the worst scenario for GPU memory consumption,
        # the number of seqs (batch_size) is chosen to maximize the number
        # of images processed.

        max_mm_tokens = self.mm_registry.get_max_multimodal_tokens(
            self.model_config)
        if max_mm_tokens > 0:
            max_num_seqs_orig = max_num_seqs
            max_num_seqs = min(max_num_seqs,
                               max_num_batched_tokens // max_mm_tokens)
            if max_num_seqs < 1:
                expr = (f"min({max_num_seqs_orig}, "
                        f"{max_num_batched_tokens} // {max_mm_tokens})")
                logger.warning(
                    "Computed max_num_seqs (%s) to be less than 1. "
                    "Setting it to the minimum value of 1.", expr)
                max_num_seqs = 1

        batch_size = 0
        for group_id in range(max_num_seqs):
            seq_len = (max_num_batched_tokens // max_num_seqs +
                       (group_id < max_num_batched_tokens % max_num_seqs))
            batch_size += seq_len

            seq_data, dummy_multi_modal_data = self.input_registry \
                .dummy_data_for_profiling(self.model_config,
                                          seq_len,
                                          self.mm_registry)

            seq = SequenceGroupMetadata(
                request_id=str(group_id),
                is_prompt=True,
                seq_data={group_id: seq_data},
                sampling_params=sampling_params,
                block_tables=None,
                lora_request=dummy_lora_requests_per_seq[group_id]
                if dummy_lora_requests_per_seq else None,
                multi_modal_data=dummy_multi_modal_data,
            )
            seqs.append(seq)

        # Run the model with the dummy inputs.
        num_layers = self.model_config.get_num_layers(self.parallel_config)
        # use an empty tensor instead of `None`` to force Dynamo to pass
        # it by reference, rather by specializing on the value ``None``.
        # the `dtype` argument does not matter, and we use `float32` as
        # a placeholder (it has wide hardware support).
        # it is important to create tensors inside the loop, rather than
        # multiplying the list, to avoid Dynamo from treating them as
        # tensor aliasing.
        kv_caches = [
            torch.tensor([], dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
            for _ in range(num_layers)
        ]
        finished_requests_ids = [seq.request_id for seq in seqs]
        model_input = self.prepare_model_input(
            seqs, finished_requests_ids=finished_requests_ids)
        intermediate_tensors = None
        if not get_pp_group().is_first_rank:
            intermediate_tensors = self.model.make_empty_intermediate_tensors(
                batch_size=batch_size,
                dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
                device=self.device)

        graph_batch_size = self.max_batchsize_to_capture
        batch_size_capture_list = [
            bs for bs in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE if bs <= graph_batch_size
        ]
        if self.model_config.enforce_eager:
            batch_size_capture_list = []
        with set_compile_context(batch_size_capture_list):
            self.execute_model(model_input, kv_caches, intermediate_tensors)
        torch.cuda.synchronize()
        return

    def remove_all_loras(self):
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        self.lora_manager.remove_all_adapters()

    def set_active_loras(self, lora_requests: Set[LoRARequest],
                         lora_mapping: LoRAMapping) -> None:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        self.lora_manager.set_active_adapters(lora_requests, lora_mapping)

    def add_lora(self, lora_request: LoRARequest) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.add_adapter(lora_request)

    def remove_lora(self, lora_id: int) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.remove_adapter(lora_id)

    def pin_lora(self, lora_id: int) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.pin_adapter(lora_id)

    def list_loras(self) -> Set[int]:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.list_adapters()

    def remove_all_prompt_adapters(self):
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        self.prompt_adapter_manager.remove_all_adapters()

    def set_active_prompt_adapters(
            self, prompt_adapter_requests: Set[PromptAdapterRequest],
            prompt_adapter_mapping: PromptAdapterMapping) -> None:
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        self.prompt_adapter_manager.set_active_adapters(
            prompt_adapter_requests, prompt_adapter_mapping)

    def add_prompt_adapter(
            self, prompt_adapter_request: PromptAdapterRequest) -> bool:
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        return self.prompt_adapter_manager.add_adapter(prompt_adapter_request)

    def remove_prompt_adapter(self, prompt_adapter_id: int) -> bool:
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        return self.prompt_adapter_manager.remove_adapter(prompt_adapter_id)

    def pin_prompt_adapter(self, prompt_adapter_id: int) -> bool:
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        return self.prompt_adapter_manager.pin_adapter(prompt_adapter_id)

    def list_prompt_adapters(self) -> Set[int]:
        if not self.prompt_adapter_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("PromptAdapter is not enabled.")
        return self.prompt_adapter_manager.list_adapters()

    @property
    def model_is_mrope(self) -> bool:
        """Detect if the model has "mrope" rope_scaling type.
        mrope requires keep "rope_deltas" between prompt and decoding phases."""
        rope_scaling = getattr(self.model_config.hf_config, "rope_scaling", {})
        if rope_scaling is None:
            return False
        return rope_scaling.get("type", None) == "mrope"

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def capture_model(self, kv_caches: List[List[torch.Tensor]]) -> None:
        """Cuda graph capture a model.

        Note that CUDA graph's performance gain is negligible if number
        of batched tokens are larger than 200. And since CUDA graph
        requires fixed sized tensors, supporting large/variable batch
        size requires high GPU memory overhead. Thus, vLLM only captures
        decoding requests. Mixed batch (chunked prefill + decoding) or
        prefill requests are not captured.

        Since it is used for decoding-only, it assumes there's only 1 token
        per sequence in the batch.
        """
        assert not self.model_config.enforce_eager
        logger.info("Capturing the model for CUDA graphs. This may lead to "
                    "unexpected consequences if the model is not static. To "
                    "run the model in eager mode, set 'enforce_eager=True' or "
                    "use '--enforce-eager' in the CLI.")
        logger.info("CUDA graphs can take additional 1~3 GiB memory per GPU. "
                    "If you are running out of memory, consider decreasing "
                    "`gpu_memory_utilization` or enforcing eager mode. "
                    "You can also reduce the `max_num_seqs` as needed "
                    "to decrease memory usage.")
        start_time = time.perf_counter()

        # Prepare dummy inputs. These will be reused for all batch sizes.
        max_batch_size = self.max_batchsize_to_capture
        input_tokens = torch.zeros(max_batch_size, dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        input_positions = torch.zeros(max_batch_size, dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        if self.model_is_mrope:
            input_positions = torch.tile(input_positions, (3, 1))
        # Prepare dummy previous_hidden_states only if needed by the model.
        # This is used by draft models such as EAGLE.
        previous_hidden_states = None
        if "previous_hidden_states" in inspect.signature(
                self.model.forward).parameters:
            previous_hidden_states = torch.empty(
                [max_batch_size,
                 self.model_config.get_hidden_size()],
                dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
                device=self.device)

        intermediate_inputs = None
        if not get_pp_group().is_first_rank:
            intermediate_inputs = self.model.make_empty_intermediate_tensors(
                batch_size=max_batch_size,
                dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
                device=self.device)

        # Prepare buffer for outputs. These will be reused for all batch sizes.
        # It will be filled after the first graph capture.
        hidden_or_intermediate_states: List[Optional[torch.Tensor]] = [
            None
        ] * self.parallel_config.pipeline_parallel_size

        graph_batch_size = self.max_batchsize_to_capture
        batch_size_capture_list = [
            bs for bs in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE if bs <= graph_batch_size
        ]

        with self.attn_state.graph_capture(
                max_batch_size), graph_capture() as graph_capture_context:
            # NOTE: Capturing the largest batch size first may help reduce the
            # memory usage of CUDA graph.
            for virtual_engine in range(
                    self.parallel_config.pipeline_parallel_size):
                for batch_size in reversed(batch_size_capture_list):
                    attn_metadata = (
                        self.attn_state.graph_capture_get_metadata_for_batch(
                            batch_size,
                            is_encoder_decoder_model=self.model_config.
                            is_encoder_decoder_model))

                    if self.lora_config:
                        lora_mapping = LoRAMapping(
                            **dict(index_mapping=[0] * batch_size,
                                   prompt_mapping=[0] * batch_size,
                                   is_prefill=False))
                        self.set_active_loras(set(), lora_mapping)

                    if self.prompt_adapter_config:
                        prompt_adapter_mapping = PromptAdapterMapping(
                            [-1] * batch_size,
                            [-1] * batch_size,
                        )
                        self.set_active_prompt_adapters(
                            set(), prompt_adapter_mapping)
                    graph_runner = CUDAGraphRunner(
                        self.model, self.attn_backend.get_name(),
                        self.attn_state.graph_clone(batch_size),
                        self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder_model)

                    capture_inputs = {
                        "input_ids":
                        input_tokens[:batch_size],
                        "positions":
                        input_positions[..., :batch_size],
                        "hidden_or_intermediate_states":
                        hidden_or_intermediate_states[
                            virtual_engine]  # type: ignore
                        [:batch_size]
                        if hidden_or_intermediate_states[virtual_engine]
                        is not None else None,
                        "intermediate_inputs":
                        intermediate_inputs[:batch_size]
                        if intermediate_inputs is not None else None,
                        "kv_caches":
                        kv_caches[virtual_engine],
                        "attn_metadata":
                        attn_metadata,
                        "memory_pool":
                        self.graph_memory_pool,
                        "stream":
                        graph_capture_context.stream
                    }
                    if previous_hidden_states is not None:
                        capture_inputs[
                            "previous_hidden_states"] = previous_hidden_states[:
                                                                               batch_size]

                    if self.has_inner_state:
                        # Only used by Mamba-based models CUDA graph atm (Jamba)
                        capture_inputs.update({
                            "seqlen_agnostic_capture_inputs":
                            self.model.get_seqlen_agnostic_capture_inputs(
                                batch_size)
                        })
                    if self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder_model:
                        # add the additional inputs to capture for
                        # encoder-decoder models.
                        self._update_inputs_to_capture_for_enc_dec_model(
                            capture_inputs)

                    with set_forward_context(attn_metadata):
                        graph_runner.capture(**capture_inputs)
                    self.graph_memory_pool = graph_runner.graph.pool()
                    self.graph_runners[virtual_engine][batch_size] = (
                        graph_runner)

        end_time = time.perf_counter()
        elapsed_time = end_time - start_time
        # This usually takes < 10 seconds.
        logger.info("Graph capturing finished in %.0f secs.", elapsed_time)

    def _update_inputs_to_capture_for_enc_dec_model(self,
                                                    capture_inputs: Dict[str,
                                                                         Any]):
        """
        Updates the set of input tensors needed for CUDA graph capture in an
        encoder-decoder model.

        This method modifies the provided `capture_inputs` dictionary by
        adding tensors specific to encoder-decoder specific models that
        need to be captured for CUDA Graph replay.
        """
        # During the decode phase encoder_input_ids and encoder_positions are
        # unset. Do the same thing for graph capture.
        capture_inputs["encoder_input_ids"] = torch.tensor(
            [], dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        capture_inputs["encoder_positions"] = torch.tensor(
            [], dtype=torch.long).cuda()

    @property
    def vocab_size(self) -> int:
        return self.model_config.get_vocab_size()


class ModelRunner(GPUModelRunnerBase[ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata]):
    """
    GPU model runner with sampling step.
    """
    _model_input_cls: Type[ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata] = (
        ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata)
    _builder_cls: Type[ModelInputForGPUBuilder] = ModelInputForGPUBuilder

    def make_model_input_from_broadcasted_tensor_dict(
        self,
        tensor_dict: Dict[str, Any],
    ) -> ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata:
        model_input = \
            ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata.from_broadcasted_tensor_dict(
                tensor_dict,
                attn_backend=self.attn_backend,
            )
        return model_input

    def prepare_model_input(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: List[SequenceGroupMetadata],
        virtual_engine: int = 0,
        finished_requests_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    ) -> ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata:
        """Prepare the model input based on a given sequence group, including
        metadata for the sampling step.

        The API assumes seq_group_metadata_list is sorted by prefill -> decode.

        The result tensors and data structure also batches input in prefill
        -> decode order. For example,

        - input_tokens[:num_prefill_tokens] contains prefill tokens.
        - input_tokens[num_prefill_tokens:] contains decode tokens.

        If cuda graph is required, this API automatically pads inputs.
        """
        model_input = self._prepare_model_input_tensors(
            seq_group_metadata_list, finished_requests_ids)
        if get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            # Sampling metadata is only required for the final pp group
            generators = self.get_generators(finished_requests_ids)
            sampling_metadata = SamplingMetadata.prepare(
                seq_group_metadata_list, model_input.seq_lens,
                model_input.query_lens, self.device, self.pin_memory,
                generators, self.sampling_metadata_cache)
        else:
            sampling_metadata = None
        is_prompt = (seq_group_metadata_list[0].is_prompt
                     if seq_group_metadata_list else None)
        return dataclasses.replace(model_input,
                                   sampling_metadata=sampling_metadata,
                                   is_prompt=is_prompt,
                                   virtual_engine=virtual_engine)

    @torch.inference_mode()
    @dump_input_when_exception(exclude_args=[0], exclude_kwargs=["self"])
    def execute_model(
        self,
        model_input: ModelInputForGPUWithSamplingMetadata,
        kv_caches: List[torch.Tensor],
        intermediate_tensors: Optional[IntermediateTensors] = None,
        num_steps: int = 1,
    ) -> Optional[Union[List[SamplerOutput], IntermediateTensors]]:
        if num_steps > 1:
            raise ValueError("num_steps > 1 is not supported in ModelRunner")

        if self.lora_config:
            assert model_input.lora_requests is not None
            assert model_input.lora_mapping is not None
            self.set_active_loras(model_input.lora_requests,
                                  model_input.lora_mapping)

        if self.prompt_adapter_config:
            assert model_input.prompt_adapter_requests is not None
            assert model_input.prompt_adapter_mapping is not None
            self.set_active_prompt_adapters(
                model_input.prompt_adapter_requests,
                model_input.prompt_adapter_mapping)

        self.attn_state.begin_forward(model_input)

        # Currently cuda graph is only supported by the decode phase.
        assert model_input.attn_metadata is not None
        prefill_meta = model_input.attn_metadata.prefill_metadata
        decode_meta = model_input.attn_metadata.decode_metadata
        # TODO(andoorve): We can remove this once all
        # virtual engines share the same kv cache.
        virtual_engine = model_input.virtual_engine
        if prefill_meta is None and decode_meta.use_cuda_graph:
            assert model_input.input_tokens is not None
            graph_batch_size = model_input.input_tokens.shape[0]
            model_executable = self.graph_runners[virtual_engine][
                graph_batch_size]
        else:
            model_executable = self.model

        multi_modal_kwargs = model_input.multi_modal_kwargs or {}
        seqlen_agnostic_kwargs = {
            "finished_requests_ids": model_input.finished_requests_ids,
            "request_ids_to_seq_ids": model_input.request_ids_to_seq_ids,
        } if self.has_inner_state else {}
        if (self.observability_config is not None
                and self.observability_config.collect_model_forward_time):
            model_forward_start = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)
            model_forward_end = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)
            model_forward_start.record()

        with set_forward_context(model_input.attn_metadata):
            hidden_or_intermediate_states = model_executable(
                input_ids=model_input.input_tokens,
                positions=model_input.input_positions,
                kv_caches=kv_caches,
                attn_metadata=model_input.attn_metadata,
                intermediate_tensors=intermediate_tensors,
                **MultiModalInputs.as_kwargs(multi_modal_kwargs,
                                             device=self.device),
                **seqlen_agnostic_kwargs)

        if (self.observability_config is not None
                and self.observability_config.collect_model_forward_time):
            model_forward_end.record()

        # Compute the logits in the last pipeline stage.
        if not get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            if (self.is_driver_worker
                    and hidden_or_intermediate_states is not None
                    and isinstance(hidden_or_intermediate_states,
                                   IntermediateTensors)
                    and self.observability_config is not None
                    and self.observability_config.collect_model_forward_time):
                model_forward_end.synchronize()
                model_forward_time = model_forward_start.elapsed_time(
                    model_forward_end)
                orig_model_forward_time = 0.0
                if intermediate_tensors is not None:
                    orig_model_forward_time = intermediate_tensors.tensors.get(
                        "model_forward_time", torch.tensor(0.0)).item()
                hidden_or_intermediate_states.tensors["model_forward_time"] = (
                    torch.tensor(model_forward_time + orig_model_forward_time))
            return hidden_or_intermediate_states

        logits = self.model.compute_logits(hidden_or_intermediate_states,
                                           model_input.sampling_metadata)

        if not self.is_driver_worker:
            return []

        if model_input.async_callback is not None:
            model_input.async_callback()

        # Sample the next token.
        output: SamplerOutput = self.model.sample(
            logits=logits,
            sampling_metadata=model_input.sampling_metadata,
        )
        if (self.observability_config is not None
                and self.observability_config.collect_model_forward_time
                and output is not None):
            model_forward_end.synchronize()
            model_forward_time = model_forward_start.elapsed_time(
                model_forward_end)
            orig_model_forward_time = 0.0
            if intermediate_tensors is not None:
                orig_model_forward_time = intermediate_tensors.tensors.get(
                    "model_forward_time", torch.tensor(0.0)).item()
            # If there are multiple workers, we are still tracking the latency
            # from the start time of the driver worker to the end time of the
            # driver worker. The model forward time will then end up covering
            # the communication time as well.
            output.model_forward_time = (orig_model_forward_time +
                                         model_forward_time)

        if self.return_hidden_states:
            # we only need to pass hidden states of most recent token
            assert model_input.sampling_metadata is not None
            indices = model_input.sampling_metadata.selected_token_indices
            if model_input.is_prompt:
                hidden_states = hidden_or_intermediate_states.index_select(
                    0, indices)
                output.prefill_hidden_states = hidden_or_intermediate_states
            elif decode_meta.use_cuda_graph:
                hidden_states = hidden_or_intermediate_states[:len(indices)]
            else:
                hidden_states = hidden_or_intermediate_states

            output.hidden_states = hidden_states

        return [output]


class CUDAGraphRunner:

    def __init__(self, model: nn.Module, backend_name: str,
                 attn_state: AttentionState, is_encoder_decoder_model: bool):
        self.model = model
        self.backend_name = backend_name
        self.attn_state = attn_state

        self.input_buffers: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
        self.output_buffers: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}

        self._graph: Optional[torch.cuda.CUDAGraph] = None
        self._is_encoder_decoder_model = is_encoder_decoder_model

    @property
    def graph(self):
        assert self._graph is not None
        return self._graph

    def capture(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        positions: torch.Tensor,
        hidden_or_intermediate_states: Optional[Union[IntermediateTensors,
                                                      torch.Tensor]],
        intermediate_inputs: Optional[IntermediateTensors],
        kv_caches: List[torch.Tensor],
        attn_metadata: AttentionMetadata,
        memory_pool: Optional[Tuple[int, int]],
        stream: torch.cuda.Stream,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> Union[torch.Tensor, IntermediateTensors]:
        assert self._graph is None
        # Run the model a few times without capturing the graph.
        # This is to make sure that the captured graph does not include the
        # kernel launches for initial benchmarking (e.g., Triton autotune).
        # Note one iteration is not enough for torch.jit.script
        for _ in range(_NUM_WARMUP_ITERS):
            self.model(
                input_ids=input_ids,
                positions=positions,
                kv_caches=kv_caches,
                attn_metadata=attn_metadata,
                intermediate_tensors=intermediate_inputs,
                **kwargs,
            )
        # Wait for the warm up operations to finish before proceeding with
        # Graph Capture.
        torch.cuda.synchronize()
        # Capture the graph.
        self._graph = torch.cuda.CUDAGraph()
        with torch.cuda.graph(self._graph, pool=memory_pool, stream=stream):
            output_hidden_or_intermediate_states = self.model(
                input_ids=input_ids,
                positions=positions,
                kv_caches=kv_caches,
                attn_metadata=attn_metadata,
                intermediate_tensors=intermediate_inputs,
                **kwargs,
            )
            if hidden_or_intermediate_states is not None:
                if get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
                    hidden_or_intermediate_states.copy_(
                        output_hidden_or_intermediate_states)
                else:
                    for key in hidden_or_intermediate_states.tensors:
                        hidden_or_intermediate_states[key].copy_(
                            output_hidden_or_intermediate_states[key])
            else:
                hidden_or_intermediate_states = (
                    output_hidden_or_intermediate_states)

            del output_hidden_or_intermediate_states
            # make sure `output_hidden_states` is deleted
            # in the graph's memory pool
            gc.collect()
        torch.cuda.synchronize()

        # Save the input and output buffers.
        self.input_buffers = {
            "input_ids":
            input_ids,
            "positions":
            positions,
            "kv_caches":
            kv_caches,
            **self.attn_state.get_graph_input_buffers(
                attn_metadata, self._is_encoder_decoder_model),
            **kwargs,
        }
        if intermediate_inputs is not None:
            self.input_buffers.update(intermediate_inputs.tensors)
        if get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            self.output_buffers = {
                "hidden_states": hidden_or_intermediate_states
            }
        else:
            self.output_buffers = hidden_or_intermediate_states
        return hidden_or_intermediate_states

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        positions: torch.Tensor,
        kv_caches: List[torch.Tensor],
        attn_metadata: AttentionMetadata,
        intermediate_tensors: Optional[IntermediateTensors],
        **kwargs,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        # KV caches are fixed tensors, so we don't need to copy them.
        del kv_caches

        # Copy the input tensors to the input buffers.
        self.input_buffers["input_ids"].copy_(input_ids, non_blocking=True)
        self.input_buffers["positions"].copy_(positions, non_blocking=True)

        if self.backend_name != "placeholder-attn":
            self.input_buffers["slot_mapping"].copy_(
                attn_metadata.slot_mapping, non_blocking=True)

        self.attn_state.prepare_graph_input_buffers(
            self.input_buffers, attn_metadata, self._is_encoder_decoder_model)

        if "seqlen_agnostic_capture_inputs" in self.input_buffers:
            self.model.copy_inputs_before_cuda_graphs(self.input_buffers,
                                                      **kwargs)

        if "previous_hidden_states" in self.input_buffers:
            self.input_buffers["previous_hidden_states"].copy_(
                kwargs["previous_hidden_states"], non_blocking=True)

        if intermediate_tensors is not None:
            for key in intermediate_tensors.tensors:
                if key != "model_execute_time" and key != "model_forward_time":
                    self.input_buffers[key].copy_(intermediate_tensors[key],
                                                  non_blocking=True)
        if self._is_encoder_decoder_model:
            self.input_buffers["encoder_input_ids"].copy_(
                kwargs['encoder_input_ids'], non_blocking=True)
            self.input_buffers["encoder_positions"].copy_(
                kwargs['encoder_positions'], non_blocking=True)

        # Run the graph.
        self.graph.replay()
        # Return the output tensor.
        if get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            return self.output_buffers["hidden_states"]

        return self.output_buffers

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.forward(*args, **kwargs)


def _get_graph_batch_size(batch_size: int) -> int:
    """Returns the padded batch size given actual batch size.

    Batch sizes are 1, 2, 4, _BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT,
    2*_BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT, 3*_BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT...
    """
    if batch_size <= 2:
        return batch_size
    elif batch_size <= 4:
        return 4
    else:
        return ((batch_size + _BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT - 1) //
                _BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT * _BATCH_SIZE_ALIGNMENT)


def _get_max_graph_batch_size(max_num_seqs: int) -> int:
    """
    max_num_seqs: Maximum number of sequences in a batch.
    _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE: all the sizes that we want to capture.

    pad the max_num_seqs if necessary by calling _get_graph_batch_size,
    which will deal with some edge cases like 1, 2, 4.

    if the padded size is in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE, return the padded size.
    if not, it means the padded size is larger than the largest size in
    _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE, return the largest size in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE.
    """
    padded_size = _get_graph_batch_size(max_num_seqs)
    if padded_size in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE:
        return padded_size
    assert padded_size > _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE[-1]
    return _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE[-1]