pixtral.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

import math
from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
from dataclasses import dataclass, fields
from functools import cached_property
from typing import Annotated, Literal

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from mistral_common.protocol.instruct.chunk import ImageChunk, TextChunk
from mistral_common.protocol.instruct.messages import UserMessage
from mistral_common.protocol.instruct.request import ChatCompletionRequest
from mistral_common.tokens.tokenizers.multimodal import ImageEncoder
from PIL import Image
from transformers import BatchFeature, PixtralVisionConfig, TensorType
from transformers.image_utils import ImageInput
from transformers.models.pixtral.image_processing_pixtral import (
    _num_image_tokens as _get_pixtral_hf_num_image_tokens,
)
from transformers.models.pixtral.modeling_pixtral import (
    PixtralRotaryEmbedding,
    apply_rotary_pos_emb,
    position_ids_in_meshgrid,
)
from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import TextInput

from vllm.config import VllmConfig
from vllm.config.multimodal import BaseDummyOptions
from vllm.distributed import divide, get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size
from vllm.model_executor.layers.activation import get_act_and_mul_fn
from vllm.model_executor.layers.conv import Conv2dLayer
from vllm.model_executor.layers.layernorm import RMSNorm
from vllm.model_executor.layers.linear import (
    MergedColumnParallelLinear,
    QKVParallelLinear,
    RowParallelLinear,
)
from vllm.model_executor.layers.quantization import QuantizationConfig
from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.weight_utils import default_weight_loader
from vllm.multimodal import MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY, MultiModalKwargsItems
from vllm.multimodal.inputs import (
    MultiModalDataDict,
    MultiModalFieldConfig,
    MultiModalUUIDDict,
    NestedTensors,
)
from vllm.multimodal.parse import ImageProcessorItems, ImageSize, MultiModalDataItems
from vllm.multimodal.processing import BaseDummyInputsBuilder, ProcessorInputs
from vllm.multimodal.processing.processor import (
    BaseMultiModalProcessor,
    BaseProcessingInfo,
    MultiModalProcessingInfo,
    PromptReplacement,
    PromptUpdate,
    PromptUpdateDetails,
)
from vllm.platforms import current_platform
from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors
from vllm.tokenizers import cached_tokenizer_from_config
from vllm.tokenizers.mistral import MistralTokenizer
from vllm.utils.tensor_schema import TensorSchema, TensorShape

from .interfaces import (
    MultiModalEmbeddings,
    SupportsLoRA,
    SupportsMultiModal,
    SupportsPP,
)
from .module_mapping import MultiModelKeys
from .utils import init_vllm_registered_model, maybe_prefix
from .vision import (
    VisionEncoderInfo,
    VisionFeatureSelectStrategy,
    is_vit_use_data_parallel,
    resolve_visual_encoder_outputs,
)

try:
    # Note: vLLM does not install xformers by default.
    from xformers import ops as xops

    if current_platform.is_cuda() and current_platform.has_device_capability(100):
        # Xformers FA is not compatible with B200
        USE_XFORMERS_OPS = False
    else:
        USE_XFORMERS_OPS = True
except ImportError:
    USE_XFORMERS_OPS = False

PATCH_MERGE = "patch_merge"


class PixtralImagePixelInputs(TensorSchema):
    """
    Dimensions:
        - bn: Batch size * number of images
        - c: Number of channels (3)
        - h: Height of each image
        - w: Width of each image

    The result of stacking `ImageEncoding.tokens` from each prompt.
    """

    type: Literal["pixel_values"] = "pixel_values"

    images: Annotated[
        torch.Tensor | list[torch.Tensor],
        TensorShape("bn", 3, "h", "w", dynamic_dims={"h", "w"}),
    ]


class PixtralProcessorAdapter:
    """
    Provide a HF-compatible interface for
    `mistral_common.tokens.tokenizers.multimodal.ImageEncoder`.
    """

    def __init__(self, tokenizer: MistralTokenizer) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.tokenizer = tokenizer

    @property
    def image_processor(self) -> ImageEncoder:
        image_encoder = self.tokenizer.instruct.mm_encoder
        assert isinstance(image_encoder, ImageEncoder)
        return image_encoder

    @cached_property
    def image_break_id(self) -> int:
        return self.image_processor.special_ids.img_break

    @cached_property
    def image_token_id(self) -> int:
        return self.image_processor.special_ids.img

    @cached_property
    def image_end_id(self) -> int:
        return self.image_processor.special_ids.img_end

    @cached_property
    def image_size(self) -> int:
        return self.image_processor.mm_config.max_image_size

    @cached_property
    def patch_size(self) -> int:
        return self.image_processor.mm_config.image_patch_size

    def __call__(
        self,
        text: TextInput | list[TextInput] | None = None,
        images: ImageInput | list[ImageInput] | None = None,
        return_tensors: str | TensorType | None = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> Mapping[str, NestedTensors]:
        if text is None:
            text = []
        if not isinstance(text, list):
            text = [text]
        if images is None:
            images = []
        if not isinstance(images, list):
            images = [images]

        if not images:
            input_ids = self.tokenizer(text).input_ids

            return {"input_ids": torch.tensor(input_ids)}

        # Allow dummy text, which is used for profiling as well as token inputs
        if any(len(t) > 0 for t in text):
            raise ValueError(
                "You've passed text inputs instead of token inputs. "
                "Make sure to process your input via `mistral_common`'s "
                "tokenizer or pass a chat completion request. "
                "For more info, see: "
                "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/8411."
            )

        images_processed = list[torch.Tensor]()
        images_tokens = list[torch.Tensor]()

        for image in images:
            image_inputs = self.image_processor(ImageChunk(image=image))
            image_processed = torch.tensor(image_inputs.image)
            image_tokens = torch.tensor(image_inputs.tokens)

            images_processed.append(image_processed)
            images_tokens.append(image_tokens)

        return BatchFeature(
            {
                "input_ids": torch.cat(images_tokens)[None].expand(len(text), -1),
                "images": images_processed,
            }
        )


class PixtralProcessingInfo(BaseProcessingInfo):
    def get_tokenizer(self) -> MistralTokenizer:
        tokenizer = cached_tokenizer_from_config(self.ctx.model_config)
        if not isinstance(tokenizer, MistralTokenizer):
            raise ValueError("This model requires `--tokenizer-mode mistral`")

        return tokenizer

    def get_hf_processor(self) -> PixtralProcessorAdapter:
        return PixtralProcessorAdapter(self.get_tokenizer())

    def get_supported_mm_limits(self) -> Mapping[str, int | None]:
        return {"image": None}

    def get_vision_config(
        self,
        processor: PixtralProcessorAdapter | None = None,
    ):
        if processor is None:
            processor = self.get_hf_processor()

        return PixtralVisionConfig(
            image_size=processor.image_size,
            patch_size=processor.patch_size,
        )

    def get_num_image_tokens(
        self,
        *,
        image_width: int,
        image_height: int,
        processor: PixtralProcessorAdapter | None = None,
    ) -> int:
        if processor is None:
            processor = self.get_hf_processor()

        ncols, nrows = processor.image_processor._image_to_num_tokens(
            Image.new("RGB", (image_width, image_height))
        )

        return ncols * nrows

    def get_image_size_with_most_features(self) -> ImageSize:
        image_processor = self.get_hf_processor().image_processor
        max_image_size = image_processor.mm_config.max_image_size

        return ImageSize(width=max_image_size, height=max_image_size)


class PixtralDummyInputsBuilder(BaseDummyInputsBuilder[PixtralProcessingInfo]):
    def get_dummy_text(self, mm_counts: Mapping[str, int]) -> str:
        return ""

    def get_dummy_mm_data(
        self,
        seq_len: int,
        mm_counts: Mapping[str, int],
        mm_options: Mapping[str, BaseDummyOptions] | None = None,
    ) -> MultiModalDataDict:
        num_images = mm_counts.get("image", 0)

        target_width, target_height = self.info.get_image_size_with_most_features()

        image_overrides = mm_options.get("image") if mm_options else None

        return {
            "image": self._get_dummy_images(
                width=target_width,
                height=target_height,
                num_images=num_images,
                overrides=image_overrides,
            )
        }

    def get_dummy_processor_inputs(
        self,
        seq_len: int,
        mm_counts: Mapping[str, int],
        mm_options: Mapping[str, BaseDummyOptions] | None = None,
    ) -> ProcessorInputs:
        tokenizer = self.info.get_tokenizer()

        dummy_text = self.get_dummy_text(mm_counts)
        dummy_mm_data = self.get_dummy_mm_data(seq_len, mm_counts, mm_options)
        dummy_images = dummy_mm_data.get("image", [])
        tokenization_kwargs = {"truncation": False}

        request = ChatCompletionRequest(
            messages=[
                UserMessage(
                    content=[
                        TextChunk(text=dummy_text),
                        *(ImageChunk(image=image) for image in dummy_images),
                    ]
                ),
            ]
        )
        res = tokenizer.mistral.encode_chat_completion(request)
        dummy_tokens = res.tokens

        return ProcessorInputs(
            prompt=dummy_tokens,
            mm_data=dummy_mm_data,
            tokenization_kwargs=tokenization_kwargs,
        )


class PixtralMultiModalProcessor(BaseMultiModalProcessor[PixtralProcessingInfo]):
    def _get_mm_fields_config(
        self,
        hf_inputs: Mapping[str, NestedTensors],
        hf_processor_mm_kwargs: Mapping[str, object],
    ) -> Mapping[str, MultiModalFieldConfig]:
        return dict(images=MultiModalFieldConfig.batched("image"))

    def _get_prompt_updates(
        self,
        mm_items: MultiModalDataItems,
        hf_processor_mm_kwargs: Mapping[str, object],
        out_mm_kwargs: MultiModalKwargsItems,
    ) -> Sequence[PromptUpdate]:
        processor = self.info.get_hf_processor(**hf_processor_mm_kwargs)

        image_break_id = processor.image_break_id
        image_token_id = processor.image_token_id
        image_end_id = processor.image_end_id

        def get_replacement(item_idx: int):
            images = mm_items.get_items("image", ImageProcessorItems)
            image_size = images.get_image_size(item_idx)

            ncols, nrows = processor.image_processor._image_to_num_tokens(
                Image.new("RGB", (image_size.width, image_size.height))
            )

            tokens = ([image_token_id] * ncols + [image_break_id]) * nrows
            tokens[-1] = image_end_id

            return PromptUpdateDetails.select_token_id(tokens, image_token_id)

        return [
            PromptReplacement(
                modality="image",
                target="",  # Never match the prompt (see below note)
                replacement=get_replacement,
            ),
        ]

    def _cached_apply_hf_processor(
        self,
        prompt: str | list[int],
        mm_data_items: MultiModalDataItems,
        hf_processor_mm_kwargs: Mapping[str, object],
        tokenization_kwargs: Mapping[str, object],
        mm_uuids: MultiModalUUIDDict | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[list[int], MultiModalProcessingInfo, bool]:
        prompt_ids, mm_info, _ = super()._cached_apply_hf_processor(
            prompt=prompt,
            mm_data_items=mm_data_items,
            hf_processor_mm_kwargs=hf_processor_mm_kwargs,
            tokenization_kwargs=tokenization_kwargs,
            mm_uuids=mm_uuids,
        )

        # NOTE: The tokens are already inserted by the chat template
        return prompt_ids, mm_info, True


@MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY.register_processor(
    PixtralMultiModalProcessor,
    info=PixtralProcessingInfo,
    dummy_inputs=PixtralDummyInputsBuilder,
)
class PixtralForConditionalGeneration(
    nn.Module, SupportsLoRA, SupportsMultiModal, SupportsPP
):
    @classmethod
    def get_placeholder_str(cls, modality: str, i: int) -> str | None:
        if modality.startswith("image"):
            return None

        raise ValueError("Only image modality is supported")

    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
        super().__init__()
        config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
        multimodal_config = vllm_config.model_config.multimodal_config
        self.config = config
        self.multimodal_config = multimodal_config

        dataclass_fields = {field.name for field in fields(VisionEncoderArgs)}
        vision_args = {
            key: value
            for key, value in self.config.vision_config.to_dict().items()
            if key in dataclass_fields
        }

        self.vision_args = VisionEncoderArgs(**vision_args)

        # init MistralForCausalLM
        with self._mark_language_model(vllm_config):
            self.language_model = init_vllm_registered_model(
                vllm_config=vllm_config,
                hf_config=config.text_config,
                prefix=maybe_prefix(prefix, "language_model"),
            )

        with self._mark_tower_model(vllm_config, "image"):
            self.vision_encoder = VisionTransformer(self.vision_args)
            self.pre_mm_projector_norm = (
                RMSNorm(self.vision_args.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)
                if self.vision_args.add_pre_mm_projector_layer_norm
                else None
            )
            self.patch_merger = (
                PatchMerger(
                    vision_encoder_dim=self.vision_args.hidden_size,
                    spatial_merge_size=self.vision_args.spatial_merge_size,
                    use_mlp_bias=False,
                )
                if self.vision_args.mm_projector_id == PATCH_MERGE
                else None
            )
            self.vision_language_adapter = VisionLanguageAdapter(
                self.vision_args, dim=config.text_config.hidden_size
            )

        self.make_empty_intermediate_tensors = (
            self.language_model.make_empty_intermediate_tensors
        )

    def _parse_and_validate_image_input(
        self, **kwargs: object
    ) -> PixtralImagePixelInputs | None:
        images = kwargs.pop("images", None)
        if images is None:
            return None

        return PixtralImagePixelInputs(
            type="pixel_values",
            images=images,
        )

    def _process_image_input(
        self,
        image_input: PixtralImagePixelInputs,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]:
        images = image_input["images"]
        image_features = self.vision_encoder(images)
        feature_sizes = [image_feature.shape[0] for image_feature in image_features]
        image_features = torch.cat(image_features)
        if self.pre_mm_projector_norm is not None:
            image_features = self.pre_mm_projector_norm(image_features)
        if self.patch_merger is not None:
            patch_size = self.vision_args.patch_size
            spatial_merge_size_square = self.vision_args.spatial_merge_size**2
            img_patch_dims = [
                (img.shape[1] // patch_size, img.shape[2] // patch_size)
                for img in images
            ]
            feature_sizes = [
                feature_size // spatial_merge_size_square
                for feature_size in feature_sizes
            ]
            image_features = self.patch_merger(
                image_features, image_sizes=img_patch_dims
            )
        image_embeds = self.vision_language_adapter(image_features)
        image_embeds = torch.split(image_embeds, feature_sizes)
        return image_embeds

    def embed_multimodal(self, **kwargs: object) -> MultiModalEmbeddings:
        image_input = self._parse_and_validate_image_input(**kwargs)
        if image_input is None:
            return []

        return self._process_image_input(image_input)

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        positions: torch.Tensor,
        intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors | None = None,
        inputs_embeds: torch.Tensor | None = None,
        **kwargs: object,
    ) -> torch.Tensor | IntermediateTensors:
        """Run forward pass for pixtral."""
        if intermediate_tensors is not None:
            inputs_embeds = None

        hidden_states = self.language_model.model(
            input_ids, positions, intermediate_tensors, inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds
        )

        return hidden_states

    def compute_logits(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor | None:
        return self.language_model.compute_logits(hidden_states)

    def load_weights(self, weights: Iterable[tuple[str, torch.Tensor]]):
        def is_vision_encoder_weights(weight: tuple[str, torch.Tensor]):
            return weight[0].startswith(("vision_encoder", "vision_tower"))

        def is_vision_lang_adapter_weights(weight: tuple[str, torch.Tensor]):
            return weight[0].startswith(
                ("vision_language_adapter", "multi_modal_projector")
            )

        def is_patch_merger(weight: tuple[str, torch.Tensor]):
            return weight[0].startswith("patch_merger")

        def is_pre_mm_projector_norm(weight: tuple[str, torch.Tensor]):
            return weight[0].startswith("pre_mm_projector_norm")

        # Get references to parameters for direct loading
        vision_encoder_dict = (
            dict(self.vision_encoder.named_parameters())
            if self.vision_encoder is not None
            else {}
        )
        patch_merger_dict = (
            dict(self.patch_merger.named_parameters())
            if self.patch_merger is not None
            else {}
        )
        pre_mm_projector_norm_dict = (
            dict(self.pre_mm_projector_norm.named_parameters())
            if self.pre_mm_projector_norm is not None
            else {}
        )
        vision_lang_adapter_dict = (
            dict(self.vision_language_adapter.named_parameters())
            if self.vision_language_adapter is not None
            else {}
        )

        def llm_weights_generator():
            # Single pass over weights
            for name, w in weights:
                if is_vision_encoder_weights((name, w)):
                    if self.vision_encoder is None:
                        continue
                    # Load vision encoder weights directly
                    trimmed_name = ".".join(name.split(".")[1:])
                    param = vision_encoder_dict.get(trimmed_name)
                    if param is not None:
                        with torch.no_grad():
                            default_weight_loader(param, w)
                elif is_patch_merger((name, w)):
                    if self.patch_merger is None:
                        continue
                    # Load vision patch merger weights directly
                    trimmed_name = ".".join(name.split(".")[1:])
                    param = patch_merger_dict[trimmed_name]
                    with torch.no_grad():
                        default_weight_loader(param, w)
                elif is_pre_mm_projector_norm((name, w)):
                    if self.pre_mm_projector_norm is None:
                        continue
                    # Load vision pre_mm_projector_norm weights directly
                    trimmed_name = ".".join(name.split(".")[1:])
                    param = pre_mm_projector_norm_dict[trimmed_name]
                    with torch.no_grad():
                        default_weight_loader(param, w)
                elif is_vision_lang_adapter_weights((name, w)):
                    if self.vision_language_adapter is None:
                        continue
                    # Load vision-language adapter weights directly
                    trimmed_name = ".".join(name.split(".")[1:])
                    param = vision_lang_adapter_dict.get(trimmed_name)
                    if param is not None:
                        with torch.no_grad():
                            default_weight_loader(param, w)
                else:
                    # LLM weights: yield them to be loaded
                    # by language_model.load_weights
                    # Strip "language_model." prefix if present (HF sharded format)
                    name = name.removeprefix("language_model.")
                    yield (name, w)

        # Now we call the language model load with the generator
        self.language_model.load_weights(llm_weights_generator())

    def get_mm_mapping(self) -> MultiModelKeys:
        return MultiModelKeys.from_string_field(
            language_model="language_model",
            connector="vision_language_adapter",
            tower_model="vision_encoder",
        )

    def get_num_mm_encoder_tokens(self, num_image_tokens: int) -> int:
        if getattr(self, "patch_merger", None) is None:
            return num_image_tokens
        merge_size = self.vision_args.spatial_merge_size
        return num_image_tokens * (merge_size**2)

    def get_num_mm_connector_tokens(self, num_vision_tokens: int) -> int:
        if getattr(self, "patch_merger", None) is None:
            return num_vision_tokens
        merge_size = self.vision_args.spatial_merge_size
        return num_vision_tokens // (merge_size**2)


# Vision encoder
@dataclass
class VisionEncoderArgs:
    hidden_size: int
    num_channels: int
    image_size: int
    patch_size: int
    intermediate_size: int
    num_hidden_layers: int
    num_attention_heads: int
    rope_theta: float  # for rope-2D
    image_token_id: int
    adapter_bias: bool = True
    spatial_merge_size: int = 1
    add_pre_mm_projector_layer_norm: bool = False
    mm_projector_id: str = ""


def _reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cis: torch.Tensor, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    freqs_cis: complex - (seq_len, head_dim / 2)
    x: complex - (bsz, seq_len, head_dim / 2)
    """
    ndim = x.ndim
    assert ndim > 1
    assert freqs_cis.shape == (x.shape[1], x.shape[-1]), (
        freqs_cis.shape,
        (x.shape[1], x.shape[-1]),
    )
    shape = [d if i == 1 or i == ndim - 1 else 1 for i, d in enumerate(x.shape)]
    return freqs_cis.view(*shape)


def precompute_freqs_cis_2d(
    dim: int,
    height: int,
    width: int,
    theta: float,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    freqs_cis: 2D complex tensor of shape (height, width, dim // 2)
        to be indexed by (height, width) position tuples
    """
    # (dim / 2) frequency bases
    freqs = 1.0 / (theta ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2).float() / dim))

    h = torch.arange(height, device=freqs.device)
    w = torch.arange(width, device=freqs.device)

    freqs_h = torch.outer(h, freqs[::2]).float()
    freqs_w = torch.outer(w, freqs[1::2]).float()
    freqs_2d = torch.cat(
        [
            freqs_h[:, None, :].repeat(1, width, 1),
            freqs_w[None, :, :].repeat(height, 1, 1),
        ],
        dim=-1,
    )
    return torch.polar(torch.ones_like(freqs_2d), freqs_2d)


def apply_rotary_emb_vit(
    xq: torch.Tensor,
    xk: torch.Tensor,
    freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    xq_ = torch.view_as_complex(xq.float().reshape(*xq.shape[:-1], -1, 2))
    xk_ = torch.view_as_complex(xk.float().reshape(*xk.shape[:-1], -1, 2))
    assert freqs_cis.dtype == torch.complex64
    freqs_cis = _reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cis, xq_)
    xq_out = torch.view_as_real(xq_ * freqs_cis).flatten(3)
    xk_out = torch.view_as_real(xk_ * freqs_cis).flatten(3)
    return xq_out.type_as(xq), xk_out.type_as(xk)


class FeedForward(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs):
        super().__init__()
        assert args.intermediate_size is not None
        self.w1 = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.intermediate_size, bias=False)
        self.w2 = nn.Linear(args.intermediate_size, args.hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.w3 = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.intermediate_size, bias=False)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.w2(F.silu(self.w1(x)) * self.w3(x))


class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs):
        super().__init__()
        self.args = args
        assert not args.hidden_size % args.num_attention_heads
        self.n_heads = args.num_attention_heads
        self.head_dim = args.hidden_size // args.num_attention_heads

        self.wq = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.wk = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.wv = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.wo = nn.Linear(args.hidden_size, args.hidden_size, bias=False)

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        batch, patches, _ = x.shape

        q, k, v = self.wq(x), self.wk(x), self.wv(x)
        q = q.reshape(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim)
        k = k.reshape(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim)
        v = v.reshape(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim)

        q, k = apply_rotary_emb_vit(q, k, freqs_cis=freqs_cis)

        if USE_XFORMERS_OPS:
            out = xops.memory_efficient_attention(q, k, v, attn_bias=mask)
        else:
            q = q.transpose(1, 2)
            k = k.transpose(1, 2)
            v = v.transpose(1, 2)
            out = nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask=mask)
            out = out.transpose(1, 2)

        out = out.reshape(batch, patches, self.n_heads * self.head_dim)
        return self.wo(out)


class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs):
        super().__init__()
        self.attention = Attention(args)
        self.feed_forward = FeedForward(args)
        self.attention_norm = RMSNorm(args.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)
        self.ffn_norm = RMSNorm(args.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        r = self.attention.forward(
            self.attention_norm(x), mask=mask, freqs_cis=freqs_cis
        )
        h = x + r
        r = self.feed_forward.forward(self.ffn_norm(h))
        out = h + r
        return out


class Transformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs):
        super().__init__()
        self.layers = torch.nn.ModuleList()
        for _ in range(args.num_hidden_layers):
            self.layers.append(TransformerBlock(args))

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        mask: torch.Tensor,
        freqs_cis: torch.Tensor | None,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        for layer in self.layers:
            x = layer(x, mask=mask, freqs_cis=freqs_cis)
        return x


def position_meshgrid(
    patch_embeds_list: list[torch.Tensor],
) -> torch.Tensor:
    positions = torch.cat(
        [
            torch.stack(
                torch.meshgrid(
                    torch.arange(p.shape[-2]),
                    torch.arange(p.shape[-1]),
                    indexing="ij",
                ),
                dim=-1,
            ).reshape(-1, 2)
            for p in patch_embeds_list
        ]
    )
    return positions


class VisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs):
        super().__init__()
        self.args = args
        self.patch_conv = Conv2dLayer(
            in_channels=args.num_channels,
            out_channels=args.hidden_size,
            kernel_size=args.patch_size,
            stride=args.patch_size,
            bias=False,
        )
        self.ln_pre = RMSNorm(args.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)
        self.transformer = Transformer(args)

        head_dim = self.args.hidden_size // self.args.num_attention_heads
        assert head_dim % 2 == 0, "ROPE requires even head_dim"
        self._freqs_cis: torch.Tensor | None = None

    @property
    def max_patches_per_side(self) -> int:
        return self.args.image_size // self.args.patch_size

    @property
    def device(self) -> torch.types.Device:
        return next(self.parameters()).device

    @property
    def dtype(self) -> torch.dtype:
        return next(self.parameters()).dtype

    @property
    def freqs_cis(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        if self._freqs_cis is None:
            self._freqs_cis = precompute_freqs_cis_2d(
                dim=self.args.hidden_size // self.args.num_attention_heads,
                height=self.max_patches_per_side,
                width=self.max_patches_per_side,
                theta=self.args.rope_theta,
            )

        if self._freqs_cis.device != self.device:
            self._freqs_cis = self._freqs_cis.to(device=self.device)

        return self._freqs_cis

    def forward(
        self,
        images: list[torch.Tensor],
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            images: list of N_img images of variable sizes,
                each of shape (C, H, W)
        Returns:
            image_features: tensor of token features for
                all tokens of all images of shape (N_toks, D)
        """
        # pass images through initial convolution independently
        patch_embeds_list = [
            self.patch_conv(img.unsqueeze(0).to(self.dtype)) for img in images
        ]

        patch_embeds = [p.flatten(2).permute(0, 2, 1) for p in patch_embeds_list]
        embed_sizes = [p.shape[1] for p in patch_embeds]

        # flatten to a single sequence
        patch_embeds = torch.cat(patch_embeds, dim=1)
        patch_embeds = self.ln_pre(patch_embeds)

        # positional embeddings
        positions = position_meshgrid(patch_embeds_list).to(self.device)
        freqs_cis = self.freqs_cis[positions[:, 0], positions[:, 1]]

        # pass through Transformer with a block diagonal mask delimiting images
        if USE_XFORMERS_OPS:
            mask = xops.fmha.attn_bias.BlockDiagonalMask.from_seqlens(
                [p.shape[-2] * p.shape[-1] for p in patch_embeds_list],
            )
        else:
            from transformers.models.pixtral.modeling_pixtral import (
                generate_block_attention_mask,
            )

            mask = generate_block_attention_mask(
                [p.shape[-2] * p.shape[-1] for p in patch_embeds_list], patch_embeds
            )
        out = self.transformer(patch_embeds, mask=mask, freqs_cis=freqs_cis)

        # squeeze dim 0 and split into separate tensors for each image
        return torch.split(out.squeeze(0), embed_sizes)


class VisionLanguageAdapter(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, args: VisionEncoderArgs, dim: int):
        super().__init__()
        assert isinstance(args, VisionEncoderArgs)
        self.w_in = nn.Linear(
            args.hidden_size,
            dim,
            bias=args.adapter_bias,
        )
        self.gelu = nn.GELU()
        self.w_out = nn.Linear(dim, dim, bias=args.adapter_bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.w_out(self.gelu(self.w_in(x)))


class PatchMerger(nn.Module):
    """
    Learned merging of spatial_merge_size ** 2 patches
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        vision_encoder_dim: int,
        spatial_merge_size: int,
        use_mlp_bias: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        mlp_input_dim = vision_encoder_dim * (spatial_merge_size**2)

        self.spatial_merge_size = spatial_merge_size
        self.mlp_input_dim = mlp_input_dim

        self.merging_layer = nn.Linear(
            mlp_input_dim,
            vision_encoder_dim,
            bias=use_mlp_bias,
        )

    def forward(
        self, x: torch.Tensor, image_sizes: list[tuple[int, int]]
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        # image_sizes specified in tokens
        assert sum([h * w for h, w in image_sizes]) == len(x)

        # x is (N, vision_encoder_dim)
        x = self.permute(x, image_sizes)

        # x is (N / spatial_merge_size ** 2,
        #       vision_encoder_dim * spatial_merge_size ** 2)
        x = self.merging_layer(x)

        # x is (N / spatial_merge_size ** 2, vision_encoder_dim)
        return x

    def permute(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        image_sizes: list[tuple[int, int]],
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            x: (N, D) where N is flattened and concatenated patch tokens
                for all images
            image_sizes: list of tuple of (height, width) in tokens for
                each image
        Returns:
            image_features: reorders patch tokens so each grid of
                (spatial_merge_size, spatial_merge_size) is contiguous.
                now (N / spatial_merge_size ** 2, D * spatial_merge_size ** 2)
        """

        sub_grids = get_sub_grids(
            x=x, image_sizes=image_sizes, spatial_merge_size=self.spatial_merge_size
        )  # list of [d x sub_grid_size x sub_grid_size x n_patches]
        permuted_tensor: list[torch.Tensor] = []
        for grid in sub_grids:
            n_patches = grid.shape[-1]
            permuted_tensor.append(
                grid.view(-1, n_patches).t()
            )  # n_patches x d * sub_grid_size * sub_grid_size
        return torch.cat(
            permuted_tensor, dim=0
        )  # (N / spatial_merge_size ** 2, d * spatial_merge_size ** 2)


def get_sub_grids(
    x: torch.Tensor,
    image_sizes: list[tuple[int, int]],
    spatial_merge_size: int,
) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
    # image_sizes specified in tokens
    tokens_per_image = [h * w for h, w in image_sizes]
    d = x.shape[-1]
    all_img_sub_grids: list[torch.Tensor] = []
    sub_grid_size = spatial_merge_size

    for image_index, image_tokens in enumerate(x.split(tokens_per_image)):
        # Reshape image_tokens into a 2D grid
        h, w = image_sizes[image_index]
        image_grid = image_tokens.view(h, w, d).permute(2, 0, 1)[
            None, :, :, :
        ]  # 1 x d x h x w
        sub_grids = torch.nn.functional.unfold(
            image_grid, kernel_size=sub_grid_size, stride=sub_grid_size
        )
        sub_grids = sub_grids.view(
            1, d, sub_grid_size, sub_grid_size, -1
        )  # 1 x d x sub_grid_size x sub_grid_size x n_patches

        all_img_sub_grids.append(sub_grids[0])

    return all_img_sub_grids


#### HF Transformers version of Pixtral ####
# Based off https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/d7950bff82b18c823193d17d72188c5e46d06c83/src/transformers/models/pixtral/modeling_pixtral.py
# This model follows the Llava family, meaning image embeddings are placed
# instead of the `[IMG]` token placeholders.
# The model uses [`PixtralVisionModel`] for its vision encoder,
# and [`MistralForCausalLM`] for its language decoder.


class PixtralHFEncoderInfo(VisionEncoderInfo[PixtralVisionConfig]):
    def get_num_image_tokens(
        self,
        *,
        image_width: int,
        image_height: int,
    ) -> int:
        ncols, nrows = self.get_patch_grid_size(
            image_width=image_width,
            image_height=image_height,
        )
        return ncols * nrows

    def get_image_size(self) -> int:
        return self.vision_config.image_size

    def get_patch_size(self) -> int:
        # spatial_merge_size is needed for Mistral3
        spatial_merge_size = getattr(self.hf_config, "spatial_merge_size", 1)
        return self.vision_config.patch_size * spatial_merge_size

    def get_patch_grid_length(self) -> int:
        image_size, patch_size = self.get_image_size(), self.get_patch_size()

        # Since interpolation is applied, the image size need not be divisible
        # assert image_size % patch_size == 0
        return image_size // patch_size

    # Adapted from: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.49.0/src/transformers/models/pixtral/image_processing_pixtral.py#L99
    def get_patch_grid_size(
        self,
        *,
        image_width: int,
        image_height: int,
    ) -> tuple[int, int]:
        max_width = max_height = self.get_image_size()
        patch_width = patch_height = self.get_patch_size()

        ratio = max(image_width / max_width, image_height / max_height)

        if ratio > 1:
            image_width = int(math.floor(image_width / ratio))
            image_height = int(math.floor(image_height / ratio))

        nrows, ncols = _get_pixtral_hf_num_image_tokens(
            (image_height, image_width),
            (patch_height, patch_width),
        )  # type: ignore

        return ncols, nrows


class PixtralHFMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: PixtralVisionConfig,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        use_data_parallel = is_vit_use_data_parallel()

        assert config.intermediate_size is not None
        self.gate_up_proj = MergedColumnParallelLinear(
            input_size=config.hidden_size,
            output_sizes=[config.intermediate_size] * 2,
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.gate_up_proj",
            disable_tp=use_data_parallel,
        )
        self.down_proj = RowParallelLinear(
            input_size=config.intermediate_size,
            output_size=config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.down_proj",
            disable_tp=use_data_parallel,
        )
        self.act_and_mul = get_act_and_mul_fn(config.hidden_act)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        gate_up, _ = self.gate_up_proj(x)
        x = self.act_and_mul(gate_up)
        x, _ = self.down_proj(x)
        return x


class PixtralHFAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: PixtralVisionConfig,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.config = config
        assert not config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads
        self.total_num_heads = config.num_attention_heads
        self.head_dim = config.hidden_size // config.num_attention_heads
        assert self.total_num_heads * self.head_dim == config.hidden_size

        use_data_parallel = is_vit_use_data_parallel()
        self.qkv_proj = QKVParallelLinear(
            hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
            head_size=self.head_dim,
            total_num_heads=self.total_num_heads,
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.qkv_proj",
            disable_tp=use_data_parallel,
        )
        self.o_proj = RowParallelLinear(
            input_size=config.hidden_size,
            output_size=config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.o_proj",
            disable_tp=use_data_parallel,
        )

        self.tp_size = (
            1 if use_data_parallel else get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size()
        )
        self.n_heads = divide(config.num_attention_heads, self.tp_size)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        attention_mask: torch.Tensor,
        position_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor | None]:
        batch, patches, _ = hidden_states.size()

        qkv_states, _ = self.qkv_proj(hidden_states)
        q, k, v = qkv_states.chunk(3, dim=-1)

        # Transpose q and k to apply HF's Rotary Position Embedding
        q = q.view(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
        k = k.view(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
        v = v.view(batch, patches, self.n_heads, self.head_dim)
        cos, sin = position_embeddings
        q, k = apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, unsqueeze_dim=0)

        if USE_XFORMERS_OPS:
            # Transpose q and k back for attention
            q = q.transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
            k = k.transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
            out = xops.memory_efficient_attention(q, k, v, attn_bias=attention_mask)
        else:
            v = v.transpose(1, 2)
            out = nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(
                q, k, v, attn_mask=attention_mask
            )
            out = out.transpose(1, 2)

        out = out.reshape(batch, patches, self.n_heads * self.head_dim)
        attn_output, _ = self.o_proj(out)

        return attn_output, None


class PixtralHFTransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: PixtralVisionConfig,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.attention_norm = RMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)
        self.attention = PixtralHFAttention(
            config,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.attention",
        )
        self.feed_forward = PixtralHFMLP(
            config,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.feed_forward",
        )
        self.ffn_norm = RMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        attention_mask: torch.Tensor,
        position_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        r, _ = self.attention.forward(
            self.attention_norm(hidden_states),
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_embeddings=position_embeddings,
        )
        h = hidden_states + r
        r = self.feed_forward.forward(self.ffn_norm(h))
        out = h + r
        return out


class PixtralHFTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: PixtralVisionConfig,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        *,
        num_hidden_layers_override: int | None = None,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        if num_hidden_layers_override is None:
            num_hidden_layers = config.num_hidden_layers
        else:
            num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers_override

        self.layers = nn.ModuleList(
            [
                PixtralHFTransformerBlock(
                    config=config,
                    quant_config=quant_config,
                    prefix=f"{prefix}.layers.{layer_idx}",
                )
                for layer_idx in range(num_hidden_layers)
            ]
        )

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        attention_mask: torch.Tensor,
        position_embeddings: torch.Tensor,
        return_all_hidden_states: bool,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        hidden_states_pool = [x]

        for layer in self.layers:
            x = layer(x, attention_mask, position_embeddings)
            if return_all_hidden_states:
                hidden_states_pool.append(x)
        # If we have multiple feature sample layers, we return all hidden
        # states in order and grab the ones we need by index.
        if return_all_hidden_states:
            return hidden_states_pool
        return x


class PixtralHFVisionModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: PixtralVisionConfig,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        *,
        num_hidden_layers_override: int | None = None,
        require_post_norm: bool | None = None,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.config = config

        self.patch_conv = Conv2dLayer(
            in_channels=config.num_channels,
            out_channels=config.hidden_size,
            kernel_size=config.patch_size,
            stride=config.patch_size,
            bias=False,
        )
        self.ln_pre = RMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=1e-5)
        self.transformer = PixtralHFTransformer(
            config,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            num_hidden_layers_override=num_hidden_layers_override,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.transformer",
        )

        num_hidden_layers = config.num_hidden_layers
        if len(self.transformer.layers) > config.num_hidden_layers:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The original encoder only has {num_hidden_layers} "
                f"layers, but you requested {len(self.transformer.layers)} "
                "layers."
            )

        if require_post_norm is True:
            msg = "PixtralHFVisionModel does not have post-layernorm"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        self.dtype = next(self.parameters()).dtype
        self.device = next(self.parameters()).device
        self.patch_positional_embedding = PixtralRotaryEmbedding(config, self.device)

    def forward(
        self,
        pixel_values: list[torch.Tensor],
        *,
        select_layers: list[int] | None = None,
        feature_select_strategy: VisionFeatureSelectStrategy | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]:
        """
        Args:
            pixel_values: Each image to be processed will be a separate tensor
                in pixel_values. This means it will be a list of tensors
                because multiple requests batched can have multiple images,
                each with their own shape potentially
            select_layers: Layer indices whose features should be
                concatenated and used as the visual encoder output. If none
                are provided, the last layer is used.

        Returns:
            image_features: tensor of token features for
                all tokens of all images of shape (N_toks, D)
        """
        # pass images through initial convolution independently
        patch_embeds_list = [
            self.patch_conv(img.unsqueeze(0).to(self.dtype)) for img in pixel_values
        ]

        patch_embeds = [p.flatten(2).permute(0, 2, 1) for p in patch_embeds_list]
        embed_sizes = [p.shape[1] for p in patch_embeds]

        # flatten to a single sequence
        patch_embeds = torch.cat(patch_embeds, dim=1)
        patch_embeds = self.ln_pre(patch_embeds)

        # positional embeddings
        position_ids = position_ids_in_meshgrid(
            patch_embeds_list,
            max_width=self.config.image_size // self.config.patch_size,
        ).to(self.device)
        position_embedding = self.patch_positional_embedding(patch_embeds, position_ids)

        if USE_XFORMERS_OPS:
            attention_mask = xops.fmha.attn_bias.BlockDiagonalMask.from_seqlens(
                [p.shape[-2] * p.shape[-1] for p in patch_embeds_list],
            )
        else:
            from transformers.models.pixtral.modeling_pixtral import (
                generate_block_attention_mask,
            )

            attention_mask = generate_block_attention_mask(
                [p.shape[-2] * p.shape[-1] for p in patch_embeds_list], patch_embeds
            )

        out = self.transformer(
            patch_embeds,
            attention_mask,
            position_embedding,
            return_all_hidden_states=select_layers is not None,
        )

        out = resolve_visual_encoder_outputs(
            out,
            None,
            select_layers=select_layers,
            max_possible_layers=self.config.num_hidden_layers,
            feature_select_strategy=feature_select_strategy,
        )

        # squeeze dim 0 and split into separate tensors for each image
        return torch.split(out.squeeze(0), embed_sizes)

    # (TODO) Add prefix argument for filtering out weights to be loaded
    #        ref: https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/7186#discussion_r1734163986
    def load_weights(self, weights: Iterable[tuple[str, torch.Tensor]]) -> set[str]:
        stacked_params_mapping = [
            # (param_name, shard_name, shard_id)
            (".qkv_proj", ".q_proj", "q"),
            (".qkv_proj", ".k_proj", "k"),
            (".qkv_proj", ".v_proj", "v"),
            (".gate_up_proj", ".gate_proj", 0),
            (".gate_up_proj", ".up_proj", 1),
        ]
        params_dict = dict(self.named_parameters())
        loaded_params: set[str] = set()
        layer_count = len(self.transformer.layers)

        for name, loaded_weight in weights:
            # omit layers when num_hidden_layers_override is set
            if name.startswith("transformer.layers"):
                layer_idx = int(name.split(".")[2])
                if layer_idx >= layer_count:
                    continue

            for param_name, weight_name, shard_id in stacked_params_mapping:
                if weight_name not in name:
                    continue
                name = name.replace(weight_name, param_name)
                param = params_dict[name]
                weight_loader = param.weight_loader
                weight_loader(param, loaded_weight, shard_id)
                break
            else:
                param = params_dict[name]
                weight_loader = getattr(param, "weight_loader", default_weight_loader)
                weight_loader(param, loaded_weight)
            loaded_params.add(name)
        return loaded_params