utils.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
import abc
import enum
import functools
from abc import abstractmethod
from collections.abc import Callable
from dataclasses import dataclass, field, fields, make_dataclass
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    ClassVar,
    Generic,
    Literal,
    Protocol,
    TypeVar,
    get_args,
)

import numpy as np
import torch
from typing_extensions import deprecated, runtime_checkable

from vllm.config import VllmConfig, get_layers_from_vllm_config
from vllm.utils.math_utils import cdiv

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from vllm.v1.core.sched.output import SchedulerOutput
    from vllm.v1.worker.gpu_input_batch import InputBatch

import vllm.envs as envs
from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import (
    AttentionBackend,
    AttentionImpl,
    AttentionMetadata,
)
from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer.kv_connector.utils import (
    get_kv_connector_cache_layout,
)
from vllm.logger import init_logger
from vllm.model_executor.layers.attention_layer_base import AttentionLayerBase
from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import AttentionSpec
from vllm.v1.worker.ubatch_utils import UBatchSlice

logger = init_logger(__name__)
KVCacheLayoutType = Literal["NHD", "HND"]
_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE: KVCacheLayoutType | None = None

PAD_SLOT_ID = -1


def is_valid_kv_cache_layout(value: str) -> bool:
    return value in get_args(KVCacheLayoutType)


@dataclass
class CommonAttentionMetadata:
    """
    Per-batch attention metadata, shared across layers and backends.
    AttentionMetadataBuilder instances use it to construct per-layer metadata.

    For many of the tensors we keep both GPU and CPU versions.
    """

    query_start_loc: torch.Tensor
    query_start_loc_cpu: torch.Tensor
    """(batch_size + 1,), the start location of each request in query Tensor"""

    seq_lens: torch.Tensor
    """(batch_size,), the number of computed tokens for each request"""

    num_reqs: int
    """Number of requests"""
    # TODO(lucas): rename to num_tokens since it may be padded and this is misleading
    num_actual_tokens: int
    """Total number of tokens in batch"""
    max_query_len: int
    """Longest query in batch"""
    max_seq_len: int
    """Longest context length (may be an upper bound)"""

    block_table_tensor: torch.Tensor
    slot_mapping: torch.Tensor

    causal: bool = True

    # Needed by FastPrefillAttentionBuilder
    logits_indices_padded: torch.Tensor | None = None
    num_logits_indices: int | None = None

    # Needed by CrossAttentionBuilder
    encoder_seq_lens: torch.Tensor | None = None
    encoder_seq_lens_cpu: np.ndarray | None = None

    dcp_local_seq_lens: torch.Tensor | None = None
    dcp_local_seq_lens_cpu: torch.Tensor | None = None
    """Sequence lengths of the local rank in decode context parallelism world"""

    # WARNING: Deprecated fields. Will be removed in a future release (v0.14.0)
    _seq_lens_cpu: torch.Tensor | None = None
    _num_computed_tokens_cpu: torch.Tensor | None = None

    @property
    @deprecated(
        """
    Prefer using device seq_lens directly to avoid implicit H<>D sync.
    If a CPU copy is needed, use `seq_lens.cpu()` instead.
    Will be removed in a future release (v0.14.0)
    """
    )
    def seq_lens_cpu(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        if self._seq_lens_cpu is None:
            self._seq_lens_cpu = self.seq_lens.to("cpu")
        return self._seq_lens_cpu

    @property
    @deprecated(
        """
    Prefer using device seq_lens directly to avoid implicit H<>D sync which breaks full
    async scheduling. If a CPU copy is needed, it can be derived from 
    query_start_loc_cpu and seq_lens.
    Will be removed in a future release (v0.14.0)
    """
    )
    def num_computed_tokens_cpu(self) -> torch.Tensor:
        if self._num_computed_tokens_cpu is None:
            query_seq_lens = (
                self.query_start_loc_cpu[1:] - self.query_start_loc_cpu[:-1]
            )
            self._num_computed_tokens_cpu = self.seq_lens_cpu - query_seq_lens
        return self._num_computed_tokens_cpu

    # TODO(lucas): remove once we have FULL-CG spec-decode support
    def unpadded(
        self, num_actual_tokens: int, num_actual_reqs: int
    ) -> "CommonAttentionMetadata":
        maybe_slice_reqs = lambda x: x[:num_actual_reqs] if x is not None else None
        return CommonAttentionMetadata(
            query_start_loc=self.query_start_loc[: num_actual_reqs + 1],
            query_start_loc_cpu=self.query_start_loc_cpu[: num_actual_reqs + 1],
            seq_lens=self.seq_lens[:num_actual_reqs],
            _seq_lens_cpu=self._seq_lens_cpu[:num_actual_reqs]
            if self._seq_lens_cpu is not None
            else None,
            _num_computed_tokens_cpu=self._num_computed_tokens_cpu[:num_actual_reqs]
            if self._num_computed_tokens_cpu is not None
            else None,
            num_reqs=num_actual_reqs,
            num_actual_tokens=num_actual_tokens,
            max_query_len=self.max_query_len,
            max_seq_len=self.max_seq_len,
            block_table_tensor=self.block_table_tensor[:num_actual_reqs],
            slot_mapping=self.slot_mapping[:num_actual_tokens],
            causal=self.causal,
            logits_indices_padded=self.logits_indices_padded,
            num_logits_indices=self.num_logits_indices,
            encoder_seq_lens=maybe_slice_reqs(self.encoder_seq_lens),
            encoder_seq_lens_cpu=maybe_slice_reqs(self.encoder_seq_lens_cpu),
            dcp_local_seq_lens=maybe_slice_reqs(self.dcp_local_seq_lens),
            dcp_local_seq_lens_cpu=maybe_slice_reqs(self.dcp_local_seq_lens_cpu),
        )


def slice_query_start_locs(
    query_start_loc: torch.Tensor,
    request_slice: slice,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Creates a new query_start_loc that corresponds to the requests in
    request_slice.

    Note: This function creates a new tensor to hold the new query_start_locs.
    This will break cudagraph compatibility.
    """
    return (
        query_start_loc[request_slice.start : request_slice.stop + 1]
        - query_start_loc[request_slice.start]
    )


def _make_metadata_with_slice(
    ubatch_slice: UBatchSlice, attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata
) -> CommonAttentionMetadata:
    """
    This function creates a new CommonAttentionMetadata that corresponds to
    the requests included in ubatch_slice
    """

    assert not ubatch_slice.is_empty(), f"Ubatch slice {ubatch_slice} is empty"

    request_slice = ubatch_slice.request_slice
    token_slice = ubatch_slice.token_slice

    start_locs = attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu
    first_req = request_slice.start
    first_tok = token_slice.start
    last_req = request_slice.stop - 1
    last_tok = token_slice.stop - 1

    assert start_locs[first_req] <= first_tok < start_locs[first_req + 1], (
        "Token slice start outside of first request"
    )
    # NOTE: last token can be outside of the last request if we have CG padding.

    # If the request is split across ubatches, we have to adjust the metadata.
    # splits_first_request: The first request in this slice is the continuation of
    #                       a request that started in a previous slice.
    # splits_last_request:  The last request in this slice continues into the
    #                       next slice.
    splits_first_request = first_tok > start_locs[first_req]
    splits_last_request = last_tok < start_locs[last_req + 1] - 1

    query_start_loc_cpu = slice_query_start_locs(start_locs, request_slice)
    query_start_loc = slice_query_start_locs(
        attn_metadata.query_start_loc, request_slice
    )

    assert len(query_start_loc) >= 2, (
        f"query_start_loc must have at least 2 elements, got {len(query_start_loc)}"
    )

    if splits_first_request:
        tokens_skipped = first_tok - start_locs[first_req]
        query_start_loc[1:] -= tokens_skipped
        query_start_loc_cpu[1:] -= tokens_skipped
    seq_lens = attn_metadata.seq_lens[request_slice]
    seq_lens_cpu = attn_metadata.seq_lens_cpu[request_slice]

    if splits_last_request:
        # NOTE: We use start_locs (the original query_start_loc_cpu) to calculate
        # the tokens skipped because query_start_loc_cpu might have been modified
        # if splits_first_request is True.
        tokens_skipped = start_locs[last_req + 1] - token_slice.stop
        query_start_loc[-1] -= tokens_skipped
        query_start_loc_cpu[-1] -= tokens_skipped

        # Make sure we don't modify the seq_lens tensors
        #  (not cudagraph compatible)
        seq_lens = seq_lens.clone()
        seq_lens_cpu = seq_lens_cpu.clone()
        seq_lens[-1] -= tokens_skipped
        seq_lens_cpu[-1] -= tokens_skipped

    max_seq_len = int(seq_lens_cpu.max())
    num_computed_tokens_cpu = attn_metadata.num_computed_tokens_cpu[request_slice]

    num_requests = request_slice.stop - request_slice.start
    num_actual_tokens = token_slice.stop - token_slice.start
    max_query_len = int(
        torch.max(torch.abs(query_start_loc_cpu[1:] - query_start_loc_cpu[:-1])).item()
    )

    # This is to account for the case where we are in a dummy
    # run and query_start_loc_cpu is full of 0s
    if max_query_len == 0:
        max_query_len = attn_metadata.max_query_len

    block_table_tensor = attn_metadata.block_table_tensor[request_slice]
    slot_mapping = attn_metadata.slot_mapping[token_slice]

    return CommonAttentionMetadata(
        query_start_loc=query_start_loc,
        query_start_loc_cpu=query_start_loc_cpu,
        seq_lens=seq_lens,
        num_reqs=num_requests,
        num_actual_tokens=num_actual_tokens,
        max_query_len=max_query_len,
        max_seq_len=max_seq_len,
        block_table_tensor=block_table_tensor,
        slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
        _seq_lens_cpu=seq_lens_cpu,
        _num_computed_tokens_cpu=num_computed_tokens_cpu,
    )


def split_attn_metadata(
    ubatch_slices: list[UBatchSlice],
    common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
) -> list[CommonAttentionMetadata]:
    """
    Creates a new CommonAttentionMetadata instance that corresponds to the
    requests for each UBatchSlice in ubatch_slices.

    Note: This function does not modify common_attn_metadata
    """
    results = []
    for ubatch_slice in ubatch_slices:
        results.append(_make_metadata_with_slice(ubatch_slice, common_attn_metadata))

    return results


M = TypeVar("M")


class AttentionCGSupport(enum.Enum):
    """Constants for the cudagraph support of the attention backend
    Here we do not consider the cascade attention, as currently
    it is never cudagraph supported."""

    ALWAYS = 3
    """Cudagraph always supported; supports mixed-prefill-decode"""
    UNIFORM_BATCH = 2
    """Cudagraph supported for batches the only contain query lengths that are
    the same, this can be used for spec-decode
        i.e. "decodes" are 1 + num_speculative_tokens"""
    UNIFORM_SINGLE_TOKEN_DECODE = 1
    """Cudagraph supported for batches the only contain query_len==1 decodes"""
    NEVER = 0
    """NO cudagraph support"""


class AttentionMetadataBuilder(abc.ABC, Generic[M]):
    # Does this backend/builder support CUDA Graphs for attention (default: no).
    # Do not access directly. Call get_cudagraph_support() instead.
    _cudagraph_support: ClassVar[AttentionCGSupport] = AttentionCGSupport.NEVER
    # Does this backend/builder reorder the batch?
    # If not, set this to None. Otherwise set it to the query
    # length that will be pulled into the front of the batch.
    reorder_batch_threshold: int | None = None
    # Does this backend/builder support updating the block table in existing
    # metadata
    supports_update_block_table: bool = False

    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(
        self,
        kv_cache_spec: AttentionSpec,
        layer_names: list[str],
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        device: torch.device,
    ):
        self.kv_cache_spec = kv_cache_spec
        self.layer_names = layer_names
        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
        self.device = device

    @classmethod
    def get_cudagraph_support(
        cls: type["AttentionMetadataBuilder"],
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        kv_cache_spec: AttentionSpec,
    ) -> AttentionCGSupport:
        """Get the cudagraph support level of this builder class."""
        return cls._cudagraph_support

    def _init_reorder_batch_threshold(
        self,
        reorder_batch_threshold: int | None = 1,
        supports_spec_as_decode: bool = False,
        supports_dcp_with_varlen: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        self.reorder_batch_threshold = reorder_batch_threshold
        if self.reorder_batch_threshold is not None and supports_spec_as_decode:
            # If the backend supports spec-as-decode kernels, then we can set
            # the reorder_batch_threshold based on the number of speculative
            # tokens from the config.
            speculative_config = self.vllm_config.speculative_config
            if (
                speculative_config is not None
                and speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens is not None
            ):
                self.reorder_batch_threshold = max(
                    self.reorder_batch_threshold,
                    1 + speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens,
                )

        if (
            self.vllm_config.parallel_config.decode_context_parallel_size > 1
            and not supports_dcp_with_varlen
        ):
            self.reorder_batch_threshold = 1

    @abstractmethod
    def build(
        self,
        common_prefix_len: int,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
        fast_build: bool = False,
    ) -> M:
        """
        Central method that builds attention metadata.
        Some builders (MLA) require reorder_batch to be called prior to build.

        Args:
            common_prefix_len: The length of the common prefix of the batch.
            common_attn_metadata: The common attention metadata.
            fast_build: The meta-data will prioritize speed of building over
                then speed at execution. Can be used for spec-decode where the
                result of a build call may only be used for few layers/iters.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def update_block_table(
        self,
        metadata: M,
        blk_table: torch.Tensor,
        slot_mapping: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> M:
        """
        Update the block table for the attention metadata.
        Faster when theres multiple kv-cache groups that create virtually the
        same metadata but just with different block tables.

        Only needs to be implemented if supports_update_block_table is True.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def build_for_cudagraph_capture(
        self, common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata
    ) -> M:
        """
        Build attention metadata for CUDA graph capture. Uses build by default.
        Subclasses that override this method should call self.build or
        super().build_for_cudagraph_capture.
        """
        return self.build(
            common_prefix_len=0, common_attn_metadata=common_attn_metadata
        )

    def build_for_drafting(
        self,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
        draft_index: int,
    ) -> M:
        """
        Build attention metadata for draft model. Uses build by default.

        Args:
            common_attn_metadata: The common attention metadata.
            draft_index: The index of the current draft operation.
                When speculating a chain of tokens, this index refers to the
                draft attempt for the i-th token.
                For tree-based attention, this index instead refers to the
                draft attempt for the i-th level in the tree of tokens.
        """
        return self.build(
            common_prefix_len=0,
            common_attn_metadata=common_attn_metadata,
            fast_build=True,
        )

    def use_cascade_attention(
        self,
        common_prefix_len: int,
        query_lens: np.ndarray,
        num_query_heads: int,
        num_kv_heads: int,
        use_alibi: bool,
        use_sliding_window: bool,
        use_local_attention: bool,
        num_sms: int,
        dcp_world_size: int,
    ) -> bool:
        return False


@functools.lru_cache
def get_kv_cache_layout():
    # Format specified by the code.
    global _KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE

    if _KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE is not None:
        cache_layout = _KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE
        logger.info_once(
            "`_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE` variable detected. "
            "Setting KV cache layout to %s.",
            cache_layout,
        )
        return cache_layout

    # Format specified by the user.
    cache_layout = envs.VLLM_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT
    # When neither the user nor the override specified a layout, get default
    if cache_layout is None:
        cache_layout = get_kv_connector_cache_layout()
    else:
        assert is_valid_kv_cache_layout(cache_layout)
        logger.info_once(
            "`VLLM_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT` environment variable "
            "detected. Setting KV cache layout to %s.",
            cache_layout,
        )
    return cache_layout


def set_kv_cache_layout(cache_layout: KVCacheLayoutType):
    global _KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE
    _KV_CACHE_LAYOUT_OVERRIDE = cache_layout


@dataclass
class PerLayerParameters:
    """
    Currently, FlashInfer backend only support models in which all layers share
    the same values for the following hyperparameters. Should not be used for
    trtllm-gen backend since it supports different values for the following
    hyperparameters.
    """

    window_left: int
    logits_soft_cap: float | None
    sm_scale: float
    has_sinks: bool = False
    # has same params for all layers
    has_same_window_lefts: bool | None = field(default=None, compare=False)
    has_same_all_params: bool | None = field(default=None, compare=False)


def get_per_layer_parameters(
    vllm_config: VllmConfig, layer_names: list[str], cls_: type["AttentionImpl"]
) -> dict[str, PerLayerParameters]:
    """
    Scan layers in `layer_names` and determine some hyperparameters
    to use during `plan`.
    """

    layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(vllm_config, AttentionLayerBase, layer_names)
    per_layer_params: dict[str, PerLayerParameters] = {}

    for key, layer in layers.items():
        impl = layer.impl
        assert isinstance(impl, cls_)

        # Infer hyperparameters from the attention layer
        window_size = getattr(impl, "sliding_window", None)
        window_left = window_size[0] if window_size is not None else -1
        logits_soft_cap = getattr(impl, "logits_soft_cap", None)
        sm_scale = impl.scale
        has_sinks = getattr(impl, "sinks", None) is not None

        per_layer_params[key] = PerLayerParameters(
            window_left, logits_soft_cap, sm_scale, has_sinks
        )

    return per_layer_params


def infer_global_hyperparameters(
    per_layer_params: dict[str, PerLayerParameters],
) -> PerLayerParameters:
    """
    Currently, FlashInfer backend other than trtllm-gen
    only support models in which all layers share
    the same values for the following hyperparameters:
    - `window_left`
    - `logits_soft_cap`
    - `sm_scale`

    So this function asserts that all layers share the same values for these
    hyperparameters and returns the global values.
    """

    assert len(per_layer_params) > 0, "No attention layers found in the model."

    param_sets = list(per_layer_params.values())
    global_params = param_sets[0]

    global_params.has_same_window_lefts = all(
        params.window_left == global_params.window_left for params in param_sets
    )
    global_params.has_same_all_params = all(
        params == global_params for params in param_sets
    )

    return global_params


#
# Take in `query_start_loc_np` and `seq_lens_np` and break the sequences into
# local attention blocks, where each block is passed to the attention kernel
# as an independent local ("virtual") batch item.
#
# For example, if are performing a chunked prefill a batch of 3 sequences:
#   q_seqlens  = [4, 10, 5]
#   kv_seqlens = [6, 17, 9]
# Then normally for regular attention we would compute with an attention mask
#  for batch idx 0 (q_seqlens = 4, kv_seqlens = 6) like:
#   batch idx: 0 (q_seqlens = 4, kv_seqlens = 6)
#        k_toks >   0 1 2 3 4 5
#        q_toks v  _____________
#               0 | 1 1 1
#               1 | 1 1 1 1
#               2 | 1 1 1 1 1
#               3 | 1 1 1 1 1 1
#
# for local attention (with attn_chunk_size = 4) we would compute with an
#  attention mask like:
#   batch idx: 0  (q_seqlens = 4, kv_seqlens = 6, attn_chunk_size = 4)
#        k_toks >   0 1 2 3 4 5
#        q_toks v  _____________
#               0 | 1 1 1
#               1 | 1 1 1 1
#               2 |         1
#               3 |         1 1
#
# We can simulate this mask using standard flash-attention by breaking the
#  sequences into local ("virtual") batches, where each local batch item is a
#  local attention block, so in this case batch idx 0 would be broken up into:
#
#   local-batch idx: 0 (q_seqlens = 2, kv_seqlens = 4)  (batch 0)
#        k_toks >   0 1 2 3
#        q_toks v  _____________
#               0 | 1 1 1
#               1 | 1 1 1 1
#   local-batch idx: 1 (q_seqlens = 2, kv_seqlens = 2) (batch 0)
#        k_toks >   4 5
#        q_toks v  _____________
#               2 | 1
#               3 | 1 1
#
# e.g. if we have:
#   attn_chunk_size = 4
#   query_start_loc_np = [0, 4, 14, 19] (q_seqlens = [4, 10, 5])
# Then this function would return:
#                           __b0__  ______b1______  __b2__ < orig batch indices
#   q_seqlens_local    = [   2,  2,  1,  4,  4,  1,  4,  1]
#   cu_seqlens_q_local = [0, 4,  6, 10, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24]
#   seqlens_k_local    = [   4,  2,  4,  4,  4,  1,  4,  1]
#   block_table_local  : shape[local_virtual_batches, pages_per_local_batch]
def make_local_attention_virtual_batches(
    attn_chunk_size: int,
    common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    block_size: int = 0,
) -> tuple[CommonAttentionMetadata, Callable[[torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor]]:
    query_start_loc_np = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu.numpy()
    seq_lens_np = common_attn_metadata.seq_lens_cpu.numpy()
    block_table = common_attn_metadata.block_table_tensor
    device = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc.device

    q_seqlens = query_start_loc_np[1:] - query_start_loc_np[:-1]
    actual_batch_size = seq_lens_np.shape[0]

    # Handle if we are starting in the middle of a local attention block,
    #  we assume q_seqlens > 0 (for all elements), for each batch idx we compute
    #  the number of tokens that are not in the first local attention block and
    #  then we can simply use a cdiv for the rest.
    # For example if we have:
    #   attn_chunk_size = 4
    #   q_seqlens = [4, 10, 5]
    #   k_seqlens = [6, 17, 9]
    # Then we would get:
    #   new_tokens_in_first_block = [2, 1, 4]
    #   local_blocks = [2, 4, 2]
    q_tokens_in_first_block = np.minimum(
        attn_chunk_size - ((seq_lens_np - q_seqlens) % attn_chunk_size), q_seqlens
    ).astype(np.int32)
    tokens_in_last_block = attn_chunk_size + (seq_lens_np % -attn_chunk_size)
    local_blocks = 1 + cdiv(q_seqlens - q_tokens_in_first_block, attn_chunk_size)

    # Once we know the number of local blocks we can compute the request spans
    #  for each batch idx, we can figure out the number of "virtual" requests we
    #  have to make,
    # For the above example we would get:
    #   seqlens_q_local = [2, 2, 1, 4, 4, 1, 4, 1]
    #
    # First Get batched arange. (E.g., [2, 4, 2] -> [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1])
    #   (TODO: max a utility to share this code with _prepare_inputs)
    # arange step 1. [2, 4, 2] -> [2, 6, 8]
    cu_num_blocks = np.cumsum(local_blocks)
    virtual_batches = cu_num_blocks[-1]
    # arange step 2. [2, 6, 8] -> [0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6]
    block_offsets = np.repeat(cu_num_blocks - local_blocks, local_blocks)
    # arange step 3. [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1]
    arange = np.arange(virtual_batches, dtype=np.int32) - block_offsets
    # also compute reverse arange (i.e. [1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0])
    rarange = np.repeat(local_blocks, local_blocks) - arange - 1
    # Then we can compute the seqlens_q_local, handling the fact that the
    #  first and last blocks could be partial
    seqlens_q_local = np.repeat(q_seqlens - q_tokens_in_first_block, local_blocks)
    # set the first block since this may be a partial block
    seqlens_q_local[arange == 0] = q_tokens_in_first_block
    # set the remaining blocks
    seqlens_q_local[arange > 0] = np.minimum(
        seqlens_q_local - attn_chunk_size * (arange - 1), attn_chunk_size
    )[arange > 0]

    # convert from q_seqlens to cu_seqlens_q
    cu_seqlens_q_local = np.empty(virtual_batches + 1, dtype=np.int32)
    np.cumsum(seqlens_q_local, out=cu_seqlens_q_local[1:])
    cu_seqlens_q_local[0] = 0

    # compute the seqlens_k_local,
    #  basically a full local attention block for all but the last block in each
    #  batch
    # For our example this will be:
    #   seqlens_k_local = [4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 1]
    seqlens_k_local = np.full(cu_num_blocks[-1], attn_chunk_size, dtype=np.int32)
    seqlens_k_local[cu_num_blocks - 1] = tokens_in_last_block
    num_computed_tokens_local = seqlens_k_local - seqlens_q_local

    k_seqstarts_absolute = np.repeat(seq_lens_np, local_blocks) - (
        rarange * attn_chunk_size + np.repeat(tokens_in_last_block, local_blocks)
    )
    # For the example the local attention blocks start at:
    #                           _b0_  _____b1_____  _b2_
    #   k_seqstarts_absolute = [0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 4, 8]
    block_starts = k_seqstarts_absolute // block_size
    assert attn_chunk_size % block_size == 0, (
        f"attn_chunk_size {attn_chunk_size} is not divisible by block_size {block_size}"
    )
    pages_per_local_batch = attn_chunk_size // block_size

    # Create a block_table for the local attention blocks
    # For out example if we have a block-table like (assuming block_size=2):
    #   block_table = [
    #     [ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9],  < batch 0
    #     [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19],  < batch 1
    #     [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29],  < batch 2
    #   ]
    # Then for the local batches we would want a block-table like
    #   block_table_local = [
    #     [  0,  1 ], < local-batch 0, (batch 0, starting from k[0])
    #     [  2,  3 ], < local-batch 1, (batch 0, starting from k[4])
    #     [ 12, 13 ], < local-batch 2, (batch 1, starting from k[4])
    #     [ 14, 15 ], < local-batch 3, (batch 1, starting from k[8])
    #     [ 16, 17 ], < local-batch 4, (batch 1, starting from k[12])
    #     [ 18, 19 ], < local-batch 5, (batch 1, starting from k[16])
    #     [ 22, 23 ], < local-batch 6, (batch 2, starting from k[4])
    #     [ 24, 25 ], < local-batch 7, (batch 2, starting from k[8])
    #   ]
    block_indices = block_starts[:, None] + np.arange(
        pages_per_local_batch, dtype=np.int32
    )
    block_indices = block_indices.reshape(-1).clip(max=block_table.shape[1] - 1)
    batch_indices = np.repeat(
        np.arange(actual_batch_size, dtype=np.int32),
        local_blocks * pages_per_local_batch,
    )

    # NOTE: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/160256 causes performance
    # regression when using numpy arrays (batch and block indices) to index into
    # torch tensor (block_table). As a workaround, convert numpy arrays to torch
    # tensor first, which recovers perf.
    batch_indices_torch = torch.from_numpy(batch_indices)
    block_indices_torch = torch.from_numpy(block_indices)

    # Save as a lambda so we can return this for update_block_table
    make_block_table = lambda block_table: block_table[
        batch_indices_torch, block_indices_torch
    ].view(virtual_batches, -1)
    block_table_local = make_block_table(block_table)

    query_start_loc_cpu = torch.from_numpy(cu_seqlens_q_local)
    seq_lens_cpu = torch.from_numpy(seqlens_k_local)
    max_seq_len = int(seq_lens_cpu.max())

    return CommonAttentionMetadata(
        query_start_loc_cpu=query_start_loc_cpu,
        query_start_loc=query_start_loc_cpu.to(device=device, non_blocking=True),
        seq_lens=seq_lens_cpu.to(device=device, non_blocking=True),
        num_reqs=len(seq_lens_cpu),
        num_actual_tokens=common_attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens,
        max_query_len=seqlens_q_local.max(),
        max_seq_len=max_seq_len,
        block_table_tensor=block_table_local,
        slot_mapping=common_attn_metadata.slot_mapping,
        causal=True,
        _seq_lens_cpu=seq_lens_cpu,
        _num_computed_tokens_cpu=torch.from_numpy(num_computed_tokens_local),
    ), make_block_table


def make_kv_sharing_fast_prefill_common_attn_metadata(
    common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
) -> CommonAttentionMetadata:
    if common_attn_metadata.max_query_len == 1:
        # All requests are decode (assume 1 token for now)
        # Skip computing fast prefill path
        return common_attn_metadata

    assert common_attn_metadata.logits_indices_padded is not None
    assert common_attn_metadata.num_logits_indices is not None

    logits_indices_padded = common_attn_metadata.logits_indices_padded
    num_logits_indices = common_attn_metadata.num_logits_indices
    # Get rid of CUDAGraph padding, if any
    logits_indices = logits_indices_padded[:num_logits_indices]
    num_reqs = common_attn_metadata.num_reqs
    query_start_loc = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc
    # Example inputs
    # num_reqs: 3
    # generation_indices:  [14, 18, 19, 27]
    # query_start_loc: [0, 15, 20, 28]
    # seq_lens:        [41, 31, 40]

    # Find how many decode indices belong to each request
    # request_ids: [0, 1, 1, 2]
    request_ids = torch.bucketize(logits_indices, query_start_loc[1:], right=True)

    # Figure out how many tokens are in each request
    # num_decode_tokens: [1, 2, 1]
    num_decode_tokens = torch.bincount(request_ids, minlength=num_reqs)

    # Calculate new query_start_loc with tokens in generation_indices
    # decode_query_start_loc: [0, 1, 3, 4]
    decode_query_start_loc = torch.empty(
        num_reqs + 1, device=query_start_loc.device, dtype=query_start_loc.dtype
    )

    decode_query_start_loc[0] = 0
    decode_query_start_loc[1:] = torch.cumsum(num_decode_tokens, dim=0)
    decode_max_query_len = int(num_decode_tokens.max().item())
    total_num_decode_tokens = int(num_decode_tokens.sum().item())

    common_attn_metadata = CommonAttentionMetadata(
        query_start_loc=decode_query_start_loc,
        query_start_loc_cpu=decode_query_start_loc.to("cpu", non_blocking=True),
        seq_lens=common_attn_metadata.seq_lens,
        num_reqs=num_reqs,
        num_actual_tokens=total_num_decode_tokens,
        max_query_len=decode_max_query_len,
        max_seq_len=common_attn_metadata.max_seq_len,
        block_table_tensor=common_attn_metadata.block_table_tensor,
        slot_mapping=common_attn_metadata.slot_mapping,
        causal=True,
        _seq_lens_cpu=common_attn_metadata._seq_lens_cpu,
        _num_computed_tokens_cpu=common_attn_metadata._num_computed_tokens_cpu,
    )
    return common_attn_metadata


def subclass_attention_backend(
    name_prefix: str,
    attention_backend_cls: type[AttentionBackend],
    builder_cls: type[AttentionMetadataBuilder[M]],
) -> type[AttentionBackend]:
    """
    Return a new subclass where `get_builder_cls` returns `builder_cls`.
    """
    name: str = name_prefix + attention_backend_cls.__name__  # type: ignore

    return type(
        name, (attention_backend_cls,), {"get_builder_cls": lambda: builder_cls}
    )


def split_decodes_prefills_and_extends(
    common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    decode_threshold: int = 1,
) -> tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]:
    """
    Assuming a reordered batch, finds the boundary between prefill and decode
    requests.

    Args:
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata object containing the
            batch metadata.
        decode_threshold: The maximum query length to be considered a decode.

    Returns:
        num_decodes: The number of decode requests.
        num_extends: The number of extend requests.
        num_prefills: The number of prefill requests.
        num_decode_tokens: The number of tokens in the decode requests.
        num_extend_tokens: The number of tokens in the extend requests.
        num_prefill_tokens: The number of tokens in the prefill requests.
    """
    max_query_len = common_attn_metadata.max_query_len
    num_reqs = common_attn_metadata.num_reqs
    num_tokens = common_attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens
    query_start_loc = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu
    seq_lens = common_attn_metadata.seq_lens_cpu

    if max_query_len <= decode_threshold:
        return num_reqs, 0, 0, num_tokens, 0, 0

    query_lens = query_start_loc[1:] - query_start_loc[:-1]
    is_prefill_or_extend = query_lens > decode_threshold
    is_prefill = (seq_lens == query_lens) & is_prefill_or_extend
    first_extend = is_prefill_or_extend.int().argmax(dim=-1).item()
    first_prefill = is_prefill.int().argmax(dim=-1).item()
    num_decodes = first_extend
    num_decode_tokens = query_start_loc[first_extend].item()
    if not torch.any(is_prefill_or_extend):
        return (num_decodes, 0, 0, num_decode_tokens, 0, 0)

    num_prefills_or_extends = num_reqs - num_decodes
    num_prefill_or_extend_tokens = num_tokens - num_decode_tokens
    if not torch.any(is_prefill):
        return (
            num_decodes,
            num_prefills_or_extends,
            0,
            num_decode_tokens,
            num_prefill_or_extend_tokens,
            0,
        )

    num_extends = first_prefill - num_decodes
    num_prefills = num_reqs - first_prefill

    num_prefill_tokens = num_tokens - query_start_loc[first_prefill]
    num_extend_tokens = num_prefill_or_extend_tokens - num_prefill_tokens
    return (
        num_decodes,
        num_extends,
        num_prefills,
        num_decode_tokens,
        num_extend_tokens,
        num_prefill_tokens,
    )


def split_decodes_and_prefills(
    common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    decode_threshold: int = 1,
    require_uniform: bool = False,
) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
    """
    Assuming a reordered batch, finds the boundary between prefill and decode
    requests.

    Args:
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata object containing the
            batch metadata.
        decode_threshold: The maximum query length to be considered a decode.
        require_uniform: If True, requires that all decode requests have the
            same query length. When set, some queries may be considered prefills
            even if they are <= decode_threshold, in order to ensure uniformity.

    Returns:
        num_decodes: The number of decode requests.
        num_prefills: The number of prefill requests.
        num_decode_tokens: The number of tokens in the decode requests.
        num_prefill_tokens: The number of tokens in the prefill requests.
    """
    max_query_len = common_attn_metadata.max_query_len
    num_reqs = common_attn_metadata.num_reqs
    num_tokens = common_attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens
    query_start_loc = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu

    if max_query_len <= decode_threshold and (
        not require_uniform or decode_threshold <= 1
    ):
        return num_reqs, 0, num_tokens, 0

    query_lens = query_start_loc[1:] - query_start_loc[:-1]
    if query_lens[0].item() > decode_threshold:
        # first request is not decode, so no decode requests
        return 0, num_reqs, 0, num_tokens

    if require_uniform:
        # check if we are in a padded uniform batch; this is used for full-CGs, some
        # requests may have a query length of 0 but since they are padding its fine
        # to treat them as decodes (ensures num_decodes matches the captured size)
        if torch.all((query_lens == query_lens[0]) | (query_lens == 0)):
            assert num_reqs * query_lens[0] == num_tokens, "tokens not padded correctly"
            return num_reqs, 0, num_tokens, 0  # all decodes
        is_prefill = query_lens != query_lens[0]
    else:
        is_prefill = query_lens > decode_threshold

    if not torch.any(is_prefill):
        return num_reqs, 0, num_tokens, 0

    first_prefill = is_prefill.int().argmax(dim=-1).item()
    assert torch.all(query_lens[:first_prefill] <= decode_threshold)
    num_decodes = first_prefill
    num_prefills = num_reqs - num_decodes
    num_decode_tokens = query_start_loc[first_prefill].item()
    num_prefill_tokens = num_tokens - num_decode_tokens
    return (num_decodes, num_prefills, num_decode_tokens, num_prefill_tokens)


def split_prefill_chunks(
    seq_lens_cpu: torch.Tensor, workspace_size: int, request_offset: int = 0
) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
    """
    Split the prefill requests into chunks such that the total sequence length
    of each chunk is less than or equal to the workspace size.

    Args:
        seq_lens_cpu: The sequence lengths of the prefill requests on CPU.
        workspace_size: The maximum workspace size (in tokens) per chunk.
        request_offset: The offset to add to the request indices.
    Returns:
        A list of tuples of (reqs_start, reqs_end) representing chunk boundaries.
    """
    chunk_bounds = []
    i, n = 0, len(seq_lens_cpu)
    assert torch.all(seq_lens_cpu <= workspace_size).item()

    while i < n:
        start, chunk_total = i, 0
        while i < n and (chunk_total + (s := seq_lens_cpu[i].item())) <= workspace_size:
            chunk_total += s
            i += 1
        chunk_bounds.append((start + request_offset, i + request_offset))
    return chunk_bounds


def reorder_batch_to_split_decodes_and_prefills(
    input_batch: "InputBatch",
    scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
    decode_threshold: int = 1,
) -> bool:
    """
    Reorders the batch to split into prefill and decode requests; places all
    requests with <= decode_threshold tokens at the front of the batch.

    Returns:
        True if the batch was modified, False otherwise.
    """
    # We now want to reorder the batch into decode → extend → prefill order
    # where:
    #   decode: request with num_scheduled_tokens <= decode_threshold
    #   extend: non-decode request with existing context
    #   prefill: non-decode request with no existing context
    # NOTE for now we loosely use "decode" to mean requests where attention is
    #  likely memory-bound and "prefill" to mean requests where attention is
    #  likely compute-bound,
    num_reqs = len(input_batch.req_ids)
    num_scheduled_tokens = [
        scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[id] for id in input_batch.req_ids
    ]
    num_scheduled_tokens_np = np.array(num_scheduled_tokens)
    num_computed_tokens_np = input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[:num_reqs]

    is_decode = num_scheduled_tokens_np <= decode_threshold
    is_extend = (~is_decode) & (num_computed_tokens_np > 0)
    is_prefill = (~is_decode) & (num_computed_tokens_np == 0)

    # Desired order: decode → extend → prefill
    req_regions = np.zeros(is_decode.shape, dtype=np.int32)  # 0 = decode by default
    req_regions[is_extend] = 1
    req_regions[is_prefill] = 2

    num_decodes = int(is_decode.sum())
    num_extends = int(is_extend.sum())

    target_regions = np.zeros(num_reqs, dtype=np.int32)
    target_regions[num_decodes : num_decodes + num_extends] = 1
    target_regions[num_decodes + num_extends :] = 2

    needs_swap = req_regions != target_regions

    if not needs_swap.any():
        return False

    # Extract indices that need swapping and sort by target region
    orig_indices = np.where(needs_swap)[0]
    sorted_order = np.argsort(req_regions[needs_swap], kind="stable")
    src_indices = orig_indices[sorted_order]

    src_dest_map = {int(src): int(dst) for src, dst in zip(src_indices, orig_indices)}

    for src in src_dest_map:
        dst = src_dest_map[src]
        while src != dst:
            input_batch.swap_states(src, dst)
            # Mark dst as done by updating its destination to itself
            next_dst = src_dest_map.get(dst, dst)
            src_dest_map[dst] = dst
            dst = next_dst

    return True


def reshape_query_for_spec_decode(query: torch.Tensor, batch_size: int) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Reshapes the query tensor for the specified batch size, so that
    it has shape (batch_size, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim).
    """
    assert query.dim() == 3, f"query must be 3D, got {query.dim()}D"
    total_tokens = query.shape[0]
    num_heads = query.shape[1]
    head_dim = query.shape[2]
    assert total_tokens % batch_size == 0, (
        f"{total_tokens=} is not divisible by {batch_size=}"
    )
    seq_len = total_tokens // batch_size
    return query.view(batch_size, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim)


def reshape_attn_output_for_spec_decode(attn_output: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Reshapes the attention output tensor, so that
    the batch_size and seq_len dimensions are combined.
    """
    if attn_output.dim() == 3:
        # Already in the correct shape
        return attn_output
    assert attn_output.dim() == 4, f"attn_output must be 4D, got {attn_output.dim()}D"
    total_tokens = attn_output.shape[0] * attn_output.shape[1]
    return attn_output.view(total_tokens, attn_output.shape[2], attn_output.shape[3])


def subclass_attention_metadata(
    name_prefix: str,
    metadata_cls: Any,
    fields: list[tuple[str, Any, Any]],
) -> Any:
    """
    Return a new subclass of `metadata_cls` with additional fields
    """
    name: str = name_prefix + metadata_cls.__name__  # type: ignore
    Wrapped = make_dataclass(name, fields, bases=(metadata_cls,))
    return Wrapped


@runtime_checkable
class KVSharingFastPrefillMetadata(Protocol):
    logits_indices_padded: torch.Tensor | None = None
    num_logits_indices: int | None = None


def create_fast_prefill_custom_backend(
    prefix: str,
    underlying_attn_backend: AttentionBackend,
) -> type[AttentionBackend]:
    underlying_builder = underlying_attn_backend.get_builder_cls()

    class FastPrefillAttentionBuilder(underlying_builder):  # type: ignore
        def build(
            self,
            common_prefix_len: int,
            common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
            fast_build: bool = False,
        ) -> AttentionMetadata:
            new_common_attn_metadata = (
                make_kv_sharing_fast_prefill_common_attn_metadata(common_attn_metadata)
            )
            metadata = super().build(
                common_prefix_len, new_common_attn_metadata, fast_build
            )

            class KVSharingFastPrefillAttentionMetadata(
                metadata.__class__,  #  type: ignore
                KVSharingFastPrefillMetadata,
            ):
                def __init__(self, metadata, common_attn_metadata):
                    # Shallow copy all fields in metadata cls
                    for _field in fields(metadata.__class__):
                        setattr(self, _field.name, getattr(metadata, _field.name))

                    self.logits_indices_padded = (
                        common_attn_metadata.logits_indices_padded
                    )
                    self.num_logits_indices = common_attn_metadata.num_logits_indices

            return KVSharingFastPrefillAttentionMetadata(metadata, common_attn_metadata)

    attn_backend = subclass_attention_backend(
        name_prefix=prefix,
        attention_backend_cls=underlying_attn_backend,
        builder_cls=FastPrefillAttentionBuilder,
    )

    return attn_backend


def compute_causal_conv1d_metadata(query_start_loc_p: torch.Tensor):
    # Needed for causal_conv1d
    seqlens = query_start_loc_p.diff().to("cpu")
    nums_dict = {}  # type: ignore
    batch_ptr = None
    token_chunk_offset_ptr = None
    device = query_start_loc_p.device
    for BLOCK_M in [8]:  # cover all BLOCK_M values
        nums = -(-seqlens // BLOCK_M)
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M] = {}
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["nums"] = nums
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["tot"] = nums.sum().item()
        mlist = torch.from_numpy(np.repeat(np.arange(len(nums)), nums))
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["mlist"] = mlist
        mlist_len = len(nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["mlist"])
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["mlist_len"] = mlist_len
        MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS = max(1024, mlist_len) * 2
        offsetlist = []  # type: ignore
        for idx, num in enumerate(nums):
            offsetlist.extend(range(num))
        offsetlist = torch.tensor(offsetlist, dtype=torch.int32)
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["offsetlist"] = offsetlist

        if batch_ptr is None:
            # Update default value after class definition
            batch_ptr = torch.full(
                (MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS,), PAD_SLOT_ID, dtype=torch.int32, device=device
            )
            token_chunk_offset_ptr = torch.full(
                (MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS,), PAD_SLOT_ID, dtype=torch.int32, device=device
            )
        else:
            if batch_ptr.nelement() < MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS:
                batch_ptr.resize_(MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS).fill_(PAD_SLOT_ID)
                token_chunk_offset_ptr.resize_(  # type: ignore
                    MAX_NUM_PROGRAMS
                ).fill_(PAD_SLOT_ID)

        batch_ptr[0:mlist_len].copy_(mlist)
        token_chunk_offset_ptr[  # type: ignore
            0:mlist_len
        ].copy_(offsetlist)
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["batch_ptr"] = batch_ptr
        nums_dict[BLOCK_M]["token_chunk_offset_ptr"] = token_chunk_offset_ptr  # type: ignore

    return nums_dict, batch_ptr, token_chunk_offset_ptr


def get_dcp_local_seq_lens(
    seq_lens: torch.Tensor,
    dcp_size: int = 1,
    dcp_rank: int | None = None,
    cp_kv_cache_interleave_size: int = 1,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """While using dcp, kv_cache size stored on each rank may be different,
    use this function to calculate split decode seq_lens of each dcp rank.
    Only consider dcp now, we can extend the case of cp based on this.
    """
    num_requests = seq_lens.size(0)
    if dcp_rank is None:
        rank_offsets = (
            torch.arange(dcp_size, dtype=torch.int32, device=seq_lens.device)
            .unsqueeze(0)
            .repeat(num_requests, 1)
        )
    else:
        rank_offsets = torch.tensor(
            [[dcp_rank]], dtype=torch.int32, device=seq_lens.device
        )
    seq_lens_tiled = (
        seq_lens.to(torch.int32).unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, rank_offsets.shape[1])
    )
    base = (
        seq_lens_tiled
        // cp_kv_cache_interleave_size
        // dcp_size
        * cp_kv_cache_interleave_size
    )
    remainder = seq_lens_tiled - base * dcp_size
    remainder = torch.clip(
        remainder - rank_offsets * cp_kv_cache_interleave_size,
        0,
        cp_kv_cache_interleave_size,
    )
    dcp_local_seq_lens = base + remainder
    return dcp_local_seq_lens.squeeze(1)