gpu_model_runner.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

import gc
import itertools
import time
from collections import defaultdict
from collections.abc import Iterator
from contextlib import contextmanager
from copy import deepcopy
from functools import reduce
from itertools import product
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, TypeAlias, cast

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.distributed
import torch.nn as nn
from tqdm import tqdm

import vllm.envs as envs
from vllm.attention import Attention, AttentionType
from vllm.attention.backends.abstract import AttentionBackend, MultipleOf
from vllm.compilation.counter import compilation_counter
from vllm.compilation.cuda_graph import CUDAGraphWrapper
from vllm.compilation.monitor import set_cudagraph_capturing_enabled
from vllm.config import (
    CompilationMode,
    CUDAGraphMode,
    VllmConfig,
    get_layers_from_vllm_config,
    update_config,
)
from vllm.distributed.eplb.eplb_state import EplbState
from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer import get_kv_transfer_group, has_kv_transfer_group
from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer.kv_connector.utils import copy_kv_blocks
from vllm.distributed.parallel_state import (
    get_dcp_group,
    get_pp_group,
    get_tp_group,
    graph_capture,
    is_global_first_rank,
    prepare_communication_buffer_for_model,
)
from vllm.forward_context import BatchDescriptor, set_forward_context
from vllm.logger import init_logger
from vllm.model_executor.layers.attention_layer_base import AttentionLayerBase
from vllm.model_executor.layers.rotary_embedding import MRotaryEmbedding
from vllm.model_executor.model_loader import TensorizerLoader, get_model_loader
from vllm.model_executor.models.interfaces import (
    SupportsMultiModal,
    is_mixture_of_experts,
    supports_eagle3,
    supports_mrope,
    supports_multimodal_pruning,
    supports_transcription,
)
from vllm.model_executor.models.interfaces_base import (
    VllmModelForPooling,
    is_pooling_model,
    is_text_generation_model,
)
from vllm.multimodal import MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY
from vllm.multimodal.inputs import (
    BatchedTensorInputs,
    MultiModalKwargsItem,
    PlaceholderRange,
)
from vllm.multimodal.utils import group_mm_kwargs_by_modality
from vllm.pooling_params import PoolingParams
from vllm.sampling_params import SamplingType
from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors
from vllm.tasks import GenerationTask, PoolingTask, SupportedTask
from vllm.utils import length_from_prompt_token_ids_or_embeds
from vllm.utils.jsontree import json_map_leaves
from vllm.utils.math_utils import cdiv, round_up
from vllm.utils.mem_constants import GiB_bytes
from vllm.utils.mem_utils import DeviceMemoryProfiler
from vllm.utils.platform_utils import is_pin_memory_available
from vllm.utils.torch_utils import (
    get_dtype_size,
    kv_cache_dtype_str_to_dtype,
    supports_dynamo,
)
from vllm.v1.attention.backends.flash_attn import AttentionMetadata
from vllm.v1.attention.backends.gdn_attn import GDNAttentionMetadataBuilder
from vllm.v1.attention.backends.utils import (
    AttentionCGSupport,
    AttentionMetadataBuilder,
    CommonAttentionMetadata,
    create_fast_prefill_custom_backend,
    get_dcp_local_seq_lens,
    reorder_batch_to_split_decodes_and_prefills,
    split_attn_metadata,
)
from vllm.v1.cudagraph_dispatcher import CudagraphDispatcher
from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import (
    AttentionSpec,
    ChunkedLocalAttentionSpec,
    CrossAttentionSpec,
    EncoderOnlyAttentionSpec,
    FullAttentionSpec,
    KVCacheConfig,
    KVCacheGroupSpec,
    KVCacheSpec,
    MambaSpec,
    SlidingWindowSpec,
    UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs,
)
from vllm.v1.outputs import (
    EMPTY_MODEL_RUNNER_OUTPUT,
    AsyncModelRunnerOutput,
    DraftTokenIds,
    KVConnectorOutput,
    LogprobsLists,
    LogprobsTensors,
    ModelRunnerOutput,
    PoolerOutput,
    SamplerOutput,
)
from vllm.v1.pool.metadata import PoolingMetadata
from vllm.v1.sample.logits_processor import LogitsProcessors, build_logitsprocs
from vllm.v1.sample.metadata import SamplingMetadata
from vllm.v1.sample.rejection_sampler import RejectionSampler
from vllm.v1.sample.sampler import Sampler
from vllm.v1.spec_decode.eagle import EagleProposer
from vllm.v1.spec_decode.medusa import MedusaProposer
from vllm.v1.spec_decode.metadata import SpecDecodeMetadata
from vllm.v1.spec_decode.ngram_proposer import NgramProposer
from vllm.v1.spec_decode.suffix_decoding import SuffixDecodingProposer
from vllm.v1.structured_output.utils import apply_grammar_bitmask
from vllm.v1.utils import CpuGpuBuffer, record_function_or_nullcontext
from vllm.v1.worker.dp_utils import coordinate_batch_across_dp
from vllm.v1.worker.gpu_input_batch import CachedRequestState, InputBatch
from vllm.v1.worker.gpu_ubatch_wrapper import UBatchWrapper
from vllm.v1.worker.kv_connector_model_runner_mixin import KVConnectorModelRunnerMixin
from vllm.v1.worker.lora_model_runner_mixin import LoRAModelRunnerMixin
from vllm.v1.worker.ubatch_utils import (
    UBatchSlice,
    UBatchSlices,
    check_ubatch_thresholds,
)
from vllm.v1.worker.utils import is_residual_scattered_for_sp

from .utils import (
    AttentionGroup,
    MultiModalBudget,
    add_kv_sharing_layers_to_kv_cache_groups,
    bind_kv_cache,
    gather_mm_placeholders,
    sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs,
    scatter_mm_placeholders,
)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.tensorizer import TensorizerConfig
    from vllm.v1.core.sched.output import GrammarOutput, SchedulerOutput

logger = init_logger(__name__)

AttnMetadataDict: TypeAlias = dict[str, AttentionMetadata]
# list when ubatching is enabled
PerLayerAttnMetadata: TypeAlias = list[AttnMetadataDict] | AttnMetadataDict


# Wrapper for ModelRunnerOutput to support overlapped execution.
class AsyncGPUModelRunnerOutput(AsyncModelRunnerOutput):
    def __init__(
        self,
        model_runner_output: ModelRunnerOutput,
        sampled_token_ids: torch.Tensor,
        logprobs_tensors: torch.Tensor | None,
        invalid_req_indices: list[int],
        async_output_copy_stream: torch.cuda.Stream,
    ):
        self._model_runner_output = model_runner_output
        self._invalid_req_indices = invalid_req_indices

        # Event on the copy stream so we can synchronize the non-blocking copy.
        self.async_copy_ready_event = torch.cuda.Event()

        # Keep a reference to the device tensor to avoid it being
        # deallocated until we finish copying it to the host.
        self._sampled_token_ids = sampled_token_ids
        self._logprobs_tensors = logprobs_tensors

        # Initiate the copy on a separate stream, but do not synchronize it.
        default_stream = torch.cuda.current_stream()
        with torch.cuda.stream(async_output_copy_stream):
            async_output_copy_stream.wait_stream(default_stream)
            self.sampled_token_ids_cpu = self._sampled_token_ids.to(
                "cpu", non_blocking=True
            )
            self._logprobs_tensors_cpu = (
                self._logprobs_tensors.to_cpu_nonblocking()
                if self._logprobs_tensors
                else None
            )
            self.async_copy_ready_event.record()

    def get_output(self) -> ModelRunnerOutput:
        """Copy the device tensors to the host and return a ModelRunnerOutput.

        This function blocks until the copy is finished.
        """
        self.async_copy_ready_event.synchronize()

        # Release the device tensors once the copy has completed.
        del self._logprobs_tensors
        del self._sampled_token_ids

        valid_sampled_token_ids = self.sampled_token_ids_cpu.tolist()
        for i in self._invalid_req_indices:
            valid_sampled_token_ids[i].clear()

        output = self._model_runner_output
        output.sampled_token_ids = valid_sampled_token_ids
        if self._logprobs_tensors_cpu:
            # NOTE(nick): this will need to be updated to use cu_num_accepted_tokens
            # for async sched + spec decode + logprobs compatibility.
            output.logprobs = self._logprobs_tensors_cpu.tolists()
        return output


class ExecuteModelState(NamedTuple):
    """Ephemeral cached state transferred between execute_model() and
    sample_tokens(), after execute_model() returns None."""

    scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"
    logits: torch.Tensor
    spec_decode_metadata: SpecDecodeMetadata | None
    spec_decode_common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata | None
    hidden_states: torch.Tensor
    sample_hidden_states: torch.Tensor
    aux_hidden_states: list[torch.Tensor] | None
    kv_connector_output: KVConnectorOutput | None


class GPUModelRunner(LoRAModelRunnerMixin, KVConnectorModelRunnerMixin):
    def __init__(
        self,
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        device: torch.device,
    ):
        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
        self.model_config = vllm_config.model_config
        self.cache_config = vllm_config.cache_config
        self.compilation_config = vllm_config.compilation_config
        self.lora_config = vllm_config.lora_config
        self.load_config = vllm_config.load_config
        self.parallel_config = vllm_config.parallel_config
        self.scheduler_config = vllm_config.scheduler_config
        self.speculative_config = vllm_config.speculative_config
        self.observability_config = vllm_config.observability_config

        from vllm.model_executor.models.utils import set_cpu_offload_max_bytes

        set_cpu_offload_max_bytes(int(self.cache_config.cpu_offload_gb * 1024**3))

        model_config = self.model_config
        cache_config = self.cache_config
        scheduler_config = self.scheduler_config
        parallel_config = self.parallel_config
        self.device = device
        self.pin_memory = is_pin_memory_available()
        self.dtype = self.model_config.dtype
        self.kv_cache_dtype = kv_cache_dtype_str_to_dtype(
            cache_config.cache_dtype, self.model_config
        )

        self.is_pooling_model = model_config.runner_type == "pooling"
        self.enable_prompt_embeds = model_config.enable_prompt_embeds
        self.is_multimodal_raw_input_only_model = (
            model_config.is_multimodal_raw_input_only_model
        )
        # This will be overridden in load_model()
        self.is_multimodal_pruning_enabled = False
        self.max_model_len = model_config.max_model_len
        self.dcp_world_size = self.parallel_config.decode_context_parallel_size
        self.dcp_rank = 0 if self.dcp_world_size <= 1 else get_dcp_group().rank_in_group
        self.max_num_tokens = scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
        self.max_num_reqs = scheduler_config.max_num_seqs

        # Broadcast PP output for external_launcher (torchrun)
        # to make sure we are synced across pp ranks
        # TODO: Support overlapping mirco-batches
        # https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/18019
        self.broadcast_pp_output = (
            self.parallel_config.distributed_executor_backend == "external_launcher"
            and len(get_pp_group().ranks) > 0
        )

        # Model-related.
        self.num_query_heads = model_config.get_num_attention_heads(parallel_config)
        self.hidden_size = model_config.get_hidden_size()
        self.attention_chunk_size = model_config.attention_chunk_size
        # Only relevant for models using ALiBi (e.g, MPT)
        self.use_alibi = model_config.uses_alibi

        self.cascade_attn_enabled = not self.model_config.disable_cascade_attn

        # Multi-modal data support
        self.mm_registry = MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY
        self.uses_mrope = model_config.uses_mrope
        self.supports_mm_inputs = self.mm_registry.supports_multimodal_inputs(
            model_config
        )

        if self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder:
            # Maximum length of the encoder input, only for encoder-decoder
            # models.
            self.max_encoder_len = scheduler_config.max_num_encoder_input_tokens
        else:
            self.max_encoder_len = 0

        # Sampler
        self.sampler = Sampler(logprobs_mode=self.model_config.logprobs_mode)

        self.eplb_state: EplbState | None = None
        """
        State of the expert parallelism load balancer.

        Will be lazily initialized when the model is loaded.
        """

        # Lazy initializations
        # self.model: nn.Module  # Set after load_model
        # Initialize in initialize_kv_cache
        self.kv_caches: list[torch.Tensor] = []
        # indexes: [kv_cache_group_id][attn_group]
        self.attn_groups: list[list[AttentionGroup]] = []
        # self.kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig

        # mm_hash ->  encoder_output
        self.encoder_cache: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}

        self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs = False
        # Set up speculative decoding.
        # NOTE(Jiayi): currently we put the entire draft model on
        # the last PP rank. This is not ideal if there are many
        # layers in the draft model.
        if self.speculative_config and get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            self.drafter: (
                NgramProposer | SuffixDecodingProposer | EagleProposer | MedusaProposer
            )
            if self.speculative_config.method == "ngram":
                self.drafter = NgramProposer(self.vllm_config)
            elif self.speculative_config.method == "suffix":
                self.drafter = SuffixDecodingProposer(self.vllm_config)
            elif self.speculative_config.use_eagle():
                self.drafter = EagleProposer(self.vllm_config, self.device, self)
                if self.speculative_config.method == "eagle3":
                    self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs = True
            elif self.speculative_config.method == "medusa":
                self.drafter = MedusaProposer(
                    vllm_config=self.vllm_config, device=self.device
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Unknown speculative decoding method: "
                    f"{self.speculative_config.method}"
                )
            self.rejection_sampler = RejectionSampler(self.sampler)

        # Request states.
        self.requests: dict[str, CachedRequestState] = {}
        self.comm_stream = torch.cuda.Stream()

        # Input Batch
        # NOTE(Chen): Ideally, we should initialize the input batch inside
        # `initialize_kv_cache` based on the kv cache config. However, as in
        # https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/18298, due to some unknown
        # reasons, we have to initialize the input batch before `load_model`,
        # quantization + weight offloading will fail otherwise. As a temporary
        # solution, we initialize the input batch here, and re-initialize it
        # in `initialize_kv_cache` if the block_sizes here is different from
        # the block_sizes in the kv cache config.
        custom_logitsprocs = model_config.logits_processors
        self.input_batch = InputBatch(
            max_num_reqs=self.max_num_reqs,
            # We need to use the encoder length for encoder-decoer
            # because of KV cache for cross-attention.
            max_model_len=max(self.max_model_len, self.max_encoder_len),
            max_num_batched_tokens=self.max_num_tokens,
            device=self.device,
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
            vocab_size=self.model_config.get_vocab_size(),
            block_sizes=[self.cache_config.block_size],
            kernel_block_sizes=[self.cache_config.block_size],
            is_spec_decode=bool(self.vllm_config.speculative_config),
            logitsprocs=build_logitsprocs(
                self.vllm_config,
                self.device,
                self.pin_memory,
                self.is_pooling_model,
                custom_logitsprocs,
            ),
            # We currently don't know whether a particular custom logits processor
            # uses output token ids so we set this conservatively.
            logitsprocs_need_output_token_ids=bool(custom_logitsprocs),
            is_pooling_model=self.is_pooling_model,
            dcp_kv_cache_interleave_size=self.parallel_config.dcp_kv_cache_interleave_size,
        )

        self.use_async_scheduling = self.scheduler_config.async_scheduling
        # Separate cuda stream for overlapping transfer of sampled token ids from
        # GPU to CPU when async scheduling is enabled.
        self.async_output_copy_stream: torch.cuda.Stream | None = None
        # cuda event to synchronize use of reused CPU tensors between steps
        # when async scheduling is enabled.
        self.prepare_inputs_event: torch.cuda.Event | None = None
        if self.use_async_scheduling:
            self.async_output_copy_stream = torch.cuda.Stream()
            self.prepare_inputs_event = torch.cuda.Event()

        # self.cudagraph_batch_sizes sorts in ascending order.
        if (
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_capture_sizes
            and self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE
        ):
            self.cudagraph_batch_sizes = sorted(
                self.compilation_config.cudagraph_capture_sizes
            )

        # Cache the device properties.
        self._init_device_properties()

        # Persistent buffers for CUDA graphs.
        self.input_ids = self._make_buffer(self.max_num_tokens, dtype=torch.int32)
        self.positions = self._make_buffer(self.max_num_tokens, dtype=torch.int64)
        self.query_start_loc = self._make_buffer(
            self.max_num_reqs + 1, dtype=torch.int32
        )
        self.seq_lens = self._make_buffer(self.max_num_reqs, dtype=torch.int32)
        if self.dcp_world_size > 1:
            self.dcp_local_seq_lens = self._make_buffer(
                self.max_num_reqs, dtype=torch.int32
            )
        # Because inputs_embeds may be bfloat16 and we don't need a numpy
        # version of this tensor, avoid a RuntimeError by not creating a
        # numpy buffer.
        self.inputs_embeds = self._make_buffer(
            self.max_num_tokens, self.hidden_size, dtype=self.dtype, numpy=False
        )
        self.is_token_ids = self._make_buffer(self.max_num_tokens, dtype=torch.bool)
        self.discard_request_indices = self._make_buffer(
            self.max_num_reqs, dtype=torch.int64
        )
        self.num_discarded_requests = 0

        self.num_decode_draft_tokens = self._make_buffer(
            self.max_num_reqs, dtype=torch.int32
        )
        self.num_accepted_tokens = self._make_buffer(
            self.max_num_reqs, dtype=torch.int64
        )

        # Only relevant for multimodal models
        if self.supports_mm_inputs:
            self.is_mm_embed = self._make_buffer(self.max_num_tokens, dtype=torch.bool)

        # Only relevant for models using M-RoPE (e.g, Qwen2-VL)
        if self.uses_mrope:
            # NOTE: `mrope_positions` is implemented with one additional dummy
            # position on purpose to make it non-contiguous so that it can work
            # with torch compile.
            # See detailed explanation in https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/12128#discussion_r1926431923

            # NOTE: When M-RoPE is enabled, position ids are 3D regardless of
            # the modality of inputs. For text-only inputs, each dimension has
            # identical position IDs, making M-RoPE functionally equivalent to
            # 1D-RoPE.
            # See page 5 of https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.12191
            self.mrope_positions = self._make_buffer(
                (3, self.max_num_tokens + 1), dtype=torch.int64
            )

        # None in the first PP rank. The rest are set after load_model.
        self.intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors | None = None

        # OPTIMIZATION: Cache the tensors rather than creating them every step.
        # Keep in int64 to avoid overflow with long context
        self.arange_np = np.arange(
            max(self.max_num_reqs + 1, self.max_model_len, self.max_num_tokens),
            dtype=np.int64,
        )

        # Layer pairings for cross-layer KV sharing.
        # If an Attention layer `layer_name` is in the keys of this dict, it
        # means this layer will perform attention using the keys and values
        # from the KV cache of `shared_kv_cache_layers[layer_name]`.
        self.shared_kv_cache_layers: dict[str, str] = {}
        self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_eligible_layers: set[str] = set()

        self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices = None
        if self.cache_config.kv_sharing_fast_prefill:
            self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices = torch.zeros(
                self.max_num_tokens, dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device
            )

        self.uniform_decode_query_len = (
            1
            if not self.speculative_config
            else 1 + self.speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens
        )

        # Cudagraph dispatcher for runtime cudagraph dispatching.
        self.cudagraph_dispatcher = CudagraphDispatcher(self.vllm_config)

        self.mm_budget = (
            MultiModalBudget(
                self.model_config,
                self.scheduler_config,
                self.mm_registry,
            )
            if self.supports_mm_inputs
            else None
        )

        self.reorder_batch_threshold: int | None = None

        # Attention layers that are only in the KVCacheConfig of the runner
        # (e.g., KV sharing, encoder-only attention), but not in the
        # KVCacheConfig of the scheduler.
        self.runner_only_attn_layers: set[str] = set()

        # Cached outputs.
        self._draft_token_ids: list[list[int]] | torch.Tensor | None = None
        self.transfer_event = torch.cuda.Event()
        self.sampled_token_ids_pinned_cpu = torch.empty(
            (self.max_num_reqs, 1),
            dtype=torch.int64,
            device="cpu",
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
        )

        # Ephemeral state transferred between execute_model() and sample_tokens().
        self.execute_model_state: ExecuteModelState | None = None

    def reset_mm_cache(self) -> None:
        if self.mm_budget:
            self.mm_budget.reset_cache()

    def _get_positions(self, num_tokens: Any):
        if isinstance(num_tokens, int):
            if self.uses_mrope:
                return self.mrope_positions.gpu[:, :num_tokens]
            return self.positions.gpu[:num_tokens]
        else:
            if self.uses_mrope:
                return self.mrope_positions.gpu[:, num_tokens]
            return self.positions.gpu[num_tokens]

    def _make_buffer(
        self, *size: int | torch.SymInt, dtype: torch.dtype, numpy: bool = True
    ) -> CpuGpuBuffer:
        return CpuGpuBuffer(
            *size,
            dtype=dtype,
            device=self.device,
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
            with_numpy=numpy,
        )

    def _init_model_kwargs(self, num_tokens: int):
        model_kwargs = dict[str, Any]()

        if not self.is_pooling_model:
            return model_kwargs

        num_reqs = self.input_batch.num_reqs
        pooling_params = self.input_batch.get_pooling_params()

        token_type_id_requests = dict[int, Any]()
        for i, param in enumerate(pooling_params):
            if (
                param.extra_kwargs is not None
                and (token_types := param.extra_kwargs.get("compressed_token_type_ids"))
                is not None
            ):
                token_type_id_requests[i] = token_types

        if len(token_type_id_requests) == 0:
            return model_kwargs

        seq_lens = self.seq_lens.gpu[:num_reqs]
        token_type_ids = []

        for i in range(num_reqs):
            pos = token_type_id_requests.get(i, seq_lens[i])
            ids = (torch.arange(seq_lens[i]) >= pos).int()
            token_type_ids.append(ids)

        model_kwargs["token_type_ids"] = torch.concat(token_type_ids).to(
            device=self.device
        )
        return model_kwargs

    def _may_reorder_batch(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput") -> None:
        """
        Update the order of requests in the batch based on the attention
        backend's needs. For example, some attention backends (namely MLA) may
        want to separate requests based on if the attention computation will be
        compute-bound or memory-bound.

        Args:
            scheduler_output: The scheduler output.
        """
        # Attention free models have zero kv_cache_goups, however models
        # like Mamba are also attention free but use the kv_cache for
        # keeping its internal state. This is why we check the number
        # of kv_cache groups instead of solely checking
        # for self.model_config.is_attention_free.
        if len(self.kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups) == 0:
            return

        if self.reorder_batch_threshold is not None:
            # NOTE(lucas): currently no backend supports the custom masking
            #  required for DCP with q_len > 1, so we assert here. Remove this
            #  assert once the custom mask is support is added to FA3.
            if (
                self.dcp_world_size > 1
                and envs.VLLM_ATTENTION_BACKEND != "FLASH_ATTN_MLA"
            ):
                assert self.reorder_batch_threshold == 1, (
                    "DCP not support reorder_batch_threshold > 1 now."
                )
            reorder_batch_to_split_decodes_and_prefills(
                self.input_batch,
                scheduler_output,
                decode_threshold=self.reorder_batch_threshold,
            )

    # Note: used for model runner override.
    def _init_device_properties(self) -> None:
        """Initialize attributes from torch.cuda.get_device_properties"""
        self.device_properties = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(self.device)
        self.num_sms = self.device_properties.multi_processor_count

    # Note: used for model runner override.
    def _sync_device(self) -> None:
        torch.cuda.synchronize()

    def _update_states(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput") -> None:
        """Update the cached states and the persistent batch with the scheduler
        output.

        The updated states are used by the `_prepare_inputs` function to create
        the input GPU tensors for the model.

        The SamplingMetadata is updated and copied to the GPU if there is a
        new/resumed/paused/finished request in the batch.
        """
        # Remove finished requests from the cached states.
        for req_id in scheduler_output.finished_req_ids:
            self.requests.pop(req_id, None)
        # Remove the finished requests from the persistent batch.
        # NOTE(woosuk): There could be an edge case where finished_req_ids and
        # scheduled_req_ids overlap. This happens when a request is aborted and
        # then resubmitted with the same ID. In this case, we treat them as two
        # distinct requests - clearing the cached states for the first request
        # and handling the second as a new request.
        for req_id in scheduler_output.finished_req_ids:
            self.input_batch.remove_request(req_id)

        # Free the cached encoder outputs.
        for mm_hash in scheduler_output.free_encoder_mm_hashes:
            self.encoder_cache.pop(mm_hash, None)

        # Remove the unscheduled requests from the persistent batch.
        # NOTE(woosuk): The unscheduled requests are either preempted requests
        # or running requests that are not scheduled in this step. We remove
        # them from the persistent batch but keep their cached states since
        # they will be scheduled again sometime in the future.
        scheduled_req_ids = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens.keys()
        cached_req_ids = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.keys()
        unscheduled_req_ids = cached_req_ids - scheduled_req_ids
        # NOTE(woosuk): The persistent batch optimization assumes that
        # consecutive batches contain mostly the same requests. If batches
        # have low request overlap (e.g., alternating between two distinct
        # sets of requests), this optimization becomes very inefficient.
        for req_id in unscheduled_req_ids:
            self.input_batch.remove_request(req_id)

        reqs_to_add: list[CachedRequestState] = []
        # Add new requests to the cached states.
        for new_req_data in scheduler_output.scheduled_new_reqs:
            req_id = new_req_data.req_id
            sampling_params = new_req_data.sampling_params
            pooling_params = new_req_data.pooling_params

            if (
                sampling_params
                and sampling_params.sampling_type == SamplingType.RANDOM_SEED
            ):
                generator = torch.Generator(device=self.device)
                generator.manual_seed(sampling_params.seed)
            else:
                generator = None

            if self.is_pooling_model:
                assert pooling_params is not None
                task = pooling_params.task
                assert task is not None, "You did not set `task` in the API"

                model = cast(VllmModelForPooling, self.get_model())
                to_update = model.pooler.get_pooling_updates(task)
                to_update.apply(pooling_params)

            req_state = CachedRequestState(
                req_id=req_id,
                prompt_token_ids=new_req_data.prompt_token_ids,
                prompt_embeds=new_req_data.prompt_embeds,
                mm_features=new_req_data.mm_features,
                sampling_params=sampling_params,
                pooling_params=pooling_params,
                generator=generator,
                block_ids=new_req_data.block_ids,
                num_computed_tokens=new_req_data.num_computed_tokens,
                output_token_ids=[],
                lora_request=new_req_data.lora_request,
            )
            self.requests[req_id] = req_state

            # Only relevant for models using M-RoPE (e.g, Qwen2-VL)
            if self.uses_mrope:
                self._init_mrope_positions(req_state)

            reqs_to_add.append(req_state)

        # Update the states of the running/resumed requests.
        is_last_rank = get_pp_group().is_last_rank
        req_data = scheduler_output.scheduled_cached_reqs
        for i, req_id in enumerate(req_data.req_ids):
            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
            num_computed_tokens = req_data.num_computed_tokens[i]
            new_block_ids = req_data.new_block_ids[i]
            resumed_from_preemption = req_id in req_data.resumed_req_ids
            num_output_tokens = req_data.num_output_tokens[i]

            # Update the cached states.

            req_state.num_computed_tokens = num_computed_tokens
            req_index = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.get(req_id)

            if not is_last_rank:
                # When using PP, the scheduler sends the sampled tokens back,
                # because there's no direct communication between the first-
                # stage worker and the last-stage worker.
                new_token_ids = req_data.new_token_ids[i]
                # Add the sampled token(s) from the previous step (if any).
                # This doesn't include "unverified" tokens like spec tokens.
                num_new_tokens = (
                    num_computed_tokens + len(new_token_ids) - req_state.num_tokens
                )
                if num_new_tokens == 1:
                    # Avoid slicing list in most common case.
                    req_state.output_token_ids.append(new_token_ids[-1])
                elif num_new_tokens > 0:
                    req_state.output_token_ids.extend(new_token_ids[-num_new_tokens:])
            elif num_output_tokens < len(req_state.output_token_ids):
                # Some output tokens were discarded due to a sync-KV-load
                # failure. Align the cached state.
                del req_state.output_token_ids[num_output_tokens:]
                if req_index is not None:
                    end_idx = (
                        self.input_batch.num_prompt_tokens[req_index]
                        + num_output_tokens
                    )
                    self.input_batch.num_tokens[req_index] = end_idx
                    self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec[req_index] = end_idx

            # Update the block IDs.
            if not resumed_from_preemption:
                if new_block_ids is not None:
                    # Append the new blocks to the existing block IDs.
                    for block_ids, new_ids in zip(req_state.block_ids, new_block_ids):
                        block_ids.extend(new_ids)
            else:
                assert req_index is None
                assert new_block_ids is not None
                # The request is resumed from preemption.
                # Replace the existing block IDs with the new ones.
                req_state.block_ids = new_block_ids

            if req_index is None:
                # The request is not in the persistent batch.
                # The request was either preempted and resumed later, or was not
                # scheduled in the previous step and needs to be added again.

                if self.use_async_scheduling and num_output_tokens > 0:
                    # We must recover the output token ids for resumed requests in the
                    # async scheduling case, so that correct input_ids are obtained.
                    resumed_token_ids = req_data.all_token_ids[req_id]
                    req_state.output_token_ids = resumed_token_ids[-num_output_tokens:]

                reqs_to_add.append(req_state)
                continue

            # Update the persistent batch.
            self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_index] = num_computed_tokens
            if new_block_ids is not None:
                self.input_batch.block_table.append_row(new_block_ids, req_index)

            # For the last rank, we don't need to update the token_ids_cpu
            # because the sampled tokens are already cached.
            if not is_last_rank:
                # Add new_token_ids to token_ids_cpu.
                start_token_index = num_computed_tokens
                end_token_index = num_computed_tokens + len(new_token_ids)
                self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu[
                    req_index, start_token_index:end_token_index
                ] = new_token_ids
                self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec[req_index] = end_token_index
                self.input_batch.num_tokens[req_index] = end_token_index

            # Add spec_token_ids to token_ids_cpu.
            spec_token_ids = scheduler_output.scheduled_spec_decode_tokens.get(
                req_id, []
            )
            if spec_token_ids:
                num_spec_tokens = len(spec_token_ids)
                start_index = self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec[req_index]
                end_token_index = start_index + num_spec_tokens
                self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu[
                    req_index, start_index:end_token_index
                ] = spec_token_ids
                # NOTE(woosuk): `num_tokens` here may include spec tokens.
                self.input_batch.num_tokens[req_index] += num_spec_tokens

            # When speculative decoding is used with structured output,
            # the scheduler can drop draft tokens that do not
            # conform to the schema. This can result in
            # scheduler_output.scheduled_spec_decode_tokens being empty,
            # even when speculative decoding is enabled.
            self.input_batch.spec_token_ids[req_index] = spec_token_ids

        # Add the new or resumed requests to the persistent batch.
        # The smaller empty indices are filled first.
        for request in reqs_to_add:
            self.input_batch.add_request(request)

        # Condense the batched states if there are gaps left by removed requests
        self.input_batch.condense()
        # Allow attention backend to reorder the batch, potentially
        self._may_reorder_batch(scheduler_output)
        # Refresh batch metadata with any pending updates.
        self.input_batch.refresh_metadata()

    def _update_states_after_model_execute(
        self, output_token_ids: torch.Tensor
    ) -> None:
        """Update the cached states after model execution.

        This is used for MTP/EAGLE for hybrid models, as in linear attention,
        only the last token's state is kept. In MTP/EAGLE, for draft tokens
        the state are kept util we decide how many tokens are accepted for
        each sequence, and a shifting is done during the next iteration
        based on the number of accepted tokens.
        """
        if not self.model_config.is_hybrid or not self.speculative_config:
            return

        # Find the number of accepted tokens for each sequence.
        num_accepted_tokens = (
            (
                torch.cat(
                    [
                        output_token_ids,
                        torch.full(
                            (output_token_ids.size(0), 1),
                            -1,
                            device=output_token_ids.device,
                        ),
                    ],
                    dim=1,
                )
                == -1
            )
            .int()
            .argmax(-1)
            .cpu()
            .numpy()
        )
        for i, num_tokens in enumerate(num_accepted_tokens):
            self.input_batch.num_accepted_tokens_cpu[i] = num_tokens

    def _init_mrope_positions(self, req_state: CachedRequestState):
        image_grid_thw = []
        video_grid_thw = []
        second_per_grid_ts = []
        audio_feature_lengths = []
        use_audio_in_video = False
        for mm_feature in req_state.mm_features:
            mm_item = mm_feature.data
            if mm_item is None:
                continue
            mm_input = mm_item.get_data()
            if (t := mm_input.get("image_grid_thw")) is not None:
                image_grid_thw.append(t.tolist())
            if (t := mm_input.get("video_grid_thw")) is not None:
                video_grid_thw.append(t.tolist())
            if (t := mm_input.get("second_per_grid_ts")) is not None:
                second_per_grid_ts.append(t)
            if (t := mm_input.get("audio_feature_lengths")) is not None:
                audio_feature_lengths.append(t)
            if mm_input.get("use_audio_in_video") is True:
                use_audio_in_video = True

        assert supports_mrope(self.get_model()), "M-RoPE support is not implemented."

        req_state.mrope_positions, req_state.mrope_position_delta = (
            self.model.get_mrope_input_positions(
                req_state.prompt_token_ids,
                hf_config=self.model_config.hf_config,
                image_grid_thw=image_grid_thw,
                video_grid_thw=video_grid_thw,
                second_per_grid_ts=second_per_grid_ts,
                audio_feature_lengths=audio_feature_lengths,
                use_audio_in_video=use_audio_in_video,
            )
        )

    def _extract_mm_kwargs(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
    ) -> BatchedTensorInputs:
        if not scheduler_output or not self.is_multimodal_raw_input_only_model:
            return {}

        mm_kwargs = list[MultiModalKwargsItem]()
        for req in scheduler_output.scheduled_new_reqs:
            for feature in req.mm_features:
                if feature.data is not None:
                    mm_kwargs.append(feature.data)

        # Input all modalities at once
        model = cast(SupportsMultiModal, self.model)
        mm_kwargs_combined: BatchedTensorInputs = {}
        for _, _, mm_kwargs_group in group_mm_kwargs_by_modality(
            mm_kwargs,
            device=self.device,
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
            merge_by_field_config=model.merge_by_field_config,
            multimodal_cpu_fields=model.multimodal_cpu_fields,
        ):
            mm_kwargs_combined.update(mm_kwargs_group)

        return mm_kwargs_combined

    def _dummy_mm_kwargs(self, num_seqs: int) -> BatchedTensorInputs:
        if not self.is_multimodal_raw_input_only_model:
            return {}

        mm_budget = self.mm_budget
        assert mm_budget is not None

        dummy_modality = mm_budget.get_modality_with_max_tokens()
        return self._get_mm_dummy_batch(dummy_modality, num_seqs)

    def _get_cumsum_and_arange(
        self,
        num_tokens: np.ndarray,
        cumsum_dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
        """Get the cumulative sum and batched arange of the given array.
        # E.g., [2, 5, 3] -> ([2, 7, 10], [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2])
        # Equivalent to but faster than:
        # np.concatenate([np.arange(n) for n in num_tokens])
        """
        # Step 1. [2, 5, 3] -> [2, 7, 10]
        cu_num_tokens = np.cumsum(num_tokens, dtype=cumsum_dtype)
        total_num_tokens = cu_num_tokens[-1]
        # Step 2. [2, 7, 10] -> [0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7]
        cumsums_offsets = np.repeat(cu_num_tokens - num_tokens, num_tokens)
        # Step 3. [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
        arange = self.arange_np[:total_num_tokens] - cumsums_offsets

        return cu_num_tokens, arange

    def _prepare_input_ids(
        self, total_num_scheduled_tokens: int, cu_num_tokens: np.ndarray
    ) -> None:
        """Prepare the input IDs for the current batch.

        Carefully handles the `prev_sampled_token_ids` which can be cached
        from the previous engine iteration, in which case those tokens on the
        GPU need to be copied into the corresponding slots into input_ids."""

        if self.input_batch.prev_sampled_token_ids is None:
            # Normal scheduling case
            self.input_ids.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
            if self.enable_prompt_embeds:
                self.inputs_embeds.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
                self.is_token_ids.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
            return

        # Async scheduling case, where some decode requests from the previous
        # iteration won't have entries in input_ids_cpu and need to be copied
        # on the GPU from prev_sampled_token_ids.
        prev_req_id_to_index = self.input_batch.prev_req_id_to_index
        assert prev_req_id_to_index is not None
        flattened_indices = []
        prev_common_req_indices = []
        indices_match = True
        max_flattened_index = -1
        for req_id, cur_index in self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.items():
            if (prev_index := prev_req_id_to_index.get(req_id)) is not None:
                prev_common_req_indices.append(prev_index)
                # We need to compute the flattened input_ids index of the
                # last token in each common request.
                flattened_index = cu_num_tokens[cur_index].item() - 1
                flattened_indices.append(flattened_index)
                indices_match &= prev_index == flattened_index
                max_flattened_index = max(max_flattened_index, flattened_index)
        num_commmon_tokens = len(flattened_indices)
        if num_commmon_tokens < total_num_scheduled_tokens:
            # If not all requests are decodes from the last iteration,
            # We need to copy the input_ids_cpu to the GPU first.
            self.input_ids.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
            if self.enable_prompt_embeds:
                self.inputs_embeds.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
                self.is_token_ids.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)
        if num_commmon_tokens == 0:
            # No requests in common with the previous iteration
            # So input_ids.cpu will have all the input ids.
            return
        if indices_match and max_flattened_index == (num_commmon_tokens - 1):
            # Common-case optimization: the batch is unchanged
            # and no reordering happened.
            # The indices are both the same permutation of 0..N-1 so
            # we can copy directly using a single slice.
            self.input_ids.gpu[:num_commmon_tokens].copy_(
                self.input_batch.prev_sampled_token_ids[:num_commmon_tokens, 0],
                non_blocking=True,
            )
            if self.enable_prompt_embeds:
                self.is_token_ids.gpu[:num_commmon_tokens] = True
            return
        # Upload the index tensors asynchronously so the scatter can be non-blocking.
        input_ids_index_tensor = torch.tensor(
            flattened_indices, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=self.pin_memory
        ).to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
        prev_common_req_indices_tensor = torch.tensor(
            prev_common_req_indices, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=self.pin_memory
        ).to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
        self.input_ids.gpu.scatter_(
            dim=0,
            index=input_ids_index_tensor,
            src=self.input_batch.prev_sampled_token_ids[
                prev_common_req_indices_tensor, 0
            ],
        )

    def _get_encoder_seq_lens(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        kv_cache_spec: KVCacheSpec,
        num_reqs: int,
    ) -> np.ndarray | None:
        if not isinstance(kv_cache_spec, CrossAttentionSpec):
            return None

        # Build encoder_seq_lens array mapping request indices to
        # encoder lengths for inputs scheduled in this batch
        encoder_seq_lens = np.zeros(num_reqs, dtype=np.int32)
        for req_id in scheduler_output.scheduled_encoder_inputs:
            req_index = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index[req_id]
            encoder_seq_lens[req_index] = self.max_encoder_len

        return encoder_seq_lens

    def _prepare_inputs(
        self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"
    ) -> tuple[
        PerLayerAttnMetadata,
        torch.Tensor,
        SpecDecodeMetadata | None,
        np.ndarray,
        CommonAttentionMetadata | None,
        int,
        UBatchSlices | None,
        torch.Tensor | None,
        bool,
    ]:
        """
        :return: tuple[
            attn_metadata: layer-to-attention_metadata mapping,
            logits_indices, spec_decode_metadata,
            num_scheduled_tokens, spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
            max_num_scheduled_tokens, use_cascade_attn
        ]
        """
        total_num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
        assert total_num_scheduled_tokens > 0
        num_reqs = self.input_batch.num_reqs
        assert num_reqs > 0

        # OPTIMIZATION: Start copying the block table first.
        # This way, we can overlap the copy with the following CPU operations.
        self.input_batch.block_table.commit_block_table(num_reqs)

        # Get the number of scheduled tokens for each request.
        req_ids = self.input_batch.req_ids
        tokens = [scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[i] for i in req_ids]
        num_scheduled_tokens = np.array(tokens, dtype=np.int32)
        max_num_scheduled_tokens = max(tokens)

        # Get request indices.
        # E.g., [2, 5, 3] -> [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]
        req_indices = np.repeat(self.arange_np[:num_reqs], num_scheduled_tokens)

        # cu_num_tokens: [2, 5, 3] -> [2, 7, 10]
        # arange: [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
        cu_num_tokens, arange = self._get_cumsum_and_arange(num_scheduled_tokens)

        # Get positions.
        positions_np = self.positions.np[:total_num_scheduled_tokens]
        np.add(
            self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_indices],
            arange,
            out=positions_np,
        )

        # Calculate M-RoPE positions.
        # Only relevant for models using M-RoPE (e.g, Qwen2-VL)
        if self.uses_mrope:
            self._calc_mrope_positions(scheduler_output)

        # Get token indices.
        # E.g., [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2]
        # -> [0, 1, M, M + 1, M + 2, M + 3, M + 4, 2 * M, 2 * M + 1, 2 * M + 2]
        # where M is the max_model_len.
        token_indices = (
            positions_np + req_indices * self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu.shape[1]
        )
        token_indices_tensor = torch.from_numpy(token_indices)

        # NOTE(woosuk): We use torch.index_select instead of np.take here
        # because torch.index_select is much faster than np.take for large
        # tensors.
        torch.index_select(
            self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu_tensor.flatten(),
            0,
            token_indices_tensor,
            out=self.input_ids.cpu[:total_num_scheduled_tokens],
        )
        if self.enable_prompt_embeds:
            is_token_ids = self.input_batch.is_token_ids_tensor.flatten()
            torch.index_select(
                is_token_ids,
                0,
                token_indices_tensor,
                out=self.is_token_ids.cpu[:total_num_scheduled_tokens],
            )

        # Because we did not pre-allocate a massive prompt_embeds CPU tensor on
        # the InputBatch, we need to fill in the prompt embeds into the expected
        # spots in the GpuModelRunner's pre-allocated prompt_embeds tensor.
        if self.input_batch.req_prompt_embeds:
            output_idx = 0
            for req_idx in range(num_reqs):
                num_sched = num_scheduled_tokens[req_idx]

                # Skip if this request doesn't have embeddings
                if req_idx not in self.input_batch.req_prompt_embeds:
                    output_idx += num_sched
                    continue

                # Skip if no tokens scheduled
                if num_sched <= 0:
                    output_idx += num_sched
                    continue

                req_embeds = self.input_batch.req_prompt_embeds[req_idx]
                start_pos = self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_idx]

                # Skip if trying to read beyond available embeddings
                if start_pos >= req_embeds.shape[0]:
                    output_idx += num_sched
                    continue

                # Copy available embeddings
                end_pos = start_pos + num_sched
                actual_end = min(end_pos, req_embeds.shape[0])
                actual_num_sched = actual_end - start_pos

                if actual_num_sched > 0:
                    self.inputs_embeds.cpu[
                        output_idx : output_idx + actual_num_sched
                    ].copy_(req_embeds[start_pos:actual_end])

                output_idx += num_sched

        self.input_batch.block_table.compute_slot_mapping(req_indices, positions_np)
        self.input_batch.block_table.commit_slot_mapping(total_num_scheduled_tokens)

        # Prepare the attention metadata.
        self.query_start_loc.np[0] = 0
        self.query_start_loc.np[1 : num_reqs + 1] = cu_num_tokens
        # Note: pad query_start_loc to be non-decreasing, as kernels
        # like FlashAttention requires that
        self.query_start_loc.np[num_reqs + 1 :].fill(cu_num_tokens[-1])
        self.query_start_loc.copy_to_gpu()
        query_start_loc = self.query_start_loc.gpu[: num_reqs + 1]

        num_tokens_unpadded = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
        num_tokens_padded = self._get_num_input_tokens(num_tokens_unpadded)
        uniform_decode = (
            max_num_scheduled_tokens == self.uniform_decode_query_len
        ) and (total_num_scheduled_tokens == num_reqs * max_num_scheduled_tokens)

        # Disable DP padding when running eager to avoid excessive padding when
        # running prefills. This lets us set enforce_eager on the prefiller in
        # a P/D setup and still use CUDA graphs (enabled by this padding) on the
        # decoder.
        allow_dp_padding = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE

        ubatch_slices, num_tokens_across_dp = coordinate_batch_across_dp(
            num_tokens_unpadded=num_tokens_unpadded,
            parallel_config=self.parallel_config,
            allow_microbatching=True,
            allow_dp_padding=allow_dp_padding,
            num_tokens_padded=num_tokens_padded,
            uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
            num_scheduled_tokens_per_request=num_scheduled_tokens,
        )

        self.seq_lens.np[:num_reqs] = (
            self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[:num_reqs] + num_scheduled_tokens
        )
        # Fill unused with 0 for full cuda graph mode.
        self.seq_lens.np[num_reqs:].fill(0)
        self.seq_lens.copy_to_gpu()
        seq_lens = self.seq_lens.gpu[:num_reqs]
        max_seq_len = self.seq_lens.np[:num_reqs].max().item()

        num_tokens = [self.requests[r].num_tokens for r in self.input_batch.req_ids]
        num_tokens_np = np.array(num_tokens, dtype=np.int32)

        # Record the index of requests that should not be sampled,
        # so that we could clear the sampled tokens before returning
        discard_requests_mask = self.seq_lens.np[:num_reqs] < num_tokens_np
        discard_request_indices = np.nonzero(discard_requests_mask)[0]
        self.num_discarded_requests = len(discard_request_indices)
        self.discard_request_indices.np[: self.num_discarded_requests] = (
            discard_request_indices
        )

        self.discard_request_indices.copy_to_gpu(self.num_discarded_requests)

        # Copy the tensors to the GPU.
        self._prepare_input_ids(total_num_scheduled_tokens, cu_num_tokens)

        if self.uses_mrope:
            # Only relevant for models using M-RoPE (e.g, Qwen2-VL)
            self.mrope_positions.gpu[:, :total_num_scheduled_tokens].copy_(
                self.mrope_positions.cpu[:, :total_num_scheduled_tokens],
                non_blocking=True,
            )
        else:
            # Common case (1D positions)
            self.positions.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)

        use_spec_decode = len(scheduler_output.scheduled_spec_decode_tokens) > 0
        if not use_spec_decode:
            # NOTE(woosuk): Due to chunked prefills, the batch may contain
            # partial requests. While we should not sample any token
            # from these partial requests, we do so for simplicity.
            # We will ignore the sampled tokens from the partial requests.
            # TODO: Support prompt logprobs.
            logits_indices = query_start_loc[1:] - 1
            num_draft_tokens = None
            spec_decode_metadata = None
            num_sampled_tokens = np.ones(num_reqs, dtype=np.int32)
        else:
            # Get the number of draft tokens for each request.
            # Iterate over the dictionary rather than all requests since not all
            # requests have draft tokens.
            num_draft_tokens = np.zeros(num_reqs, dtype=np.int32)
            # For chunked prefills, use -1 as mask rather than 0, as guided
            # decoding may rollback speculative tokens.
            num_decode_draft_tokens = np.full(num_reqs, -1, dtype=np.int32)
            for (
                req_id,
                draft_token_ids,
            ) in scheduler_output.scheduled_spec_decode_tokens.items():
                req_idx = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index[req_id]
                num_draft_tokens[req_idx] = len(draft_token_ids)
                num_decode_draft_tokens[req_idx] = (
                    len(draft_token_ids)
                    if (
                        self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[req_idx]
                        >= self.input_batch.num_prompt_tokens[req_idx]
                    )
                    else -1
                )
            spec_decode_metadata = self._calc_spec_decode_metadata(
                num_draft_tokens, cu_num_tokens
            )
            logits_indices = spec_decode_metadata.logits_indices
            num_sampled_tokens = num_draft_tokens + 1
            # For DECODE only cuda graph of some attention backends (e.g., GDN).
            self.num_decode_draft_tokens.np[:num_reqs] = num_decode_draft_tokens
            self.num_decode_draft_tokens.np[num_reqs:].fill(-1)
            self.num_decode_draft_tokens.copy_to_gpu()

        logits_indices_padded = None
        if self.cache_config.kv_sharing_fast_prefill:
            logits_indices_padded = self._prepare_kv_sharing_fast_prefill(
                logits_indices
            )

        # update seq_lens of decode reqs under DCP.
        if self.dcp_world_size > 1:
            self.dcp_local_seq_lens.cpu[:num_reqs] = get_dcp_local_seq_lens(
                self.seq_lens.cpu[:num_reqs],
                self.dcp_world_size,
                self.dcp_rank,
                self.parallel_config.dcp_kv_cache_interleave_size,
            )
            self.dcp_local_seq_lens.copy_to_gpu(num_reqs)

        attn_metadata: PerLayerAttnMetadata = {}
        if ubatch_slices is not None:
            attn_metadata = [dict() for _ in range(len(ubatch_slices))]
        use_cascade_attn = False

        # Used in the below loop.
        query_start_loc_cpu = self.query_start_loc.cpu[: num_reqs + 1]
        seq_lens_cpu = self.seq_lens.cpu[:num_reqs]
        num_computed_tokens_cpu = self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu_tensor[
            :num_reqs
        ]
        spec_decode_common_attn_metadata = None
        if use_spec_decode:
            self.num_accepted_tokens.np[:num_reqs] = (
                self.input_batch.num_accepted_tokens_cpu[:num_reqs]
            )
            self.num_accepted_tokens.np[num_reqs:].fill(1)
            self.num_accepted_tokens.copy_to_gpu()

        # Prepare the attention metadata for each KV cache group and make layers
        # in the same group share the same metadata.
        for kv_cache_group_id, kv_cache_group_spec in enumerate(
            self.kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups
        ):
            encoder_seq_lens = self._get_encoder_seq_lens(
                scheduler_output, kv_cache_group_spec.kv_cache_spec, num_reqs
            )

            if isinstance(kv_cache_group_spec.kv_cache_spec, EncoderOnlyAttentionSpec):
                # Encoder-only layers do not have KV cache, so we need to
                # create a dummy block table and slot mapping for them.
                blk_table_tensor = torch.zeros(
                    (num_reqs, 1),
                    dtype=torch.int32,
                    device=self.device,
                )
                slot_mapping = torch.zeros(
                    (total_num_scheduled_tokens,),
                    dtype=torch.int64,
                    device=self.device,
                )
                num_common_prefix_blocks = 0
            else:
                blk_table = self.input_batch.block_table[kv_cache_group_id]
                blk_table_tensor = blk_table.get_device_tensor(num_reqs)
                slot_mapping = blk_table.slot_mapping.gpu[:total_num_scheduled_tokens]

                # Fill unused with -1. Needed for reshape_and_cache in full cuda
                # graph mode.
                blk_table.slot_mapping.gpu[total_num_scheduled_tokens:].fill_(-1)
                num_common_prefix_blocks = scheduler_output.num_common_prefix_blocks[
                    kv_cache_group_id
                ]

            common_attn_metadata = CommonAttentionMetadata(
                query_start_loc=query_start_loc,
                query_start_loc_cpu=query_start_loc_cpu,
                seq_lens=seq_lens,
                seq_lens_cpu=seq_lens_cpu,
                num_computed_tokens_cpu=num_computed_tokens_cpu,
                num_reqs=num_reqs,
                num_actual_tokens=total_num_scheduled_tokens,
                max_query_len=max_num_scheduled_tokens,
                max_seq_len=max_seq_len,
                block_table_tensor=blk_table_tensor,
                slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
                logits_indices_padded=logits_indices_padded,
                num_logits_indices=logits_indices.size(0),
                causal=True,
                encoder_seq_lens=encoder_seq_lens,
                dcp_local_seq_lens=self.dcp_local_seq_lens.gpu[:num_reqs]
                if self.dcp_world_size > 1
                else None,
            )

            if self.speculative_config and spec_decode_common_attn_metadata is None:
                if isinstance(self.drafter, EagleProposer):
                    if (
                        self.drafter.attn_layer_names[0]
                        in kv_cache_group_spec.layer_names
                    ):
                        spec_decode_common_attn_metadata = common_attn_metadata
                else:
                    spec_decode_common_attn_metadata = common_attn_metadata

            for attn_group in self.attn_groups[kv_cache_group_id]:
                # Prepare for cascade attention if enabled & beneficial.
                common_prefix_len = 0
                builder = attn_group.get_metadata_builder()
                if self.cascade_attn_enabled:
                    common_prefix_len = self._compute_cascade_attn_prefix_len(
                        num_scheduled_tokens,
                        num_common_prefix_blocks,
                        attn_group.kv_cache_spec,
                        builder,
                    )

                extra_attn_metadata_args = {}
                if use_spec_decode and isinstance(builder, GDNAttentionMetadataBuilder):
                    extra_attn_metadata_args = dict(
                        num_accepted_tokens=self.num_accepted_tokens.gpu[:num_reqs],
                        num_decode_draft_tokens_cpu=self.num_decode_draft_tokens.cpu[
                            :num_reqs
                        ],
                    )

                if ubatch_slices is not None:
                    common_attn_metadata_list = split_attn_metadata(
                        ubatch_slices, common_attn_metadata
                    )
                    for ubid, common_attn_metadata in enumerate(
                        common_attn_metadata_list
                    ):
                        attn_metadata_i = attn_group.get_metadata_builder(
                            ubatch_id=ubid
                        ).build(
                            common_prefix_len=common_prefix_len,
                            common_attn_metadata=common_attn_metadata,
                        )
                        for layer_name in kv_cache_group_spec.layer_names:
                            assert type(attn_metadata) is list
                            attn_metadata[ubid][layer_name] = attn_metadata_i
                else:
                    assert isinstance(attn_metadata, dict)
                    attn_metadata_i = builder.build(
                        common_prefix_len=common_prefix_len,
                        common_attn_metadata=common_attn_metadata,
                        **extra_attn_metadata_args,
                    )
                    use_cascade_attn |= getattr(attn_metadata_i, "use_cascade", False)
                    for layer_name in attn_group.layer_names:
                        attn_metadata[layer_name] = attn_metadata_i

        # disable cascade attention when DBO
        if ubatch_slices is not None:
            use_cascade_attn = False

        # Hot-Swap lora model
        if self.lora_config:
            assert (
                np.sum(num_sampled_tokens)
                <= self.vllm_config.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
            )
            self.set_active_loras(
                self.input_batch, num_scheduled_tokens, num_sampled_tokens
            )

        return (
            attn_metadata,
            logits_indices,
            spec_decode_metadata,
            num_scheduled_tokens,
            spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
            max_num_scheduled_tokens,
            ubatch_slices,
            num_tokens_across_dp,
            use_cascade_attn,
        )

    def _compute_cascade_attn_prefix_len(
        self,
        num_scheduled_tokens: np.ndarray,
        num_common_prefix_blocks: int,
        kv_cache_spec: KVCacheSpec,
        attn_metadata_builder: AttentionMetadataBuilder,
    ) -> int:
        """Compute the length of the common prefix for cascade attention.

        NOTE(woosuk): The common prefix length returned by this function
        represents the length used specifically for cascade attention, not the
        actual number of tokens shared between requests. When cascade attention
        is disabled (use_cascade=False), this function returns 0 even if
        requests share common tokens. Additionally, the common prefix length is
        truncated to a multiple of the block size and may be further truncated
        due to implementation details explained below.

        Args:
            num_scheduled_tokens: Number of tokens scheduled per request.
            num_common_prefix_blocks: Number of shared KV cache blocks.

        Returns:
            int: Length of common prefix in tokens.
        """
        common_prefix_len = num_common_prefix_blocks * kv_cache_spec.block_size
        if common_prefix_len == 0:
            # Common case.
            return 0

        # NOTE(woosuk): Cascade attention uses two attention kernels: one
        # for the common prefix and the other for the rest. For the first
        # kernel, we concatenate all the query tokens (possibly from
        # different requests) and treat them as if they are from the same
        # request. Then, we use bi-directional attention to process the
        # common prefix in the KV cache. Importantly, this means that the
        # first kernel does not do any masking.

        # Consider the following example:
        # Request 1's input query: [D, E, X]
        # Request 1's kv cache: [A, B, C, D, E, X]
        # Request 1's num_computed_tokens: 3 (i.e., [A, B, C])
        # Request 2's input query: [E, Y]
        # Request 2's kv cache: [A, B, C, D, E, Y]
        # Request 2's num_computed_tokens: 4 (i.e., [A, B, C, D])

        # If we use [A, B, C, D, E] as the common prefix, then the
        # first kernel will compute the bi-directional attention between
        # input query [D, E, X, E, Y] and common prefix [A, B, C, D, E].
        # However, this is wrong because D in Request 1 should not attend to
        # E in the common prefix (i.e., we need masking).
        # To avoid this, [A, B, C, D] should be the common prefix.
        # That is, the common prefix should be capped by the minimum
        # num_computed_tokens among the requests, and plus one to include
        # the first token of the query.

        # In practice, we use [A, B, C] as the common prefix, instead of
        # [A, B, C, D] (i.e., the common prefix is capped by the minimum
        # num_computed_tokens, without plus one).
        # This is because of an implementation detail: We want to always
        # use two kernels for cascade attention. Let's imagine:
        # Request 3's input query: [D]
        # Request 3's kv cache: [A, B, C, D]
        # Request 3's num_computed_tokens: 3 (i.e., [A, B, C])
        # If we use [A, B, C, D] as the common prefix for Request 1-3,
        # then Request 3 will be processed only by the first kernel,
        # and the second kernel will get an empty input. While this is not
        # a fundamental problem, our current implementation does not support
        # this case.
        num_reqs = len(num_scheduled_tokens)
        common_prefix_len = min(
            common_prefix_len, self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[:num_reqs].min()
        )
        # common_prefix_len should be a multiple of the block size.
        common_prefix_len = (
            common_prefix_len // kv_cache_spec.block_size * kv_cache_spec.block_size
        )
        use_sliding_window = isinstance(kv_cache_spec, SlidingWindowSpec) or (
            isinstance(kv_cache_spec, FullAttentionSpec)
            and kv_cache_spec.sliding_window is not None
        )
        use_local_attention = isinstance(kv_cache_spec, ChunkedLocalAttentionSpec) or (
            isinstance(kv_cache_spec, FullAttentionSpec)
            and kv_cache_spec.attention_chunk_size is not None
        )
        assert isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec)
        use_cascade = attn_metadata_builder.use_cascade_attention(
            common_prefix_len=common_prefix_len,
            query_lens=num_scheduled_tokens,
            num_query_heads=self.num_query_heads,
            num_kv_heads=kv_cache_spec.num_kv_heads,
            use_alibi=self.use_alibi,
            use_sliding_window=use_sliding_window,
            use_local_attention=use_local_attention,
            num_sms=self.num_sms,
            dcp_world_size=self.dcp_world_size,
        )
        return common_prefix_len if use_cascade else 0

    def _calc_mrope_positions(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"):
        mrope_pos_ptr = 0
        for index, req_id in enumerate(self.input_batch.req_ids):
            req = self.requests[req_id]
            assert req.mrope_positions is not None

            num_computed_tokens = self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu[index]
            num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[req_id]
            num_prompt_tokens = length_from_prompt_token_ids_or_embeds(
                req.prompt_token_ids, req.prompt_embeds
            )

            if num_computed_tokens + num_scheduled_tokens > num_prompt_tokens:
                prompt_part_len = max(0, num_prompt_tokens - num_computed_tokens)
                completion_part_len = max(0, num_scheduled_tokens - prompt_part_len)
            else:
                prompt_part_len = num_scheduled_tokens
                completion_part_len = 0

            assert num_scheduled_tokens == prompt_part_len + completion_part_len

            if prompt_part_len > 0:
                # prompt's mrope_positions are pre-computed
                dst_start = mrope_pos_ptr
                dst_end = mrope_pos_ptr + prompt_part_len
                src_start = num_computed_tokens
                src_end = num_computed_tokens + prompt_part_len

                self.mrope_positions.cpu[:, dst_start:dst_end] = req.mrope_positions[
                    :, src_start:src_end
                ]
                mrope_pos_ptr += prompt_part_len

            if completion_part_len > 0:
                # compute completion's mrope_positions on-the-fly
                dst_start = mrope_pos_ptr
                dst_end = mrope_pos_ptr + completion_part_len

                MRotaryEmbedding.get_next_input_positions_tensor(
                    out=self.mrope_positions.np,
                    out_offset=dst_start,
                    mrope_position_delta=req.mrope_position_delta,
                    context_len=num_computed_tokens + prompt_part_len,
                    num_new_tokens=completion_part_len,
                )

                mrope_pos_ptr += completion_part_len

    def _calc_spec_decode_metadata(
        self,
        num_draft_tokens: np.ndarray,
        cu_num_scheduled_tokens: np.ndarray,
    ) -> SpecDecodeMetadata:
        # Inputs:
        # cu_num_scheduled_tokens:  [  4, 104, 107, 207, 209]
        # num_draft_tokens:         [  3,   0,   2,   0,   1]
        # Outputs:
        # cu_num_draft_tokens:      [  3,   3,   5,   5,   6]
        # logits_indices:           [  0,   1,   2,   3, 103, 104, 105, 106,
        #                            206, 207, 208]
        # target_logits_indices:    [  0,   1,   2,   5,   6,   9]
        # bonus_logits_indices:     [  3,   4,   7,   8,  10]

        # Compute the logits indices.
        # [4, 1, 3, 1, 2]
        num_sampled_tokens = num_draft_tokens + 1

        # Step 1. cu_num_sampled_tokens: [4, 5, 8, 9, 11]
        # arange: [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1]
        cu_num_sampled_tokens, arange = self._get_cumsum_and_arange(
            num_sampled_tokens, cumsum_dtype=np.int32
        )
        # Step 2. [0, 0, 0, 0, 103, 104, 104, 104, 206, 207, 207]
        logits_indices = np.repeat(
            cu_num_scheduled_tokens - num_sampled_tokens, num_sampled_tokens
        )
        # Step 3. [0, 1, 2, 3, 103, 104, 105, 106, 206, 207, 208]
        logits_indices += arange

        # Compute the bonus logits indices.
        bonus_logits_indices = cu_num_sampled_tokens - 1

        # Compute the draft logits indices.
        # cu_num_draft_tokens: [3, 3, 5, 5, 6]
        # arange: [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0]
        cu_num_draft_tokens, arange = self._get_cumsum_and_arange(
            num_draft_tokens, cumsum_dtype=np.int32
        )
        # [0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 9]
        target_logits_indices = np.repeat(
            cu_num_sampled_tokens - num_sampled_tokens, num_draft_tokens
        )
        # [0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 9]
        target_logits_indices += arange

        # TODO: Optimize the CPU -> GPU copy.
        cu_num_draft_tokens = torch.from_numpy(cu_num_draft_tokens).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )
        cu_num_sampled_tokens = torch.from_numpy(cu_num_sampled_tokens).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )
        logits_indices = torch.from_numpy(logits_indices).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )
        target_logits_indices = torch.from_numpy(target_logits_indices).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )
        bonus_logits_indices = torch.from_numpy(bonus_logits_indices).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )

        # Compute the draft token ids.
        # draft_token_indices:      [  1,   2,   3, 105, 106, 208]
        draft_token_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[logits_indices]
        draft_token_ids = draft_token_ids[target_logits_indices + 1]

        return SpecDecodeMetadata(
            draft_token_ids=draft_token_ids,
            num_draft_tokens=num_draft_tokens.tolist(),
            cu_num_draft_tokens=cu_num_draft_tokens,
            cu_num_sampled_tokens=cu_num_sampled_tokens,
            target_logits_indices=target_logits_indices,
            bonus_logits_indices=bonus_logits_indices,
            logits_indices=logits_indices,
        )

    def _prepare_kv_sharing_fast_prefill(
        self,
        logits_indices: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        assert self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices is not None
        num_logits = logits_indices.shape[0]
        assert num_logits > 0
        self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices[:num_logits].copy_(logits_indices)
        # There might have leftover indices in logits_indices[num_logits:]
        # from previous iterations, whose values may be greater than the
        # batch size in the current iteration. To ensure indices are always
        # valid, we fill the padded indices with the last index.
        self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices[num_logits:].fill_(
            logits_indices[-1].item()
        )
        if (
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE
            and num_logits <= self.cudagraph_batch_sizes[-1]
        ):
            # Use piecewise CUDA graphs.
            # Add padding to the batch size.
            num_logits_padded = self.vllm_config.pad_for_cudagraph(num_logits)
        else:
            num_logits_padded = num_logits
        logits_indices_padded = self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_logits_indices[
            :num_logits_padded
        ]
        return logits_indices_padded

    def _batch_mm_kwargs_from_scheduler(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
    ) -> tuple[list[MultiModalKwargsItem], list[tuple[str, PlaceholderRange]]]:
        """Batch multimodal kwargs from scheduled encoder inputs.

        Args:
            scheduler_output: The scheduler output containing scheduled encoder
                inputs.

        Returns:
            A tuple of (mm_kwargs, req_ids_pos) where:
            - mm_kwargs: List of multimodal kwargs items to be batched
            - mm_hashes_pos: List of (mm_hash, position_info) tuples
        """
        scheduled_encoder_inputs = scheduler_output.scheduled_encoder_inputs
        if not scheduled_encoder_inputs:
            return [], []
        # Batch the multi-modal inputs.
        mm_kwargs = list[MultiModalKwargsItem]()
        # list of tuple (mm_hash, position_info)
        mm_hashes_pos = list[tuple[str, PlaceholderRange]]()
        for req_id, encoder_input_ids in scheduled_encoder_inputs.items():
            req_state = self.requests[req_id]

            for mm_input_id in encoder_input_ids:
                mm_feature = req_state.mm_features[mm_input_id]
                mm_hash = mm_feature.identifier
                mm_kwargs.append(mm_feature.data)
                mm_hashes_pos.append((mm_hash, mm_feature.mm_position))

        return mm_kwargs, mm_hashes_pos

    def _execute_mm_encoder(self, scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput"):
        # Batch the multi-modal inputs using the helper method.
        mm_kwargs, mm_hashes_pos = self._batch_mm_kwargs_from_scheduler(
            scheduler_output
        )

        if not mm_kwargs:
            return

        # Batch mm inputs as much as we can: if a request in the batch has
        # multiple modalities or a different modality than the previous one,
        # we process it separately to preserve item order.
        # FIXME(ywang96): This is a hacky way to deal with multiple modalities
        # in the same batch while still being able to benefit from batching
        # multimodal inputs. The proper solution should be reordering the
        # encoder outputs.
        model = cast(SupportsMultiModal, self.model)
        encoder_outputs = []
        for modality, num_items, mm_kwargs_group in group_mm_kwargs_by_modality(
            mm_kwargs,
            device=self.device,
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
            merge_by_field_config=model.merge_by_field_config,
            multimodal_cpu_fields=model.multimodal_cpu_fields,
        ):
            curr_group_outputs = []

            # EVS-related change.
            # (ekhvedchenia): Temporary hack to limit peak memory usage when
            # processing multimodal data. This solves the issue with scheduler
            # putting too many video samples into a single batch. Scheduler
            # uses pruned vision tokens count to compare it versus compute
            # budget which is incorrect (Either input media size or non-pruned
            # output vision tokens count should be considered)
            # TODO(ywang96): Fix memory profiling to take EVS into account and
            # remove this hack.
            if (
                self.is_multimodal_pruning_enabled
                and modality == "video"
                and num_items > 1
            ):
                for video_mm_kwargs_item in filter(
                    lambda item: item.modality == "video", mm_kwargs
                ):
                    _, _, micro_batch_mm_inputs = next(
                        group_mm_kwargs_by_modality(
                            [video_mm_kwargs_item],
                            device=self.device,
                            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
                            merge_by_field_config=model.merge_by_field_config,
                            multimodal_cpu_fields=model.multimodal_cpu_fields,
                        )
                    )

                    micro_batch_outputs = model.get_multimodal_embeddings(
                        **micro_batch_mm_inputs
                    )

                    curr_group_outputs.extend(micro_batch_outputs)
            else:
                # Run the encoder.
                # `curr_group_outputs` is either of the following:
                # 1. A tensor of shape (num_items, feature_size, hidden_size)
                # in case feature_size is fixed across all multimodal items.
                # 2. A list or tuple (length: num_items) of tensors,
                # each of shape (feature_size, hidden_size) in case the feature
                # size is dynamic depending on the input multimodal items.
                curr_group_outputs = model.get_multimodal_embeddings(**mm_kwargs_group)

            sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs(
                curr_group_outputs,
                expected_num_items=num_items,
            )
            encoder_outputs.extend(curr_group_outputs)

        # Cache the encoder outputs by mm_hash
        for (mm_hash, pos_info), output in zip(mm_hashes_pos, encoder_outputs):
            self.encoder_cache[mm_hash] = scatter_mm_placeholders(
                output,
                is_embed=pos_info.is_embed,
            )

    def _gather_mm_embeddings(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        shift_computed_tokens: int = 0,
    ) -> tuple[list[torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor]:
        total_num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens

        mm_embeds = list[torch.Tensor]()
        is_mm_embed = self.is_mm_embed.cpu
        is_mm_embed[:total_num_scheduled_tokens] = False

        req_start_idx = 0
        should_sync_mrope_positions = False

        for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids:
            mm_embeds_req: list[torch.Tensor] = []

            num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens[req_id]
            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
            num_computed_tokens = req_state.num_computed_tokens + shift_computed_tokens

            for mm_feature in req_state.mm_features:
                pos_info = mm_feature.mm_position
                start_pos = pos_info.offset
                num_encoder_tokens = pos_info.length

                # The encoder output is needed if the two ranges overlap:
                # [num_computed_tokens,
                #  num_computed_tokens + num_scheduled_tokens) and
                # [start_pos, start_pos + num_encoder_tokens)
                if start_pos >= num_computed_tokens + num_scheduled_tokens:
                    # The encoder output is not needed in this step.
                    break
                if start_pos + num_encoder_tokens <= num_computed_tokens:
                    # The encoder output is already processed and stored
                    # in the decoder's KV cache.
                    continue

                start_idx = max(num_computed_tokens - start_pos, 0)
                end_idx = min(
                    num_computed_tokens - start_pos + num_scheduled_tokens,
                    num_encoder_tokens,
                )
                assert start_idx < end_idx

                mm_hash = mm_feature.identifier
                encoder_output = self.encoder_cache.get(mm_hash, None)
                assert encoder_output is not None, f"Encoder cache miss for {mm_hash}."

                if (is_embed := pos_info.is_embed) is not None:
                    is_embed = is_embed[start_idx:end_idx]

                req_start_pos = req_start_idx + start_pos - num_computed_tokens
                is_mm_embed[req_start_pos + start_idx : req_start_pos + end_idx] = (
                    True if is_embed is None else is_embed
                )

                mm_embeds_item = gather_mm_placeholders(
                    encoder_output[start_idx:end_idx],
                    is_embed=is_embed,
                )
                mm_embeds_req.append(mm_embeds_item)

            if self.is_multimodal_pruning_enabled and self.uses_mrope:
                assert req_state.mrope_positions is not None
                should_sync_mrope_positions = True
                mm_embeds_req, new_mrope_positions, new_delta = (
                    self.model.recompute_mrope_positions(
                        input_ids=req_state.prompt_token_ids,
                        multimodal_embeddings=mm_embeds_req,
                        mrope_positions=req_state.mrope_positions,
                        num_computed_tokens=req_state.num_computed_tokens,
                    )
                )
                req_state.mrope_positions.copy_(new_mrope_positions)
                req_state.mrope_position_delta = new_delta

            mm_embeds.extend(mm_embeds_req)
            req_start_idx += num_scheduled_tokens

        is_mm_embed = self.is_mm_embed.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)

        if should_sync_mrope_positions:
            self._calc_mrope_positions(scheduler_output)
            self.mrope_positions.copy_to_gpu(total_num_scheduled_tokens)

        return mm_embeds, is_mm_embed

    def _extract_encoder_inputs(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
    ) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """Extract encoder inputs for encoder-decoder models.

        This method extracts multimodal input features from scheduled encoder
        inputs and formats them for the encoder-decoder model forward pass.
        """
        # Batch the multi-modal inputs using the helper method.
        mm_kwargs, _ = self._batch_mm_kwargs_from_scheduler(scheduler_output)

        if not mm_kwargs:
            return {}

        # Group MM kwargs by modality and extract features
        model = cast(SupportsMultiModal, self.model)
        encoder_features = {}
        for _, _, mm_kwargs_group in group_mm_kwargs_by_modality(
            mm_kwargs,
            device=self.device,
            pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
            merge_by_field_config=model.merge_by_field_config,
            multimodal_cpu_fields=model.multimodal_cpu_fields,
        ):
            # Add the grouped features to encoder_features dict
            # This allows the model to receive them as kwargs (e.g.,
            # input_features=...)
            encoder_features.update(mm_kwargs_group)

        return encoder_features

    def get_model(self) -> nn.Module:
        # get raw model out of the cudagraph wrapper.
        if isinstance(self.model, (CUDAGraphWrapper, UBatchWrapper)):
            return self.model.unwrap()
        return self.model

    def get_supported_generation_tasks(self) -> list[GenerationTask]:
        model = self.get_model()
        supported_tasks = list[GenerationTask]()

        if is_text_generation_model(model):
            supported_tasks.append("generate")

        if supports_transcription(model):
            if model.supports_transcription_only:
                return ["transcription"]

            supported_tasks.append("transcription")

        return supported_tasks

    def get_supported_pooling_tasks(self) -> list[PoolingTask]:
        model = self.get_model()
        if not is_pooling_model(model):
            return []

        supported_tasks = list(model.pooler.get_supported_tasks())

        if self.scheduler_config.chunked_prefill_enabled:
            if "token_embed" in supported_tasks:
                supported_tasks.remove("token_embed")
            if "token_classify" in supported_tasks:
                supported_tasks.remove("token_classify")

            logger.debug_once(
                "Chunked prefill is not supported with "
                "token_embed and token_classify tasks "
                "which using ALL pooling. "
                "Please turn off chunked prefill by "
                "`--no-enable-chunked-prefill` before using it."
            )

        if "score" in supported_tasks:
            num_labels = getattr(self.model_config.hf_config, "num_labels", 0)
            if num_labels != 1:
                supported_tasks.remove("score")
                logger.debug_once("Score API is only enabled for num_labels == 1.")

        return supported_tasks

    def get_supported_tasks(self) -> tuple[SupportedTask, ...]:
        tasks = list[SupportedTask]()

        if self.model_config.runner_type == "generate":
            tasks.extend(self.get_supported_generation_tasks())
        if self.model_config.runner_type == "pooling":
            tasks.extend(self.get_supported_pooling_tasks())

        return tuple(tasks)

    def sync_and_slice_intermediate_tensors(
        self,
        num_tokens: int,
        intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors,
        sync_self: bool,
    ) -> IntermediateTensors:
        assert self.intermediate_tensors is not None

        tp = self.vllm_config.parallel_config.tensor_parallel_size
        is_rs = is_residual_scattered_for_sp(self.vllm_config, num_tokens)

        # When sequence parallelism is enabled, the "residual" tensor is sharded
        # across tensor parallel ranks, so each rank only needs its own slice.
        if sync_self:
            assert intermediate_tensors is not None
            for k, v in intermediate_tensors.items():
                is_scattered = k == "residual" and is_rs
                copy_len = num_tokens // tp if is_scattered else num_tokens
                self.intermediate_tensors[k][:copy_len].copy_(
                    v[:copy_len], non_blocking=True
                )

        return IntermediateTensors(
            {
                k: v[: num_tokens // tp]
                if k == "residual" and is_rs
                else v[:num_tokens]
                for k, v in self.intermediate_tensors.items()
            }
        )

    def eplb_step(self, is_dummy: bool = False, is_profile: bool = False) -> None:
        """
        Step for the EPLB (Expert Parallelism Load Balancing) state.
        """
        if not self.parallel_config.enable_eplb:
            return

        assert self.eplb_state is not None
        model = self.get_model()
        assert is_mixture_of_experts(model)
        self.eplb_state.step(
            is_dummy,
            is_profile,
            log_stats=self.parallel_config.eplb_config.log_balancedness,
        )

    # This is where the second ubatch is adjusted to account for the padding.
    # Should be called after attention metadata creation. This just pads
    # the second ubatch slice out to the total number of tokens
    # (num_tokens + padding)
    @staticmethod
    def pad_out_ubatch_slice(ubatch_slices: UBatchSlices, num_total_tokens: int):
        padded_second_ubatch_slice = slice(
            ubatch_slices[1].token_slice.start, num_total_tokens
        )
        ubatch_slices[1] = UBatchSlice(
            padded_second_ubatch_slice, padded_second_ubatch_slice
        )

    def _pool(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        num_scheduled_tokens: int,
        num_scheduled_tokens_np: np.ndarray,
    ) -> ModelRunnerOutput:
        assert self.input_batch.num_reqs == len(self.input_batch.pooling_params), (
            "Either all or none of the requests in a batch must be pooling request"
        )

        hidden_states = hidden_states[:num_scheduled_tokens]
        pooling_metadata = self.input_batch.get_pooling_metadata()
        pooling_metadata.build_pooling_cursor(
            num_scheduled_tokens_np.tolist(), device=hidden_states.device
        )
        seq_lens_cpu = self.seq_lens.cpu[: self.input_batch.num_reqs]

        model = cast(VllmModelForPooling, self.model)
        raw_pooler_output: PoolerOutput = model.pooler(
            hidden_states=hidden_states,
            pooling_metadata=pooling_metadata,
        )
        raw_pooler_output = json_map_leaves(
            lambda x: x.to("cpu", non_blocking=True),
            raw_pooler_output,
        )
        self._sync_device()

        pooler_output: list[torch.Tensor | None] = []
        for raw_output, seq_len, prompt_len in zip(
            raw_pooler_output, seq_lens_cpu, pooling_metadata.prompt_lens
        ):
            output = raw_output if seq_len == prompt_len else None
            pooler_output.append(output)

        return ModelRunnerOutput(
            req_ids=self.input_batch.req_ids,
            req_id_to_index=self.input_batch.req_id_to_index,
            sampled_token_ids=[],
            logprobs=None,
            prompt_logprobs_dict={},
            pooler_output=pooler_output,
        )

    def _get_num_input_tokens(self, num_scheduled_tokens: int) -> int:
        if (
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE
            and hasattr(self, "cudagraph_batch_sizes")
            and self.cudagraph_batch_sizes
            and num_scheduled_tokens <= self.cudagraph_batch_sizes[-1]
        ):
            # Use CUDA graphs.
            # Add padding to the batch size.
            return self.vllm_config.pad_for_cudagraph(num_scheduled_tokens)

        # Eager mode.
        # Pad tokens to multiple of tensor_parallel_size when
        # enabled collective fusion for SP
        tp_size = self.vllm_config.parallel_config.tensor_parallel_size
        if (
            self.compilation_config.pass_config.enable_sequence_parallelism
            and tp_size > 1
        ):
            return round_up(num_scheduled_tokens, tp_size)
        return num_scheduled_tokens

    def _preprocess(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        num_input_tokens: int,  # Padded
        intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[
        torch.Tensor | None,
        torch.Tensor | None,
        torch.Tensor,
        IntermediateTensors | None,
        dict[str, Any],
    ]:
        num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
        is_first_rank = get_pp_group().is_first_rank

        # _prepare_inputs may reorder the batch, so we must gather multi
        # modal outputs after that to ensure the correct order
        if (
            self.supports_mm_inputs
            and is_first_rank
            and not self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder
        ):
            # Run the multimodal encoder if any.
            self._execute_mm_encoder(scheduler_output)
            mm_embeds, is_mm_embed = self._gather_mm_embeddings(scheduler_output)

            # NOTE(woosuk): To unify token ids and soft tokens (vision
            # embeddings), we always use embeddings (rather than token ids)
            # as input to the multimodal model, even when the input is text.
            inputs_embeds_scheduled = self.model.get_input_embeddings(
                self.input_ids.gpu[:num_scheduled_tokens],
                multimodal_embeddings=mm_embeds,
                is_multimodal=is_mm_embed,
            )

            # TODO(woosuk): Avoid the copy. Optimize.
            self.inputs_embeds.gpu[:num_scheduled_tokens].copy_(inputs_embeds_scheduled)

            input_ids = None
            inputs_embeds = self.inputs_embeds.gpu[:num_input_tokens]
            model_kwargs = {
                **self._init_model_kwargs(num_scheduled_tokens),
                **self._extract_mm_kwargs(scheduler_output),
            }
        elif self.enable_prompt_embeds and is_first_rank:
            # Get the input embeddings for the tokens that are not input embeds,
            # then put them into the appropriate positions.
            # TODO(qthequartermasterman): Since even when prompt embeds are
            # enabled, (a) not all requests will use prompt embeds, and (b)
            # after the initial prompt is processed, the rest of the generated
            # tokens will be token ids, it is not desirable to have the
            # embedding layer outside of the CUDA graph all the time. The v0
            # engine avoids this by "double compiling" the CUDA graph, once
            # with input_ids and again with inputs_embeds, for all num_tokens.
            # If a batch only has token ids, then including the embedding layer
            # in the CUDA graph will be more performant (like in the else case
            # below).
            token_ids_idx = (
                self.is_token_ids.gpu[:num_scheduled_tokens]
                .nonzero(as_tuple=False)
                .squeeze(1)
            )
            # Some tokens ids may need to become embeds
            if token_ids_idx.numel() > 0:
                token_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[token_ids_idx]
                tokens_to_embeds = self.model.get_input_embeddings(input_ids=token_ids)
                self.inputs_embeds.gpu[token_ids_idx] = tokens_to_embeds

            inputs_embeds = self.inputs_embeds.gpu[:num_input_tokens]
            model_kwargs = self._init_model_kwargs(num_input_tokens)
            input_ids = None
        else:
            # For text-only models, we use token ids as input.
            # While it is possible to use embeddings as input just like the
            # multimodal models, it is not desirable for performance since
            # then the embedding layer is not included in the CUDA graph.
            input_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[:num_input_tokens]
            inputs_embeds = None
            model_kwargs = self._init_model_kwargs(num_input_tokens)
        if self.uses_mrope:
            positions = self.mrope_positions.gpu[:, :num_input_tokens]
        else:
            positions = self.positions.gpu[:num_input_tokens]

        if is_first_rank:
            intermediate_tensors = None
        else:
            intermediate_tensors = self.sync_and_slice_intermediate_tensors(
                num_input_tokens, intermediate_tensors, True
            )

        if (
            self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder
            and scheduler_output.scheduled_encoder_inputs
        ):
            encoder_inputs = self._extract_encoder_inputs(scheduler_output)
            model_kwargs.update(encoder_inputs)

        return (
            input_ids,
            inputs_embeds,
            positions,
            intermediate_tensors,
            model_kwargs,
        )

    def _sample(
        self,
        logits: torch.Tensor | None,
        spec_decode_metadata: SpecDecodeMetadata | None,
    ) -> SamplerOutput:
        # Sample the next token and get logprobs if needed.
        sampling_metadata = self.input_batch.sampling_metadata
        if spec_decode_metadata is None:
            # Update output token ids with tokens sampled in last step
            # if async scheduling and required by current sampling params.
            self.input_batch.update_async_output_token_ids()
            return self.sampler(
                logits=logits,
                sampling_metadata=sampling_metadata,
            )

        sampler_output = self.rejection_sampler(
            spec_decode_metadata,
            None,  # draft_probs
            logits,
            sampling_metadata,
        )
        self._update_states_after_model_execute(sampler_output.sampled_token_ids)
        return sampler_output

    def _bookkeeping_sync(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        sampler_output: SamplerOutput,
        logits: torch.Tensor | None,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        num_scheduled_tokens: int,
        spec_decode_metadata: SpecDecodeMetadata | None,
    ) -> tuple[
        dict[str, int],
        LogprobsLists | None,
        list[list[int]],
        dict[str, LogprobsTensors | None],
        list[str],
        dict[str, int],
        list[int],
    ]:
        num_nans_in_logits = {}
        if envs.VLLM_COMPUTE_NANS_IN_LOGITS:
            num_nans_in_logits = self._get_nans_in_logits(logits)

        discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices = self.discard_request_indices.np[
            : self.num_discarded_requests
        ]
        for i in discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices:
            gen = self.input_batch.generators.get(int(i))
            if gen is not None:
                gen.set_offset(gen.get_offset() - 4)

        # Copy some objects so they don't get modified after returning.
        # This is important when using async scheduling.
        req_ids_output_copy = self.input_batch.req_ids.copy()
        req_id_to_index_output_copy = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index.copy()

        num_sampled_tokens = sampler_output.sampled_token_ids.shape[0]
        sampled_token_ids = sampler_output.sampled_token_ids
        invalid_req_indices = []
        if not self.use_async_scheduling:
            # Get the valid generated tokens.
            max_gen_len = sampled_token_ids.shape[-1]
            if max_gen_len == 1:
                # No spec decode tokens.
                valid_sampled_token_ids = self._to_list(sampled_token_ids)
            else:
                # Includes spec decode tokens.
                valid_sampled_token_ids = self.rejection_sampler.parse_output(
                    sampled_token_ids,
                    self.input_batch.vocab_size,
                )
            # Mask out the sampled tokens that should not be sampled.
            for i in discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices:
                valid_sampled_token_ids[int(i)].clear()
        else:
            valid_sampled_token_ids = []
            invalid_req_indices = discard_sampled_tokens_req_indices.tolist()
            invalid_req_indices_set = set(invalid_req_indices)
            assert sampled_token_ids.shape[-1] == 1

            # Cache the sampled tokens on the GPU and avoid CPU sync.
            # These will be copied into input_ids in the next step
            # when preparing inputs.
            self.input_batch.prev_sampled_token_ids = sampled_token_ids
            self.input_batch.prev_req_id_to_index = {
                req_id: i
                for i, req_id in enumerate(self.input_batch.req_ids)
                if i not in invalid_req_indices_set
            }

        # Cache the sampled tokens in the model runner, so that the scheduler
        # doesn't need to send them back.
        # NOTE(woosuk): As an exception, when using PP, the scheduler sends
        # the sampled tokens back, because there's no direct communication
        # between the first-stage worker and the last-stage worker.
        req_ids = self.input_batch.req_ids
        logprobs_tensors = sampler_output.logprobs_tensors
        cu_num_accepted_tokens = (
            [0] if spec_decode_metadata and logprobs_tensors else None
        )
        for req_idx in range(num_sampled_tokens):
            if self.use_async_scheduling:
                sampled_ids = [-1] if req_idx not in invalid_req_indices_set else None
            else:
                sampled_ids = valid_sampled_token_ids[req_idx]

            num_sampled_ids: int = len(sampled_ids) if sampled_ids else 0

            if cu_num_accepted_tokens is not None:
                cu_num_accepted_tokens.append(
                    cu_num_accepted_tokens[-1] + num_sampled_ids
                )

            if not sampled_ids:
                continue

            start_idx = self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec[req_idx]
            end_idx = start_idx + num_sampled_ids
            assert end_idx <= self.max_model_len, (
                "Sampled token IDs exceed the max model length. "
                f"Total number of tokens: {end_idx} > max_model_len: "
                f"{self.max_model_len}"
            )

            self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu[req_idx, start_idx:end_idx] = sampled_ids
            self.input_batch.is_token_ids[req_idx, start_idx:end_idx] = True
            self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec[req_idx] = end_idx
            self.input_batch.num_tokens[req_idx] = end_idx

            req_id = req_ids[req_idx]
            req_state = self.requests[req_id]
            req_state.output_token_ids.extend(sampled_ids)

        logprobs_lists = (
            logprobs_tensors.tolists(cu_num_accepted_tokens)
            if not self.use_async_scheduling and logprobs_tensors is not None
            else None
        )

        # Compute prompt logprobs if needed.
        prompt_logprobs_dict = self._get_prompt_logprobs_dict(
            hidden_states[:num_scheduled_tokens],
            scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens,
        )

        return (
            num_nans_in_logits,
            logprobs_lists,
            valid_sampled_token_ids,
            prompt_logprobs_dict,
            req_ids_output_copy,
            req_id_to_index_output_copy,
            invalid_req_indices,
        )

    @contextmanager
    def synchronize_input_prep(self):
        if self.prepare_inputs_event is None:
            yield
            return

        # Ensure prior step has finished with reused CPU tensors.
        # This is required in the async scheduling case because
        # the CPU->GPU transfer happens async.
        self.prepare_inputs_event.synchronize()
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            self.prepare_inputs_event.record()

    def _model_forward(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor | None = None,
        positions: torch.Tensor | None = None,
        intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors | None = None,
        inputs_embeds: torch.Tensor | None = None,
        **model_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
    ) -> Any:
        """Helper method to call the model forward pass.

        This method can be overridden by subclasses for model execution.
        Motivation: We can inspect only this method versus
        the whole execute_model, which has additional logic.

        Args:
            input_ids: Input token IDs
            positions: Token positions
            intermediate_tensors: Tensors from previous pipeline stages
            inputs_embeds: Input embeddings (alternative to input_ids)
            **model_kwargs: Additional model arguments

        Returns:
            Model output tensor
        """
        return self.model(
            input_ids=input_ids,
            positions=positions,
            intermediate_tensors=intermediate_tensors,
            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
            **model_kwargs,
        )

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def execute_model(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        intermediate_tensors: IntermediateTensors | None = None,
    ) -> ModelRunnerOutput | IntermediateTensors | None:
        if self.execute_model_state is not None:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "State error: sample_tokens() must be called "
                "after execute_model() returns None."
            )
        num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
        with record_function_or_nullcontext("Preprocess"):
            with self.synchronize_input_prep():
                # Update persistent batch states.
                self._update_states(scheduler_output)

                if not num_scheduled_tokens:
                    if not has_kv_transfer_group():
                        # Return empty ModelRunnerOutput if no work to do.
                        return EMPTY_MODEL_RUNNER_OUTPUT
                    return self.kv_connector_no_forward(
                        scheduler_output, self.vllm_config
                    )
                if self.cache_config.kv_sharing_fast_prefill:
                    assert not self.input_batch.num_prompt_logprobs, (
                        "--kv-sharing-fast-prefill produces incorrect "
                        "logprobs for prompt tokens, tokens, please disable "
                        "it when the requests need prompt logprobs"
                    )

                # Prepare the decoder inputs.
                (
                    attn_metadata,
                    logits_indices,
                    spec_decode_metadata,
                    num_scheduled_tokens_np,
                    spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
                    max_query_len,
                    ubatch_slices,
                    num_tokens_across_dp,
                    use_cascade_attn,
                ) = self._prepare_inputs(scheduler_output)

            dp_rank = self.parallel_config.data_parallel_rank
            if ubatch_slices:
                assert num_tokens_across_dp is not None
                num_input_tokens = int(num_tokens_across_dp[dp_rank].item())
                self.pad_out_ubatch_slice(ubatch_slices, num_input_tokens)
            elif num_tokens_across_dp is not None:
                num_input_tokens = int(num_tokens_across_dp[dp_rank].item())
            else:
                num_input_tokens = self._get_num_input_tokens(
                    scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
                )

            (
                input_ids,
                inputs_embeds,
                positions,
                intermediate_tensors,
                model_kwargs,
            ) = self._preprocess(
                scheduler_output, num_input_tokens, intermediate_tensors
            )

            uniform_decode = (max_query_len == self.uniform_decode_query_len) and (
                num_scheduled_tokens == self.input_batch.num_reqs * max_query_len
            )
            batch_descriptor = BatchDescriptor(
                num_tokens=num_input_tokens,
                uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
                has_lora=len(self.input_batch.lora_id_to_lora_request) > 0,
            )
            cudagraph_runtime_mode, batch_descriptor = (
                self.cudagraph_dispatcher.dispatch(batch_descriptor, use_cascade_attn)
            )

        # Set cudagraph mode to none if calc_kv_scales is true.
        if attn_metadata is not None:
            metadata_list = (
                attn_metadata.values()
                if isinstance(attn_metadata, dict)
                else [attn_metadata]
            )
            if any(
                getattr(m, "enable_kv_scales_calculation", False) for m in metadata_list
            ):
                cudagraph_runtime_mode = CUDAGraphMode.NONE

        # Run the model.
        # Use persistent buffers for CUDA graphs.
        with (
            set_forward_context(
                attn_metadata,
                self.vllm_config,
                num_tokens=num_input_tokens,
                num_tokens_across_dp=num_tokens_across_dp,
                cudagraph_runtime_mode=cudagraph_runtime_mode,
                batch_descriptor=batch_descriptor,
                ubatch_slices=ubatch_slices,
            ),
            record_function_or_nullcontext("Forward"),
            self.maybe_get_kv_connector_output(scheduler_output) as kv_connector_output,
        ):
            model_output = self._model_forward(
                input_ids=input_ids,
                positions=positions,
                intermediate_tensors=intermediate_tensors,
                inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
                **model_kwargs,
            )

        with record_function_or_nullcontext("Postprocess"):
            if self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs:
                # True when EAGLE 3 is used.
                hidden_states, aux_hidden_states = model_output
            else:
                # Common case.
                hidden_states = model_output
                aux_hidden_states = None

            if not self.broadcast_pp_output:
                # Common case.
                if not get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
                    # Return the intermediate tensors.
                    assert isinstance(hidden_states, IntermediateTensors)
                    hidden_states.kv_connector_output = kv_connector_output
                    return hidden_states

                if self.is_pooling_model:
                    # Return the pooling output.
                    output = self._pool(
                        hidden_states, num_scheduled_tokens, num_scheduled_tokens_np
                    )
                    output.kv_connector_output = kv_connector_output
                    return output

                sample_hidden_states = hidden_states[logits_indices]
                logits = self.model.compute_logits(sample_hidden_states)
            else:
                # Rare case.
                assert not self.is_pooling_model

                sample_hidden_states = hidden_states[logits_indices]
                if not get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
                    all_gather_tensors = {
                        "residual": not is_residual_scattered_for_sp(
                            self.vllm_config, num_input_tokens
                        )
                    }
                    get_pp_group().send_tensor_dict(
                        hidden_states.tensors,
                        all_gather_group=get_tp_group(),
                        all_gather_tensors=all_gather_tensors,
                    )
                    logits = None
                else:
                    logits = self.model.compute_logits(sample_hidden_states)

                model_output_broadcast_data = {}
                if logits is not None:
                    model_output_broadcast_data["logits"] = logits.contiguous()

                model_output_broadcast_data = get_pp_group().broadcast_tensor_dict(
                    model_output_broadcast_data, src=len(get_pp_group().ranks) - 1
                )
                assert model_output_broadcast_data is not None
                logits = model_output_broadcast_data["logits"]

        self.execute_model_state = ExecuteModelState(
            scheduler_output,
            logits,
            spec_decode_metadata,
            spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
            hidden_states,
            sample_hidden_states,
            aux_hidden_states,
            kv_connector_output,
        )
        return None

    @torch.inference_mode
    def sample_tokens(
        self, grammar_output: "GrammarOutput | None"
    ) -> ModelRunnerOutput | AsyncModelRunnerOutput | IntermediateTensors:
        if self.execute_model_state is None:
            # Nothing to do (PP non-final rank case), output isn't used.
            return None  # noqa

        # Unpack ephemeral state.
        (
            scheduler_output,
            logits,
            spec_decode_metadata,
            spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
            hidden_states,
            sample_hidden_states,
            aux_hidden_states,
            kv_connector_output,
        ) = self.execute_model_state
        # Clear ephemeral state.
        self.execute_model_state = None

        # Apply structured output bitmasks if present.
        if grammar_output is not None:
            apply_grammar_bitmask(
                scheduler_output, grammar_output, self.input_batch, logits
            )

        with record_function_or_nullcontext("Sample"):
            sampler_output = self._sample(logits, spec_decode_metadata)

        def propose_draft_token_ids(sampled_token_ids):
            assert spec_decode_common_attn_metadata is not None
            with record_function_or_nullcontext("Draft"):
                self._draft_token_ids = self.propose_draft_token_ids(
                    scheduler_output,
                    sampled_token_ids,
                    self.input_batch.sampling_metadata,
                    hidden_states,
                    sample_hidden_states,
                    aux_hidden_states,
                    spec_decode_metadata,
                    spec_decode_common_attn_metadata,
                )

        use_padded_batch_for_eagle = (
            self.speculative_config
            and self.speculative_config.use_eagle()
            and not self.speculative_config.disable_padded_drafter_batch
        )
        effective_drafter_max_model_len = self.max_model_len
        if effective_drafter_max_model_len is None:
            effective_drafter_max_model_len = self.model_config.max_model_len
        if (
            self.speculative_config
            and self.speculative_config.draft_model_config is not None
            and self.speculative_config.draft_model_config.max_model_len is not None
        ):
            effective_drafter_max_model_len = (
                self.speculative_config.draft_model_config.max_model_len
            )
        input_fits_in_drafter = spec_decode_common_attn_metadata and (
            spec_decode_common_attn_metadata.max_seq_len
            + self.speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens
            <= effective_drafter_max_model_len
        )
        if use_padded_batch_for_eagle and input_fits_in_drafter:
            # EAGLE speculative decoding can use the GPU sampled tokens
            # as inputs, and does not need to wait for bookkeeping to finish.
            propose_draft_token_ids(sampler_output.sampled_token_ids)

        with record_function_or_nullcontext("Bookkeep"):
            (
                num_nans_in_logits,
                logprobs_lists,
                valid_sampled_token_ids,
                prompt_logprobs_dict,
                req_ids_output_copy,
                req_id_to_index_output_copy,
                invalid_req_indices,
            ) = self._bookkeeping_sync(
                scheduler_output,
                sampler_output,
                logits,
                hidden_states,
                scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens,
                spec_decode_metadata,
            )

        if (
            self.speculative_config
            and not use_padded_batch_for_eagle
            and input_fits_in_drafter
        ):
            # ngram and other speculative decoding methods use the sampled
            # tokens on the CPU, so they are run after bookkeeping.
            propose_draft_token_ids(valid_sampled_token_ids)

        with record_function_or_nullcontext("EPLB"):
            self.eplb_step()

        output = ModelRunnerOutput(
            req_ids=req_ids_output_copy,
            req_id_to_index=req_id_to_index_output_copy,
            sampled_token_ids=valid_sampled_token_ids,
            logprobs=logprobs_lists,
            prompt_logprobs_dict=prompt_logprobs_dict,
            pooler_output=[],
            kv_connector_output=kv_connector_output,
            num_nans_in_logits=num_nans_in_logits,
        )

        if not self.use_async_scheduling:
            return output

        async_output = AsyncGPUModelRunnerOutput(
            model_runner_output=output,
            sampled_token_ids=sampler_output.sampled_token_ids,
            logprobs_tensors=sampler_output.logprobs_tensors,
            invalid_req_indices=invalid_req_indices,
            async_output_copy_stream=self.async_output_copy_stream,
        )

        # Save ref of sampled_token_ids CPU tensor if the batch contains
        # any requests with sampling params that that require output ids.
        self.input_batch.set_async_sampled_token_ids(
            async_output.sampled_token_ids_cpu,
            async_output.async_copy_ready_event,
        )

        return async_output

    def take_draft_token_ids(self) -> DraftTokenIds | None:
        if self._draft_token_ids is None:
            return None
        req_ids = self.input_batch.req_ids
        if isinstance(self._draft_token_ids, torch.Tensor):
            draft_token_ids = self._draft_token_ids.tolist()
        else:
            draft_token_ids = self._draft_token_ids
        self._draft_token_ids = None
        return DraftTokenIds(req_ids, draft_token_ids)

    def propose_draft_token_ids(
        self,
        scheduler_output: "SchedulerOutput",
        sampled_token_ids: torch.Tensor | list[list[int]],
        sampling_metadata: SamplingMetadata,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        sample_hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        aux_hidden_states: list[torch.Tensor] | None,
        spec_decode_metadata: SpecDecodeMetadata | None,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    ) -> list[list[int]] | torch.Tensor:
        num_scheduled_tokens = scheduler_output.total_num_scheduled_tokens
        if self.speculative_config.method == "ngram":
            assert isinstance(sampled_token_ids, list)
            assert isinstance(self.drafter, NgramProposer)
            draft_token_ids = self.drafter.propose(
                sampled_token_ids,
                self.input_batch.req_ids,
                self.input_batch.num_tokens_no_spec,
                self.input_batch.token_ids_cpu,
                self.input_batch.spec_decode_unsupported_reqs,
            )
        elif self.speculative_config.method == "suffix":
            assert isinstance(sampled_token_ids, list)
            assert isinstance(self.drafter, SuffixDecodingProposer)
            draft_token_ids = self.drafter.propose(self.input_batch, sampled_token_ids)
        elif self.speculative_config.method == "medusa":
            assert isinstance(sampled_token_ids, list)
            assert isinstance(self.drafter, MedusaProposer)

            if sample_hidden_states.shape[0] == len(sampled_token_ids):
                # The input to the target model does not include draft tokens.
                hidden_states = sample_hidden_states
            else:
                indices = []
                offset = 0
                assert spec_decode_metadata is not None, (
                    "No spec decode metadata for medusa"
                )
                for num_draft, tokens in zip(
                    spec_decode_metadata.num_draft_tokens, sampled_token_ids
                ):
                    indices.append(offset + len(tokens) - 1)
                    offset += num_draft + 1
                indices = torch.tensor(indices, device=self.device)
                hidden_states = sample_hidden_states[indices]

            draft_token_ids = self.drafter.propose(
                target_hidden_states=hidden_states,
                sampling_metadata=sampling_metadata,
            )
        elif self.speculative_config.use_eagle():
            assert isinstance(self.drafter, EagleProposer)

            if self.speculative_config.disable_padded_drafter_batch:
                # When padded-batch is disabled, the sampled_token_ids should be
                # the cpu-side list[list[int]] of valid sampled tokens for each
                # request, with invalid requests having empty lists.
                assert isinstance(sampled_token_ids, list), (
                    "sampled_token_ids should be a python list when"
                    "padded-batch is disabled."
                )
                next_token_ids = self.drafter.prepare_next_token_ids_cpu(
                    sampled_token_ids,
                    self.requests,
                    self.input_batch,
                    scheduler_output.num_scheduled_tokens,
                )
            else:
                # When using padded-batch, the sampled_token_ids should be
                # the gpu tensor of sampled tokens for each request, of shape
                # (num_reqs, num_spec_tokens + 1) with rejected tokens having
                # value -1.
                assert isinstance(sampled_token_ids, torch.Tensor), (
                    "sampled_token_ids should be a torch.Tensor when"
                    "padded-batch is enabled."
                )
                next_token_ids, valid_sampled_tokens_count = (
                    self.drafter.prepare_next_token_ids_padded(
                        common_attn_metadata,
                        sampled_token_ids,
                        self.requests,
                        self.input_batch,
                        self.discard_request_indices.gpu,
                        self.num_discarded_requests,
                    )
                )

            if spec_decode_metadata is None:
                token_indices_to_sample = None
                # input_ids can be None for multimodal models.
                target_token_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[:num_scheduled_tokens]
                target_positions = self._get_positions(num_scheduled_tokens)
                if self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs:
                    assert aux_hidden_states is not None
                    target_hidden_states = torch.cat(
                        [h[:num_scheduled_tokens] for h in aux_hidden_states], dim=-1
                    )
                else:
                    target_hidden_states = hidden_states[:num_scheduled_tokens]
            else:
                if self.speculative_config.disable_padded_drafter_batch:
                    token_indices_to_sample = None
                    common_attn_metadata, token_indices = self.drafter.prepare_inputs(
                        common_attn_metadata,
                        sampled_token_ids,
                        spec_decode_metadata.num_draft_tokens,
                    )
                else:
                    common_attn_metadata, token_indices, token_indices_to_sample = (
                        self.drafter.prepare_inputs_padded(
                            common_attn_metadata,
                            spec_decode_metadata,
                            valid_sampled_tokens_count,
                        )
                    )

                target_token_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[token_indices]
                target_positions = self._get_positions(token_indices)
                if self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs:
                    assert aux_hidden_states is not None
                    target_hidden_states = torch.cat(
                        [h[token_indices] for h in aux_hidden_states], dim=-1
                    )
                else:
                    target_hidden_states = hidden_states[token_indices]

            if self.supports_mm_inputs:
                mm_embed_inputs = self._gather_mm_embeddings(
                    scheduler_output,
                    shift_computed_tokens=1,
                )
            else:
                mm_embed_inputs = None

            draft_token_ids = self.drafter.propose(
                target_token_ids=target_token_ids,
                target_positions=target_positions,
                target_hidden_states=target_hidden_states,
                next_token_ids=next_token_ids,
                last_token_indices=token_indices_to_sample,
                sampling_metadata=sampling_metadata,
                common_attn_metadata=common_attn_metadata,
                mm_embed_inputs=mm_embed_inputs,
            )

        return draft_token_ids

    def update_config(self, overrides: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        allowed_config_names = {"load_config", "model_config"}
        for config_name, config_overrides in overrides.items():
            assert config_name in allowed_config_names, (
                f"Config `{config_name}` not supported. "
                f"Allowed configs: {allowed_config_names}"
            )
            config = getattr(self, config_name)
            new_config = update_config(config, config_overrides)
            setattr(self, config_name, new_config)

    def load_model(self, eep_scale_up: bool = False) -> None:
        """
        Args:
            eep_scale_up: the model loading is for elastic EP scale up.
        """
        logger.info_once(
            "Starting to load model %s...",
            self.model_config.model,
            scope="global",
        )
        global_expert_loads, old_global_expert_indices_per_model, rank_mapping = (
            EplbState.get_eep_state(self.parallel_config)
            if eep_scale_up
            else (None, None, None)
        )

        if self.parallel_config.enable_eplb:
            self.eplb_state = EplbState(self.parallel_config, self.device)
            eplb_models = 0
        with DeviceMemoryProfiler() as m:
            time_before_load = time.perf_counter()
            model_loader = get_model_loader(self.load_config)
            self.model = model_loader.load_model(
                vllm_config=self.vllm_config, model_config=self.model_config
            )
            if self.lora_config:
                self.model = self.load_lora_model(
                    self.model, self.vllm_config, self.device
                )
            if hasattr(self, "drafter"):
                logger.info_once("Loading drafter model...")
                self.drafter.load_model(self.model)
                if (
                    hasattr(self.drafter, "model")
                    and is_mixture_of_experts(self.drafter.model)
                    and self.parallel_config.enable_eplb
                ):
                    logger.info_once(
                        "EPLB is enabled for drafter model %s.",
                        self.vllm_config.speculative_config.draft_model_config.model,
                    )

                    global_expert_load = (
                        global_expert_loads[eplb_models]
                        if global_expert_loads
                        else None
                    )
                    old_global_expert_indices = (
                        old_global_expert_indices_per_model[eplb_models]
                        if old_global_expert_indices_per_model
                        else None
                    )
                    if self.eplb_state is None:
                        self.eplb_state = EplbState(self.parallel_config, self.device)
                    self.eplb_state.add_model(
                        self.drafter.model,
                        self.vllm_config.speculative_config.draft_model_config,
                        global_expert_load,
                        old_global_expert_indices,
                        rank_mapping,
                    )
                    eplb_models += 1

            if self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs:
                if not supports_eagle3(self.get_model()):
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "Model does not support EAGLE3 interface but "
                        "aux_hidden_state_outputs was requested"
                    )

                # Try to get auxiliary layers from speculative config,
                # otherwise use model's default layers
                aux_layers = self._get_eagle3_aux_layers_from_config()
                if aux_layers:
                    logger.info(
                        "Using auxiliary layers from speculative config: %s",
                        aux_layers,
                    )
                else:
                    aux_layers = self.model.get_eagle3_aux_hidden_state_layers()

                self.model.set_aux_hidden_state_layers(aux_layers)
            time_after_load = time.perf_counter()
        self.model_memory_usage = m.consumed_memory
        logger.info_once(
            "Model loading took %.4f GiB memory and %.6f seconds",
            self.model_memory_usage / GiB_bytes,
            time_after_load - time_before_load,
            scope="local",
        )
        prepare_communication_buffer_for_model(self.model)
        self.is_multimodal_pruning_enabled = (
            supports_multimodal_pruning(self.get_model())
            and self.model_config.multimodal_config.is_multimodal_pruning_enabled()
        )

        if is_mixture_of_experts(self.model) and self.parallel_config.enable_eplb:
            logger.info_once("EPLB is enabled for model %s.", self.model_config.model)
            global_expert_load = (
                global_expert_loads[eplb_models] if global_expert_loads else None
            )
            old_global_expert_indices = (
                old_global_expert_indices_per_model[eplb_models]
                if old_global_expert_indices_per_model
                else None
            )
            assert self.eplb_state is not None
            self.eplb_state.add_model(
                self.model,
                self.model_config,
                global_expert_load,
                old_global_expert_indices,
                rank_mapping,
            )

        if (
            self.vllm_config.compilation_config.mode
            == CompilationMode.STOCK_TORCH_COMPILE
            and supports_dynamo()
        ):
            backend = self.vllm_config.compilation_config.init_backend(self.vllm_config)
            compilation_counter.stock_torch_compile_count += 1
            self.model.compile(fullgraph=True, backend=backend)
            return
        # for other compilation modes, cudagraph behavior is controlled by
        # CudagraphWraper and CudagraphDispatcher of vllm.

        # wrap the model with full cudagraph wrapper if needed.
        if (
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode.has_full_cudagraphs()
            and not self.parallel_config.enable_dbo
        ):
            self.model = CUDAGraphWrapper(
                self.model, self.vllm_config, runtime_mode=CUDAGraphMode.FULL
            )
        elif self.parallel_config.enable_dbo:
            if self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode.has_full_cudagraphs():
                self.model = UBatchWrapper(
                    self.model, self.vllm_config, CUDAGraphMode.FULL, self.device
                )
            else:
                self.model = UBatchWrapper(
                    self.model, self.vllm_config, CUDAGraphMode.NONE, self.device
                )

    def _get_eagle3_aux_layers_from_config(self) -> tuple[int, ...] | None:
        """Extract Eagle3 auxiliary layer indices from speculative config.

        These indices specify which hidden states from the base model should
        be used as auxiliary inputs for the Eagle3 drafter model during
        speculative decoding.

        Returns:
            Tuple of layer indices if found in draft model config,
            None otherwise.
        """
        if not (self.speculative_config and self.speculative_config.draft_model_config):
            return None

        hf_config = self.speculative_config.draft_model_config.hf_config
        if not hasattr(hf_config, "eagle_aux_hidden_state_layer_ids"):
            return None

        layer_ids = hf_config.eagle_aux_hidden_state_layer_ids
        if layer_ids and isinstance(layer_ids, (list, tuple)):
            return tuple(layer_ids)

        return None

    def reload_weights(self) -> None:
        assert getattr(self, "model", None) is not None, (
            "Cannot reload weights before model is loaded."
        )
        model_loader = get_model_loader(self.load_config)
        logger.info("Reloading weights inplace...")
        model_loader.load_weights(self.get_model(), model_config=self.model_config)

    def save_tensorized_model(
        self,
        tensorizer_config: "TensorizerConfig",
    ) -> None:
        TensorizerLoader.save_model(
            self.get_model(),
            tensorizer_config=tensorizer_config,
            model_config=self.model_config,
        )

    def _get_prompt_logprobs_dict(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        num_scheduled_tokens: dict[str, int],
    ) -> dict[str, LogprobsTensors | None]:
        num_prompt_logprobs_dict = self.input_batch.num_prompt_logprobs
        if not num_prompt_logprobs_dict:
            return {}

        in_progress_dict = self.input_batch.in_progress_prompt_logprobs_cpu
        prompt_logprobs_dict: dict[str, LogprobsTensors | None] = {}

        # Since prompt logprobs are a rare feature, prioritize simple,
        # maintainable loop over optimal performance.
        completed_prefill_reqs = []
        for req_id, num_prompt_logprobs in num_prompt_logprobs_dict.items():
            num_tokens = num_scheduled_tokens[req_id]

            # Get metadata for this request.
            request = self.requests[req_id]
            if request.prompt_token_ids is None:
                # Prompt logprobs is incompatible with prompt embeddings
                continue

            num_prompt_tokens = len(request.prompt_token_ids)
            prompt_token_ids = torch.tensor(request.prompt_token_ids).to(
                self.device, non_blocking=True
            )

            # Set up target LogprobsTensors object.
            logprobs_tensors = in_progress_dict.get(req_id)
            if not logprobs_tensors:
                # Create empty logprobs CPU tensors for the entire prompt.
                # If chunked, we'll copy in slice by slice.
                logprobs_tensors = LogprobsTensors.empty_cpu(
                    num_prompt_tokens - 1, num_prompt_logprobs + 1
                )
                in_progress_dict[req_id] = logprobs_tensors

            # Determine number of logits to retrieve.
            start_idx = request.num_computed_tokens
            start_tok = start_idx + 1
            num_remaining_tokens = num_prompt_tokens - start_tok
            if num_tokens <= num_remaining_tokens:
                # This is a chunk, more tokens remain.
                # In the == case, there are no more prompt logprobs to produce
                # but we want to defer returning them to the next step where we
                # have new generated tokens to return.
                num_logits = num_tokens
            else:
                # This is the last chunk of prompt tokens to return.
                num_logits = num_remaining_tokens
                completed_prefill_reqs.append(req_id)
                prompt_logprobs_dict[req_id] = logprobs_tensors

            if num_logits <= 0:
                # This can happen for the final chunk if we prefilled exactly
                # (num_prompt_tokens - 1) tokens for this request in the prior
                # step. There are no more prompt logprobs to produce.
                continue

            # Get the logits corresponding to this req's prompt tokens.
            # If this is a partial request (i.e. chunked prefill),
            # then there is prompt logprob generated for each index.
            req_idx = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index[req_id]
            offset = self.query_start_loc.np[req_idx].item()
            prompt_hidden_states = hidden_states[offset : offset + num_logits]
            logits = self.model.compute_logits(prompt_hidden_states)

            # Get the "target" tokens for each index. For prompt at index i,
            # the token at prompt index i+1 is the "sampled" token we want
            # to gather the logprob for.
            tgt_token_ids = prompt_token_ids[start_tok : start_tok + num_logits]

            # Compute prompt logprobs.
            logprobs = self.sampler.compute_logprobs(logits)
            token_ids, logprobs, ranks = self.sampler.gather_logprobs(
                logprobs, num_prompt_logprobs, tgt_token_ids
            )

            # Transfer GPU->CPU async.
            chunk_slice = slice(start_idx, start_idx + num_logits)
            logprobs_tensors.logprob_token_ids[chunk_slice].copy_(
                token_ids, non_blocking=True
            )
            logprobs_tensors.logprobs[chunk_slice].copy_(logprobs, non_blocking=True)
            logprobs_tensors.selected_token_ranks[chunk_slice].copy_(
                ranks, non_blocking=True
            )

        # Remove requests that have completed prefill from the batch
        # num_prompt_logprobs_dict.
        for req_id in completed_prefill_reqs:
            del num_prompt_logprobs_dict[req_id]
            del in_progress_dict[req_id]

        # Must synchronize the non-blocking GPU->CPU transfers.
        if prompt_logprobs_dict:
            self._sync_device()

        return prompt_logprobs_dict

    def _get_nans_in_logits(
        self,
        logits: torch.Tensor | None,
    ) -> dict[str, int]:
        try:
            if logits is None:
                return {req_id: 0 for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids}

            num_nans_in_logits = {}
            num_nans_for_index = logits.isnan().sum(dim=-1).cpu().numpy()
            for req_id in self.input_batch.req_ids:
                req_index = self.input_batch.req_id_to_index[req_id]
                num_nans_in_logits[req_id] = (
                    int(num_nans_for_index[req_index])
                    if num_nans_for_index is not None and req_index < logits.shape[0]
                    else 0
                )
            return num_nans_in_logits
        except IndexError:
            return {}

    @contextmanager
    def maybe_randomize_inputs(self, input_ids: torch.Tensor):
        """
        Randomize input_ids if VLLM_RANDOMIZE_DP_DUMMY_INPUTS is set.
        This is to help balance expert-selection
         - during profile_run
         - during DP rank dummy run
        """
        dp_size = self.vllm_config.parallel_config.data_parallel_size
        randomize_inputs = envs.VLLM_RANDOMIZE_DP_DUMMY_INPUTS and dp_size > 1
        if not randomize_inputs:
            yield
        else:
            import functools

            @functools.cache
            def rand_input_ids() -> torch.Tensor:
                return torch.randint_like(
                    self.input_ids.gpu,
                    low=0,
                    high=self.model_config.get_vocab_size(),
                    dtype=input_ids.dtype,
                )

            logger.debug_once("Randomizing dummy data for DP Rank")
            input_ids.copy_(rand_input_ids()[: input_ids.size(0)], non_blocking=True)
            yield
            input_ids.fill_(0)

    def _get_mm_dummy_batch(
        self,
        modality: str,
        max_items_per_batch: int,
    ) -> BatchedTensorInputs:
        """Dummy data for profiling and precompiling multimodal models."""
        assert self.mm_budget is not None

        dummy_decoder_data = self.mm_registry.get_decoder_dummy_data(
            model_config=self.model_config,
            seq_len=self.max_model_len,
            mm_counts={modality: 1},
            cache=self.mm_budget.cache,
        )
        dummy_mm_data = dummy_decoder_data.multi_modal_data

        # Result in the maximum GPU consumption of the model
        dummy_mm_item = dummy_mm_data[modality][0]
        dummy_mm_items = [dummy_mm_item] * max_items_per_batch

        model = cast(SupportsMultiModal, self.model)
        return next(
            mm_kwargs_group
            for _, _, mm_kwargs_group in group_mm_kwargs_by_modality(
                dummy_mm_items,
                device=self.device,
                pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
                merge_by_field_config=model.merge_by_field_config,
                multimodal_cpu_fields=model.multimodal_cpu_fields,
            )
        )

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def _dummy_run(
        self,
        num_tokens: int,
        cudagraph_runtime_mode: CUDAGraphMode | None = None,
        force_attention: bool = False,
        uniform_decode: bool = False,
        allow_microbatching: bool = True,
        skip_eplb: bool = False,
        is_profile: bool = False,
        create_mixed_batch: bool = False,
        remove_lora: bool = True,
        activate_lora: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Run a dummy forward pass to warm up/profile run or capture the
        CUDA graph for the model.

        Args:
            num_tokens: Number of tokens to run the dummy forward pass.
            cudagraph_runtime_mode: used to control the behavior.
                - if not set will determine the cudagraph mode based on using
                    the self.cudagraph_dispatcher.
                - CUDAGraphMode.NONE: No cudagraph, for warm up and profile run
                - CUDAGraphMode.PIECEWISE: Piecewise cudagraph.
                - CUDAGraphMode.FULL: Full cudagraph, attention metadata is
                    needed.
            force_attention: If True, always create attention metadata. Used to
                warm up attention backend when mode is NONE.
            uniform_decode: If True, the batch is a uniform decode batch.
            skip_eplb: If True, skip EPLB state update.
            is_profile: If True, this is a profile run.
            create_mixed_batch: If True, create a mixed batch with both decode
                (1 token) and prefill (multiple tokens) requests.
            remove_lora: If False, dummy LoRAs are not destroyed after the run
            activate_lora: If False, dummy_run is performed without LoRAs.
        """
        assert (
            cudagraph_runtime_mode is None
            or cudagraph_runtime_mode.valid_runtime_modes()
        )

        # If cudagraph_mode.decode_mode() == FULL and
        # cudagraph_mode.separate_routine(). This means that we are using
        # different graphs and/or modes for mixed prefill-decode batches vs.
        # uniform decode batches. A uniform decode batch means that all
        # requests have identical query length, except a potential virtual
        # request (shorter) in the batch account for padding.
        # Uniform decode batch could either be common pure decode, where
        # max_query_len == 1, or speculative decode, where
        # max_query_len == 1 + num_spec_decode_tokens.

        # When setting max_query_len = 1, we switch to and capture the optimized
        # routine of FA2 for pure decode, i.e., Flashdecode + an optimization
        # for GQA/MQA.
        max_query_len = self.uniform_decode_query_len if uniform_decode else num_tokens

        # Set num_scheduled_tokens based on num_tokens and max_num_seqs
        # for dummy run with LoRA so that the num_reqs collectively
        # has num_tokens in total.
        assert num_tokens <= self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
        max_num_reqs = self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs
        if create_mixed_batch:
            assert not uniform_decode
            # Create mixed batch:
            # first half decode tokens, second half one prefill
            num_decode_tokens = min(max_num_reqs - 1, num_tokens // 2)
            num_prefill_tokens = num_tokens - num_decode_tokens
            num_reqs = num_decode_tokens + 1

            # Create decode requests (1 token each) followed by prefill request
            num_scheduled_tokens_list = [1] * num_decode_tokens + [num_prefill_tokens]
            # Note: Overriding max_query_len to be the prefill tokens
            max_query_len = num_prefill_tokens
        elif uniform_decode:
            assert not create_mixed_batch
            num_reqs = min(max_num_reqs, cdiv(num_tokens, max_query_len))
            num_scheduled_tokens_list = [max_query_len] * num_reqs
            if num_tokens % max_query_len != 0:
                num_scheduled_tokens_list[-1] = num_tokens % max_query_len
        else:
            num_reqs = min(num_tokens, max_num_reqs)
            min_tokens_per_req = num_tokens // num_reqs
            num_scheduled_tokens_list = [min_tokens_per_req] * num_reqs
            num_scheduled_tokens_list[-1] += num_tokens % num_reqs

        assert sum(num_scheduled_tokens_list) == num_tokens
        assert len(num_scheduled_tokens_list) == num_reqs
        num_scheduled_tokens = np.array(num_scheduled_tokens_list, dtype=np.int32)
        total_num_scheduled_tokens = int(num_scheduled_tokens.sum())
        num_sampled_tokens = np.ones(num_reqs, dtype=np.int32)

        # Disable DP padding when running eager
        allow_dp_padding = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE

        # We currently only microbatch if the number of tokens is
        # over a certain threshold.
        ubatch_slices, num_tokens_across_dp = coordinate_batch_across_dp(
            num_tokens_unpadded=total_num_scheduled_tokens,
            parallel_config=self.vllm_config.parallel_config,
            allow_microbatching=allow_microbatching,
            allow_dp_padding=allow_dp_padding,
            num_tokens_padded=total_num_scheduled_tokens,
            uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
            num_scheduled_tokens_per_request=num_scheduled_tokens,
        )
        num_tokens_after_padding = num_tokens
        if num_tokens_across_dp is not None:
            dp_rank = self.parallel_config.data_parallel_rank
            num_tokens_after_padding = int(num_tokens_across_dp[dp_rank])

        attn_metadata: PerLayerAttnMetadata | None = None

        # If force_attention is True, we always capture attention. Otherwise,
        # it only happens for cudagraph_runtime_mode=FULL.
        if force_attention or cudagraph_runtime_mode == CUDAGraphMode.FULL:
            attn_metadata = {}
            if ubatch_slices is not None:
                attn_metadata = [dict() for _ in range(len(ubatch_slices))]

            if create_mixed_batch:
                # In the mixed batch mode (used for FI warmup), we use
                # shorter sequence lengths to run faster.
                # TODO(luka) better system for describing dummy batches
                seq_lens = [1] * num_decode_tokens + [num_prefill_tokens + 1]
            else:
                seq_lens = max_query_len
            self.seq_lens.np[:num_reqs] = seq_lens
            self.seq_lens.np[num_reqs:] = 0
            self.seq_lens.copy_to_gpu()

            cum_num_tokens, _ = self._get_cumsum_and_arange(num_scheduled_tokens)
            self.query_start_loc.np[1 : num_reqs + 1] = cum_num_tokens
            self.query_start_loc.copy_to_gpu()

            for kv_cache_group_id, kv_cache_group_spec in enumerate(
                self.kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups
            ):
                common_attn_metadata = CommonAttentionMetadata(
                    query_start_loc=self.query_start_loc.gpu[: num_reqs + 1],
                    query_start_loc_cpu=self.query_start_loc.cpu[: num_reqs + 1],
                    seq_lens=self.seq_lens.gpu[:num_reqs],
                    seq_lens_cpu=self.seq_lens.cpu[:num_reqs],
                    num_computed_tokens_cpu=self.input_batch.num_computed_tokens_cpu_tensor[
                        :num_reqs
                    ],
                    num_reqs=num_reqs,
                    num_actual_tokens=num_tokens,
                    max_query_len=max_query_len,
                    max_seq_len=self.max_model_len,
                    block_table_tensor=self.input_batch.block_table[
                        kv_cache_group_id
                    ].get_device_tensor(num_reqs),
                    slot_mapping=self.input_batch.block_table[
                        kv_cache_group_id
                    ].slot_mapping.gpu[:num_tokens],
                    causal=True,
                    dcp_local_seq_lens=self.dcp_local_seq_lens.gpu[:num_reqs]
                    if self.dcp_world_size > 1
                    else None,
                )
                for attn_group in self.attn_groups[kv_cache_group_id]:
                    if ubatch_slices is not None:
                        common_attn_metadata_list = split_attn_metadata(
                            ubatch_slices, common_attn_metadata
                        )
                        for ubid, common_attn_metadata in enumerate(
                            common_attn_metadata_list
                        ):
                            assert common_attn_metadata.max_query_len == 1
                            attn_metadata_i = attn_group.get_metadata_builder(
                                ubatch_id=ubid
                            ).build_for_cudagraph_capture(common_attn_metadata)
                            for layer_name in attn_group.layer_names:
                                assert type(attn_metadata) is list
                                attn_metadata[ubid][layer_name] = attn_metadata_i
                    else:
                        assert type(attn_metadata) is dict
                        metadata_builder = attn_group.get_metadata_builder()
                        attn_metadata_i = metadata_builder.build_for_cudagraph_capture(
                            common_attn_metadata
                        )
                        for layer_name in attn_group.layer_names:
                            attn_metadata[layer_name] = attn_metadata_i

        with self.maybe_dummy_run_with_lora(
            self.lora_config,
            num_scheduled_tokens,
            num_sampled_tokens,
            activate_lora,
            remove_lora,
        ):
            # Make sure padding doesn't exceed max_num_tokens
            assert num_tokens_after_padding <= self.max_num_tokens
            model_kwargs = self._init_model_kwargs(num_tokens_after_padding)
            if self.supports_mm_inputs and not self.model_config.is_encoder_decoder:
                input_ids = None
                inputs_embeds = self.inputs_embeds.gpu[:num_tokens_after_padding]
                model_kwargs = {
                    **model_kwargs,
                    **self._dummy_mm_kwargs(num_reqs),
                }
            elif self.enable_prompt_embeds:
                input_ids = None
                inputs_embeds = self.inputs_embeds.gpu[:num_tokens_after_padding]
                model_kwargs = self._init_model_kwargs(num_tokens_after_padding)
            else:
                input_ids = self.input_ids.gpu[:num_tokens_after_padding]
                inputs_embeds = None

            if self.uses_mrope:
                positions = self.mrope_positions.gpu[:, :num_tokens_after_padding]
            else:
                positions = self.positions.gpu[:num_tokens_after_padding]

            if get_pp_group().is_first_rank:
                intermediate_tensors = None
            else:
                if self.intermediate_tensors is None:
                    self.intermediate_tensors = (
                        self.model.make_empty_intermediate_tensors(
                            batch_size=self.max_num_tokens,
                            dtype=self.model_config.dtype,
                            device=self.device,
                        )
                    )

                intermediate_tensors = self.sync_and_slice_intermediate_tensors(
                    num_tokens_after_padding, None, False
                )

            # filter out the valid batch descriptor
            _cg_mode, batch_descriptor = (
                self.cudagraph_dispatcher.dispatch(
                    BatchDescriptor(
                        num_tokens=num_tokens_after_padding,
                        uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
                        has_lora=activate_lora and self.lora_config is not None,
                    )
                )
                if not is_profile
                else (CUDAGraphMode.NONE, None)
            )
            if cudagraph_runtime_mode is not None:
                # we allow forcing NONE when the dispatcher disagrees to support
                # warm ups for cudagraph capture
                assert (
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode == CUDAGraphMode.NONE
                    or cudagraph_runtime_mode == _cg_mode
                ), (
                    f"Cudagraph runtime mode mismatch at dummy_run. "
                    f"Expected {_cg_mode}, but got {cudagraph_runtime_mode}."
                )
            else:
                cudagraph_runtime_mode = _cg_mode

            if ubatch_slices is not None:
                # Adjust values to reflect a single ubatch.
                # TODO(sage,lucas): this is cruft that should be addressed in
                #  the padding refactor.
                num_tokens_after_padding = ubatch_slices[0].num_tokens
                if num_tokens_across_dp is not None:
                    num_tokens_across_dp[:] = num_tokens_after_padding

            with (
                self.maybe_randomize_inputs(input_ids),
                set_forward_context(
                    attn_metadata,
                    self.vllm_config,
                    num_tokens=num_tokens_after_padding,
                    num_tokens_across_dp=num_tokens_across_dp,
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode=cudagraph_runtime_mode,
                    batch_descriptor=batch_descriptor,
                    ubatch_slices=ubatch_slices,
                ),
            ):
                outputs = self.model(
                    input_ids=input_ids,
                    positions=positions,
                    intermediate_tensors=intermediate_tensors,
                    inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
                    **model_kwargs,
                )

            if self.use_aux_hidden_state_outputs:
                hidden_states, _ = outputs
            else:
                hidden_states = outputs

            if self.speculative_config and self.speculative_config.use_eagle():
                assert isinstance(self.drafter, EagleProposer)
                use_cudagraphs = (
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode == CUDAGraphMode.PIECEWISE
                    and not self.speculative_config.enforce_eager
                )

                # Note(gnovack) - We need to disable cudagraphs for one of the two
                # lora cases when cudagraph_specialize_lora is enabled. This is a
                # short term mitigation for issue mentioned in
                # https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/28334
                if self.compilation_config.cudagraph_specialize_lora and activate_lora:
                    use_cudagraphs = False

                self.drafter.dummy_run(
                    num_tokens,
                    use_cudagraphs=use_cudagraphs,
                )

        # This is necessary to avoid blocking DP.
        # For dummy runs, we typically skip EPLB since we don't have any real
        # requests to process.
        # However, in DP settings, there may be cases when some DP ranks do
        # not have any requests to process, so they're executing dummy batches.
        # In such cases, we still have to trigger EPLB to make sure
        # ranks execute the rearrangement in synchronization.
        if not skip_eplb:
            self.eplb_step(is_dummy=True, is_profile=is_profile)

        logit_indices = np.cumsum(num_scheduled_tokens) - 1
        logit_indices_device = torch.from_numpy(logit_indices).to(
            self.device, non_blocking=True
        )
        return hidden_states, hidden_states[logit_indices_device]

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def _dummy_sampler_run(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        # The dummy hidden states may contain special values,
        # like `inf` or `nan`.
        # To avoid breaking the sampler, we use a random tensor here instead.
        hidden_states = torch.rand_like(hidden_states)

        logits = self.model.compute_logits(hidden_states)
        num_reqs = logits.size(0)

        dummy_tensors = lambda v: torch.full((num_reqs,), v, device=self.device)

        dummy_metadata = SamplingMetadata(
            temperature=dummy_tensors(0.5),
            all_greedy=False,
            all_random=False,
            top_p=dummy_tensors(0.9),
            top_k=dummy_tensors(logits.size(1) - 1),
            generators={},
            max_num_logprobs=None,
            no_penalties=True,
            prompt_token_ids=None,
            frequency_penalties=dummy_tensors(0.1),
            presence_penalties=dummy_tensors(0.1),
            repetition_penalties=dummy_tensors(0.1),
            output_token_ids=[[] for _ in range(num_reqs)],
            spec_token_ids=[[] for _ in range(num_reqs)],
            allowed_token_ids_mask=None,
            bad_words_token_ids={},
            logitsprocs=LogitsProcessors(),
        )
        try:
            sampler_output = self.sampler(
                logits=logits, sampling_metadata=dummy_metadata
            )
        except RuntimeError as e:
            if "out of memory" in str(e):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "CUDA out of memory occurred when warming up sampler with "
                    f"{num_reqs} dummy requests. Please try lowering "
                    "`max_num_seqs` or `gpu_memory_utilization` when "
                    "initializing the engine."
                ) from e
            else:
                raise e
        if self.speculative_config:
            draft_token_ids = [[0] for _ in range(num_reqs)]
            dummy_spec_decode_metadata = SpecDecodeMetadata.make_dummy(
                draft_token_ids, self.device
            )

            num_tokens = sum(len(ids) for ids in draft_token_ids)
            # draft_probs = torch.randn(
            #     num_tokens, logits.shape[-1], device=self.device,
            #     dtype=logits.dtype)
            draft_probs = None
            logits = torch.randn(
                num_tokens + num_reqs,
                logits.shape[-1],
                device=self.device,
                dtype=logits.dtype,
            )
            self.rejection_sampler(
                dummy_spec_decode_metadata,
                draft_probs,
                logits,
                dummy_metadata,
            )
        return sampler_output

    def _dummy_pooler_run_task(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        task: PoolingTask,
    ) -> PoolerOutput:
        num_tokens = hidden_states.shape[0]
        max_num_reqs = self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs
        num_reqs = min(num_tokens, max_num_reqs)
        min_tokens_per_req = num_tokens // num_reqs
        num_scheduled_tokens_list = [min_tokens_per_req] * num_reqs
        num_scheduled_tokens_list[-1] += num_tokens % num_reqs
        assert sum(num_scheduled_tokens_list) == num_tokens
        assert len(num_scheduled_tokens_list) == num_reqs

        req_num_tokens = num_tokens // num_reqs

        dummy_prompt_lens = torch.tensor(
            num_scheduled_tokens_list,
            device="cpu",
        )
        dummy_token_ids = torch.zeros(
            (num_reqs, req_num_tokens), dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device
        )

        model = cast(VllmModelForPooling, self.get_model())
        dummy_pooling_params = PoolingParams(task=task)
        dummy_pooling_params.verify(task=task, model_config=self.model_config)
        to_update = model.pooler.get_pooling_updates(task)
        to_update.apply(dummy_pooling_params)

        dummy_metadata = PoolingMetadata(
            prompt_lens=dummy_prompt_lens,
            prompt_token_ids=dummy_token_ids,
            pooling_params=[dummy_pooling_params] * num_reqs,
        )

        dummy_metadata.build_pooling_cursor(
            num_scheduled_tokens_list, device=hidden_states.device
        )

        try:
            return model.pooler(
                hidden_states=hidden_states, pooling_metadata=dummy_metadata
            )
        except RuntimeError as e:
            if "out of memory" in str(e):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "CUDA out of memory occurred when warming up pooler "
                    f"({task=}) with {num_reqs} dummy requests. Please try "
                    "lowering `max_num_seqs` or `gpu_memory_utilization` when "
                    "initializing the engine."
                ) from e
            else:
                raise e

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def _dummy_pooler_run(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> PoolerOutput:
        # Find the task that has the largest output for subsequent steps
        supported_pooling_tasks = self.get_supported_pooling_tasks()

        if not supported_pooling_tasks:
            if self.scheduler_config.chunked_prefill_enabled:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Model {self.model_config.model} does not support "
                    "any pooling tasks with chunked prefill enabled. "
                    "Please add --no-enable-chunked-prefill to your "
                    "config or CLI args. See "
                    "https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/models/pooling_models.html "
                    "to learn more."
                )
            else:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Model {self.model_config.model} does not support "
                    "any pooling tasks. See "
                    "https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/models/pooling_models.html "
                    "to learn more."
                )

        output_size = dict[PoolingTask, float]()
        for task in supported_pooling_tasks:
            # Run a full batch with each task to ensure none of them OOMs
            output = self._dummy_pooler_run_task(hidden_states, task)
            output_size[task] = sum(o.nbytes for o in output)
            del output  # Allow GC

        max_task = max(output_size.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0]
        return self._dummy_pooler_run_task(hidden_states, max_task)

    def profile_run(self) -> None:
        # Profile with multimodal encoder & encoder cache.
        if self.supports_mm_inputs:
            if self.model_config.multimodal_config.skip_mm_profiling:
                logger.info(
                    "Skipping memory profiling for multimodal encoder and "
                    "encoder cache."
                )
            else:
                mm_budget = self.mm_budget
                assert mm_budget is not None

                if (encoder_budget := mm_budget.get_encoder_budget()) > 0:
                    # NOTE: Currently model is profiled with a single non-text
                    # modality with the max possible input tokens even when
                    # it supports multiple.
                    dummy_modality = mm_budget.get_modality_with_max_tokens()
                    max_mm_items_per_batch = mm_budget.max_items_per_batch_by_modality[
                        dummy_modality
                    ]

                    logger.info(
                        "Encoder cache will be initialized with a budget of "
                        "%s tokens, and profiled with %s %s items of the "
                        "maximum feature size.",
                        encoder_budget,
                        max_mm_items_per_batch,
                        dummy_modality,
                    )

                    # Create dummy batch of multimodal inputs.
                    batched_dummy_mm_inputs = self._get_mm_dummy_batch(
                        dummy_modality,
                        max_mm_items_per_batch,
                    )

                    # Run multimodal encoder.
                    dummy_encoder_outputs = self.model.get_multimodal_embeddings(
                        **batched_dummy_mm_inputs
                    )

                    sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs(
                        dummy_encoder_outputs,
                        expected_num_items=max_mm_items_per_batch,
                    )

                    # NOTE: This happens when encoder cache needs to store
                    # the embeddings that encoder outputs are scattered onto.
                    # In this case we create dummy embeddings of size
                    # (encode_budget, hidden_size) and scatter encoder
                    # output into it.
                    encoder_output_shape = dummy_encoder_outputs[0].shape
                    if encoder_output_shape[0] < encoder_budget:
                        expanded_outputs = []
                        for output in dummy_encoder_outputs:
                            expanded = output.new_zeros(
                                (encoder_budget, encoder_output_shape[-1])
                            )
                            num_tokens = output.shape[0]
                            expanded[:num_tokens].copy_(output)
                            expanded_outputs.append(expanded)

                        dummy_encoder_outputs = expanded_outputs

                    # Cache the dummy encoder outputs.
                    self.encoder_cache["tmp"] = dict(enumerate(dummy_encoder_outputs))

        # Add `is_profile` here to pre-allocate communication buffers
        hidden_states, last_hidden_states = self._dummy_run(
            self.max_num_tokens, is_profile=True
        )
        if get_pp_group().is_last_rank:
            if self.is_pooling_model:
                output = self._dummy_pooler_run(hidden_states)
            else:
                output = self._dummy_sampler_run(last_hidden_states)
        else:
            output = None
        self._sync_device()
        del hidden_states, output
        self.encoder_cache.clear()
        gc.collect()

    def capture_model(self) -> int:
        if self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode == CUDAGraphMode.NONE:
            logger.warning(
                "Skipping CUDA graph capture. To turn on CUDA graph capture, "
                "ensure `cudagraph_mode` was not manually set to `NONE`"
            )
            return 0

        compilation_counter.num_gpu_runner_capture_triggers += 1

        start_time = time.perf_counter()

        @contextmanager
        def freeze_gc():
            # Optimize garbage collection during CUDA graph capture.
            # Clean up, then freeze all remaining objects from being included
            # in future collections.
            gc.collect()
            should_freeze = not envs.VLLM_ENABLE_CUDAGRAPH_GC
            if should_freeze:
                gc.freeze()
            try:
                yield
            finally:
                if should_freeze:
                    gc.unfreeze()
                    gc.collect()

        # Trigger CUDA graph capture for specific shapes.
        # Capture the large shapes first so that the smaller shapes
        # can reuse the memory pool allocated for the large shapes.
        set_cudagraph_capturing_enabled(True)
        with freeze_gc(), graph_capture(device=self.device):
            start_free_gpu_memory = torch.cuda.mem_get_info()[0]
            cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode
            assert cudagraph_mode is not None

            if self.lora_config:
                if self.compilation_config.cudagraph_specialize_lora:
                    lora_cases = [True, False]
                else:
                    lora_cases = [True]
            else:
                lora_cases = [False]

            if cudagraph_mode.mixed_mode() != CUDAGraphMode.NONE:
                cudagraph_runtime_mode = cudagraph_mode.mixed_mode()
                # make sure we capture the largest batch size first
                compilation_cases = list(
                    product(reversed(self.cudagraph_batch_sizes), lora_cases)
                )
                self._capture_cudagraphs(
                    compilation_cases,
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode=cudagraph_runtime_mode,
                    uniform_decode=False,
                )

            # Capture full cudagraph for uniform decode batches if we
            # don't already have full mixed prefill-decode cudagraphs.
            if (
                cudagraph_mode.decode_mode() == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
                and cudagraph_mode.separate_routine()
            ):
                max_num_tokens = (
                    self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs * self.uniform_decode_query_len
                )
                decode_cudagraph_batch_sizes = [
                    x
                    for x in self.cudagraph_batch_sizes
                    if max_num_tokens >= x >= self.uniform_decode_query_len
                ]
                compilation_cases_decode = list(
                    product(reversed(decode_cudagraph_batch_sizes), lora_cases)
                )
                self._capture_cudagraphs(
                    compilation_cases=compilation_cases_decode,
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode=CUDAGraphMode.FULL,
                    uniform_decode=True,
                )

            torch.cuda.synchronize()
            end_free_gpu_memory = torch.cuda.mem_get_info()[0]

        # Disable cudagraph capturing globally, so any unexpected cudagraph
        # capturing will be detected and raise an error after here.
        # Note: We don't put it into graph_capture context manager because
        # we may do lazy capturing in future that still allows capturing
        # after here.
        set_cudagraph_capturing_enabled(False)

        end_time = time.perf_counter()
        elapsed_time = end_time - start_time
        cuda_graph_size = start_free_gpu_memory - end_free_gpu_memory
        # This usually takes 5~20 seconds.
        logger.info_once(
            "Graph capturing finished in %.0f secs, took %.2f GiB",
            elapsed_time,
            cuda_graph_size / (1 << 30),
            scope="local",
        )
        return cuda_graph_size

    def _capture_cudagraphs(
        self,
        compilation_cases: list[tuple[int, bool]],
        cudagraph_runtime_mode: CUDAGraphMode,
        uniform_decode: bool,
    ):
        assert (
            cudagraph_runtime_mode != CUDAGraphMode.NONE
            and cudagraph_runtime_mode.valid_runtime_modes()
        ), f"Invalid cudagraph runtime mode: {cudagraph_runtime_mode}"

        # Only rank 0 should print progress bar during capture
        if is_global_first_rank():
            compilation_cases = tqdm(
                compilation_cases,
                disable=not self.load_config.use_tqdm_on_load,
                desc="Capturing CUDA graphs ({}, {})".format(
                    "decode" if uniform_decode else "mixed prefill-decode",
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode.name,
                ),
            )

        # We skip EPLB here since we don't want to record dummy metrics
        for num_tokens, activate_lora in compilation_cases:
            # We currently only capture ubatched graphs when its a FULL
            # cudagraph, a uniform decode batch, and the number of tokens
            # is above the threshold. Otherwise we just capture a non-ubatched
            # version of the graph
            allow_microbatching = (
                self.parallel_config.enable_dbo
                and cudagraph_runtime_mode == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
                and uniform_decode
                and check_ubatch_thresholds(
                    config=self.vllm_config.parallel_config,
                    num_tokens=num_tokens,
                    uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
                )
            )

            for _ in range(self.compilation_config.cudagraph_num_of_warmups):
                # Use CUDAGraphRuntimeStyle.NONE (default) for warmup.
                # But be careful, warm up with `NONE`is orthogonal to
                # if we want to warm up attention or not. This is
                # different from the case where `FULL` implies capture
                # attention while `PIECEWISE` implies no attention.
                force_attention = cudagraph_runtime_mode == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
                self._dummy_run(
                    num_tokens,
                    cudagraph_runtime_mode=CUDAGraphMode.NONE,
                    force_attention=force_attention,
                    uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
                    allow_microbatching=allow_microbatching,
                    skip_eplb=True,
                    remove_lora=False,
                    activate_lora=activate_lora,
                )
            self._dummy_run(
                num_tokens,
                cudagraph_runtime_mode=cudagraph_runtime_mode,
                uniform_decode=uniform_decode,
                allow_microbatching=allow_microbatching,
                skip_eplb=True,
                remove_lora=False,
                activate_lora=activate_lora,
            )
        self.maybe_remove_all_loras(self.lora_config)

    def initialize_attn_backend(self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig) -> None:
        """
        Initialize the attention backends and attention metadata builders.
        """
        assert len(self.attn_groups) == 0, "Attention backends are already initialized"

        class AttentionGroupKey(NamedTuple):
            attn_backend: type[AttentionBackend]
            kv_cache_spec: KVCacheSpec

        def get_attn_backends_for_group(
            kv_cache_group_spec: KVCacheGroupSpec,
        ) -> tuple[dict[AttentionGroupKey, list[str]], set[type[AttentionBackend]]]:
            layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(
                self.vllm_config, AttentionLayerBase, kv_cache_group_spec.layer_names
            )
            attn_backends = {}
            attn_backend_layers = defaultdict(list)
            # Dedupe based on full class name; this is a bit safer than
            # using the class itself as the key because when we create dynamic
            # attention backend subclasses (e.g. ChunkedLocalAttention) unless
            # they are cached correctly, there will be different objects per
            # layer.
            for layer_name in kv_cache_group_spec.layer_names:
                attn_backend = layers[layer_name].get_attn_backend()

                if layer_name in self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_eligible_layers:
                    attn_backend = create_fast_prefill_custom_backend(
                        "FastPrefill",
                        attn_backend,
                    )

                full_cls_name = attn_backend.full_cls_name()
                layer_kv_cache_spec = kv_cache_group_spec.kv_cache_spec
                if isinstance(layer_kv_cache_spec, UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs):
                    layer_kv_cache_spec = layer_kv_cache_spec.kv_cache_specs[layer_name]
                key = (full_cls_name, layer_kv_cache_spec)
                attn_backends[key] = AttentionGroupKey(
                    attn_backend, layer_kv_cache_spec
                )
                attn_backend_layers[key].append(layer_name)
            return (
                {attn_backends[k]: v for k, v in attn_backend_layers.items()},
                set(group_key.attn_backend for group_key in attn_backends.values()),
            )

        def create_attn_groups(
            attn_backends_map: dict[AttentionGroupKey, list[str]],
            kv_cache_group_id: int,
        ) -> list[AttentionGroup]:
            attn_groups: list[AttentionGroup] = []
            for (attn_backend, kv_cache_spec), layer_names in attn_backends_map.items():
                attn_group = AttentionGroup(
                    attn_backend,
                    layer_names,
                    kv_cache_spec,
                    kv_cache_group_id,
                )

                attn_groups.append(attn_group)
            return attn_groups

        attention_backend_maps = []
        attention_backend_set: set[type[AttentionBackend]] = set()
        for kv_cache_group_spec in kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups:
            attn_backends = get_attn_backends_for_group(kv_cache_group_spec)
            attention_backend_maps.append(attn_backends[0])
            attention_backend_set.update(attn_backends[1])

        # Resolve cudagraph_mode before actually initialize metadata_builders
        self._check_and_update_cudagraph_mode(attention_backend_set)

        for i, attn_backend_map in enumerate(attention_backend_maps):
            self.attn_groups.append(create_attn_groups(attn_backend_map, i))

    def initialize_metadata_builders(
        self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig, kernel_block_sizes: list[int]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Create the metadata builders for all KV cache groups and attn groups.
        """
        for kv_cache_group_id in range(len(kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups)):
            for attn_group in self.attn_groups[kv_cache_group_id]:
                attn_group.create_metadata_builders(
                    self.vllm_config,
                    self.device,
                    kernel_block_sizes[kv_cache_group_id]
                    if kv_cache_group_id < len(kernel_block_sizes)
                    else None,
                    num_metadata_builders=1
                    if not self.parallel_config.enable_dbo
                    else 2,
                )
        # Calculate reorder batch threshold (if needed)
        # Note (tdoublep): do this *after* constructing builders,
        # because some of them change the threshold at init time.
        self.calculate_reorder_batch_threshold()

    def _check_and_update_cudagraph_mode(
        self, attention_backends: set[type[AttentionBackend]]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Resolve the cudagraph_mode when there are multiple attention
        backends with potential conflicting CUDA graph support.
        Then initialize the cudagraph_dispatcher based on the resolved
        cudagraph_mode.
        """
        min_cg_support = AttentionCGSupport.ALWAYS
        min_cg_backend_name = None

        for attn_backend in attention_backends:
            builder_cls = attn_backend.get_builder_cls()
            if builder_cls.cudagraph_support.value < min_cg_support.value:
                min_cg_support = builder_cls.cudagraph_support
                min_cg_backend_name = attn_backend.__name__
        # Flexible resolve the cudagraph mode
        cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode
        # check cudagraph for mixed batch is supported
        if (
            cudagraph_mode.mixed_mode() == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
            and min_cg_support != AttentionCGSupport.ALWAYS
        ):
            msg = (
                f"CUDAGraphMode.{cudagraph_mode.name} is not supported "
                f"with {min_cg_backend_name} backend (support: "
                f"{min_cg_support})"
            )
            if min_cg_support == AttentionCGSupport.NEVER:
                # if not supported any full cudagraphs, just raise it.
                msg += (
                    "; please try cudagraph_mode=PIECEWISE, and "
                    "make sure compilation mode is VLLM_COMPILE"
                )
                raise ValueError(msg)

            # attempt to resolve the full cudagraph related mode
            if self.compilation_config.splitting_ops_contain_attention():
                msg += "; setting cudagraph_mode=FULL_AND_PIECEWISE"
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.FULL_AND_PIECEWISE
                )
            else:
                msg += "; setting cudagraph_mode=FULL_DECODE_ONLY"
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.FULL_DECODE_ONLY
                )
            logger.warning(msg)

        # check that if we are doing decode full-cudagraphs it is supported
        if (
            cudagraph_mode.decode_mode() == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
            and min_cg_support == AttentionCGSupport.NEVER
        ):
            msg = (
                f"CUDAGraphMode.{cudagraph_mode.name} is not supported "
                f"with {min_cg_backend_name} backend (support: "
                f"{min_cg_support})"
            )
            if self.compilation_config.mode == CompilationMode.VLLM_COMPILE and (
                self.compilation_config.splitting_ops_contain_attention()
                or self.compilation_config.use_inductor_graph_partition
            ):
                msg += (
                    "; setting cudagraph_mode=PIECEWISE because "
                    "attention is compiled piecewise"
                )
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.PIECEWISE
                )
            else:
                msg += (
                    "; setting cudagraph_mode=NONE because "
                    "attention is not compiled piecewise"
                )
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.NONE
                )
            logger.warning(msg)

        # check that if we are doing spec-decode + decode full-cudagraphs it is
        # supported
        if (
            cudagraph_mode.decode_mode() == CUDAGraphMode.FULL
            and self.uniform_decode_query_len > 1
            and min_cg_support.value < AttentionCGSupport.UNIFORM_BATCH.value
        ):
            msg = (
                f"CUDAGraphMode.{cudagraph_mode.name} is not supported"
                f" with spec-decode for attention backend "
                f"{min_cg_backend_name} (support: {min_cg_support})"
            )
            if self.compilation_config.splitting_ops_contain_attention():
                msg += "; setting cudagraph_mode=PIECEWISE"
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.PIECEWISE
                )
            else:
                msg += "; setting cudagraph_mode=NONE"
                cudagraph_mode = self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode = (
                    CUDAGraphMode.NONE
                )
            logger.warning(msg)

        # double check that we can support full cudagraph if they are requested
        # even after automatic downgrades
        if (
            cudagraph_mode.has_full_cudagraphs()
            and min_cg_support == AttentionCGSupport.NEVER
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                f"CUDAGraphMode.{cudagraph_mode.name} is not "
                f"supported with {min_cg_backend_name} backend ("
                f"support:{min_cg_support}) "
                "; please try cudagraph_mode=PIECEWISE, "
                "and make sure compilation mode is VLLM_COMPILE"
            )

        # Trigger cudagraph dispatching keys initialization after
        # resolved cudagraph mode.
        self.cudagraph_dispatcher.initialize_cudagraph_keys(
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode, self.uniform_decode_query_len
        )

    def calculate_reorder_batch_threshold(self) -> None:
        """
        Choose the minimum reorder batch threshold from all attention groups.
        Backends should be able to support lower threshold then what they request
        just may have a performance penalty due to that backend treating decodes
        as prefills.
        """
        min_none_high = lambda a, b: a if b is None else b if a is None else min(a, b)

        reorder_batch_thresholds = [
            group.get_metadata_builder().reorder_batch_threshold
            for group in self._attn_group_iterator()
        ]
        # If there are no attention groups (attention-free model) or no backend
        # reports a threshold, leave reordering disabled.
        if len(reorder_batch_thresholds) == 0:
            self.reorder_batch_threshold = None
            return
        self.reorder_batch_threshold = reduce(min_none_high, reorder_batch_thresholds)

    @staticmethod
    def select_common_block_size(
        kv_manager_block_size: int, attn_groups: list[AttentionGroup]
    ) -> int:
        """
        Select a block size that is supported by all backends and is a factor of
        kv_manager_block_size.

        If kv_manager_block_size is supported by all backends, return it directly.
        Otherwise, return the max supported size.

        Args:
            kv_manager_block_size: Block size of KV cache
            attn_groups: List of attention groups

        Returns:
            The selected block size

        Raises:
            ValueError: If no valid block size found
        """

        def block_size_is_supported(
            backends: list[type[AttentionBackend]], block_size: int
        ) -> bool:
            """
            Check if the block size is supported by all backends.
            """
            for backend in backends:
                is_supported = False
                for supported_size in backend.get_supported_kernel_block_size():
                    if isinstance(supported_size, int):
                        if block_size == supported_size:
                            is_supported = True
                    elif isinstance(supported_size, MultipleOf):
                        if block_size % supported_size.base == 0:
                            is_supported = True
                    else:
                        raise ValueError(f"Unknown supported size: {supported_size}")
                if not is_supported:
                    return False
            return True

        backends = [group.backend for group in attn_groups]

        # Case 1: if the block_size of kv cache manager is supported by all backends,
        # return it directly
        if block_size_is_supported(backends, kv_manager_block_size):
            return kv_manager_block_size

        # Case 2: otherwise, the block_size must be an `int`-format supported size of
        # at least one backend. Iterate over all `int`-format supported sizes in
        # descending order and return the first one that is supported by all backends.
        # Simple proof:
        # If the supported size b is in MultipleOf(x_i) format for all attention
        # backends i, and b a factor of kv_manager_block_size, then
        # kv_manager_block_size also satisfies MultipleOf(x_i) for all i. We will
        # return kv_manager_block_size in case 1.
        all_int_supported_sizes = set(
            supported_size
            for backend in backends
            for supported_size in backend.get_supported_kernel_block_size()
            if isinstance(supported_size, int)
        )

        for supported_size in sorted(all_int_supported_sizes, reverse=True):
            if kv_manager_block_size % supported_size != 0:
                continue
            if block_size_is_supported(backends, supported_size):
                return supported_size
        raise ValueError(f"No common block size for {kv_manager_block_size}. ")

    def may_reinitialize_input_batch(
        self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig, kernel_block_sizes: list[int]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Re-initialize the input batch if the block sizes are different from
        `[self.cache_config.block_size]`. This usually happens when there
        are multiple KV cache groups.

        Args:
            kv_cache_config: The KV cache configuration.
            kernel_block_sizes: The kernel block sizes for each KV cache group.
        """
        block_sizes = [
            kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec.block_size
            for kv_cache_group in kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups
            if not isinstance(kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec, EncoderOnlyAttentionSpec)
        ]

        if block_sizes != [self.cache_config.block_size] or kernel_block_sizes != [
            self.cache_config.block_size
        ]:
            assert self.cache_config.cpu_offload_gb == 0, (
                "Cannot re-initialize the input batch when CPU weight "
                "offloading is enabled. See https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/18298 "  # noqa: E501
                "for more details."
            )
            self.input_batch = InputBatch(
                max_num_reqs=self.max_num_reqs,
                max_model_len=max(self.max_model_len, self.max_encoder_len),
                max_num_batched_tokens=self.max_num_tokens,
                device=self.device,
                pin_memory=self.pin_memory,
                vocab_size=self.model_config.get_vocab_size(),
                block_sizes=block_sizes,
                kernel_block_sizes=kernel_block_sizes,
                is_spec_decode=bool(self.vllm_config.speculative_config),
                logitsprocs=self.input_batch.logitsprocs,
                logitsprocs_need_output_token_ids=self.input_batch.logitsprocs_need_output_token_ids,
                is_pooling_model=self.is_pooling_model,
                num_speculative_tokens=(
                    self.vllm_config.speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens
                    if self.vllm_config.speculative_config
                    else 0
                ),
            )

    def _allocate_kv_cache_tensors(
        self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig
    ) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Initializes the KV cache buffer with the correct size. The buffer needs
        to be reshaped to the desired shape before being used by the models.

        Args:
            kv_cache_config: The KV cache config
        Returns:
            dict[str, torch.Tensor]: A map between layer names to their
            corresponding memory buffer for KV cache.
        """
        kv_cache_raw_tensors: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
        for kv_cache_tensor in kv_cache_config.kv_cache_tensors:
            tensor = torch.zeros(
                kv_cache_tensor.size, dtype=torch.int8, device=self.device
            )
            for layer_name in kv_cache_tensor.shared_by:
                kv_cache_raw_tensors[layer_name] = tensor

        layer_names = set()
        for group in kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups:
            for layer_name in group.layer_names:
                if layer_name in self.runner_only_attn_layers:
                    continue
                layer_names.add(layer_name)
        assert layer_names == set(kv_cache_raw_tensors.keys()), (
            "Some layers are not correctly initialized"
        )
        return kv_cache_raw_tensors

    def _attn_group_iterator(self) -> Iterator[AttentionGroup]:
        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.attn_groups)

    def _kv_cache_spec_attn_group_iterator(self) -> Iterator[AttentionGroup]:
        if not self.kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups:
            return
        for attn_groups in self.attn_groups:
            yield from attn_groups

    def _prepare_kernel_block_sizes(self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig) -> list[int]:
        """
        Generate kernel_block_sizes that matches each block_size.

        For attention backends that support virtual block splitting,
        use the supported block sizes from the backend.
        For other backends (like Mamba), use the same block size (no splitting).

        Args:
            kv_cache_config: The KV cache configuration.

        Returns:
            list[int]: List of kernel block sizes for each cache group.
        """
        kernel_block_sizes = []
        for kv_cache_group_id, kv_cache_group in enumerate(
            kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups
        ):
            kv_cache_spec = kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec
            if isinstance(kv_cache_spec, UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs):
                # All layers in the UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs have the same type,
                # Pick an arbitrary one to dispatch.
                kv_cache_spec = next(iter(kv_cache_spec.kv_cache_specs.values()))
            if isinstance(kv_cache_spec, EncoderOnlyAttentionSpec):
                continue
            elif isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec):
                # This is an attention backend that supports virtual
                # block splitting. Get the supported block sizes from
                # all backends in the group.
                attn_groups = self.attn_groups[kv_cache_group_id]
                kv_manager_block_size = kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec.block_size
                selected_kernel_size = self.select_common_block_size(
                    kv_manager_block_size, attn_groups
                )
                kernel_block_sizes.append(selected_kernel_size)
            elif isinstance(kv_cache_spec, MambaSpec):
                # This is likely Mamba or other non-attention cache,
                # no splitting.
                kernel_block_sizes.append(kv_cache_spec.block_size)
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    f"unknown kv cache spec {kv_cache_group.kv_cache_spec}"
                )
        return kernel_block_sizes

    def _reshape_kv_cache_tensors(
        self,
        kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig,
        kv_cache_raw_tensors: dict[str, torch.Tensor],
        kernel_block_sizes: list[int],
    ) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Reshape the KV cache tensors to the desired shape and dtype.

        Args:
            kv_cache_config: The KV cache config
            kv_cache_raw_tensors: The KV cache buffer of each layer, with
                correct size but uninitialized shape.
            kernel_block_sizes: The kernel block sizes for each KV cache group.
        Returns:
            Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: A map between layer names to their
            corresponding memory buffer for KV cache.
        """
        kv_caches: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
        has_attn, has_mamba = False, False
        for group in self._kv_cache_spec_attn_group_iterator():
            kv_cache_spec = group.kv_cache_spec
            attn_backend = group.backend
            if group.kv_cache_group_id == len(kernel_block_sizes):
                # There may be a last group for layers without kv cache.
                continue
            kernel_block_size = kernel_block_sizes[group.kv_cache_group_id]
            for layer_name in group.layer_names:
                if layer_name in self.runner_only_attn_layers:
                    continue
                raw_tensor = kv_cache_raw_tensors[layer_name]
                assert raw_tensor.numel() % kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes == 0
                num_blocks = raw_tensor.numel() // kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
                if isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec):
                    has_attn = True
                    num_blocks_per_kv_block = (
                        kv_cache_spec.block_size // kernel_block_size
                    )
                    kernel_num_blocks = num_blocks * num_blocks_per_kv_block

                    kv_cache_shape = attn_backend.get_kv_cache_shape(
                        kernel_num_blocks,
                        kernel_block_size,
                        kv_cache_spec.num_kv_heads,
                        kv_cache_spec.head_size,
                        cache_dtype_str=self.cache_config.cache_dtype,
                    )
                    dtype = kv_cache_spec.dtype
                    try:
                        kv_cache_stride_order = attn_backend.get_kv_cache_stride_order()
                        assert len(kv_cache_stride_order) == len(kv_cache_shape)
                    except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
                        kv_cache_stride_order = tuple(range(len(kv_cache_shape)))
                    # The allocation respects the backend-defined stride order
                    # to ensure the semantic remains consistent for each
                    # backend. We first obtain the generic kv cache shape and
                    # then permute it according to the stride order which could
                    # result in a non-contiguous tensor.
                    kv_cache_shape = tuple(
                        kv_cache_shape[i] for i in kv_cache_stride_order
                    )
                    # Maintain original KV shape view.
                    inv_order = [
                        kv_cache_stride_order.index(i)
                        for i in range(len(kv_cache_stride_order))
                    ]
                    kv_caches[layer_name] = (
                        kv_cache_raw_tensors[layer_name]
                        .view(dtype)
                        .view(kv_cache_shape)
                        .permute(*inv_order)
                    )
                elif isinstance(kv_cache_spec, MambaSpec):
                    has_mamba = True
                    raw_tensor = kv_cache_raw_tensors[layer_name]
                    state_tensors = []
                    storage_offset_bytes = 0
                    for shape, dtype in zip(kv_cache_spec.shapes, kv_cache_spec.dtypes):
                        dtype_size = get_dtype_size(dtype)
                        num_element_per_page = (
                            kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes // dtype_size
                        )
                        target_shape = (num_blocks, *shape)
                        stride = torch.empty(target_shape).stride()
                        target_stride = (num_element_per_page, *stride[1:])
                        assert storage_offset_bytes % dtype_size == 0
                        tensor = torch.as_strided(
                            raw_tensor.view(dtype),
                            size=target_shape,
                            stride=target_stride,
                            storage_offset=storage_offset_bytes // dtype_size,
                        )
                        state_tensors.append(tensor)
                        storage_offset_bytes += stride[0] * dtype_size

                    kv_caches[layer_name] = state_tensors
                else:
                    raise NotImplementedError

        if has_attn and has_mamba:
            self._update_hybrid_attention_mamba_layout(kv_caches)

        return kv_caches

    def _update_hybrid_attention_mamba_layout(
        self, kv_caches: dict[str, torch.Tensor]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Update the layout of attention layers from (2, num_blocks, ...) to
        (num_blocks, 2, ...).

        Args:
            kv_caches: The KV cache buffer of each layer.
        """

        for group in self._kv_cache_spec_attn_group_iterator():
            kv_cache_spec = group.kv_cache_spec
            for layer_name in group.layer_names:
                kv_cache = kv_caches[layer_name]
                if isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec) and kv_cache.shape[0] == 2:
                    assert kv_cache.shape[1] != 2, (
                        "Fail to determine whether the layout is "
                        "(2, num_blocks, ...) or (num_blocks, 2, ...) for "
                        f"a tensor of shape {kv_cache.shape}"
                    )
                    hidden_size = kv_cache.shape[2:].numel()
                    kv_cache.as_strided_(
                        size=kv_cache.shape,
                        stride=(hidden_size, 2 * hidden_size, *kv_cache.stride()[2:]),
                    )

    def initialize_kv_cache_tensors(
        self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig, kernel_block_sizes: list[int]
    ) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        Initialize the memory buffer for KV cache.

        Args:
            kv_cache_config: The KV cache config
            kernel_block_sizes: The kernel block sizes for each KV cache group.

        Returns:
            Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: A map between layer names to their
            corresponding memory buffer for KV cache.
        """
        # Initialize the memory buffer for KV cache
        kv_cache_raw_tensors = self._allocate_kv_cache_tensors(kv_cache_config)
        # Change the memory buffer to the desired shape
        kv_caches = self._reshape_kv_cache_tensors(
            kv_cache_config, kv_cache_raw_tensors, kernel_block_sizes
        )

        # Set up cross-layer KV cache sharing
        for layer_name, target_layer_name in self.shared_kv_cache_layers.items():
            logger.debug("%s reuses KV cache of %s", layer_name, target_layer_name)
            kv_caches[layer_name] = kv_caches[target_layer_name]

        num_attn_module = (
            2 if self.model_config.hf_config.model_type == "longcat_flash" else 1
        )
        bind_kv_cache(
            kv_caches,
            self.compilation_config.static_forward_context,
            self.kv_caches,
            num_attn_module,
        )
        return kv_caches

    def maybe_add_kv_sharing_layers_to_kv_cache_groups(
        self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig
    ) -> None:
        """
        Add layers that re-use KV cache to KV cache group of its target layer.
        Mapping of KV cache tensors happens in `initialize_kv_cache_tensors()`
        """
        if not self.shared_kv_cache_layers:
            # No cross-layer KV sharing, return
            return

        add_kv_sharing_layers_to_kv_cache_groups(
            self.shared_kv_cache_layers,
            kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups,
            self.runner_only_attn_layers,
        )

        if self.cache_config.kv_sharing_fast_prefill:
            # In You Only Cache Once (https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.05254) or other
            # similar KV sharing setups, only the layers that generate KV caches
            # are involved in the prefill phase, enabling prefill to early exit.
            attn_layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config, Attention)
            for layer_name in reversed(attn_layers):
                if layer_name in self.shared_kv_cache_layers:
                    self.kv_sharing_fast_prefill_eligible_layers.add(layer_name)
                else:
                    break

    def initialize_kv_cache(self, kv_cache_config: KVCacheConfig) -> None:
        """
        Initialize KV cache based on `kv_cache_config`.
        Args:
            kv_cache_config: Configuration for the KV cache, including the KV
            cache size of each layer
        """
        kv_cache_config = deepcopy(kv_cache_config)
        self.kv_cache_config = kv_cache_config
        self.may_add_encoder_only_layers_to_kv_cache_config()
        self.maybe_add_kv_sharing_layers_to_kv_cache_groups(kv_cache_config)
        self.initialize_attn_backend(kv_cache_config)
        # The kernel block size for all KV cache groups. For example, if
        # kv_cache_manager uses block_size 256 for a given group, but the attention
        # backends for that group only supports block_size 64, we will return
        # kernel_block_size 64 and split the 256-token-block to 4 blocks with 64
        # tokens each.
        kernel_block_sizes = self._prepare_kernel_block_sizes(kv_cache_config)

        # create metadata builders
        self.initialize_metadata_builders(kv_cache_config, kernel_block_sizes)

        # Reinitialize need to after initialize_attn_backend
        self.may_reinitialize_input_batch(kv_cache_config, kernel_block_sizes)
        kv_caches = self.initialize_kv_cache_tensors(
            kv_cache_config, kernel_block_sizes
        )

        if self.speculative_config and self.speculative_config.use_eagle():
            assert isinstance(self.drafter, EagleProposer)
            # validate all draft model layers belong to the same kv cache
            # group
            self.drafter.validate_same_kv_cache_group(kv_cache_config)

        if has_kv_transfer_group():
            kv_transfer_group = get_kv_transfer_group()
            kv_transfer_group.register_kv_caches(kv_caches)
            kv_transfer_group.set_host_xfer_buffer_ops(copy_kv_blocks)

        if self.dcp_world_size > 1:
            layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config, AttentionLayerBase)
            for layer in layers.values():
                assert layer.impl.need_to_return_lse_for_decode, (
                    "DCP requires attention impls to return"
                    " the softmax lse for decode, but the impl "
                    f"{layer.impl.__class__.__name__} "
                    "does not return the softmax lse for decode."
                )

    def may_add_encoder_only_layers_to_kv_cache_config(self) -> None:
        """
        Add encoder-only layers to the KV cache config.
        """
        block_size = self.vllm_config.cache_config.block_size
        encoder_only_attn_specs: dict[AttentionSpec, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
        attn_layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config, Attention)
        for layer_name, attn_module in attn_layers.items():
            if attn_module.attn_type == AttentionType.ENCODER_ONLY:
                attn_spec: AttentionSpec = EncoderOnlyAttentionSpec(
                    block_size=block_size,
                    num_kv_heads=attn_module.num_kv_heads,
                    head_size=attn_module.head_size,
                    dtype=self.kv_cache_dtype,
                )
                encoder_only_attn_specs[attn_spec].append(layer_name)
                self.runner_only_attn_layers.add(layer_name)
        if len(encoder_only_attn_specs) > 0:
            assert len(encoder_only_attn_specs) == 1, (
                "Only support one encoder-only attention spec now"
            )
            spec, layer_names = encoder_only_attn_specs.popitem()
            self.kv_cache_config.kv_cache_groups.append(
                KVCacheGroupSpec(layer_names=layer_names, kv_cache_spec=spec)
            )

    def get_kv_cache_spec(self) -> dict[str, KVCacheSpec]:
        """
        Generates the KVCacheSpec by parsing the kv cache format from each
        Attention module in the static forward context.
        Returns:
            KVCacheSpec: A dictionary mapping layer names to their KV cache
            format. Layers that do not need KV cache are not included.
        """

        kv_cache_spec: dict[str, KVCacheSpec] = {}
        attn_layers = get_layers_from_vllm_config(self.vllm_config, AttentionLayerBase)
        for layer_name, attn_module in attn_layers.items():
            if isinstance(attn_module, Attention) and (
                kv_tgt_layer := attn_module.kv_sharing_target_layer_name
            ):
                # The layer doesn't need its own KV cache and will use that of
                # the target layer. We skip creating a KVCacheSpec for it, so
                # that KV cache management logic will act as this layer does
                # not exist, and doesn't allocate KV cache for the layer. This
                # enables the memory saving of cross-layer kv sharing, allowing
                # a given amount of memory to accommodate longer context lengths
                # or enable more requests to be processed simultaneously.
                self.shared_kv_cache_layers[layer_name] = kv_tgt_layer
                continue
            # Skip modules that don't need KV cache (eg encoder-only attention)
            if spec := attn_module.get_kv_cache_spec(self.vllm_config):
                kv_cache_spec[layer_name] = spec

        return kv_cache_spec

    def _to_list(self, sampled_token_ids: torch.Tensor) -> list[list[int]]:
        # This is a short term mitigation for issue mentioned in
        # https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/issues/22754.
        # `tolist` would trigger a cuda wise stream sync, which
        # would block other copy ops from other cuda streams.
        # A cuda event sync would avoid such a situation. Since
        # this is in the critical path of every single model
        # forward loop, this has caused perf issue for a disagg
        # setup.
        pinned = self.sampled_token_ids_pinned_cpu[: sampled_token_ids.shape[0]]
        pinned.copy_(sampled_token_ids, non_blocking=True)
        self.transfer_event.record()
        self.transfer_event.synchronize()
        return pinned.tolist()