flashmla_sparse.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, ClassVar

import numpy as np
import torch

from vllm import _custom_ops as ops
from vllm.config import VllmConfig, get_current_vllm_config
from vllm.config.cache import CacheDType
from vllm.logger import init_logger
from vllm.model_executor.layers.attention.mla_attention import (
    get_mla_dims,
)
from vllm.platforms import current_platform
from vllm.platforms.interface import DeviceCapability
from vllm.utils.platform_utils import num_compute_units
from vllm.utils.torch_utils import is_quantized_kv_cache
from vllm.v1.attention.backend import (
    AttentionBackend,
    AttentionCGSupport,
    AttentionLayer,
    AttentionMetadata,
    AttentionMetadataBuilder,
    CommonAttentionMetadata,
    MultipleOf,
    SparseMLAAttentionImpl,
)
from vllm.v1.attention.backends.mla.sparse_utils import (
    triton_convert_req_index_to_global_index,
)
from vllm.v1.attention.backends.utils import (
    reshape_attn_output_for_spec_decode,
    reshape_query_for_spec_decode,
    split_decodes_and_prefills,
    split_prefill_chunks,
)
from vllm.v1.attention.ops.flashmla import (
    FlashMLASchedMeta,
    flash_mla_sparse_fwd,
    flash_mla_with_kvcache,
    get_mla_metadata,
)
from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import AttentionSpec
from vllm.v1.worker.workspace import current_workspace_manager

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from vllm.model_executor.models.deepseek_v2 import Indexer

logger = init_logger(__name__)

# For FP8 sparse attention we have two implementations:
# 1. Mixed batch mode: use the FP8 decode kernel for both prefill and decode this is
#    done by treating all tokens as single batch.
# 2. Separate prefill and decode mode: use the BF16 prefill kernel for prefill
#    (upconverting the FP8 cache to BF16 then calling the prefill kernel) and using
#    the FP8 decode kernel for decode.
# Currently we use #1 when the number of heads per rank is low (i.e. TP) since the BF16
# prefill kernel requires padding the number of heads to 128 while the decode does not
# so when the per ranke head count is below MIN_HEADS_FOR_BF16_PREFILL we use the mixed
# batch mode (#2).
MIN_HEADS_FOR_BF16_PREFILL = 32

"""
NOTE: FlashMLA Sparse uses an fp8 cache with the following format

In the "FP8 with scale" format, each token's KV cache is 656 Bytes,
structured as:
-   **First 512 bytes:** The "quantized NoPE" part, containing 512
    `float8_e4m3` values.
-   **Next 16 bytes:** Scale factors, containing 4 `float32` values.
    The first `float32` is the scale for the first 128 `float8_e4m3` values,
    the second for the next 128, and so on.
-   **Last 128 bytes:** The "RoPE" part, containing 64 `bfloat16` values. This
    part is not quantized for accuracy.
"""


class FlashMLASparseBackend(AttentionBackend):
    accept_output_buffer: bool = True
    supported_dtypes: ClassVar[list[torch.dtype]] = [torch.bfloat16]
    supported_kv_cache_dtypes: ClassVar[list[CacheDType]] = [
        "auto",
        "bfloat16",
        "fp8_ds_mla",
        "fp8",  # alias for fp8_ds_mla
    ]

    @staticmethod
    def get_supported_kernel_block_sizes() -> list[int | MultipleOf]:
        return [64]

    @staticmethod
    def get_name() -> str:
        return "FLASHMLA_SPARSE"

    @staticmethod
    def get_builder_cls() -> type["FlashMLASparseMetadataBuilder"]:
        return FlashMLASparseMetadataBuilder

    @staticmethod
    def get_impl_cls() -> type["FlashMLASparseImpl"]:
        return FlashMLASparseImpl

    @classmethod
    def get_supported_head_sizes(cls) -> list[int]:
        return [576]

    @classmethod
    def is_mla(cls) -> bool:
        return True

    @classmethod
    def is_sparse(cls) -> bool:
        return True

    @classmethod
    def supports_compute_capability(cls, capability: DeviceCapability) -> bool:
        return capability.major in [9, 10]

    @staticmethod
    def get_kv_cache_shape(
        num_blocks: int,
        block_size: int,
        num_kv_heads: int,  # assumed to be 1 for MLA
        head_size: int,
        cache_dtype_str: str = "auto",
    ) -> tuple[int, ...]:
        if cache_dtype_str == "fp8_ds_mla":
            # custom storage format is 656 bytes
            #  see FlashMLA readme.md for details
            return (num_blocks, block_size, 656)
        else:
            return (num_blocks, block_size, head_size)


@dataclass
class FlashMLASparseMetadata(AttentionMetadata):
    num_reqs: int
    max_query_len: int
    max_seq_len: int

    num_actual_tokens: int  # Number of tokens excluding padding.
    query_start_loc: torch.Tensor
    slot_mapping: torch.Tensor

    block_table: torch.Tensor
    req_id_per_token: torch.Tensor
    block_size: int = 64
    topk_tokens: int = 2048

    @dataclass
    class FP8KernelMetadata:
        scheduler_metadata: FlashMLASchedMeta
        dummy_block_table: torch.Tensor
        cache_lens: torch.Tensor

    @dataclass
    class FP8SeparatePrefillDecode:
        @dataclass
        class Decode:
            kernel_metadata: "FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata"
            decode_query_len: int  # needed for reshape in spec decode

        @dataclass
        class Prefill:
            # Sequence lengths (context + query) for prefill requests
            # Shape: [num_prefill_reqs]
            seq_lens: torch.Tensor

            # Request ID for each token: -1 for decode tokens, request index
            # (0, 1, 2, ...) for prefill tokens.
            # Shape: [num_actual_tokens]
            request_ids: torch.Tensor

            # Workspace start offsets for all prefill requests
            # Shape: [num_prefill_reqs], adjusted in-place per chunk to be
            # 0-indexed within each chunk. Used to map prefill tokens to workspace
            # offsets in convert_logical_index_to_physical_index
            workspace_starts: torch.Tensor

            @dataclass
            class Chunk:
                """Metadata for a chunk of prefill requests.

                Prefill requests may be chunked to fit within the fixed workspace size.
                """

                seq_lens: torch.Tensor
                tokens_slice: slice
                block_table: torch.Tensor
                req_start_idx: int
                workspace_starts: torch.Tensor
                chunk_tot_seqlen: int

            chunks: list[Chunk]

        num_prefills: int = 0
        num_decodes: int = 0
        num_prefill_tokens: int = 0
        num_decode_tokens: int = 0

        decode: Decode | None = None
        prefill: Prefill | None = None

    fp8_extra_metadata: FP8SeparatePrefillDecode | FP8KernelMetadata | None = None
    fp8_use_mixed_batch: bool = False


def get_prefill_workspace_size(max_model_len: int):
    # NOTE(Lucas): 5 is a magic number for controlling the prefill buffer size.
    # May be tuned later.
    # Memory usage: 5 * max_model_len * 576 * 2 bytes
    #   Example: DeepSeek-V3.2 with max_model_len=163840 ->
    #            5 * 163840 * 576 * 2 = ~900 MB
    # This fits nicely below the typical MoE workspace size of >2GB so this is "free"
    return max_model_len * 5


class FlashMLASparseMetadataBuilder(AttentionMetadataBuilder[FlashMLASparseMetadata]):
    _cudagraph_support: ClassVar[AttentionCGSupport] = AttentionCGSupport.UNIFORM_BATCH

    def __init__(
        self,
        kv_cache_spec: AttentionSpec,
        layer_names: list[str],
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        device: torch.device,
    ) -> None:
        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
        self.layer_names = layer_names
        cache_config = vllm_config.cache_config
        self.kv_cache_spec = kv_cache_spec
        self.model_config = vllm_config.model_config
        parallel_config = vllm_config.parallel_config
        self.device = device

        # Treat requests with query length <= 1 as decodes to match the
        # DeepGEMM indexer constraint (fp8_paged_mqa_logits only supports next_n <= 2)
        self._init_reorder_batch_threshold(1, supports_spec_as_decode=True)

        sm_count = num_compute_units(device.index)

        self.num_heads = self.model_config.get_num_attention_heads(parallel_config)
        self.mla_dims = get_mla_dims(self.model_config)
        # FP8 decode kernel only supports h_q = 64 or 128, so we need to pad
        self.fp8_decode_padded_heads = (
            FlashMLASparseImpl._compute_fp8_decode_padded_heads(self.num_heads)
        )

        self.topk_tokens = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config.index_topk
        self.use_fp8_kv_cache = cache_config.cache_dtype == "fp8_ds_mla"
        max_num_seqs = vllm_config.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs
        # Shape: [max_num_seqs], all elements = topk_tokens (constant for full-CG)
        self.topk_tokens_tensor = torch.full(
            (max_num_seqs,), self.topk_tokens, device=device, dtype=torch.int32
        )
        # Shape: [max_num_seqs], all elements = max_model_len
        self.max_model_len_tensor = torch.full(
            (max_num_seqs,),
            self.model_config.max_model_len,
            device=device,
            dtype=torch.int32,
        )
        # this is ignored by `flash_mla_with_kvcache` if indices not None
        self.dummy_block_table = torch.empty(
            (max_num_seqs, 1), dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device
        )

        # Equation taken from FlashMLA/csrc/api/sparse_decode.h
        # For sparse FP8 decode, the formula depends on architecture:
        # - SM90 (Hopper): num_sm_parts = num_sms / s_q / (h_q/64)
        # - SM100 (Blackwell head64/head64x2): num_sm_parts = num_sms / s_q
        # - SM100 (Blackwell head128): num_sm_parts = num_sms / s_q / 2
        # For max buffer size, use s_q = 1 (the case that produces largest output)
        # Use padded head count since that's what will be passed to the kernel
        h_q = self.fp8_decode_padded_heads
        if current_platform.is_device_capability_family(100):
            # SM100 head64 or head64x2 uses full SM count
            max_num_sm_parts = sm_count
        else:
            # SM90 uses h_q/64 divisor
            max_num_sm_parts = sm_count // max(1, h_q // 64)
        self.tile_scheduler_metadata_buffer = torch.empty(
            # TileSchedulerMetaDataSize = 8
            # see: FlashMLA/csrc/params.h
            (max_num_sm_parts, 8),
            dtype=torch.int32,
            device=device,
        )
        # Sized for per-request batching (num_decodes + 1)
        self.num_splits_buffer = torch.empty(
            (max_num_seqs + 1,),
            dtype=torch.int32,
            device=device,
        )
        self.req_id_per_token_buffer = torch.empty(
            (vllm_config.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens,),
            dtype=torch.int32,
            device=device,
        )

    def _build_fp8_mixed_decode_prefill(
        self,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    ) -> "FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata":
        """Build FP8 metadata treating all tokens as one mixed batch.

        This matches main branch's approach and avoids the BF16 prefill kernel
        which has head padding overhead when num_heads is small (high TP case).
        """
        num_tokens = common_attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens

        # Use padded head count since that's what the kernel will see
        padded_heads = self.fp8_decode_padded_heads

        # Build metadata for all tokens as a single batch
        scheduler_metadata, _ = get_mla_metadata(
            cache_seqlens=self.topk_tokens_tensor[:1],  # Single batch
            num_q_tokens_per_head_k=num_tokens * padded_heads,
            topk=self.topk_tokens,
            num_heads_q=padded_heads,
            num_heads_k=1,
            is_fp8_kvcache=True,
        )

        fp8_metadata = FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata(
            scheduler_metadata=scheduler_metadata,
            cache_lens=self.max_model_len_tensor[:1],
            dummy_block_table=self.dummy_block_table[:1],
        )

        return fp8_metadata

    def _build_fp8_separate_prefill_decode(
        self,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
    ) -> "FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8SeparatePrefillDecode":
        num_tokens = common_attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens

        (num_decodes, num_prefills, num_decode_tokens, num_prefill_tokens) = (
            split_decodes_and_prefills(
                common_attn_metadata,
                decode_threshold=self.reorder_batch_threshold or 1,
                require_uniform=True,
            )
        )

        FP8Meta = FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8SeparatePrefillDecode
        fp8_metadata = FP8Meta(
            num_decodes=num_decodes,
            num_prefills=num_prefills,
            num_decode_tokens=num_decode_tokens,
            num_prefill_tokens=num_prefill_tokens,
        )

        # Extract prefill sequence lengths (context + query, not just query)
        # Decode requests come first in the batch, prefill requests follow
        prefill_seq_lens = None
        prefill_request_id = None
        prefill_workspace_starts = None
        prefill_chunks = None

        # For pure decode batches, prefill_request_id will be None
        # For mixed batches, it will have -1 for decode and request_id for prefill
        if num_prefills > 0:
            seq_lens_cpu = common_attn_metadata.seq_lens.cpu()
            seq_lens = common_attn_metadata.seq_lens
            query_start_loc_cpu = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu

            prefill_seq_lens_cpu = seq_lens_cpu[num_decodes:]
            prefill_seq_lens = seq_lens[num_decodes:]

            # Build prefill_request_id: -1 for decode, request index for
            # prefill. This enables a single
            # convert_logical_index_to_physical_index call for all tokens
            prefill_request_id = torch.full(
                (num_tokens,), -1, dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device
            )
            # Map prefill tokens to their request IDs (0, 1, 2, ...)
            for req_idx in range(num_prefills):
                # Get query token range for this prefill request
                global_req_idx = num_decodes + req_idx
                req_query_start = query_start_loc_cpu[global_req_idx]
                req_query_end = query_start_loc_cpu[global_req_idx + 1]
                prefill_request_id[req_query_start:req_query_end] = req_idx

            # will be adjusted by chunk loop
            prefill_workspace_starts_cpu = torch.zeros(
                num_prefills, dtype=torch.int32, pin_memory=True
            )
            prefill_workspace_starts_cpu[1:] = torch.cumsum(
                prefill_seq_lens_cpu[:-1], dim=0
            )
            # populated by non-blocking copy after prefill_workspace_starts_cpu is
            # updated by each chunk
            prefill_workspace_starts = torch.empty(
                num_prefills, dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device
            )

            # Chunk prefill requests to fit within workspace size
            max_prefill_buffer_size = get_prefill_workspace_size(
                self.vllm_config.model_config.max_model_len
            )
            chunk_bounds = split_prefill_chunks(
                prefill_seq_lens_cpu, max_prefill_buffer_size
            )

            prefill_chunks = []
            for chunk_start, chunk_end in chunk_bounds:
                # Adjust workspace_starts in-place per chunk to be
                # 0-indexed within each chunk
                # Example: seq_lens=[10,15,20,5], chunks=[[0,2],[2,4]]
                #   Initial: workspace_starts=[0,10,25,45]
                #   After:   workspace_starts=[0,10,0,20]
                #           (chunk 0 starts at 0, chunk 1 starts at 0)
                offset = prefill_workspace_starts_cpu[chunk_start].item()
                prefill_workspace_starts_cpu[chunk_start:chunk_end] -= offset

                chunk_seq_lens = prefill_seq_lens[chunk_start:chunk_end]
                chunk_tot_seqlen = prefill_seq_lens_cpu[chunk_start:chunk_end].sum()
                token_start = query_start_loc_cpu[num_decodes + chunk_start].item()
                token_end = query_start_loc_cpu[num_decodes + chunk_end].item()
                tokens_slice = slice(token_start, token_end)

                # Create chunk view of gpu tensor
                chunk_workspace_starts = prefill_workspace_starts[chunk_start:chunk_end]
                chunk_block_table = common_attn_metadata.block_table_tensor[
                    num_decodes + chunk_start : num_decodes + chunk_end
                ]

                prefill_chunks.append(
                    FP8Meta.Prefill.Chunk(
                        seq_lens=chunk_seq_lens,
                        tokens_slice=tokens_slice,
                        block_table=chunk_block_table,
                        req_start_idx=chunk_start,
                        workspace_starts=chunk_workspace_starts,
                        chunk_tot_seqlen=chunk_tot_seqlen,
                    )
                )

            prefill_workspace_starts.copy_(
                prefill_workspace_starts_cpu, non_blocking=True
            )

            fp8_metadata.prefill = FP8Meta.Prefill(
                seq_lens=prefill_seq_lens,
                request_ids=prefill_request_id,
                workspace_starts=prefill_workspace_starts,
                chunks=prefill_chunks,
            )

        if num_decodes > 0:
            # Compute decode_query_len for spec decode (uniform due to require_uniform)
            query_start_loc_cpu = common_attn_metadata.query_start_loc_cpu
            decode_query_len = (query_start_loc_cpu[1] - query_start_loc_cpu[0]).item()

            # Use padded head count since that's what the kernel will see
            padded_heads = self.fp8_decode_padded_heads
            scheduler_metadata, _ = get_mla_metadata(
                cache_seqlens=self.topk_tokens_tensor[:num_decodes],
                num_q_tokens_per_head_k=decode_query_len * padded_heads,
                topk=self.topk_tokens,
                num_heads_q=padded_heads,
                num_heads_k=1,
                is_fp8_kvcache=True,
            )

            kernel_meta = FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata(
                scheduler_metadata=scheduler_metadata,
                dummy_block_table=self.dummy_block_table[:num_decodes],
                cache_lens=self.max_model_len_tensor[:num_decodes],
            )
            fp8_metadata.decode = FP8Meta.Decode(
                kernel_metadata=kernel_meta,
                decode_query_len=decode_query_len,
            )

        return fp8_metadata

    def build(
        self,
        common_prefix_len: int,
        common_attn_metadata: CommonAttentionMetadata,
        fast_build: bool = False,
    ) -> FlashMLASparseMetadata:
        cm = common_attn_metadata
        num_tokens = cm.num_actual_tokens
        starts = np.asarray(cm.query_start_loc_cpu, dtype=np.int32)
        seg_lengths = np.diff(starts)
        req_id_per_token = np.repeat(
            np.arange(seg_lengths.shape[0], dtype=np.int32), seg_lengths
        )
        # Zero-fill for cudagraphs
        self.req_id_per_token_buffer.fill_(0)
        self.req_id_per_token_buffer[: req_id_per_token.shape[0]].copy_(
            torch.from_numpy(req_id_per_token), non_blocking=True
        )
        req_id_per_token = self.req_id_per_token_buffer[:num_tokens]

        fp8_extra_metadata: (
            FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8SeparatePrefillDecode
            | FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata
            | None
        ) = None
        fp8_use_mixed_batch = self.num_heads < MIN_HEADS_FOR_BF16_PREFILL
        if self.use_fp8_kv_cache:
            if fp8_use_mixed_batch:
                fp8_extra_metadata = self._build_fp8_mixed_decode_prefill(cm)
            else:
                fp8_extra_metadata = self._build_fp8_separate_prefill_decode(cm)

        metadata = FlashMLASparseMetadata(
            num_reqs=cm.num_reqs,
            max_query_len=cm.max_query_len,
            max_seq_len=cm.max_seq_len,
            num_actual_tokens=cm.num_actual_tokens,
            query_start_loc=cm.query_start_loc,
            slot_mapping=cm.slot_mapping,
            block_table=cm.block_table_tensor,
            req_id_per_token=req_id_per_token,
            block_size=self.kv_cache_spec.block_size,
            topk_tokens=self.topk_tokens,
            fp8_extra_metadata=fp8_extra_metadata,
            fp8_use_mixed_batch=fp8_use_mixed_batch,
        )

        return metadata


class FlashMLASparseImpl(SparseMLAAttentionImpl[FlashMLASparseMetadata]):
    @staticmethod
    def _compute_fp8_decode_padded_heads(num_heads: int) -> int:
        # FP8 decode kernel only supports h_q = 64 or 128
        # Compute padded head count for decode
        return 64 if num_heads <= 64 else 128

    def __init__(
        self,
        num_heads: int,
        head_size: int,
        scale: float,
        num_kv_heads: int,
        alibi_slopes: list[float] | None,
        sliding_window: int | None,
        kv_cache_dtype: str,
        logits_soft_cap: float | None,
        attn_type: str,
        kv_sharing_target_layer_name: str | None,
        # MLA Specific Arguments
        topk_indice_buffer: torch.Tensor | None = None,
        indexer: "Indexer | None" = None,
        **mla_args,
    ) -> None:
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.head_size = head_size
        self.scale = float(scale)
        self.num_kv_heads = num_kv_heads
        self.kv_cache_dtype = kv_cache_dtype
        self.kv_lora_rank: int = mla_args["kv_lora_rank"]
        self.softmax_scale = scale
        assert indexer is not None
        self.topk_indices_buffer: torch.Tensor | None = indexer.topk_indices_buffer
        # Prefill BF16 kernel requires 64 on Hopper, 128 on Blackwell
        self.prefill_padding = (
            128 if current_platform.is_device_capability_family(100) else 64
        )
        self.fp8_decode_padded_heads = self._compute_fp8_decode_padded_heads(num_heads)

        vllm_config = get_current_vllm_config()
        max_tokens = vllm_config.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
        q_concat_shape = (max_tokens, num_heads, head_size)
        if is_quantized_kv_cache(kv_cache_dtype):
            assert kv_cache_dtype == "fp8_ds_mla", (
                "FlashMLA Sparse Attention backend fp8 only supports "
                "fp8_ds_mla kv-cache dtype"
            )

        if kv_cache_dtype == "fp8_ds_mla":
            # Reserve workspace during initialization
            assert vllm_config is not None and vllm_config.model_config is not None
            prefill_workspace_size = get_prefill_workspace_size(
                vllm_config.model_config.max_model_len
            )
            self.prefill_workspace_shape = (prefill_workspace_size, head_size)
            self.q_concat_buffer, self.prefill_bf16_workspace = (
                current_workspace_manager().get_simultaneous(
                    (q_concat_shape, torch.bfloat16),
                    (self.prefill_workspace_shape, torch.bfloat16),
                )
            )
        else:
            (self.q_concat_buffer,) = current_workspace_manager().get_simultaneous(
                (q_concat_shape, torch.bfloat16),
            )

    def _forward_bf16_kv(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        topk_indices: torch.Tensor,
        attn_metadata: FlashMLASparseMetadata,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        # Convert per-request indices to global slots (decode) or workspace
        # offsets (prefill).
        topk_indices = triton_convert_req_index_to_global_index(
            attn_metadata.req_id_per_token,
            attn_metadata.block_table,
            topk_indices,
            BLOCK_SIZE=attn_metadata.block_size,
            NUM_TOPK_TOKENS=topk_indices.shape[1],
        )

        return self._bf16_flash_mla_kernel(q, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache, topk_indices)

    def _forward_fp8_kv_separate_prefill_decode(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        topk_indices: torch.Tensor,
        attn_metadata: FlashMLASparseMetadata,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        fp8_metadata = attn_metadata.fp8_extra_metadata
        assert isinstance(fp8_metadata, FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8SeparatePrefillDecode)
        num_decodes = fp8_metadata.num_decodes

        prefill_request_ids = None
        prefill_workspace_starts = None
        has_prefill_workspace = False
        if fp8_metadata.prefill is not None:
            prefill_request_ids = fp8_metadata.prefill.request_ids
            prefill_workspace_starts = fp8_metadata.prefill.workspace_starts
            has_prefill_workspace = True

        # Convert per-request indices to global slots (decode) or workspace
        # offsets (prefill).
        # For FP8 cache: prefill uses workspace mapping (upconverted to BF16)
        # For BF16 cache: always use global cache slots (no workspace)
        # prefill_workspace_starts has been adjusted in-place per chunk so
        # prefill indices automatically come out chunk-local
        topk_indices = triton_convert_req_index_to_global_index(
            attn_metadata.req_id_per_token,
            attn_metadata.block_table,
            topk_indices,
            BLOCK_SIZE=attn_metadata.block_size,
            NUM_TOPK_TOKENS=topk_indices.shape[1],
            HAS_PREFILL_WORKSPACE=has_prefill_workspace,
            prefill_workspace_request_ids=prefill_request_ids,
            prefill_workspace_starts=prefill_workspace_starts,
        )

        fp8_metadata = attn_metadata.fp8_extra_metadata
        assert isinstance(fp8_metadata, FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8SeparatePrefillDecode)

        def _fp8_decode(q: torch.Tensor, topk_indices: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
            # Reshape q: (num_decode_tokens, num_heads, head_dim)
            #         -> (num_decodes, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim)
            q = reshape_query_for_spec_decode(q, num_decodes)
            seq_len = q.shape[1]
            # Reshape topk_indices: (num_decode_tokens, topk)
            #                    -> (num_decodes, seq_len, topk)
            topk_indices = topk_indices.view(num_decodes, seq_len, -1)
            assert fp8_metadata.decode is not None
            attn_out, _ = self._fp8_flash_mla_kernel(
                q=q,
                kv_c_and_k_pe_cache=kv_c_and_k_pe_cache,
                topk_indices=topk_indices,
                kernel_metadata=fp8_metadata.decode.kernel_metadata,
            )
            # Reshape output: (num_decodes, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim_v)
            #              -> (num_decode_tokens, num_heads, head_dim_v)
            return reshape_attn_output_for_spec_decode(attn_out)

        num_decode_tokens = fp8_metadata.num_decode_tokens
        num_prefill_tokens = fp8_metadata.num_prefill_tokens

        # Pure decode: direct call without allocation
        if num_decode_tokens > 0 and num_prefill_tokens == 0:
            assert fp8_metadata.decode is not None
            attn_out = _fp8_decode(q, topk_indices)
        else:
            # Mixed or pure prefill: allocate output tensor
            attn_out = q.new_empty(
                (attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens, self.num_heads, self.kv_lora_rank),
                dtype=q.dtype,
                device=q.device,
            )

            if num_decode_tokens > 0:
                attn_out[:num_decode_tokens] = _fp8_decode(
                    q[:num_decode_tokens], topk_indices[:num_decode_tokens]
                )

            assert fp8_metadata.prefill is not None
            for chunk in fp8_metadata.prefill.chunks:
                chunk_workspace = self.prefill_bf16_workspace[: chunk.chunk_tot_seqlen]
                ops.cp_gather_and_upconvert_fp8_kv_cache(
                    kv_c_and_k_pe_cache,
                    chunk_workspace,
                    chunk.block_table,
                    chunk.seq_lens,
                    chunk.workspace_starts,
                    len(chunk.block_table),
                )

                chunk_q = q[chunk.tokens_slice]
                chunk_topk_indices_workspace = topk_indices[chunk.tokens_slice]

                attn_out[chunk.tokens_slice] = self._bf16_flash_mla_kernel(
                    chunk_q,
                    chunk_workspace,
                    chunk_topk_indices_workspace,
                )

        return attn_out

    def _forward_fp8_kv_mixed_batch(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        topk_indices: torch.Tensor,
        attn_metadata: FlashMLASparseMetadata,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Mixed batch FP8 forward path that treats all tokens as one batch.

        This is equivalent to main branch's approach and avoids the BF16
        prefill kernel which has head padding overhead when num_heads is small.
        Used when use_mixed_batch is True.
        """
        # Convert per-request indices to global slots (decode) or workspace
        # offsets (prefill).
        topk_indices = triton_convert_req_index_to_global_index(
            attn_metadata.req_id_per_token,
            attn_metadata.block_table,
            topk_indices,
            BLOCK_SIZE=attn_metadata.block_size,
            NUM_TOPK_TOKENS=topk_indices.shape[1],
        )

        assert attn_metadata.fp8_extra_metadata is not None
        assert isinstance(
            attn_metadata.fp8_extra_metadata, FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata
        )
        fp8_metadata = attn_metadata.fp8_extra_metadata

        _attn_out, _ = self._fp8_flash_mla_kernel(
            q=q.unsqueeze(0),  # unsqueeze to add batch_dim: (T, H, D) -> (1, T, H, D)
            kv_c_and_k_pe_cache=kv_c_and_k_pe_cache,
            topk_indices=topk_indices.unsqueeze(0),  # (T, topk) -> (1, T, topk)
            kernel_metadata=fp8_metadata,
        )

        # Output is (1, T, H, D_v), squeeze back to (T, H, D_v)
        return _attn_out.squeeze(0)

    def _fp8_flash_mla_kernel(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        topk_indices: torch.Tensor,
        kernel_metadata: FlashMLASparseMetadata.FP8KernelMetadata,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        # q shape: (batch, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim)
        actual_num_heads = q.size(2)
        padded_num_heads = self.fp8_decode_padded_heads

        # Pad query if needed (kernel only supports h_q = 64 or 128)
        if actual_num_heads < padded_num_heads:
            logger.warning_once(
                f"Padding num_heads from {actual_num_heads} to "
                f"{padded_num_heads} for FP8 sparse decode kernel"
            )
            q_padded = q.new_zeros((q.size(0), q.size(1), padded_num_heads, q.size(3)))
            q_padded[:, :, :actual_num_heads, :] = q
            q = q_padded

        out, lse = flash_mla_with_kvcache(
            q=q,
            k_cache=kv_c_and_k_pe_cache.view(torch.uint8).unsqueeze(-2),
            block_table=kernel_metadata.dummy_block_table,
            head_dim_v=512,
            cache_seqlens=kernel_metadata.cache_lens,
            tile_scheduler_metadata=kernel_metadata.scheduler_metadata,
            is_fp8_kvcache=True,
            indices=topk_indices,
            softmax_scale=self.softmax_scale,
        )

        # Slice output back to actual head count if we padded
        if actual_num_heads < padded_num_heads:
            out = out[:, :, :actual_num_heads, :]

        return out, lse

    def _bf16_flash_mla_kernel(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        topk_indices: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        num_tokens = q.shape[0]
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache = kv_c_and_k_pe_cache.view(
            -1, 1, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache.shape[-1]
        )

        # NOTE(Chen): kernel requires num_local_head to be a multiple of
        # 64 on hopper and 128 on blackwell
        if self.num_heads % self.prefill_padding != 0:
            assert self.prefill_padding % self.num_heads == 0
            logger.warning_once(
                f"Padding num_heads from {self.num_heads} to "
                f"{self.prefill_padding} for BF16 sparse prefill kernel"
            )
            q_padded = q.new_empty((q.shape[0], self.prefill_padding, q.shape[2]))
            q_padded[:, : self.num_heads, :] = q
            q = q_padded

        topk_indices = topk_indices.view(num_tokens, 1, -1)
        output = flash_mla_sparse_fwd(
            q, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache, topk_indices, self.softmax_scale
        )[0]
        output = output[:, : self.num_heads, :]
        return output

    def forward_mqa(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor | tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor],
        kv_c_and_k_pe_cache: torch.Tensor,
        attn_metadata: FlashMLASparseMetadata,
        layer: AttentionLayer,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor | None]:
        # NOTE(lucas): for the sparse FlashMLA kernels the kernels want to use
        # MQA 576/512 approach for both prefill and decode

        # Concatenate q if it's a tuple (ql_nope, q_pe)
        if isinstance(q, tuple):
            ql_nope, q_pe = q
            q = self.q_concat_buffer[: ql_nope.shape[0]]
            ops.concat_mla_q(ql_nope, q_pe, q)

        num_actual_toks = q.shape[0]

        # Get topk indices
        assert self.topk_indices_buffer is not None
        topk_indices = self.topk_indices_buffer[:num_actual_toks]

        use_fp8_cache = self.kv_cache_dtype == "fp8_ds_mla"

        if not use_fp8_cache:
            attn_out = self._forward_bf16_kv(
                q, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache, topk_indices, attn_metadata
            )
        elif attn_metadata.fp8_use_mixed_batch:
            attn_out = self._forward_fp8_kv_mixed_batch(
                q, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache, topk_indices, attn_metadata
            )
        else:
            attn_out = self._forward_fp8_kv_separate_prefill_decode(
                q, kv_c_and_k_pe_cache, topk_indices, attn_metadata
            )

        return attn_out, None