backends.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

import ast
import dataclasses
import os
import pprint
import time
from collections.abc import Sequence
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional

import torch
import torch.fx as fx
from torch._dispatch.python import enable_python_dispatcher

import vllm.envs as envs
from vllm.config import CompilationConfig, CUDAGraphMode, VllmConfig
from vllm.logger import init_logger
from vllm.platforms import current_platform
from vllm.utils import is_torch_equal_or_newer, resolve_obj_by_qualname

from .compiler_interface import (
    CompilerInterface,
    EagerAdaptor,
    InductorAdaptor,
    InductorStandaloneAdaptor,
)
from .counter import compilation_counter
from .inductor_pass import InductorPass
from .pass_manager import PostGradPassManager

logger = init_logger(__name__)


def make_compiler(compilation_config: CompilationConfig) -> CompilerInterface:
    if compilation_config.backend == "inductor":
        # Use standalone compile only if requested, version is new enough,
        # and the symbol actually exists in this PyTorch build.
        if (
            envs.VLLM_USE_STANDALONE_COMPILE
            and is_torch_equal_or_newer("2.8.0.dev")
            and hasattr(torch._inductor, "standalone_compile")
        ):
            logger.debug("Using InductorStandaloneAdaptor")
            return InductorStandaloneAdaptor()
        else:
            logger.debug("Using InductorAdaptor")
            return InductorAdaptor()
    else:
        assert compilation_config.backend == "eager", (
            "Custom backends not supported with CompilationLevel.PIECEWISE"
        )

        logger.debug("Using EagerAdaptor")
        return EagerAdaptor()


class CompilerManager:
    """
    A manager to manage the compilation process, including
    caching the compiled graph, loading the compiled graph,
    and compiling the graph.

    The cache is a dict mapping
    `(runtime_shape, graph_index, backend_name)`
    to `any_data` returned from the compiler.

    When serializing the cache, we save it to a Python file
    for readability. We don't use json here because json doesn't
    support int as key.
    """

    def __init__(self, compilation_config: CompilationConfig):
        self.cache: dict[tuple[Optional[int], int, str], Any] = dict()
        self.is_cache_updated = False
        self.compilation_config = compilation_config
        self.compiler = make_compiler(compilation_config)

    def compute_hash(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig) -> str:
        return self.compiler.compute_hash(vllm_config)

    def initialize_cache(
        self, cache_dir: str, disable_cache: bool = False, prefix: str = ""
    ):
        """
        Initialize the cache directory for the compiler.

        The organization of the cache directory is as follows:
        cache_dir=/path/to/hash_str/rank_i_j/prefix/
        inside cache_dir, there will be:
        - vllm_compile_cache.py
        - computation_graph.py
        - transformed_code.py

        for multiple prefixes, they can share the same
        base cache dir of /path/to/hash_str/rank_i_j/ ,
        to store some common compilation artifacts.
        """

        self.disable_cache = disable_cache
        self.cache_dir = cache_dir
        self.cache_file_path = os.path.join(cache_dir, "vllm_compile_cache.py")

        if not disable_cache and os.path.exists(self.cache_file_path):
            # load the cache from the file
            with open(self.cache_file_path) as f:
                # we use ast.literal_eval to parse the data
                # because it is a safe way to parse Python literals.
                # do not use eval(), it is unsafe.
                self.cache = ast.literal_eval(f.read())

        self.compiler.initialize_cache(
            cache_dir=cache_dir, disable_cache=disable_cache, prefix=prefix
        )

    def save_to_file(self):
        if self.disable_cache or not self.is_cache_updated:
            return
        printer = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)
        data = printer.pformat(self.cache)
        with open(self.cache_file_path, "w") as f:
            f.write(data)

    def load(
        self,
        graph: fx.GraphModule,
        example_inputs: list[Any],
        graph_index: int,
        runtime_shape: Optional[int] = None,
    ) -> Optional[Callable]:
        if (runtime_shape, graph_index, self.compiler.name) not in self.cache:
            return None
        handle = self.cache[(runtime_shape, graph_index, self.compiler.name)]
        compiled_graph = self.compiler.load(
            handle, graph, example_inputs, graph_index, runtime_shape
        )
        if runtime_shape is None:
            logger.debug(
                "Directly load the %s-th graph for dynamic shape from %s via handle %s",
                graph_index,
                self.compiler.name,
                handle,
            )
        else:
            logger.debug(
                "Directly load the %s-th graph for shape %s from %s via handle %s",
                graph_index,
                str(runtime_shape),
                self.compiler.name,
                handle,
            )
        return compiled_graph

    def compile(
        self,
        graph: fx.GraphModule,
        example_inputs,
        additional_inductor_config,
        compilation_config: CompilationConfig,
        graph_index: int = 0,
        num_graphs: int = 1,
        runtime_shape: Optional[int] = None,
    ) -> Any:
        if graph_index == 0:
            # before compiling the first graph, record the start time
            global compilation_start_time
            compilation_start_time = time.time()

        compilation_counter.num_backend_compilations += 1

        compiled_graph = None

        # try to load from the cache
        compiled_graph = self.load(graph, example_inputs, graph_index, runtime_shape)
        if compiled_graph is not None:
            if graph_index == num_graphs - 1:
                # after loading the last graph for this shape, record the time.
                # there can be multiple graphs due to piecewise compilation.
                now = time.time()
                elapsed = now - compilation_start_time
                if runtime_shape is None:
                    logger.info(
                        "Directly load the compiled graph(s) for dynamic shape "
                        "from the cache, took %.3f s",
                        elapsed,
                    )
                else:
                    logger.info(
                        "Directly load the compiled graph(s) for shape %s "
                        "from the cache, took %.3f s",
                        str(runtime_shape),
                        elapsed,
                    )
            return compiled_graph

        # no compiler cached the graph, or the cache is disabled,
        # we need to compile it
        if isinstance(self.compiler, InductorAdaptor):
            # Let compile_fx generate a key for us
            maybe_key = None
        else:
            maybe_key = f"artifact_shape_{runtime_shape}_subgraph_{graph_index}"
        compiled_graph, handle = self.compiler.compile(
            graph, example_inputs, additional_inductor_config, runtime_shape, maybe_key
        )

        assert compiled_graph is not None, "Failed to compile the graph"

        # store the artifact in the cache
        if not envs.VLLM_DISABLE_COMPILE_CACHE and handle is not None:
            self.cache[(runtime_shape, graph_index, self.compiler.name)] = handle
            compilation_counter.num_cache_entries_updated += 1
            self.is_cache_updated = True
            if graph_index == 0:
                # adds some info logging for the first graph
                if runtime_shape is None:
                    logger.info("Cache the graph for dynamic shape for later use")
                else:
                    logger.info(
                        "Cache the graph of shape %s for later use", str(runtime_shape)
                    )
            if runtime_shape is None:
                logger.debug(
                    "Store the %s-th graph for dynamic shape from %s via handle %s",
                    graph_index,
                    self.compiler.name,
                    handle,
                )
            else:
                logger.debug(
                    "Store the %s-th graph for shape %s from %s via handle %s",
                    graph_index,
                    str(runtime_shape),
                    self.compiler.name,
                    handle,
                )

        # after compiling the last graph, record the end time
        if graph_index == num_graphs - 1:
            now = time.time()
            elapsed = now - compilation_start_time
            compilation_config.compilation_time += elapsed
            if runtime_shape is None:
                logger.info("Compiling a graph for dynamic shape takes %.2f s", elapsed)
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "Compiling a graph for shape %s takes %.2f s",
                    runtime_shape,
                    elapsed,
                )

        return compiled_graph


@dataclasses.dataclass
class SplitItem:
    submod_name: str
    graph_id: int
    is_splitting_graph: bool
    graph: fx.GraphModule


def split_graph(
    graph: fx.GraphModule, ops: list[str]
) -> tuple[fx.GraphModule, list[SplitItem]]:
    # split graph by ops
    subgraph_id = 0
    node_to_subgraph_id = {}
    split_op_graphs = []
    for node in graph.graph.nodes:
        if node.op in ("output", "placeholder"):
            continue
        if node.op == "call_function" and str(node.target) in ops:
            subgraph_id += 1
            node_to_subgraph_id[node] = subgraph_id
            split_op_graphs.append(subgraph_id)
            subgraph_id += 1
        else:
            node_to_subgraph_id[node] = subgraph_id

    # `keep_original_order` is important!
    # otherwise pytorch might reorder the nodes and
    # the semantics of the graph will change when we
    # have mutations in the graph
    split_gm = torch.fx.passes.split_module.split_module(
        graph, None, lambda node: node_to_subgraph_id[node], keep_original_order=True
    )

    outputs = []

    names = [name for (name, module) in split_gm.named_modules()]

    for name in names:
        if "." in name or name == "":
            # recursive child module or the root module
            continue

        module = getattr(split_gm, name)

        graph_id = int(name.replace("submod_", ""))
        outputs.append(SplitItem(name, graph_id, (graph_id in split_op_graphs), module))

    # sort by integer graph_id, rather than string name
    outputs.sort(key=lambda x: x.graph_id)

    return split_gm, outputs


compilation_start_time = 0.0


class PiecewiseCompileInterpreter(torch.fx.Interpreter):
    """Code adapted from `torch.fx.passes.shape_prop.ShapeProp`.
    It runs the given graph with fake inputs, and compile some
    submodules specified by `compile_submod_names` with the given
    compilation configs.

    NOTE: the order in `compile_submod_names` matters, because
    it will be used to determine the order of the compiled piecewise
    graphs. The first graph will handle logging, and the last graph
    has some special cudagraph output handling.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        module: torch.fx.GraphModule,
        compile_submod_names: list[str],
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        vllm_backend: "VllmBackend",
    ):
        super().__init__(module)
        from torch._guards import detect_fake_mode

        self.fake_mode = detect_fake_mode()
        self.compile_submod_names = compile_submod_names
        self.compilation_config = vllm_config.compilation_config
        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
        self.vllm_backend = vllm_backend
        # When True, it annoyingly dumps the torch.fx.Graph on errors.
        self.extra_traceback = False

    def run(self, *args):
        fake_args = [
            self.fake_mode.from_tensor(t) if isinstance(t, torch.Tensor) else t
            for t in args
        ]
        with self.fake_mode, enable_python_dispatcher():
            return super().run(*fake_args)

    def call_module(
        self,
        target: torch.fx.node.Target,
        args: tuple[torch.fx.node.Argument, ...],
        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
    ) -> Any:
        assert isinstance(target, str)
        output = super().call_module(target, args, kwargs)

        if target in self.compile_submod_names:
            index = self.compile_submod_names.index(target)
            submod = self.fetch_attr(target)
            sym_shape_indices = [
                i for i, x in enumerate(args) if isinstance(x, torch.SymInt)
            ]
            global compilation_start_time

            compiled_graph_for_dynamic_shape = (
                self.vllm_backend.compiler_manager.compile(
                    submod,
                    args,
                    self.compilation_config.inductor_compile_config,
                    self.compilation_config,
                    graph_index=index,
                    num_graphs=len(self.compile_submod_names),
                    runtime_shape=None,
                )
            )
            # Lazy import here to avoid circular import
            from .piecewise_backend import PiecewiseBackend

            piecewise_backend = PiecewiseBackend(
                submod,
                self.vllm_config,
                index,
                len(self.compile_submod_names),
                sym_shape_indices,
                compiled_graph_for_dynamic_shape,
                self.vllm_backend,
            )

            if (
                self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode.has_piecewise_cudagraphs()
                and not self.compilation_config.use_inductor_graph_partition
            ):
                # We're using Dynamo-based piecewise splitting, so we wrap
                # the whole subgraph with a static graph wrapper.
                from .cuda_graph import CUDAGraphOptions

                # resolve the static graph wrapper class (e.g. CUDAGraphWrapper
                # class) as platform dependent.
                static_graph_wrapper_class = resolve_obj_by_qualname(
                    current_platform.get_static_graph_wrapper_cls()
                )

                # Always assign PIECEWISE runtime mode to the
                # CUDAGraphWrapper for piecewise_backend, to distinguish
                # it from the FULL cudagraph runtime mode, no matter it
                # is wrapped on a full or piecewise fx graph.
                self.module.__dict__[target] = static_graph_wrapper_class(
                    runnable=piecewise_backend,
                    vllm_config=self.vllm_config,
                    runtime_mode=CUDAGraphMode.PIECEWISE,
                    cudagraph_options=CUDAGraphOptions(
                        debug_log_enable=piecewise_backend.is_first_graph,
                        gc_disable=not piecewise_backend.is_first_graph,
                        weak_ref_output=piecewise_backend.is_last_graph,
                    ),
                )
            else:
                self.module.__dict__[target] = piecewise_backend

            compilation_counter.num_piecewise_capturable_graphs_seen += 1

        return output


# the tag for the part of model being compiled,
# e.g. backbone/eagle_head
model_tag: str = "backbone"


@contextmanager
def set_model_tag(tag: str):
    """Context manager to set the model tag."""
    global model_tag
    assert tag != model_tag, (
        f"Model tag {tag} is the same as the current tag {model_tag}."
    )
    old_tag = model_tag
    model_tag = tag
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        model_tag = old_tag


class VllmBackend:
    """The compilation backend for `torch.compile` with vLLM.
    It is used for compilation level of `CompilationLevel.PIECEWISE`,
    where we customize the compilation.

    The major work of this backend is to split the graph into
    piecewise graphs, and pass them to the piecewise backend.

    This backend also adds the PostGradPassManager to Inductor config,
    which handles the post-grad passes.
    """

    vllm_config: VllmConfig
    compilation_config: CompilationConfig
    _called: bool = False
    # the graph we compiled
    graph: fx.GraphModule
    # the stiching graph module for all the piecewise graphs
    split_gm: fx.GraphModule
    piecewise_graphs: list[SplitItem]
    returned_callable: Callable
    # Inductor passes to run on the graph pre-defunctionalization
    post_grad_passes: Sequence[Callable]
    sym_tensor_indices: list[int]
    input_buffers: list[torch.Tensor]
    compiler_manager: CompilerManager

    def __init__(
        self,
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        prefix: str = "",
    ):
        # if the model is initialized with a non-empty prefix,
        # then usually it's enough to use that prefix,
        # e.g. language_model, vision_model, etc.
        # when multiple parts are initialized as independent
        # models, we need to use the model_tag to distinguish
        # them, e.g. backbone (default), eagle_head, etc.
        self.prefix = prefix or model_tag

        # Passes to run on the graph post-grad.
        self.post_grad_pass_manager = PostGradPassManager()

        self.sym_tensor_indices = []
        self.input_buffers = []

        self.vllm_config = vllm_config
        self.compilation_config = vllm_config.compilation_config

        self.compiler_manager: CompilerManager = CompilerManager(
            self.compilation_config
        )

        # `torch.compile` is JIT compiled, so we don't need to
        # do anything here

    def configure_post_pass(self):
        config = self.compilation_config
        self.post_grad_pass_manager.configure(self.vllm_config)

        # Post-grad custom passes are run using the post_grad_custom_post_pass
        # hook. If a pass for that hook exists, add it to the pass manager.
        inductor_config = config.inductor_compile_config
        PASS_KEY = "post_grad_custom_post_pass"
        if PASS_KEY in inductor_config:
            if isinstance(inductor_config[PASS_KEY], PostGradPassManager):
                # PassManager already added to config, make sure it's correct
                assert (
                    inductor_config[PASS_KEY].uuid()
                    == self.post_grad_pass_manager.uuid()
                )
            else:
                # Config should automatically wrap all inductor passes
                assert isinstance(inductor_config[PASS_KEY], InductorPass)
                self.post_grad_pass_manager.add(inductor_config[PASS_KEY])
        inductor_config[PASS_KEY] = self.post_grad_pass_manager

    def __call__(self, graph: fx.GraphModule, example_inputs) -> Callable:
        vllm_config = self.vllm_config
        if not self.compilation_config.cache_dir:
            # no provided cache dir, generate one based on the known factors
            # that affects the compilation. if none of the factors change,
            # the cache dir will be the same so that we can reuse the compiled
            # graph.

            factors = []
            # 0. factors come from the env, for example, The values of
            # VLLM_PP_LAYER_PARTITION will affect the computation graph.
            env_hash = envs.compute_hash()
            factors.append(env_hash)

            # 1. factors come from the vllm_config (it mainly summarizes how the
            #    model is created)
            config_hash = vllm_config.compute_hash()
            factors.append(config_hash)

            # 2. factors come from the code files that are traced by Dynamo (
            #    it mainly summarizes how the model is used in forward pass)
            forward_code_files = list(sorted(self.compilation_config.traced_files))
            self.compilation_config.traced_files.clear()
            logger.debug(
                "Traced files (to be considered for compilation cache):\n%s",
                "\n".join(forward_code_files),
            )
            hash_content = []
            for filepath in forward_code_files:
                hash_content.append(filepath)
                if filepath == "<string>":
                    # This means the function was dynamically generated, with
                    # e.g. exec(). We can't actually check these.
                    continue
                with open(filepath) as f:
                    hash_content.append(f.read())
            import hashlib

            code_hash = hashlib.md5(
                "\n".join(hash_content).encode(), usedforsecurity=False
            ).hexdigest()
            factors.append(code_hash)

            # 3. compiler hash
            compiler_hash = self.compiler_manager.compute_hash(vllm_config)
            factors.append(compiler_hash)

            # combine all factors to generate the cache dir
            hash_key = hashlib.md5(
                str(factors).encode(), usedforsecurity=False
            ).hexdigest()[:10]

            cache_dir = os.path.join(
                envs.VLLM_CACHE_ROOT,
                "torch_compile_cache",
                hash_key,
            )
            self.compilation_config.cache_dir = cache_dir

        cache_dir = self.compilation_config.cache_dir
        os.makedirs(cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
        self.compilation_config.cache_dir = cache_dir
        rank = vllm_config.parallel_config.rank
        dp_rank = vllm_config.parallel_config.data_parallel_rank
        local_cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, f"rank_{rank}_{dp_rank}", self.prefix)
        os.makedirs(local_cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
        self.compilation_config.local_cache_dir = local_cache_dir

        disable_cache = envs.VLLM_DISABLE_COMPILE_CACHE

        if disable_cache:
            logger.info("vLLM's torch.compile cache is disabled.")
        else:
            logger.info(
                "Using cache directory: %s for vLLM's torch.compile", local_cache_dir
            )

        self.compiler_manager.initialize_cache(
            local_cache_dir, disable_cache, self.prefix
        )

        # when dynamo calls the backend, it means the bytecode
        # transform and analysis are done
        compilation_counter.num_graphs_seen += 1
        from .monitor import torch_compile_start_time

        dynamo_time = time.time() - torch_compile_start_time
        logger.info("Dynamo bytecode transform time: %.2f s", dynamo_time)
        self.compilation_config.compilation_time += dynamo_time

        # we control the compilation process, each instance can only be
        # called once
        assert not self._called, "VllmBackend can only be called once"

        self.graph = graph
        self.configure_post_pass()

        self.split_gm, self.piecewise_graphs = split_graph(
            graph, self.compilation_config.splitting_ops
        )

        from torch._dynamo.utils import lazy_format_graph_code

        # depyf will hook lazy_format_graph_code and dump the graph
        # for debugging, no need to print the graph here
        lazy_format_graph_code("before split", self.graph)
        lazy_format_graph_code("after split", self.split_gm)

        compilation_counter.num_piecewise_graphs_seen += len(self.piecewise_graphs)
        submod_names_to_compile = [
            item.submod_name
            for item in self.piecewise_graphs
            if not item.is_splitting_graph
        ]

        # propagate the split graph to the piecewise backend,
        # compile submodules with symbolic shapes
        PiecewiseCompileInterpreter(
            self.split_gm, submod_names_to_compile, self.vllm_config, self
        ).run(*example_inputs)

        graph_path = os.path.join(local_cache_dir, "computation_graph.py")
        if not os.path.exists(graph_path):
            # code adapted from https://github.com/thuml/depyf/blob/dab831108a752d1facc00acdd6d4243891845c37/depyf/explain/patched_lazy_format_graph_code.py#L30 # noqa
            # use `print_readable` because it can include submodules
            src = (
                "from __future__ import annotations\nimport torch\n"
                + self.split_gm.print_readable(print_output=False)
            )
            src = src.replace("<lambda>", "GraphModule")
            with open(graph_path, "w") as f:
                f.write(src)

            logger.debug("Computation graph saved to %s", graph_path)

        self._called = True

        if (
            self.compilation_config.cudagraph_mode == CUDAGraphMode.NONE
            or not self.compilation_config.cudagraph_copy_inputs
        ):
            return self.split_gm

        # if we need to copy input buffers for cudagraph
        from torch._guards import detect_fake_mode

        fake_mode = detect_fake_mode()
        fake_args = [
            fake_mode.from_tensor(t) if isinstance(t, torch.Tensor) else t
            for t in example_inputs
        ]

        # index of tensors that have symbolic shapes (batch size)
        # for weights and static buffers, they will have concrete shapes.
        # symbolic shape only happens for input tensors.
        from torch.fx.experimental.symbolic_shapes import is_symbolic

        self.sym_tensor_indices = [
            i
            for i, x in enumerate(fake_args)
            if isinstance(x, torch._subclasses.fake_tensor.FakeTensor)
            and any(is_symbolic(d) for d in x.size())
        ]

        # compiler managed cudagraph input buffers
        # we assume the first run with symbolic shapes
        # has the maximum size among all the tensors
        self.input_buffers = [
            example_inputs[x].clone() for x in self.sym_tensor_indices
        ]

        # this is the callable we return to Dynamo to run
        def copy_and_call(*args):
            list_args = list(args)
            for i, index in enumerate(self.sym_tensor_indices):
                runtime_tensor = list_args[index]
                runtime_shape = runtime_tensor.shape[0]
                static_tensor = self.input_buffers[i][:runtime_shape]

                # copy the tensor to the static buffer
                static_tensor.copy_(runtime_tensor)

                # replace the tensor in the list_args to the static buffer
                list_args[index] = static_tensor
            return self.split_gm(*list_args)

        return copy_and_call