[Target] Enhance target selection helpers and documentation (#1085)

* Improve target docs and helper messaging

  Commit Message:

  - add SUPPORTED_TARGETS metadata and expose describe_supported_targets()
  - relax target validation to accept option suffixes and upgrade error messages
  - document target usage and compute capability mapping in docs/get_started/targets.md
  - note preference for string targets when caching and link the new guide in docs/index.md

* remove american english spelling

docs/get_started/targets.md

+# Understanding Targets
+
+TileLang is built on top of TVM, which relies on **targets** to describe the device you want to compile for.
+The target determines which code generator is used (CUDA, HIP, Metal, LLVM, …) and allows you to pass
+device-specific options such as GPU architecture flags. This page summarises how to pick and customise a target
+when compiling TileLang programs.
+
+## Common target strings
+
+TileLang ships with a small set of common targets; each accepts the full range of TVM options so you can fine-tune
+the generated code. The most frequent choices are listed below:
+
+| Base name | Description |
+| --------- | ----------- |
+| `auto` | Detects CUDA → HIP → Metal in that order. Useful when running the same script across machines. |
+| `cuda` | NVIDIA GPUs. Supports options such as `-arch=sm_80`, `-max_num_threads=1024`, etc. |
+| `hip` | AMD GPUs via ROCm. Options like `-mcpu=gfx90a` can be appended. |
+| `metal` | Apple Silicon GPUs (arm64 Macs). |
+| `llvm` | CPU execution; accepts the standard TVM LLVM switches. |
+| `webgpu` | Browser / WebGPU runtimes. |
+| `c` | Emit plain C source for inspection or custom toolchains. |
+
+To add options, append them after the base name, separated by spaces. For example:
+
+```python
+target = "cuda -arch=sm_90"
+kernel = tilelang.compile(func, target=target, execution_backend="cython")
+# or
+@tilelang.jit(target=target)
+def compiled_kernel(*args):
+    return func(*args)
+```
+
+The same convention works for HIP or LLVM (e.g. `hip -mcpu=gfx940`, `llvm -mtriple=x86_64-linux-gnu`).
+
+### Advanced: Specify Exact Hardware
+
+When you already know the precise GPU model, you can encode it in the target string—either via `-arch=sm_XX` or by
+using one of TVM’s pre-defined target tags such as `nvidia/nvidia-h100`.  Supplying this detail is optional for
+TileLang in general use, but it becomes valuable when the TVM cost model is enabled (e.g. during autotuning).  The
+cost model uses the extra attributes to make better scheduling predictions.  If you skip this step (or do not use the
+cost model), generic targets like `cuda` or `auto` are perfectly fine.
+
+All CUDA compute capabilities recognised by TVM’s target registry are listed below.  Pick the one that matches your
+GPU and append it to the target string or use the corresponding target tag—for example `nvidia/nvidia-a100`.
+
+| Architecture | GPUs (examples) |
+| ------------ | ---------------- |
+| `sm_20` | `nvidia/tesla-c2050`, `nvidia/tesla-c2070` |
+| `sm_21` | `nvidia/nvs-5400m`, `nvidia/geforce-gt-520` |
+| `sm_30` | `nvidia/quadro-k5000`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-780m` |
+| `sm_35` | `nvidia/tesla-k40`, `nvidia/quadro-k6000` |
+| `sm_37` | `nvidia/tesla-k80` |
+| `sm_50` | `nvidia/quadro-k2200`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-950m` |
+| `sm_52` | `nvidia/tesla-m40`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-980` |
+| `sm_53` | `nvidia/jetson-tx1`, `nvidia/jetson-nano` |
+| `sm_60` | `nvidia/tesla-p100`, `nvidia/quadro-gp100` |
+| `sm_61` | `nvidia/tesla-p4`, `nvidia/quadro-p6000`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-1080` |
+| `sm_62` | `nvidia/jetson-tx2` |
+| `sm_70` | `nvidia/nvidia-v100`, `nvidia/quadro-gv100` |
+| `sm_72` | `nvidia/jetson-agx-xavier` |
+| `sm_75` | `nvidia/nvidia-t4`, `nvidia/quadro-rtx-8000`, `nvidia/geforce-rtx-2080` |
+| `sm_80` | `nvidia/nvidia-a100`, `nvidia/nvidia-a30` |
+| `sm_86` | `nvidia/nvidia-a40`, `nvidia/nvidia-a10`, `nvidia/geforce-rtx-3090` |
+| `sm_87` | `nvidia/jetson-agx-orin-32gb`, `nvidia/jetson-agx-orin-64gb` |
+| `sm_89` | `nvidia/geforce-rtx-4090` |
+| `sm_90a` | `nvidia/nvidia-h100` (DPX profile) |
+| `sm_100a` | `nvidia/nvidia-b100` |
+
+Refer to NVIDIA’s [CUDA GPUs](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus) page or the TVM source
+(`3rdparty/tvm/src/target/tag.cc`) for the latest mapping between devices and compute capabilities.
+
+## Creating targets programmatically
+
+If you prefer working with TVM’s `Target` objects, TileLang exposes the helper
+`tilelang.utils.target.determine_target` (returns a canonical target string by default, or the `Target`
+object when `return_object=True`):
+
+```python
+from tilelang.utils.target import determine_target
+
+tvm_target = determine_target("cuda -arch=sm_80", return_object=True)
+kernel = tilelang.compile(func, target=tvm_target)
+```
+
+You can also build targets directly through TVM:
+
+```python
+from tvm.target import Target
+
+target = Target("cuda", host="llvm")
+target = target.with_host(Target("llvm -mcpu=skylake"))
+```
+
+TileLang accepts either `str` or `Target` inputs; internally they are normalised and cached using the canonical
+string representation.  **In user code we strongly recommend passing target strings rather than
+`tvm.target.Target` instances—strings keep cache keys compact and deterministic across runs, whereas constructing
+fresh `Target` objects may lead to slightly higher hashing overhead or inconsistent identity semantics.**
+
+## Discovering supported targets in code
+
+Looking for a quick reminder of the built-in base names and their descriptions? Use:
+
+```python
+from tilelang.utils.target import describe_supported_targets
+
+for name, doc in describe_supported_targets().items():
+    print(f"{name:>6}: {doc}")
+```
+
+This helper mirrors the table above and is safe to call at runtime (for example when validating CLI arguments).
+
+## Troubleshooting tips
+
+- If you see `Target cuda -arch=sm_80 is not supported`, double-check the spellings and that the option is valid for
+  TVM. Any invalid switch will surface as a target-construction error.
+- Runtime errors such as “no kernel image is available” usually mean the `-arch` flag does not match the GPU you are
+  running on. Try dropping the flag or switching to the correct compute capability.
+- When targeting multiple environments, use `auto` for convenience and override with an explicit string only when
+  you need architecture-specific tuning.

docs/index.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ low-level optimizations necessary for state-of-the-art performance.
 
 get_started/Installation
 get_started/overview
+get_started/targets
 :::
 
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ column_limit = 100
 indent_width = 4
 
 [tool.codespell]
-builtin = "clear,rare,en-GB_to_en-US"
 ignore-words = "docs/spelling_wordlist.txt"
 skip = [
     "build",

tilelang/jit/kernel.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from tilelang.engine.param import CompiledArtifact, KernelParam
 from tilelang.jit.adapter import (BaseKernelAdapter, CtypesKernelAdapter, CythonKernelAdapter,
                                   NVRTCKernelAdapter, TorchDLPackKernelAdapter, MetalKernelAdapter)
 from tilelang.profiler import Profiler, TensorSupplyType
-from tilelang.utils.target import AVALIABLE_TARGETS, determine_target
+from tilelang.utils.target import determine_target
 import logging
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -90,13 +90,8 @@ class JITKernel(object):
 
         self.compile_flags = compile_flags
 
-        # If the target is specified as a string, validate it and convert it to a TVM Target.
-        if isinstance(target, str):
-            assert target in AVALIABLE_TARGETS, f"Invalid target: {target}"
-            target = determine_target(target)
-
-        # Ensure the target is always a TVM Target object.
-        self.target = Target(target)
+        # Ensure the target is always a valid TVM Target object.
+        self.target = determine_target(target, return_object=True)
 
         # Validate the execution backend.
         assert execution_backend in [

tilelang/utils/target.py

 from platform import mac_ver
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Dict, Literal, Union
 from tilelang import tvm as tvm
 from tilelang import _ffi_api
 from tvm.target import Target
 from tvm.contrib import rocm
 from tilelang.contrib import nvcc
 
-AVALIABLE_TARGETS = {
-    "auto",
-    "cuda",
-    "hip",
-    "webgpu",
-    "c",  # represent c source backend
-    "llvm",
-    "metal",
+SUPPORTED_TARGETS: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "auto": "Auto-detect CUDA/HIP/Metal based on availability.",
+    "cuda": "CUDA GPU target (supports options such as `cuda -arch=sm_80`).",
+    "hip": "ROCm HIP target (supports options like `hip -mcpu=gfx90a`).",
+    "metal": "Apple Metal target for arm64 Macs.",
+    "llvm": "LLVM CPU target (accepts standard TVM LLVM options).",
+    "webgpu": "WebGPU target for browser/WebGPU runtimes.",
+    "c": "C source backend.",
 }
 
 
+def describe_supported_targets() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a mapping of supported target names to usage descriptions.
+    """
+    return dict(SUPPORTED_TARGETS)
+
+
 def check_cuda_availability() -> bool:
     """
     Check if CUDA is available on the system by locating the CUDA path.
@@ -90,11 +97,27 @@ def determine_target(target: Union[str, Target, Literal["auto"]] = "auto",
             raise ValueError("No CUDA or HIP or MPS available on this system.")
     else:
         # Validate the target if it's not "auto"
-        assert isinstance(
-            target, Target) or target in AVALIABLE_TARGETS, f"Target {target} is not supported"
-        return_var = target
+        if isinstance(target, Target):
+            return_var = target
+        elif isinstance(target, str):
+            normalized_target = target.strip()
+            if not normalized_target:
+                raise AssertionError(f"Target {target} is not supported")
+            try:
+                Target(normalized_target)
+            except Exception as err:
+                examples = ", ".join(f"`{name}`" for name in SUPPORTED_TARGETS)
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f"Target {target} is not supported. Supported targets include: {examples}. "
+                    "Pass additional options after the base name, e.g. `cuda -arch=sm_80`."
+                ) from err
+            return_var = normalized_target
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(f"Target {target} is not supported")
 
     if return_object:
+        if isinstance(return_var, Target):
+            return return_var
         return Target(return_var)
     return return_var