Adding docs on how dynamic batching works. (#258)

This PR starts the minimal possible amount of explanation I could think
of. It tries to explain how dynamic batching occurs, the interactions
with past key values and ignores the padding problem.

Maybe some drawings could help too but I kept it to text for now.

README.md

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ to power LLMs api-inference widgets.
 - Serve the most popular Large Language Models with a simple launcher
 - Tensor Parallelism for faster inference on multiple GPUs
 - Token streaming using Server-Sent Events (SSE)
-- [Dynamic batching of incoming requests](https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference/blob/main/router/src/batcher.rs#L88) for increased total throughput
+- [Continous batching of incoming requests](https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference/tree/main/router) for increased total throughput
+- Optimized transformers code for inference using [flash-attention](https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention) on the most popular architectures
 - Quantization with [bitsandbytes](https://github.com/TimDettmers/bitsandbytes)
 - [Safetensors](https://github.com/huggingface/safetensors) weight loading
 - Watermarking with [A Watermark for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.10226)

router/README.md

+# Router
+
+Also named `webserver` throughout the docs.
+
+This router is handling most of the logic to handle the "batches" tell
+when to pass new `prefill` requests and pausing `decode` requests, which ones etc...
+
+It uses gRPC to communicate with the shards which can therefore be kept
+much simpler and focus on having the most efficient forward passes as possible.
+
+## Continuous batching
+
+One important feature of `text-generation-inference` is enabled
+by this `router`.
+
+Continuous batching is the act of regularly running queries in the same
+`forward` step of the LLM (a "batch") and also removing them when they are
+finished.
+
+In order for continuous batching to be useful, you need to have more compute available
+with respect to the memory requirements of your model. This is essentially true for
+LLMs and the larger the model, the truer it gets (since you have to pool multiple
+GPUs to load the model, you effectively have a lot of compute power at your hands).
+
+
+Static batching is the act of doing several queries at the same time, but usually
+this is controlled by the client, and therefore the amount of batching is decided
+beforehand.
+
+For text-generation, and LLMs which are memory bound we can try to be much more
+efficient with the available compute, by having client sending us single queries, 
+and let the router mix&match queries into or out of batches to make the use the
+compute the most efficiently. This is possible because for LLMs the total compute
+for running the model is much bigger than doing mix&match of the batches themselves.
+
+
+### Simple continuous batching
+
+text-generation works by feeding a prompt to a model, and iteratively calling
+`forward` on the model to produce new text, 1 token at a time.
+
+The first idea is simple, when a query arrives, we start working on it directly.
+When new queries arrive, we simply wait for the current `forward` to be finished
+then batch the current running prompt with the new query, and call `forward`.
+
+Whenever either query is finished: either the model produce EOS (end of sentence) token
+or the query reached the allowed limit. We simply drop it from the batch, remove
+all the allocated memory and we can continue with the rest until nothing is left.
+
+This simple idea generalizes very well and we could potentially stack many requests
+in the same batch.
+
+One thing to note, is that queries can be potentially run with different parameters
+meaning different way to choose the next token (sampling, not sampling, temperature, top_k etc..). This is not problematic for the proposed approach we just need to do the sampling
+independantly on each member of the batch.
+
+### Prefill, decode and past key values
+
+In order to make LLMs and text-generation efficient, there's actually a very powerful
+trick that can be used, which is the "caching" of some attention matrices. [More on that
+in the first part of this blog](https://huggingface.co/blog/accelerated-inference#getting-to-the-first-10x-speedup)
+
+What this means, is that the first "pass" of a prompt is different from the subsequent
+"forward" passes. Since for the first one we have to compute the entire attention matrix, whereas in the follow-ups only require to compute the new token attention.
+The first pass is called `prefill` throughout this codebase where as the follow-ups are called `decode`.
+
+Since `prefill` is much more expensive than `decode` we don't want to do it all the time,
+but a currently running query is probably doing `decode`. If we want to do the continuous
+batching as explained previously we need to run `prefill` at some point in order to create
+the attention matrix required to be able to join the `decode` group.
+
+`text-generation-inference` uses a bunch of different strategies and parameters in
+order to enable you to find the sweet spot between exploiting the hardware and perceived latency.
+
+With no continuous batching at all, latency is going to be super good, but throughput (meaning
+the total number of requests allowed in a given timeframe) is going to be super bad (since it's essentially 1).
+
+With static batching, you can probably reach the maximum throughput (by using the maximum total batch size applicable to your hardware), but the latency is super bad since in order to have maximum throughput you need to wait for requests to come in before processing.
+
+With continuous batching you can find a sweet spot. In general latency is the most critical
+parameter users care about. But a 2x latency slowdown for 10x more users on the same
+hardware is an acceptable tradeoff.
+
+## Token streaming
+
+This is a very important aspect of client UX. As mentionned above, latency is the
+most critical perceived quality of an LLM API.
+
+With token streaming, the server can start answering after the first `prefill` pass
+directly, without waiting for all the generation to be done. For extremely long queries
+this means clients can start to see something happening orders of magnitude before
+the work is done. Seeing something in progress allows them to cut short if it's not 
+what's wanted but also it "feels" better.