heterograph.cc

/*!
 *  Copyright (c) 2019 by Contributors
 * \file graph/heterograph.cc
 * \brief Heterograph implementation
 */
#include "./heterograph.h"
#include <dmlc/io.h>
#include <dmlc/type_traits.h>
#include <dgl/array.h>
#include <dgl/packed_func_ext.h>
#include <dgl/runtime/container.h>
#include <dgl/immutable_graph.h>
#include <vector>
#include <tuple>
#include <utility>
#include "../c_api_common.h"
#include "./unit_graph.h"
#include "graph_serializer.h"
// TODO(BarclayII): currently CompactGraphs depend on IdHashMap implementation which
// only works on CPU.  Should fix later to make it device agnostic.
#include "../array/cpu/array_utils.h"

using namespace dgl::runtime;

namespace dgl {
namespace {

using dgl::ImmutableGraph;

HeteroSubgraph EdgeSubgraphPreserveNodes(
    const HeteroGraph* hg, const std::vector<IdArray>& eids) {
  CHECK_EQ(eids.size(), hg->NumEdgeTypes())
    << "Invalid input: the input list size must be the same as the number of edge type.";
  HeteroSubgraph ret;
  ret.induced_vertices.resize(hg->NumVertexTypes());
  ret.induced_edges = eids;
  // When preserve_nodes is true, simply compute EdgeSubgraph for each bipartite
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> subrels(hg->NumEdgeTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < hg->NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = hg->meta_graph()->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    const auto& rel_vsg = hg->GetRelationGraph(etype)->EdgeSubgraph(
        {eids[etype]}, true);
    subrels[etype] = rel_vsg.graph;
    ret.induced_vertices[src_vtype] = rel_vsg.induced_vertices[0];
    ret.induced_vertices[dst_vtype] = rel_vsg.induced_vertices[1];
  }
  ret.graph = HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(hg->meta_graph(), subrels));
  return ret;
}

HeteroSubgraph EdgeSubgraphNoPreserveNodes(
    const HeteroGraph* hg, const std::vector<IdArray>& eids) {
  CHECK_EQ(eids.size(), hg->NumEdgeTypes())
    << "Invalid input: the input list size must be the same as the number of edge type.";
  HeteroSubgraph ret;
  ret.induced_vertices.resize(hg->NumVertexTypes());
  ret.induced_edges = eids;
  // NOTE(minjie): EdgeSubgraph when preserve_nodes is false is quite complicated in
  // heterograph. This is because we need to make sure bipartite graphs that incident
  // on the same vertex type must have the same ID space. For example, suppose we have
  // following heterograph:
  //
  // Meta graph: A -> B -> C
  // UnitGraph graphs:
  // * A -> B: (0, 0), (0, 1)
  // * B -> C: (1, 0), (1, 1)
  //
  // Suppose for A->B, we only keep edge (0, 0), while for B->C we only keep (1, 0). We need
  // to make sure that in the result subgraph, node type B still has two nodes. This means
  // we cannot simply compute EdgeSubgraph for B->C which will relabel node#1 of type B to be
  // node #0.
  //
  // One implementation is as follows:
  // (1) For each bipartite graph, slice out the edges using the given eids.
  // (2) Make a dictionary map<vtype, vector<IdArray>>, where the key is the vertex type
  //     and the value is the incident nodes from the bipartite graphs that has the vertex
  //     type as either srctype or dsttype.
  // (3) Then for each vertex type, use aten::Relabel_ on its vector<IdArray>.
  //     aten::Relabel_ computes the union of the vertex sets and relabel
  //     the unique elements from zero. The returned mapping array is the final induced
  //     vertex set for that vertex type.
  // (4) Use the relabeled edges to construct the bipartite graph.
  // step (1) & (2)
  std::vector<EdgeArray> subedges(hg->NumEdgeTypes());
  std::vector<std::vector<IdArray>> vtype2incnodes(hg->NumVertexTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < hg->NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = hg->meta_graph()->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    auto earray = hg->GetRelationGraph(etype)->FindEdges(0, eids[etype]);
    vtype2incnodes[src_vtype].push_back(earray.src);
    vtype2incnodes[dst_vtype].push_back(earray.dst);
    subedges[etype] = earray;
  }
  // step (3)
  for (dgl_type_t vtype = 0; vtype < hg->NumVertexTypes(); ++vtype) {
    ret.induced_vertices[vtype] = aten::Relabel_(vtype2incnodes[vtype]);
  }
  // step (4)
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> subrels(hg->NumEdgeTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < hg->NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = hg->meta_graph()->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    subrels[etype] = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
      (src_vtype == dst_vtype)? 1 : 2,
      ret.induced_vertices[src_vtype]->shape[0],
      ret.induced_vertices[dst_vtype]->shape[0],
      subedges[etype].src,
      subedges[etype].dst);
  }
  ret.graph = HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(hg->meta_graph(), subrels));
  return ret;
}

template<typename IdType>
std::pair<std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>, std::vector<IdArray>>
CompactGraphs(const std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> &graphs) {
  // TODO(BarclayII): check whether the node space and metagraph of each graph is the same.
  // Step 1: Collect the nodes that has connections for each type.
  std::vector<aten::IdHashMap<IdType>> hashmaps(graphs[0]->NumVertexTypes());
  std::vector<std::vector<EdgeArray>> all_edges(graphs.size());   // all_edges[i][etype]

  for (size_t i = 0; i < graphs.size(); ++i) {
    const HeteroGraphPtr curr_graph = graphs[i];
    const int64_t num_etypes = curr_graph->NumEdgeTypes();

    for (IdType etype = 0; etype < num_etypes; ++etype) {
      IdType srctype, dsttype;
      std::tie(srctype, dsttype) = curr_graph->GetEndpointTypes(etype);

      const EdgeArray edges = curr_graph->Edges(etype, "eid");

      hashmaps[srctype].Update(edges.src);
      hashmaps[dsttype].Update(edges.dst);

      all_edges[i].push_back(edges);
    }
  }

  // Step 2: Relabel the nodes for each type to a smaller ID space and save the mapping.
  std::vector<IdArray> induced_nodes;
  for (auto &hashmap : hashmaps)
    induced_nodes.push_back(hashmap.Values());

  // Step 3: Remap the edges of each graph.
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> new_graphs;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < graphs.size(); ++i) {
    std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> rel_graphs;
    const HeteroGraphPtr curr_graph = graphs[i];
    const auto meta_graph = curr_graph->meta_graph();
    const int64_t num_etypes = curr_graph->NumEdgeTypes();

    for (IdType etype = 0; etype < num_etypes; ++etype) {
      IdType srctype, dsttype;
      std::tie(srctype, dsttype) = curr_graph->GetEndpointTypes(etype);
      const EdgeArray &edges = all_edges[i][etype];

      const IdArray mapped_rows = hashmaps[srctype].Map(edges.src, -1);
      const IdArray mapped_cols = hashmaps[dsttype].Map(edges.dst, -1);

      rel_graphs.push_back(UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
          srctype == dsttype ? 1 : 2,
          induced_nodes[srctype]->shape[0],
          induced_nodes[dsttype]->shape[0],
          mapped_rows,
          mapped_cols));
    }

    new_graphs.push_back(CreateHeteroGraph(meta_graph, rel_graphs));
  }

  return std::make_pair(new_graphs, induced_nodes);
}

}  // namespace

HeteroGraph::HeteroGraph(GraphPtr meta_graph, const std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>& rel_graphs)
  : BaseHeteroGraph(meta_graph) {
  // Sanity check
  CHECK_EQ(meta_graph->NumEdges(), rel_graphs.size());
  CHECK(!rel_graphs.empty()) << "Empty heterograph is not allowed.";
  // all relation graphs must have only one edge type
  for (const auto rg : rel_graphs) {
    CHECK_EQ(rg->NumEdgeTypes(), 1) << "Each relation graph must have only one edge type.";
  }
  // create num verts per type
  num_verts_per_type_.resize(meta_graph->NumVertices(), -1);

  EdgeArray etype_array = meta_graph->Edges();
  dgl_type_t *srctypes = static_cast<dgl_type_t *>(etype_array.src->data);
  dgl_type_t *dsttypes = static_cast<dgl_type_t *>(etype_array.dst->data);
  dgl_type_t *etypes = static_cast<dgl_type_t *>(etype_array.id->data);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < meta_graph->NumEdges(); ++i) {
    dgl_type_t srctype = srctypes[i];
    dgl_type_t dsttype = dsttypes[i];
    dgl_type_t etype = etypes[i];
    const auto& rg = rel_graphs[etype];
    const auto sty = 0;
    const auto dty = rg->NumVertexTypes() == 1? 0 : 1;
    size_t nv;

    // # nodes of source type
    nv = rg->NumVertices(sty);
    if (num_verts_per_type_[srctype] < 0)
      num_verts_per_type_[srctype] = nv;
    else
      CHECK_EQ(num_verts_per_type_[srctype], nv)
        << "Mismatch number of vertices for vertex type " << srctype;
    // # nodes of destination type
    nv = rg->NumVertices(dty);
    if (num_verts_per_type_[dsttype] < 0)
      num_verts_per_type_[dsttype] = nv;
    else
      CHECK_EQ(num_verts_per_type_[dsttype], nv)
        << "Mismatch number of vertices for vertex type " << dsttype;
  }

  relation_graphs_.resize(rel_graphs.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < rel_graphs.size(); ++i) {
    HeteroGraphPtr relg = rel_graphs[i];
    if (std::dynamic_pointer_cast<UnitGraph>(relg)) {
      relation_graphs_[i] = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<UnitGraph>(relg);
    } else {
      relation_graphs_[i] = CHECK_NOTNULL(
          std::dynamic_pointer_cast<UnitGraph>(relg->GetRelationGraph(0)));
    }
  }
}

bool HeteroGraph::IsMultigraph() const {
  return const_cast<HeteroGraph*>(this)->is_multigraph_.Get([this] () {
      for (const auto hg : relation_graphs_) {
        if (hg->IsMultigraph()) {
          return true;
        }
      }
      return false;
    });
}

BoolArray HeteroGraph::HasVertices(dgl_type_t vtype, IdArray vids) const {
  CHECK(aten::IsValidIdArray(vids)) << "Invalid id array input";
  return aten::LT(vids, NumVertices(vtype));
}

HeteroSubgraph HeteroGraph::VertexSubgraph(const std::vector<IdArray>& vids) const {
  CHECK_EQ(vids.size(), NumVertexTypes())
    << "Invalid input: the input list size must be the same as the number of vertex types.";
  HeteroSubgraph ret;
  ret.induced_vertices = vids;
  ret.induced_edges.resize(NumEdgeTypes());
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> subrels(NumEdgeTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = meta_graph_->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    const std::vector<IdArray> rel_vids = (src_vtype == dst_vtype) ?
      std::vector<IdArray>({vids[src_vtype]}) :
      std::vector<IdArray>({vids[src_vtype], vids[dst_vtype]});
    const auto& rel_vsg = GetRelationGraph(etype)->VertexSubgraph(rel_vids);
    subrels[etype] = rel_vsg.graph;
    ret.induced_edges[etype] = rel_vsg.induced_edges[0];
  }
  ret.graph = HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(meta_graph_, subrels));
  return ret;
}

HeteroSubgraph HeteroGraph::EdgeSubgraph(
    const std::vector<IdArray>& eids, bool preserve_nodes) const {
  if (preserve_nodes) {
    return EdgeSubgraphPreserveNodes(this, eids);
  } else {
    return EdgeSubgraphNoPreserveNodes(this, eids);
  }
}

FlattenedHeteroGraphPtr HeteroGraph::Flatten(const std::vector<dgl_type_t>& etypes) const {
  std::unordered_map<dgl_type_t, size_t> srctype_offsets, dsttype_offsets;
  size_t src_nodes = 0, dst_nodes = 0;
  std::vector<dgl_id_t> result_src, result_dst;
  std::vector<dgl_type_t> induced_srctype, induced_etype, induced_dsttype;
  std::vector<dgl_id_t> induced_srcid, induced_eid, induced_dstid;
  std::vector<dgl_type_t> srctype_set, dsttype_set;

  // XXXtype_offsets contain the mapping from node type and number of nodes after this
  // loop.
  for (dgl_type_t etype : etypes) {
    auto src_dsttype = meta_graph_->FindEdge(etype);
    dgl_type_t srctype = src_dsttype.first;
    dgl_type_t dsttype = src_dsttype.second;
    size_t num_srctype_nodes = NumVertices(srctype);
    size_t num_dsttype_nodes = NumVertices(dsttype);

    if (srctype_offsets.count(srctype) == 0) {
      srctype_offsets[srctype] = num_srctype_nodes;
      srctype_set.push_back(srctype);
    }
    if (dsttype_offsets.count(dsttype) == 0) {
      dsttype_offsets[dsttype] = num_dsttype_nodes;
      dsttype_set.push_back(dsttype);
    }
  }

  // Sort the node types so that we can compare the sets and decide whether a homograph
  // should be returned.
  std::sort(srctype_set.begin(), srctype_set.end());
  std::sort(dsttype_set.begin(), dsttype_set.end());
  bool homograph = (srctype_set.size() == dsttype_set.size()) &&
    std::equal(srctype_set.begin(), srctype_set.end(), dsttype_set.begin());

  // XXXtype_offsets contain the mapping from node type to node ID offsets after these
  // two loops.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < srctype_set.size(); ++i) {
    dgl_type_t ntype = srctype_set[i];
    size_t num_nodes = srctype_offsets[ntype];
    srctype_offsets[ntype] = src_nodes;
    src_nodes += num_nodes;
    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_nodes; ++j) {
      induced_srctype.push_back(ntype);
      induced_srcid.push_back(j);
    }
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < dsttype_set.size(); ++i) {
    dgl_type_t ntype = dsttype_set[i];
    size_t num_nodes = dsttype_offsets[ntype];
    dsttype_offsets[ntype] = dst_nodes;
    dst_nodes += num_nodes;
    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_nodes; ++j) {
      induced_dsttype.push_back(ntype);
      induced_dstid.push_back(j);
    }
  }

  for (dgl_type_t etype : etypes) {
    auto src_dsttype = meta_graph_->FindEdge(etype);
    dgl_type_t srctype = src_dsttype.first;
    dgl_type_t dsttype = src_dsttype.second;
    size_t srctype_offset = srctype_offsets[srctype];
    size_t dsttype_offset = dsttype_offsets[dsttype];

    EdgeArray edges = Edges(etype);
    size_t num_edges = NumEdges(etype);
    const dgl_id_t* edges_src_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.src->data);
    const dgl_id_t* edges_dst_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.dst->data);
    const dgl_id_t* edges_eid_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.id->data);
    // TODO(gq) Use concat?
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_edges; ++i) {
      result_src.push_back(edges_src_data[i] + srctype_offset);
      result_dst.push_back(edges_dst_data[i] + dsttype_offset);
      induced_etype.push_back(etype);
      induced_eid.push_back(edges_eid_data[i]);
    }
  }

  HeteroGraphPtr gptr = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
      homograph ? 1 : 2,
      src_nodes,
      dst_nodes,
      aten::VecToIdArray(result_src),
      aten::VecToIdArray(result_dst));

  FlattenedHeteroGraph* result = new FlattenedHeteroGraph;
  result->graph = HeteroGraphRef(gptr);
  result->induced_srctype = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_srctype);
  result->induced_srctype_set = aten::VecToIdArray(srctype_set);
  result->induced_srcid = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_srcid);
  result->induced_etype = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_etype);
  result->induced_etype_set = aten::VecToIdArray(etypes);
  result->induced_eid = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_eid);
  result->induced_dsttype = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_dsttype);
  result->induced_dsttype_set = aten::VecToIdArray(dsttype_set);
  result->induced_dstid = aten::VecToIdArray(induced_dstid);
  return FlattenedHeteroGraphPtr(result);
}

HeteroSubgraph InEdgeGraph(const HeteroGraphPtr graph, const std::vector<IdArray>& vids) {
  CHECK_EQ(vids.size(), graph->NumVertexTypes())
    << "Invalid input: the input list size must be the same as the number of vertex types.";
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> subrels(graph->NumEdgeTypes());
  std::vector<IdArray> induced_edges(graph->NumEdgeTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < graph->NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = graph->meta_graph()->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    auto relgraph = graph->GetRelationGraph(etype);
    if (vids[dst_vtype]->shape[0] == 0) {
      // create a placeholder graph
      subrels[etype] = UnitGraph::Empty(
        relgraph->NumVertexTypes(),
        graph->NumVertices(src_vtype),
        graph->NumVertices(dst_vtype),
        graph->DataType(), graph->Context());
      induced_edges[etype] = IdArray::Empty({0}, graph->DataType(), graph->Context());
    } else {
      const auto& earr = graph->InEdges(etype, {vids[dst_vtype]});
      subrels[etype] = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
        relgraph->NumVertexTypes(),
        graph->NumVertices(src_vtype),
        graph->NumVertices(dst_vtype),
        earr.src,
        earr.dst);
      induced_edges[etype] = earr.id;
    }
  }
  HeteroSubgraph ret;
  ret.graph = CreateHeteroGraph(graph->meta_graph(), subrels);
  ret.induced_edges = std::move(induced_edges);
  return ret;
}

HeteroSubgraph OutEdgeGraph(const HeteroGraphPtr graph, const std::vector<IdArray>& vids) {
  CHECK_EQ(vids.size(), graph->NumVertexTypes())
    << "Invalid input: the input list size must be the same as the number of vertex types.";
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> subrels(graph->NumEdgeTypes());
  std::vector<IdArray> induced_edges(graph->NumEdgeTypes());
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < graph->NumEdgeTypes(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = graph->meta_graph()->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    auto relgraph = graph->GetRelationGraph(etype);
    if (vids[src_vtype]->shape[0] == 0) {
      // create a placeholder graph
      subrels[etype] = UnitGraph::Empty(
        relgraph->NumVertexTypes(),
        graph->NumVertices(src_vtype),
        graph->NumVertices(dst_vtype),
        graph->DataType(), graph->Context());
      induced_edges[etype] = IdArray::Empty({0}, graph->DataType(), graph->Context());
    } else {
      const auto& earr = graph->OutEdges(etype, {vids[src_vtype]});
      subrels[etype] = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
          relgraph->NumVertexTypes(),
          graph->NumVertices(src_vtype),
          graph->NumVertices(dst_vtype),
          earr.src,
          earr.dst);
      induced_edges[etype] = earr.id;
    }
  }
  HeteroSubgraph ret;
  ret.graph = CreateHeteroGraph(graph->meta_graph(), subrels);
  ret.induced_edges = std::move(induced_edges);
  return ret;
}

HeteroGraphPtr DisjointUnionHeteroGraph(
    GraphPtr meta_graph, const std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>& component_graphs) {
  CHECK_GT(component_graphs.size(), 0) << "Input graph list is empty";
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> rel_graphs(meta_graph->NumEdges());

  // Loop over all canonical etypes
  for (dgl_type_t etype = 0; etype < meta_graph->NumEdges(); ++etype) {
    auto pair = meta_graph->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    dgl_id_t src_offset = 0, dst_offset = 0;
    std::vector<dgl_id_t> result_src, result_dst;

    // Loop over all graphs
    for (size_t i = 0; i < component_graphs.size(); ++i) {
      const auto& cg = component_graphs[i];
      EdgeArray edges = cg->Edges(etype);
      size_t num_edges = cg->NumEdges(etype);
      const dgl_id_t* edges_src_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.src->data);
      const dgl_id_t* edges_dst_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.dst->data);

      // Loop over all edges
      for (size_t j = 0; j < num_edges; ++j) {
        // TODO(mufei): Should use array operations to implement this.
        result_src.push_back(edges_src_data[j] + src_offset);
        result_dst.push_back(edges_dst_data[j] + dst_offset);
      }
      // Update offsets
      src_offset += cg->NumVertices(src_vtype);
      dst_offset += cg->NumVertices(dst_vtype);
    }
    HeteroGraphPtr rgptr = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
      (src_vtype == dst_vtype)? 1 : 2,
      src_offset,
      dst_offset,
      aten::VecToIdArray(result_src),
      aten::VecToIdArray(result_dst));
    rel_graphs[etype] = rgptr;
  }
  return HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(meta_graph, rel_graphs));
}

std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> DisjointPartitionHeteroBySizes(
    GraphPtr meta_graph, HeteroGraphPtr batched_graph, IdArray vertex_sizes, IdArray edge_sizes) {
  // Sanity check for vertex sizes
  const uint64_t len_vertex_sizes = vertex_sizes->shape[0];
  const uint64_t* vertex_sizes_data = static_cast<uint64_t*>(vertex_sizes->data);
  const uint64_t num_vertex_types = meta_graph->NumVertices();
  const uint64_t batch_size = len_vertex_sizes / num_vertex_types;
  // Map vertex type to the corresponding node cum sum
  std::vector<std::vector<uint64_t>> vertex_cumsum;
  vertex_cumsum.resize(num_vertex_types);
  // Loop over all vertex types
  for (uint64_t vtype = 0; vtype < num_vertex_types; ++vtype) {
    vertex_cumsum[vtype].push_back(0);
    for (uint64_t g = 0; g < batch_size; ++g) {
      // We've flattened the number of vertices in the batch for all types
      vertex_cumsum[vtype].push_back(
        vertex_cumsum[vtype][g] + vertex_sizes_data[vtype * batch_size + g]);
    }
    CHECK_EQ(vertex_cumsum[vtype][batch_size], batched_graph->NumVertices(vtype))
      << "Sum of the given sizes must equal to the number of nodes for type " << vtype;
  }

  // Sanity check for edge sizes
  const uint64_t* edge_sizes_data = static_cast<uint64_t*>(edge_sizes->data);
  const uint64_t num_edge_types = meta_graph->NumEdges();
  // Map edge type to the corresponding edge cum sum
  std::vector<std::vector<uint64_t>> edge_cumsum;
  edge_cumsum.resize(num_edge_types);
  // Loop over all edge types
  for (uint64_t etype = 0; etype < num_edge_types; ++etype) {
    edge_cumsum[etype].push_back(0);
    for (uint64_t g = 0; g < batch_size; ++g) {
      // We've flattened the number of edges in the batch for all types
      edge_cumsum[etype].push_back(
        edge_cumsum[etype][g] + edge_sizes_data[etype * batch_size + g]);
    }
    CHECK_EQ(edge_cumsum[etype][batch_size], batched_graph->NumEdges(etype))
      << "Sum of the given sizes must equal to the number of edges for type " << etype;
  }

  // Construct relation graphs for unbatched graphs
  std::vector<std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>> rel_graphs;
  rel_graphs.resize(batch_size);
  // Loop over all edge types
  for (uint64_t etype = 0; etype < num_edge_types; ++etype) {
    auto pair = meta_graph->FindEdge(etype);
    const dgl_type_t src_vtype = pair.first;
    const dgl_type_t dst_vtype = pair.second;
    EdgeArray edges = batched_graph->Edges(etype);
    const dgl_id_t* edges_src_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.src->data);
    const dgl_id_t* edges_dst_data = static_cast<const dgl_id_t*>(edges.dst->data);
    // Loop over all graphs to be unbatched
    for (uint64_t g = 0; g < batch_size; ++g) {
      std::vector<dgl_id_t> result_src, result_dst;
      // Loop over the chunk of edges for the specified graph and edge type
      for (uint64_t e = edge_cumsum[etype][g]; e < edge_cumsum[etype][g + 1]; ++e) {
        // TODO(mufei): Should use array operations to implement this.
        result_src.push_back(edges_src_data[e] - vertex_cumsum[src_vtype][g]);
        result_dst.push_back(edges_dst_data[e] - vertex_cumsum[dst_vtype][g]);
      }
      HeteroGraphPtr rgptr = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
        (src_vtype == dst_vtype)? 1 : 2,
        vertex_sizes_data[src_vtype * batch_size + g],
        vertex_sizes_data[dst_vtype * batch_size + g],
        aten::VecToIdArray(result_src),
        aten::VecToIdArray(result_dst));
      rel_graphs[g].push_back(rgptr);
    }
  }

  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> rst;
  for (uint64_t g = 0; g < batch_size; ++g) {
    rst.push_back(HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(meta_graph, rel_graphs[g])));
  }
  return rst;
}

// creator implementation
HeteroGraphPtr CreateHeteroGraph(
    GraphPtr meta_graph, const std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>& rel_graphs) {
  return HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(meta_graph, rel_graphs));
}

HeteroGraphPtr CreateFromCOO(
    int64_t num_vtypes, int64_t num_src, int64_t num_dst,
    IdArray row, IdArray col, SparseFormat restrict_format) {
  auto unit_g = UnitGraph::CreateFromCOO(
      num_vtypes, num_src, num_dst, row, col, restrict_format);
  return HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(unit_g->meta_graph(), {unit_g}));
}

HeteroGraphPtr CreateFromCSR(
    int64_t num_vtypes, int64_t num_src, int64_t num_dst,
    IdArray indptr, IdArray indices, IdArray edge_ids,
    SparseFormat restrict_format) {
  auto unit_g = UnitGraph::CreateFromCSR(
      num_vtypes, num_src, num_dst, indptr, indices, edge_ids, restrict_format);
  return HeteroGraphPtr(new HeteroGraph(unit_g->meta_graph(), {unit_g}));
}

std::pair<std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>, std::vector<IdArray>>
CompactGraphs(const std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> &graphs) {
  std::pair<std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr>, std::vector<IdArray>> result;
  ATEN_ID_TYPE_SWITCH(graphs[0]->DataType(), IdType, {
    result = CompactGraphs<IdType>(graphs);
  });
  return result;
}

constexpr uint64_t kDGLSerialize_HeteroGraph = 0xDD589FBE35224ABF;

bool HeteroGraph::Load(dmlc::Stream* fs) {
  uint64_t magicNum;
  CHECK(fs->Read(&magicNum)) << "Invalid Magic Number";
  CHECK_EQ(magicNum, kDGLSerialize_HeteroGraph) << "Invalid HeteroGraph Data";
  auto meta_grptr = new ImmutableGraph(static_cast<COOPtr>(nullptr));
  CHECK(fs->Read(meta_grptr)) << "Invalid Immutable Graph Data";
  uint64_t num_relation_graphs;
  CHECK(fs->Read(&num_relation_graphs)) << "Invalid num of relation graphs";
  std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> relgraphs;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_relation_graphs; ++i) {
    UnitGraph* ugptr = Serializer::EmptyUnitGraph();
    CHECK(fs->Read(ugptr)) << "Invalid UnitGraph Data";
    relgraphs.emplace_back(dynamic_cast<BaseHeteroGraph*>(ugptr));
  }
  HeteroGraph* hgptr = new HeteroGraph(GraphPtr(meta_grptr), relgraphs);
  *this = *hgptr;
  return true;
}

void HeteroGraph::Save(dmlc::Stream* fs) const {
  fs->Write(kDGLSerialize_HeteroGraph);
  auto meta_graph_ptr = ImmutableGraph::ToImmutable(meta_graph());
  ImmutableGraph* meta_rptr = meta_graph_ptr.get();
  fs->Write(*meta_rptr);
  fs->Write(static_cast<uint64_t>(relation_graphs_.size()));
  for (auto hptr : relation_graphs_) {
    auto rptr = dynamic_cast<UnitGraph*>(hptr.get());
    fs->Write(*rptr);
  }
}

///////////////////////// C APIs /////////////////////////

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroCreateUnitGraphFromCOO")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    int64_t nvtypes = args[0];
    int64_t num_src = args[1];
    int64_t num_dst = args[2];
    IdArray row = args[3];
    IdArray col = args[4];
    SparseFormat restrict_format = ParseSparseFormat(args[5]);
    auto hgptr = CreateFromCOO(nvtypes, num_src, num_dst, row, col, restrict_format);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hgptr);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroCreateUnitGraphFromCSR")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    int64_t nvtypes = args[0];
    int64_t num_src = args[1];
    int64_t num_dst = args[2];
    IdArray indptr = args[3];
    IdArray indices = args[4];
    IdArray edge_ids = args[5];
    SparseFormat restrict_format = ParseSparseFormat(args[6]);
    auto hgptr = CreateFromCSR(nvtypes, num_src, num_dst, indptr, indices, edge_ids,
                               restrict_format);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hgptr);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroCreateHeteroGraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    GraphRef meta_graph = args[0];
    List<HeteroGraphRef> rel_graphs = args[1];
    std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> rel_ptrs;
    rel_ptrs.reserve(rel_graphs.size());
    for (const auto& ref : rel_graphs) {
      rel_ptrs.push_back(ref.sptr());
    }
    auto hgptr = CreateHeteroGraph(meta_graph.sptr(), rel_ptrs);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hgptr);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroGetMetaGraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    *rv = GraphRef(hg->meta_graph());
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroGetRelationGraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    CHECK_LE(etype, hg->NumEdgeTypes()) << "invalid edge type " << etype;
    // Test if the heterograph is a unit graph.  If so, return itself.
    auto bg = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<UnitGraph>(hg.sptr());
    if (bg != nullptr)
      *rv = bg;
    else
      *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hg->GetRelationGraph(etype));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroGetFlattenedGraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    List<Value> etypes = args[1];
    std::vector<dgl_id_t> etypes_vec;
    for (Value val : etypes) {
      // (gq) have to decompose it into two statements because of a weird MSVC internal error
      dgl_id_t id = val->data;
      etypes_vec.push_back(id);
    }

    *rv = FlattenedHeteroGraphRef(hg->Flatten(etypes_vec));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroDisjointUnion")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    GraphRef meta_graph = args[0];
    List<HeteroGraphRef> component_graphs = args[1];
    std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> component_ptrs;
    component_ptrs.reserve(component_graphs.size());
    for (const auto& component : component_graphs) {
      component_ptrs.push_back(component.sptr());
    }
    auto hgptr = DisjointUnionHeteroGraph(meta_graph.sptr(), component_ptrs);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hgptr);
});

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroDisjointPartitionBySizes")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    const IdArray vertex_sizes = args[1];
    const IdArray edge_sizes = args[2];
    const auto& ret = DisjointPartitionHeteroBySizes(
      hg->meta_graph(), hg.sptr(), vertex_sizes, edge_sizes);
    List<HeteroGraphRef> ret_list;
    for (HeteroGraphPtr hgptr : ret) {
      ret_list.push_back(HeteroGraphRef(hgptr));
    }
    *rv = ret_list;
});

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroAddVertices")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t vtype = args[1];
    int64_t num = args[2];
    hg->AddVertices(vtype, num);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroAddEdge")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t src = args[2];
    dgl_id_t dst = args[3];
    hg->AddEdge(etype, src, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroAddEdges")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray src = args[2];
    IdArray dst = args[3];
    hg->AddEdges(etype, src, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroClear")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    hg->Clear();
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroContext")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    *rv = hg->Context();
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroNumBits")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    *rv = hg->NumBits();
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroIsMultigraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    *rv = hg->IsMultigraph();
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroIsReadonly")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    *rv = hg->IsReadonly();
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroNumVertices")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t vtype = args[1];
    *rv = static_cast<int64_t>(hg->NumVertices(vtype));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroNumEdges")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    *rv = static_cast<int64_t>(hg->NumEdges(etype));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroHasVertex")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t vtype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t vid = args[2];
    *rv = hg->HasVertex(vtype, vid);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroHasVertices")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t vtype = args[1];
    IdArray vids = args[2];
    *rv = hg->HasVertices(vtype, vids);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroHasEdgeBetween")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t src = args[2];
    dgl_id_t dst = args[3];
    *rv = hg->HasEdgeBetween(etype, src, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroHasEdgesBetween")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray src = args[2];
    IdArray dst = args[3];
    *rv = hg->HasEdgesBetween(etype, src, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroPredecessors")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t dst = args[2];
    *rv = hg->Predecessors(etype, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroSuccessors")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t src = args[2];
    *rv = hg->Successors(etype, src);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroEdgeId")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t src = args[2];
    dgl_id_t dst = args[3];
    *rv = hg->EdgeId(etype, src, dst);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroEdgeIds")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray src = args[2];
    IdArray dst = args[3];
    const auto& ret = hg->EdgeIds(etype, src, dst);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroFindEdges")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray eids = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->FindEdges(etype, eids);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroInEdges_1")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t vid = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->InEdges(etype, vid);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroInEdges_2")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray vids = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->InEdges(etype, vids);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroOutEdges_1")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t vid = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->OutEdges(etype, vid);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroOutEdges_2")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray vids = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->OutEdges(etype, vids);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroEdges")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    std::string order = args[2];
    const auto& ret = hg->Edges(etype, order);
    *rv = ConvertEdgeArrayToPackedFunc(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroInDegree")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t vid = args[2];
    *rv = static_cast<int64_t>(hg->InDegree(etype, vid));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroInDegrees")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray vids = args[2];
    *rv = hg->InDegrees(etype, vids);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroOutDegree")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    dgl_id_t vid = args[2];
    *rv = static_cast<int64_t>(hg->OutDegree(etype, vid));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroOutDegrees")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    IdArray vids = args[2];
    *rv = hg->OutDegrees(etype, vids);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroGetAdj")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    dgl_type_t etype = args[1];
    bool transpose = args[2];
    std::string fmt = args[3];
    *rv = ConvertNDArrayVectorToPackedFunc(
        hg->GetAdj(etype, transpose, fmt));
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroVertexSubgraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    List<Value> vids = args[1];
    std::vector<IdArray> vid_vec;
    vid_vec.reserve(vids.size());
    for (Value val : vids) {
      vid_vec.push_back(val->data);
    }
    std::shared_ptr<HeteroSubgraph> subg(
        new HeteroSubgraph(hg->VertexSubgraph(vid_vec)));
    *rv = HeteroSubgraphRef(subg);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroEdgeSubgraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    List<Value> eids = args[1];
    bool preserve_nodes = args[2];
    std::vector<IdArray> eid_vec;
    eid_vec.reserve(eids.size());
    for (Value val : eids) {
      eid_vec.push_back(val->data);
    }
    std::shared_ptr<HeteroSubgraph> subg(
        new HeteroSubgraph(hg->EdgeSubgraph(eid_vec, preserve_nodes)));
    *rv = HeteroSubgraphRef(subg);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLCompactGraphs")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    List<HeteroGraphRef> graph_refs = args[0];

    std::vector<HeteroGraphPtr> graphs;
    for (HeteroGraphRef gref : graph_refs)
      graphs.push_back(gref.sptr());

    const auto &result_pair = CompactGraphs(graphs);

    List<HeteroGraphRef> compacted_graph_refs;
    List<Value> induced_nodes;

    for (const HeteroGraphPtr g : result_pair.first)
      compacted_graph_refs.push_back(HeteroGraphRef(g));
    for (const IdArray &ids : result_pair.second)
      induced_nodes.push_back(Value(MakeValue(ids)));

    List<ObjectRef> result;
    result.push_back(compacted_graph_refs);
    result.push_back(induced_nodes);

    *rv = result;
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("transform._CAPI_DGLInSubgraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue *rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    const auto& nodes = ListValueToVector<IdArray>(args[1]);
    std::shared_ptr<HeteroSubgraph> ret(new HeteroSubgraph);
    *ret = InEdgeGraph(hg.sptr(), nodes);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(ret);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("transform._CAPI_DGLOutSubgraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue *rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    const auto& nodes = ListValueToVector<IdArray>(args[1]);
    std::shared_ptr<HeteroSubgraph> ret(new HeteroSubgraph);
    *ret = OutEdgeGraph(hg.sptr(), nodes);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(ret);
  });

// HeteroSubgraph C APIs

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroSubgraphGetGraph")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroSubgraphRef subg = args[0];
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(subg->graph);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroSubgraphGetInducedVertices")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroSubgraphRef subg = args[0];
    List<Value> induced_verts;
    for (IdArray arr : subg->induced_vertices) {
      induced_verts.push_back(Value(MakeValue(arr)));
    }
    *rv = induced_verts;
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroSubgraphGetInducedEdges")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroSubgraphRef subg = args[0];
    List<Value> induced_edges;
    for (IdArray arr : subg->induced_edges) {
      induced_edges.push_back(Value(MakeValue(arr)));
    }
    *rv = induced_edges;
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroAsNumBits")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    int bits = args[1];
    HeteroGraphPtr hg_new = UnitGraph::AsNumBits(hg.sptr(), bits);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hg_new);
  });

DGL_REGISTER_GLOBAL("heterograph_index._CAPI_DGLHeteroCopyTo")
.set_body([] (DGLArgs args, DGLRetValue* rv) {
    HeteroGraphRef hg = args[0];
    int device_type = args[1];
    int device_id = args[2];
    DLContext ctx;
    ctx.device_type = static_cast<DLDeviceType>(device_type);
    ctx.device_id = device_id;
    HeteroGraphPtr hg_new = UnitGraph::CopyTo(hg.sptr(), ctx);
    *rv = HeteroGraphRef(hg_new);
  });

}  // namespace dgl