transformer.py 52.8 KB
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# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
#
# See LICENSE for license information.
"""
Wrapper module for Transformer related layers with FP8 support.
"""
import functools
from enum import Enum
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from math import sqrt
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import os
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from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
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import warnings
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import jax
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import jax.numpy as jnp
import numpy as np
from flax import linen as nn
from flax.linen import partitioning as nn_partitioning
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from jax import dtypes
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from jax import nn as jax_nn
from jax import random as jax_random
from jax import lax, vmap

from .module import DenseGeneral, LayerNormDenseGeneral, LayerNormMLP
from .module import LayerNorm, Softmax
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from ..fused_attn import AttnBiasType, AttnMaskType
from ..fused_attn import is_fused_attn_kernel_available
from ..fused_attn import self_fused_attn, cross_fused_attn
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from ..softmax import SoftmaxType
from ..sharding import infer_major_sharding_type, infer_sharding_type
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from ..sharding import global_shard_resource, with_sharding_constraint
from ..sharding import ShardingType
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PRNGKey = Any
Shape = Tuple[int, ...]
DType = jnp.dtype
Array = jnp.ndarray
PrecisionLike = Union[None, str, lax.Precision, Tuple[str, str], Tuple[lax.Precision,
                                                                       lax.Precision]]
Initializer = Callable[[PRNGKey, Shape, DType], Array]
LogicalRules = Sequence[Tuple[str, Union[str, None]]]

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BATCH_AXES = 'nvte_batch'
SEQLEN_AXES = 'nvte_seqlen'
HEAD_AXES = 'nvte_head'
HIDDEN_AXES = 'nvte_hidden'
HIDDEN_TP_AXES = 'nvte_hidden_tp'
JOINED_AXES = 'nvte_joined'
W_NO_SHARD_AXES = 'nvte_w_no_shard'
W_FSDP_AXES = 'nvte_w_fsdp'
W_TP_AXES = 'nvte_w_tp'
W_JOINED_AXES = 'nvte_w_joined'

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def _generate_drop_path_shape(shape: Sequence[int], batch_dim: int) -> Sequence[int]:
    # Generate broadcast dims for drop_path.
    drop_path_shape = list(range(0, len(shape)))
    drop_path_shape.pop(batch_dim)
    return drop_path_shape


def extend_logical_axis_rules(rules: LogicalRules) -> LogicalRules:
    """
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    Extend the given Flax logical axis rules with the predefined TransformerLayer's
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    logical axis rules.

    .. note::
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        We currently only support logical axis rules for single GPU training, data parallel
        training and 1D-sharding tensor parallel training.
        Refer to `Figure 3 in` `Megatron-LM tensor parallel <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08053.pdf>`_
        for 1D-sharding tensor parallelism.
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    .. warning::
        Please make sure ShardingResource is set via fp8_autocast before calling this function.

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    .. note::
        This function is only needed when using TransformerLayer. For  other modules, such as
        DenseGeneral, please properly set axes of kernels and bias.

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    Parameters
    ----------
    rules : Sequence[Tuple[str, Union[str, None]]]
        the base Flax logical axis rules to extend.

    Returns
    -------
    extended_rules : Sequence[Tuple[str, Union[str, None]]]
        the extended Flax logical axis rules.
    """
    rules_map = {}
    for item in rules:
        assert len(item) == 2, \
            "The logical axis rule should be like (axis_name, mesh_axis_name)."
        key = item[0]
        val = item[1]
        assert isinstance(key, str), \
            f"Thie axis_name should be str, but got {type(key)}."
        assert isinstance(val, str) or (val is None), \
            f"Thie mesh_axis_name should be str or None, but got {type(val)}."
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        if key in rules_map:
            rules_map[key].append(val)
        else:
            rules_map[key] = [val]
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    gsr = global_shard_resource()
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    batch_dim_rule = []
    if gsr.dp_resource is not None:
        batch_dim_rule.append(gsr.dp_resource)
    if gsr.fsdp_resource is not None and gsr.dp_resource != gsr.fsdp_resource:
        batch_dim_rule.append(gsr.fsdp_resource)

    if len(batch_dim_rule) <= 0:
        batch_dim_rule = None
    elif len(batch_dim_rule) == 1:
        batch_dim_rule = batch_dim_rule[0]
    else:
        batch_dim_rule = tuple(batch_dim_rule)

    te_logical_axis_rules = (
        (BATCH_AXES, batch_dim_rule),
        (SEQLEN_AXES, None),
        (HEAD_AXES, gsr.tp_resource),
        (HIDDEN_AXES, None),
        (HIDDEN_TP_AXES, gsr.tp_resource),
        (JOINED_AXES, None),
        (W_NO_SHARD_AXES, None),
        (W_FSDP_AXES, gsr.fsdp_resource),
        (W_TP_AXES, gsr.tp_resource),
        (W_JOINED_AXES, None),
    )
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    extended_rules = [*rules]
    for item in te_logical_axis_rules:
        key = item[0]
        val = item[1]
        if key in rules_map:
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            assert len(rules_map[key]) == 1 and rules_map[key][0] == val, \
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                f"The rule diverged between TE and given rule." \
                f"Axis:{key} map to {rules_map[key]} in the given" \
                f" rules, but {val} in TE's rules."
        else:
            extended_rules.append(item)
    return tuple(extended_rules)


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def _with_sharding_constraint(x: Array, logical_axis_names: Shape):
    assert len(x.shape) == len(logical_axis_names)
    rules = extend_logical_axis_rules(tuple())
    rules_dict = {}
    for key, value in rules:
        rules_dict[key] = value

    mesh_axis_names = [rules_dict[name] for name in logical_axis_names]
    pspec = jax.sharding.PartitionSpec(*mesh_axis_names)
    return with_sharding_constraint(x, pspec)


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def _merge_mask(func, *masks: Optional[Array]):
    masks = [m for m in masks if m is not None]
    if not masks:
        return None
    assert all(map(lambda x: x.ndim == masks[0].ndim,
                   masks)), (f'masks must have same rank: {tuple(map(lambda x: x.ndim, masks))}')
    mask, *other_masks = masks
    for other_mask in other_masks:
        mask = func(mask, other_mask)
    return mask


def combine_masks(*masks: Optional[Array], dtype: DType = jnp.float32):
    """Combine attention masks."""
    func = jnp.logical_and
    return _merge_mask(func, *masks).astype(dtype)


def combine_biases(*masks: Optional[Array]):
    """Combine attention biases."""
    func = lambda a, b: a + b
    return _merge_mask(func, *masks)


def core_attention(query: Array,
                   key: Array,
                   value: Array,
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                   scale_factor: float,
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                   transpose_batch_sequence: bool,
                   softmax_type: SoftmaxType = SoftmaxType.SCALED,
                   softmax_sharding_type: ShardingType = ShardingType.SINGLE,
                   mask: Optional[Array] = None,
                   bias: Optional[Array] = None,
                   dropout_rng: Optional[PRNGKey] = None,
                   dropout_rate: float = 0.,
                   deterministic: bool = False,
                   dtype: DType = jnp.float32,
                   float32_logits: bool = False):
    """Core attention"""
    assert key.ndim == query.ndim == value.ndim, 'q, k, v must have same rank.'
    batch_dim = 1 if transpose_batch_sequence else 0
    assert query.shape[batch_dim] == key.shape[batch_dim] == value.shape[batch_dim], (
        'q, k, v batch dims must match.')
    assert query.shape[-2] == key.shape[-2] == value.shape[-2], ('q, k, v num_heads must match.')
    sequence_dim = 0 if transpose_batch_sequence else 1
    assert key.shape[sequence_dim] == value.shape[sequence_dim], 'k, v lengths must match.'
    assert query.shape[-1] == key.shape[-1], 'q, k depths must match.'

    if float32_logits:
        query = query.astype(jnp.float32)
        key = key.astype(jnp.float32)

    if transpose_batch_sequence:
        attn_weights = jnp.einsum('qbhd,kbhd->bhqk', query, key)
    else:
        attn_weights = jnp.einsum('bqhd,bkhd->bhqk', query, key)

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    attn_weights = _with_sharding_constraint(attn_weights,
                                             (BATCH_AXES, HEAD_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES))

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    # When a bias is present, the computation is performed as Softmax(attn_weights * scale + bias).
    # In this case, the scale can not fused into the Softmax module.
    if bias is not None:
        attn_weights = attn_weights * scale_factor
        fused_scale_factor = 1.
    else:
        # If no bias, the scale can be fused into Softmax module
        fused_scale_factor = scale_factor

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    attn_weights = Softmax(softmax_type=softmax_type,
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                           scale_factor=fused_scale_factor,
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                           sharding_type=softmax_sharding_type)(attn_weights, mask,
                                                                bias).astype(dtype)
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    if not deterministic and dropout_rate > 0.:
        keep_prob = 1.0 - dropout_rate
        dropout_shape = list(attn_weights.shape)
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        # TODO(rewang): add attention dropout broadcast dimension arguments for users
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        keep = jax_random.bernoulli(dropout_rng, keep_prob, dropout_shape)
        multiplier = (keep.astype(attn_weights.dtype) / jnp.asarray(keep_prob, dtype=dtype))
        attn_weights = attn_weights * multiplier

    if transpose_batch_sequence:
        return jnp.einsum('bhqk,kbhd->qbhd', attn_weights, value)

    return jnp.einsum('bhqk,bkhd->bqhd', attn_weights, value)


dynamic_vector_slice_in_dim = vmap(lax.dynamic_slice_in_dim, in_axes=(None, 0, None, None))


class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
    r"""
    Multi-head Attention (MHA), including Query,
    Key, Value and Output projection.

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    .. note::
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        Argument :attr:`mask` will be ignored when
        :attr:`attn_mask_type` is set to `"causal"`.
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    Parameters
    ----------
    head_dim : int
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        The hidden dimension of each attention head.
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    num_heads : int
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        The number of attention heads
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    dropout_rate : float, default = 0.0
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        Dropout probability for the dropout op during multi-head attention.
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    dropout_rng_name: str, default = 'dropout'
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        The key in given RNGs via flax.linen.Module.apply that is used
        to generate Dropout masks in the core attention.
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    layernorm_type : {'layernorm', 'rmsnorm'}, default = 'layernorm'
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        Indicate the type of layer normalization.
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    layernorm_epsilon: float, default = 1e-6
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        A value added to the denominator of layer normalization for numerical stability.
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    zero_centered_gamma : bool, default = False
        If set to `True`, the LayerNorm formula changes to

        .. math::
            y = \frac{x - \mathrm{E}[x]}{ \sqrt{\mathrm{Var}[x] + \epsilon}} *
            (1 + \gamma) + \beta

        This parameter is only applicable for 'layernorm'.
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    kernel_init: Initializer, default =
        flax.linen.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in', 'normal')
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        Used for initializing the QKV and Output projection weights.
        It should be a callable object with three arguments (jax.random.PRNGKey, shape, dtype).
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    use_bias: bool, default = False
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        Indicate whether or not to enable bias shifting for QKVO projections.
        If set to False, the layer will not learn additive biases.
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    bias_init: Initializer, default = flax.linen.initializers.zeros
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        Used for initializing bias of QKVO projections, only used when :attr:`use_bias=True`.
        It should be a callable object with three arguments (jax.random.PRNGKey, shape, dtype).
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    apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm : bool, default = False
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        Indicate if apply residual connection with the output of layer normalization.
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    output_layernorm : bool, default = False
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        Indicate if apply a layer normalization at the end of MHA.
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    attn_mask_type: {'causal', 'padding'}, default = 'causal'
        Type of attention mask passed into softmax operation.
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        Introduced in v0.10.0.
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    Optimization parameters
    -----------------------
    dtype :jax.numpy.dtype, default  = jax.numpy.float32
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        The data type used to allocate the initial parameters.
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    fuse_qkv: bool, default = True
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        If set to True, this module exposes a single fused
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        parameter for query-key-value for self-attention and key-value for
        cross-attention.
    transpose_batch_sequence : bool, default = True
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        Indicate whether the input tensors were switched axis of batch
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        and sequence length dimension. if set to True, the input tensors
        should be in (seqlen, batch, hidden), otherwise (batch, seqlen, hidden).
    scale_attn_logits: bool, default = False
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        Indicate whether to scale attention logits.
        If set to True, :math:`\frac{Q}{\sqrt{head_dim}*K}`,
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        else :math:`Q*K`
    scaled_query_init: bool, default = `True`
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        Whether to scale WQ on initialization by :math:`\sqrt{head_dim}`
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    float32_logits : bool, default = False
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        Whether to compute attention logits in float32.
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    """

    head_dim: int
    num_heads: int
    dropout_rate: float = 0.
    dropout_rng_name: str = 'dropout'
    layernorm_type: str = "layernorm"
    layernorm_epsilon: float = 1e-6
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    zero_centered_gamma: bool = False
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    kernel_init: Initializer = None
    use_bias: bool = False
    bias_init: Initializer = nn.initializers.zeros
    apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm: bool = False
    output_layernorm: bool = False
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    attn_mask_type: str = 'causal'
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    dtype: DType = jnp.float32
    fuse_qkv: bool = True
    transpose_batch_sequence: bool = True
    scale_attn_logits: bool = False
    scaled_query_init: bool = True
    float32_logits: bool = False    # computes logits in float32 for stability.

    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.kernel_init is None:
            self.kernel_init = nn.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in', 'normal')
        super().__post_init__()

    @nn.compact
    def __call__(self,
                 inputs_q: Array,
                 inputs_kv: Array,
                 mask: Optional[Array] = None,
                 bias: Optional[Array] = None,
                 *,
                 decode: bool = False,
                 deterministic: bool = False) -> Array:
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        """
        MultiHeadAttention Layer:
        [Query, Key, Value projection] -> Dot Product Attention -> Output projection.

        Parameters
        ----------
        inputs_q : jax.numpy.ndarray
            Input tensor for query projection.
        inputs_kv : jax.numpy.ndarray
            Input tensor for key/value projection.
        mask : jax.numpy.ndarray, default = None
            Boolean tensor used to mask out self-attention softmax input.
        bias : jax.numpy.ndarray, default = None
            A tensor used to shift self-attention softmax input.
        *
        decode : bool,default = False
            Indicate whether to prepare and use an autoregressive cache.
        deterministic : bool,default = False
            Disable dropout layers if set to True.

        Returns
        -------
        outputs : jax.numpy.ndarray
            Output tensors.
        """
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        def query_init(*args):
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            depth_scaling = jnp.sqrt(self.head_dim).astype(self.dtype)
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            return self.kernel_init(*args) / (depth_scaling if self.scaled_query_init else 1.0)

        def qkv_init(key, shape, dtype):
            assert len(shape) == 3
            assert shape[-2] == 3

            q_key, k_key, v_key = jax_random.split(key, num=3)

            q_shape = (shape[0], shape[-1])
            k_shape = (shape[0], shape[-1])
            v_shape = (shape[0], shape[-1])

            q_kernel = query_init(q_key, q_shape, dtype)
            k_kernel = self.kernel_init(k_key, k_shape, dtype)
            v_kernel = self.kernel_init(v_key, v_shape, dtype)

            return jnp.stack([q_kernel, k_kernel, v_kernel], axis=-2, dtype=dtype)

        def kv_init(key, shape, dtype):
            assert len(shape) == 3
            assert shape[-2] == 2

            k_key, v_key = jax_random.split(key)

            k_shape = (shape[0], shape[-1])
            v_shape = (shape[0], shape[-1])

            k_kernel = self.kernel_init(k_key, k_shape, dtype)
            v_kernel = self.kernel_init(v_key, v_shape, dtype)

            return jnp.stack([k_kernel, v_kernel], axis=-2, dtype=dtype)

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        # TODO(rewang): make it configurable for pre_scale_bias
        attn_bias_type = AttnBiasType.NO_BIAS if bias is None else AttnBiasType.POST_SCALE_BIAS

        def canonicalize_attn_mask_type(attn_mask_type):
            """
            Convert the string to AttnMaskType
            """
            if attn_mask_type == 'causal':
                return AttnMaskType.CAUSAL_MASK
            if attn_mask_type == 'padding':
                return AttnMaskType.PADDING_MASK
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported {attn_mask_type=}, "
                             "supported attn_mask_type = {'causal', 'padding'}")

        attn_mask_type = canonicalize_attn_mask_type(self.attn_mask_type)
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        canonicalize_dtype = dtypes.canonicalize_dtype(self.dtype)
        q_seqlen = inputs_q.shape[0] if self.transpose_batch_sequence else inputs_q.shape[1]
        kv_seqlen = inputs_kv.shape[0] if self.transpose_batch_sequence else inputs_kv.shape[1]
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        enable_fused_attn = int(os.getenv("NVTE_FUSED_ATTN", "0"))
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        def _check_seqlen(seqlen):
            return seqlen % 64 == 0

        def _check_head_dim(head_dim):
            return head_dim in [64, 128]

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        has_fused_attn_kernel = is_fused_attn_kernel_available(self.dtype, self.dtype,
                                                               attn_bias_type, attn_mask_type,
                                                               self.dropout_rate, q_seqlen,
                                                               kv_seqlen, self.head_dim)

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        use_fused_attn = not decode and not self.transpose_batch_sequence and self.fuse_qkv and \
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            canonicalize_dtype in [jnp.bfloat16, jnp.float16] and \
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            _check_seqlen(q_seqlen) and _check_seqlen(kv_seqlen) and \
            _check_head_dim(self.head_dim) and \
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            has_fused_attn_kernel and \
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            enable_fused_attn
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        if enable_fused_attn and not use_fused_attn:
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            reason = ""
            if decode:
                reason += f"decode=False is required but got {decode}, "
            if self.transpose_batch_sequence:
                reason += f"transpose_batch_sequence=False is required " \
                          f"but got {self.transpose_batch_sequence}, "
            if not self.fuse_qkv:
                reason += f"fuse_qkv=True is required but got {self.fuse_qkv}, "
            if canonicalize_dtype not in [jnp.bfloat16, jnp.float16]:
                reason += f"dtype in [BF16, FP16] is required " \
                          f"but got dtype={canonicalize_dtype}, "
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            if not _check_seqlen(q_seqlen):
                reason += f"q_seqlen % 64 == 0 is required " \
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                          f"but got {q_seqlen=}, "
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            if not _check_seqlen(kv_seqlen):
                reason += f"kv_seqlen % 64 == 0 is required " \
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                          f"but got {kv_seqlen=}, "
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            if not _check_head_dim(self.head_dim):
                reason += f"head_dim should be 64 or 128 but got {self.head_dim}, "
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            if not has_fused_attn_kernel:
                reason += "no fused attention kernel is available, "
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            warnings.warn(
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                f"Fused attention is not enabled. Because " \
                f"{reason}fall back to unfused attention.")

        first_sharding_type, second_sharding_type = infer_sharding_type()
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        residual = inputs_q
        if self.fuse_qkv:
            if inputs_q is inputs_kv:
                qkv_proj, ln_out = LayerNormDenseGeneral(
                    enable_layernorm=not self.output_layernorm,
                    layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
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                    zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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                    epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
                    axis=-1,
                    features=(3, self.num_heads * self.head_dim),
                    sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                    transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                    return_layernorm_output=self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm,
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                    scale_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                    ln_bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                    kernel_axes=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                    kernel_init=qkv_init,
                    use_bias=self.use_bias,
                    bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                    bias_axes=(W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                    name='qkv',
                    dtype=self.dtype)(inputs_q)
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                if not use_fused_attn:
                    query, key, value = jnp.split(qkv_proj, [1, 2], axis=-2)
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            else:
                query, ln_out = LayerNormDenseGeneral(
                    enable_layernorm=not self.output_layernorm,
                    layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
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                    zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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                    epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
                    axis=-1,
                    features=self.num_heads * self.head_dim,
                    sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                    transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                    return_layernorm_output=self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm,
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                    scale_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                    ln_bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                    kernel_axes=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                    use_bias=self.use_bias,
                    bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                    bias_axes=(W_TP_AXES,),
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                    dtype=self.dtype,
                    kernel_init=query_init,
                    name='query')(inputs_q)
                kv_proj = DenseGeneral(axis=-1,
                                       features=(2, self.num_heads * self.head_dim),
                                       sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                                       transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
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                                       kernel_axes=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                                       kernel_init=kv_init,
                                       use_bias=self.use_bias,
                                       bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                                       bias_axes=(W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                                       name='kv',
                                       dtype=self.dtype)(inputs_kv)
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                if not use_fused_attn:
                    key, value = jnp.split(kv_proj, [1], axis=-2)
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        else:
            kv_projection = functools.partial(
                DenseGeneral,
                axis=-1,
                features=self.num_heads * self.head_dim,
                sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
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                kernel_axes=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                use_bias=self.use_bias,
                bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                bias_axes=(W_TP_AXES,),
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                dtype=self.dtype)
            query, ln_out = LayerNormDenseGeneral(
                enable_layernorm=not self.output_layernorm,
                layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
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                zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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                epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
                axis=-1,
                features=self.num_heads * self.head_dim,
                sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                return_layernorm_output=True,
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                scale_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                ln_bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                kernel_axes=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
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                use_bias=self.use_bias,
                bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                bias_axes=(W_TP_AXES,),
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                dtype=self.dtype,
                kernel_init=query_init,
                name='query')(inputs_q)

            if inputs_q is inputs_kv:
                assert ln_out is not None
                inputs_kv = ln_out

            key = kv_projection(kernel_init=self.kernel_init, name='key')(inputs_kv)
            value = kv_projection(kernel_init=self.kernel_init, name='value')(inputs_kv)

        if self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm:
            assert ln_out is not None
            residual = ln_out

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        if not use_fused_attn:
            query = query.reshape((query.shape[0], query.shape[1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
            key = key.reshape((key.shape[0], key.shape[1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
            value = value.reshape((value.shape[0], value.shape[1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
            qkv_sharding_constraint = \
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                (SEQLEN_AXES, BATCH_AXES, HEAD_AXES, HIDDEN_AXES) \
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                if self.transpose_batch_sequence \
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                else (BATCH_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, HEAD_AXES, HIDDEN_AXES)
            query = _with_sharding_constraint(query, qkv_sharding_constraint)
            key = _with_sharding_constraint(key, qkv_sharding_constraint)
            value = _with_sharding_constraint(value, qkv_sharding_constraint)
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        if decode:
            is_initialized = self.has_variable('cache', 'cached_key')

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            cached_key = self.variable('cache', 'cached_key', jnp.zeros, key.shape, key.dtype)
            cached_value = self.variable('cache', 'cached_value', jnp.zeros, value.shape,
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                                         value.dtype)
            cache_index = self.variable('cache', 'cache_index',
                                        lambda: jnp.array(0, dtype=jnp.int32))
            if is_initialized:
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                if self.transpose_batch_sequence:
                    length, batch, num_heads, head_dim = cached_key.value.shape
                    expected_shape = (1, batch, num_heads, head_dim)
                    one_hot_indices_shape = (length, 1, 1, 1)
                else:
                    batch, length, num_heads, head_dim = cached_key.value.shape
                    expected_shape = (batch, 1, num_heads, head_dim)
                    one_hot_indices_shape = (1, length, 1, 1)
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                # Sanity shape check of cached key against input query.
                if expected_shape != query.shape:
                    raise ValueError(
                        'Autoregressive cache shape error, '
                        f"expected query shape {expected_shape} instead got {query.shape}.")

                cur_index = cache_index.value
                one_hot_indices = jax_nn.one_hot(cur_index, length, dtype=key.dtype)
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                one_hot_indices = jnp.reshape(one_hot_indices, one_hot_indices_shape)
                key = cached_key.value + key * one_hot_indices
                value = cached_value.value + value * one_hot_indices
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                cached_key.value = key
                cached_value.value = value
                cache_index.value = cache_index.value + 1

                mask = combine_masks(
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                    mask, jnp.broadcast_to(jnp.arange(length) > cur_index, (batch, 1, 1, length)))
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                if bias is not None:
                    bias = dynamic_vector_slice_in_dim(jnp.squeeze(bias, axis=0),
                                                       jnp.reshape(cur_index, (-1)), 1, -2)

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        scale_factor = 1.0 / sqrt(self.head_dim) if self.scale_attn_logits else 1.0

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        dropout_rng = None
        if not deterministic and self.dropout_rate > 0.:
            dropout_rng = self.make_rng(self.dropout_rng_name)

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        if use_fused_attn:
            assert mask is not None and mask.ndim == 4    # (b, 1, s_q, s_kv)
            assert not self.transpose_batch_sequence
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            seed = None
            if dropout_rng is not None:
                seed = jax.random.split(dropout_rng, len(jax.devices()))
                # ensure the old key never used
                del dropout_rng

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            if inputs_q is inputs_kv:
                qkv_proj = qkv_proj.reshape((*qkv_proj.shape[:-1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
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                qkv_sharding_constraint = (BATCH_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, JOINED_AXES, HEAD_AXES,
                                           HIDDEN_AXES)
                qkv_proj = _with_sharding_constraint(qkv_proj, qkv_sharding_constraint)
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                x = self_fused_attn(qkv_proj,
                                    bias,
                                    mask,
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                                    seed,
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                                    attn_bias_type=attn_bias_type,
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                                    attn_mask_type=attn_mask_type,
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                                    scaling_factor=scale_factor,
                                    dropout_probability=self.dropout_rate,
                                    is_training=not deterministic,
                                    sharding_type=first_sharding_type)
            else:
                assert bias is None
                query = query.reshape((*query.shape[:-1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
                kv_proj = kv_proj.reshape((*kv_proj.shape[:-1], self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
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                q_sharding_constraint = (BATCH_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, HEAD_AXES, HIDDEN_AXES)
                kv_sharding_constraint = (BATCH_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, JOINED_AXES, HEAD_AXES,
                                          HIDDEN_AXES)
                query = _with_sharding_constraint(query, q_sharding_constraint)
                kv_proj = _with_sharding_constraint(kv_proj, kv_sharding_constraint)
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                x = cross_fused_attn(query,
                                     kv_proj,
                                     mask,
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                                     seed,
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                                     attn_bias_type=attn_bias_type,
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                                     attn_mask_type=attn_mask_type,
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                                     scaling_factor=scale_factor,
                                     dropout_probability=self.dropout_rate,
                                     is_training=not deterministic,
                                     sharding_type=first_sharding_type)
        else:
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            def convert_to_softmax_type(attn_mask_type, mask):
                """
                Convert the string to SoftmaxType
                """
                if attn_mask_type == 'causal':
                    return SoftmaxType.SCALED_UPPER_TRIANG_MASKED
                if attn_mask_type == 'padding':
                    if mask is not None:
                        return SoftmaxType.SCALED_MASKED
                    return SoftmaxType.SCALED
                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported {attn_mask_type=}, "
                                 "supported attn_mask_type = {'causal', 'padding'}")

            softmax_type = convert_to_softmax_type(self.attn_mask_type, mask)
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            x = core_attention(query,
                               key,
                               value,
                               scale_factor=scale_factor,
                               transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                               softmax_type=softmax_type,
                               softmax_sharding_type=first_sharding_type,
                               mask=mask,
                               bias=bias,
                               dropout_rng=dropout_rng,
                               dropout_rate=self.dropout_rate,
                               deterministic=deterministic,
                               dtype=self.dtype,
                               float32_logits=self.float32_logits)
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        x = x.reshape((x.shape[0], x.shape[1], x.shape[2] * x.shape[3]))

        attn_context_sharding_constraint = \
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            (SEQLEN_AXES, BATCH_AXES, HIDDEN_TP_AXES) \
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            if self.transpose_batch_sequence \
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            else (BATCH_AXES, SEQLEN_AXES, HIDDEN_TP_AXES)
        x = _with_sharding_constraint(x, attn_context_sharding_constraint)
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        out = DenseGeneral(features=inputs_q.shape[-1],
                           sharding_type=second_sharding_type,
                           transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                           axis=-1,
                           kernel_init=self.kernel_init,
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                           kernel_axes=(W_TP_AXES, W_FSDP_AXES),
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                           use_bias=self.use_bias,
                           bias_init=self.bias_init,
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                           bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
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                           dtype=self.dtype,
                           name='out')(x)
        return out, residual


class RelativePositionBiases(nn.Module):
    """
    T5-style relative positional embeddings to the attention logits.

    Parameters
    ----------
    num_buckets : int
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        The number of buckets to bucket distances between key and query positions into.
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    max_distance : int
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        The maximum distance before everything is lumped into the last
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        distance bucket.
    num_attention_heads : int
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        Number of attention heads in the transformer layer.
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    embedding_init : Initializer, default = flax.linen.linear.default_embed_init
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        Used for initializing relative embedding tables.
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    embedding_axes : Tuple[str, ...], default = ('heads', 'relpos_buckets')
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        The name of axes used to shard embedding attention bias with a corresponding mesh.
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    Optimization parameters
    -----------------------
    dtype : jax.numpy.dtype, default  = jax.numpy.float32
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        The data type used to allocate the initial parameters.
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    """
    num_buckets: int
    max_distance: int
    num_attention_heads: int
    embedding_init: Callable[..., Array] = nn.linear.default_embed_init
    embedding_axes: Tuple[str, ...] = ('heads', 'relpos_buckets')
    dtype: DType = jnp.float32

    @nn.compact
    def __call__(self, q_seqlen, k_seqlen, bidirectional=True):
        """
        Generate relative position embedding attention biases.

        Parameters
        ----------
        q_seqlen : int
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            The sequence length of query.
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        k_seqlen : int
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            The sequence length of key.
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        bidirectional : bool, default = True
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            Indicate whether to allow positive memory-query relative position
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            embeddings.

        Returns
        -------
        output: jax.numpy.ndarray
            An attention bias with shape `(1, num_attention_heads, q_seqlen, k_seqlen)`.
        """
        context_position = np.arange(q_seqlen, dtype=jnp.int32)[:, None]
        memory_position = np.arange(k_seqlen, dtype=jnp.int32)[None, :]
        relative_position = memory_position - context_position

        # Compute relative position bucket
        rp_bucket = 0
        negative_rp = -relative_position
        rpb_num_buckets = self.num_buckets

        if bidirectional:
            rpb_num_buckets //= 2
            rp_bucket += (negative_rp < 0).astype(np.int32) * rpb_num_buckets
            negative_rp = np.abs(negative_rp)
        else:
            negative_rp = np.maximum(negative_rp, 0)

        rpb_max_exact = rpb_num_buckets // 2
        rpb_is_small = negative_rp < rpb_max_exact
        rpb_val_if_large = rpb_max_exact + (
            np.log(negative_rp.astype(np.float32) / rpb_max_exact + np.finfo(np.float32).eps) /
            np.log(self.max_distance / rpb_max_exact) *
            (rpb_num_buckets - rpb_max_exact)).astype(np.int32)
        rpb_val_if_large = np.minimum(rpb_val_if_large, rpb_num_buckets - 1)
        rp_bucket += np.where(rpb_is_small, negative_rp, rpb_val_if_large)

        # Compute relative attention bias
        relative_attention_bias = nn_partitioning.param_with_axes(
            'rel_embedding',
            self.embedding_init, (self.num_attention_heads, self.num_buckets),
            jnp.float32,
            axes=self.embedding_axes)

        relative_attention_bias = jnp.asarray(relative_attention_bias, self.dtype)

        bcast_iota = lax.broadcasted_iota(jnp.int32, (self.num_buckets, 1, 1), 0)
        rp_bucket_one_hot = jnp.array(rp_bucket[jnp.newaxis, ...] == bcast_iota, dtype=self.dtype)

        values = lax.dot_general(relative_attention_bias, rp_bucket_one_hot,
                                 (((1,), (0,)), ((), ())))
        return values[jnp.newaxis, ...]


class TransformerLayerType(Enum):
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    r"""
    TransformerLayerType is an Enum class to specify a type of TransformerLayer

    Values
    ----------
    ENCODER:
        Encoder type of TransformerLayer.
    DECODER:
        Decoder type of TransformerLayer.
    """
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    ENCODER = "encoder"
    DECODER = "decoder"


class TransformerLayer(nn.Module):
    r"""
    TransformerLayer is made up of a relative embedding,
    an attention block and a feedforward network (MLP).
    This standard layer is based on the paper “Attention Is All You Need”.

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    .. note::

        Argument :attr:`attention_mask` will be ignored when
        :attr:`self_attn_mask_type` is set to `"causal"`.

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    Parameters
    ----------
    hidden_size: int, default = 512
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        The hidden size of each input sample.
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    mlp_hidden_size: int, default = 2048
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        Intermediate size to which input samples are projected.
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    num_attention_heads: int, default = 8
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        Number of attention heads in the transformer layer.
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        Indicate the type of layer normalization.
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    layernorm_epsilon: float, default = 1e-6
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        A value added to the denominator of layer normalization for numerical stability.
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    zero_centered_gamma : bool, default = False
        If set to `True`, the LayerNorm formula changes to

        .. math::
            y = \frac{x - \mathrm{E}[x]}{ \sqrt{\mathrm{Var}[x] + \epsilon}} *
            (1 + \gamma) + \beta

        This parameter is only applicable for 'layernorm'.
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    hidden_dropout: float, default = 0.1
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        Dropout probability for the dropout op after FC2 layer.
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    hidden_dropout_dims: Sequence[int], default = ()
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        Dimensions that will share the same dropout mask for hidden
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    attention_dropout: float, default = 0.1
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        Dropout probability for the dropout op during multi-head attention.
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    dropout_rng_name: str, default = 'dropout'
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        The key in given RNGs via flax.linen.Module.apply that for
        generating Dropout masks in the Multi-Head Attention.
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    mha_kernel_init: Initializer, default =
        flax.linen.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in', 'normal')
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        Used for initializing weights of QKV and Output projection weights.
        It should be a callable object with three arguments (jax.random.PRNGKey, shape, dtype).
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    mlp_kernel_init: Initializer, default =
        flax.linen.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in', 'truncated_normal')
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        Used for initializing weights of FC1 and FC2 layers.
        It should be a callable object with three arguments (jax.random.PRNGKey, shape, dtype).
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    mlp_activations: Sequence[str], default = ('relu', )
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        The sequence of activation functions to apply after the first linear transformation.
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        Each activation has its own transformation layer.
    use_bias: bool, default = False
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        Indicate whether to enable bias shifting for QKVO projections, FC1 and FC2.
        If set to False, the layer will not learn additive biases.
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    bias_init: Initializer, default = flax.linen.initializers.zeros
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        Used for initializing bias of QKVO projections,
        FC1 and FC2. It is only used when :attr:`use_bias=True`.
        It should be a callable object with three arguments (jax.random.PRNGKey, shape, dtype).
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    apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm: bool, default = False
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        If set to True, residual connections are taken from the output
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        of layer norm (default is taken from input of layer norm)
    output_layernorm: bool, default = False
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        If set to True, layer normalization is applied on the output side,
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        after the final dropout-add. default behavior is to apply layer
        normalization on the input side, before the QKV transformation.
    float32_attention_logits: bool, default = False
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        If set to True, attention logits are executed in jax.numpy.float32.
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    layer_type: TransformerLayerType, default = TransformerLayerType.ENCODER
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        If set to TransformerLayerType.DECODER, an additional cross-attention block
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        is added after self-attention.this can be used for structures like `T5`
        Transformer in conjunction with the TransformerLayerType.ENCODER option.
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    self_attn_mask_type: {'causal', 'padding'}, default = 'causal'
        Type of attention mask passed into softmax operation.
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        Introduced in v0.10.0.
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    enable_relative_embedding: bool, default = True
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        Whether to enable relative embedding as shifting of attention logits.
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    relative_embedding: flax.linen.Module, default = None
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        The module for relative embedding execution, only used when
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        :attr:`enable_relative_embedding=True`. Default is None, which will create
        an instance of RelativePositionBiases if :attr:`enable_relative_embedding=True`.
        Default: RelativePositionBiases( num_buckets=32, max_distance=128,
        num_attention_heads=self.num_attention_heads, dtype=self.dtype,
        embedding_init=flax.linen.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_avg', 'uniform'),
        name='relpos_bias')

    Optimization parameters
    -----------------------
    dtype :jax.numpy.dtype, default  = jax.numpy.float32
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        The data type used to allocate the initial parameters.
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    drop_path: float, default = 0.0
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        path of the residual block.
    fuse_qkv_params: bool, default = True
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        If set to True, `TransformerLayer` module exposes a single fused
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        parameter for query-key-value for self-attention and key-value for
        cross-attention.
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    transpose_batch_sequence : bool, default = False
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        Indicate whether the input tensors were switched axis of batch
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        and sequence length dimension. if set to True, the input tensors
        should be in (seqlen, batch, hidden), otherwise (batch, seqlen, hidden).
    scale_attn_logits: bool, default = False
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        Indicate whether to scale attention logits.
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        if set to True, :math:`\frac{Q}{\sqrt{head_dim}*K}`,
        else :math:`Q*K`
    scaled_query_init: bool, default = `True`
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        Whether to scale WQ on initialization by :math:`\sqrt{head_dim}`
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    """

    hidden_size: int = 512
    mlp_hidden_size: int = 2048
    num_attention_heads: int = 8
    layernorm_type: str = 'layernorm'
    layernorm_epsilon: float = 1e-6
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    zero_centered_gamma: bool = False
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    hidden_dropout: float = 0.1
    hidden_dropout_dims: Sequence[int] = ()
    attention_dropout: float = 0.1
    dropout_rng_name: str = 'dropout'
    mha_kernel_init: Initializer = None
    mlp_kernel_init: Initializer = None
    mlp_activations: Sequence[str] = ('relu',)
    use_bias: bool = False
    bias_init: Initializer = nn.initializers.zeros
    apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm: bool = False
    output_layernorm: bool = False
    float32_attention_logits: bool = False
    layer_type: TransformerLayerType = TransformerLayerType.ENCODER
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    self_attn_mask_type: str = 'causal'
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    enable_relative_embedding: bool = True
    relative_embedding: nn.Module = None
    dtype: DType = jnp.float32
    drop_path: float = 0.0
    fuse_qkv_params: bool = True
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    transpose_batch_sequence: bool = False
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    scale_attn_logits: bool = False
    scaled_query_init: bool = True

    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.mha_kernel_init is None:
            self.mha_kernel_init = nn.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in', 'normal')
        if self.mlp_kernel_init is None:
            self.mlp_kernel_init = nn.initializers.variance_scaling(1.0, 'fan_in',
                                                                    'truncated_normal')
        super().__post_init__()

    @nn.compact
    def __call__(self,
                 inputs: Array,
                 encoded: Array = None,
                 attention_mask: Array = None,
                 encoder_decoder_mask: Array = None,
                 deterministic: bool = False,
                 decode: bool = False,
                 max_decode_length: bool = None):
        """
        Transformer Layer: attention block and a feedforward network (MLP)

        Parameters
        ----------
        inputs : jax.numpy.ndarray
            Input tensor.
        encoded : jax.numpy.ndarray, default = None
            Output tensors of the encoder block to be fed into the decoder block if using
            :attr:`layer_type=TransformerLayerType.DECODER`.
        attention_mask : jax.numpy.ndarray, default = None
            Boolean tensor used to mask out self-attention softmax input.
        encoder_decoder_mask : jax.numpy.ndarray, default = None
            Boolean tensor used to mask out cross-attention softmax input when
            :attr:`layer_type=TransformerLayerType.DECODER`.
        deterministic: bool, default = False
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            Disable dropout layers if set to True.
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        decode: bool,default = False
            Indicate whether to prepare and use an autoregressive cache
            in Multi-head attention (MHA).
        max_decode_length : bool, default = None
            The maximum length to generate relative embedding biases when
            :attr:`layer_type=TransformerLayerType.DECODER` and
            :attr:`enable_relative_embedding=True`.

        Returns
        -------
        outputs : jax.numpy.ndarray
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            Output tensors.
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        """
        assert self.layer_type in TransformerLayerType, \
                "layer_type should be one of TransformerLayerType" \
                f", but got {self.layer_type}."

        assert self.hidden_size % self.num_attention_heads == 0, \
                "hidden_size should be multiples of num_attention_heads" \
                f", but got {self.hidden_size=} and {self.num_attention_heads=}."

        assert self.layer_type == TransformerLayerType.DECODER or \
              (self.layer_type == TransformerLayerType.ENCODER and decode is False), \
               "decode should be False when layer_type == TransformerLayerType.ENCODER."

        head_dim = self.hidden_size // self.num_attention_heads

        sequence_dim = 0 if self.transpose_batch_sequence else 1
        batch_dim = 1 - sequence_dim

        attn_bias = None
        if self.enable_relative_embedding:
            if self.relative_embedding is None:
                rel_emb = RelativePositionBiases(num_buckets=32,
                                                 max_distance=128,
                                                 num_attention_heads=self.num_attention_heads,
                                                 dtype=self.dtype,
                                                 embedding_init=nn.initializers.variance_scaling(
                                                     1.0, 'fan_avg', 'uniform'),
                                                 name='relpos_bias')
            else:
                rel_emb = self.relative_embedding

            if self.layer_type == TransformerLayerType.ENCODER:
                attn_bias = rel_emb(inputs.shape[sequence_dim], inputs.shape[sequence_dim], True)
            else:
                if decode and max_decode_length:
                    l = max_decode_length
                else:
                    l = inputs.shape[sequence_dim]
                attn_bias = rel_emb(l, l, False)

        assert inputs.ndim == 3

        # Make name be the exactly same as T5X, since names would affect
        # RNGKey during init and apply. Myabe no need in the feature.
        if self.layer_type == TransformerLayerType.ENCODER:
            mha_name = 'attention'
        else:
            mha_name = 'self_attention'

        # [batch, length, emb_dim] -> [batch, length, emb_dim]
        x, residual = MultiHeadAttention(
            num_heads=self.num_attention_heads,
            dtype=self.dtype,
            head_dim=head_dim,
            transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
            dropout_rate=self.attention_dropout,
            dropout_rng_name=self.dropout_rng_name,
            float32_logits=self.float32_attention_logits,
            scale_attn_logits=self.scale_attn_logits,
            scaled_query_init=self.scaled_query_init,
            layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
            layernorm_epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
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            zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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            apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm,
            output_layernorm=self.output_layernorm,
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            attn_mask_type=self.self_attn_mask_type,
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            fuse_qkv=self.fuse_qkv_params,
            kernel_init=self.mha_kernel_init,
            use_bias=self.use_bias,
            bias_init=self.bias_init,
            name=mha_name)(inputs,
                           inputs,
                           attention_mask,
                           attn_bias,
                           deterministic=deterministic,
                           decode=decode)

        def hidden_dropout(x, deterministic):
            assert isinstance(self.hidden_dropout_dims, Sequence)
            x_shape_len = len(x.shape)
            for dims in self.hidden_dropout_dims:
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                assert -x_shape_len <= dims < x_shape_len
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            return nn.Dropout(rate=self.hidden_dropout,
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                              broadcast_dims=self.hidden_dropout_dims)(x,
                                                                       deterministic=deterministic)
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        x = hidden_dropout(x, deterministic)
        if self.drop_path > 0.0:
            drop_path_shape = _generate_drop_path_shape(x.shape, batch_dim)
            x = nn.Dropout(rate=self.drop_path,
                           broadcast_dims=drop_path_shape)(x, deterministic=deterministic)
        x = x + residual

        mlp_input = x
        if self.layer_type == TransformerLayerType.DECODER:
            assert encoded is not None, \
                "encoded is required when layer_type == TransformerLayerType.DECODER."

            y, residual = MultiHeadAttention(
                num_heads=self.num_attention_heads,
                dtype=self.dtype,
                head_dim=head_dim,
                transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                dropout_rate=self.attention_dropout,
                dropout_rng_name=self.dropout_rng_name,
                layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
                layernorm_epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
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                zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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                apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=self.
                apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm,
                output_layernorm=False,    # Must do LayerNorm before MHA.
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                attn_mask_type='padding',
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                float32_logits=self.float32_attention_logits,
                scale_attn_logits=self.scale_attn_logits,
                scaled_query_init=self.scaled_query_init,
                fuse_qkv=self.fuse_qkv_params,
                kernel_init=self.mha_kernel_init,
                use_bias=self.use_bias,
                bias_init=self.bias_init,
                name='encoder_decoder_attention')(x,
                                                  encoded,
                                                  encoder_decoder_mask,
                                                  deterministic=deterministic)
            y = hidden_dropout(y, deterministic)
            mlp_input = y + residual

        # MlpBlock
        residual = mlp_input
        z, ln_out = LayerNormMLP(
            layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
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            zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
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            epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
            major_sharding_type=infer_major_sharding_type(),
            transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
            return_layernorm_output=self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm,
            intermediate_dim=self.mlp_hidden_size,
            activations=self.mlp_activations,
            intermediate_dropout_rate=self.hidden_dropout,
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            intermediate_hidden_dropout_dims=self.hidden_dropout_dims,
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            dtype=self.dtype,
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            scale_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
            ln_bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
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            kernel_init=self.mlp_kernel_init,
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            kernel_axes_1=(W_FSDP_AXES, W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
            kernel_axes_2=(W_TP_AXES, W_FSDP_AXES),
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            use_bias=self.use_bias,
            bias_init=self.bias_init,
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            bias_axes_1=(W_JOINED_AXES, W_TP_AXES),
            bias_axes_2=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
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            name='mlp',
        )(mlp_input, deterministic=deterministic)

        if self.apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm:
            assert ln_out is not None
            residual = ln_out

        z = hidden_dropout(z, deterministic)
        if self.drop_path > 0.0:
            drop_path_shape = _generate_drop_path_shape(z.shape, batch_dim)
            z = nn.Dropout(rate=self.drop_path,
                           broadcast_dims=drop_path_shape)(z, deterministic=deterministic)
        z = z + residual

        if self.output_layernorm:
            ln_sharding_type, _ = infer_sharding_type()
            z = LayerNorm(layernorm_type=self.layernorm_type,
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                          zero_centered_gamma=self.zero_centered_gamma,
                          epsilon=self.layernorm_epsilon,
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                          scale_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
                          bias_axes=(W_NO_SHARD_AXES,),
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                          transpose_batch_sequence=self.transpose_batch_sequence,
                          dtype=self.dtype,
                          sharding_type=ln_sharding_type,
                          name="output_layer_norm")(z)

        return z