rocm_gemm.cu

/*************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2023-2025, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * License for AMD contributions = MIT. See LICENSE for more information
 ************************************************************************/
#include <transformer_engine/gemm.h>
#include <transformer_engine/transformer_engine.h>

#include <type_traits>

#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <chrono>
#include <forward_list>
#include <fstream>
#include <mutex>
#include <optional>
#include <sstream>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

#endif
#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
#define ROCBLAS_BETA_FEATURES_API
#include <rocblas/rocblas.h>

#include <hipblaslt/hipblaslt-ext.hpp>
#include <hipcub/hipcub.hpp>

#endif
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

#include "../common.h"
#include "../util/handle_manager.h"
#include "../util/logging.h"
#include "../util/vectorized_pointwise.h"


namespace {

#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT

static hipDataType get_hipblaslt_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
  using namespace transformer_engine;
  switch (t) {
    case DType::kFloat16:
      return HIP_R_16F;
    case DType::kFloat32:
      return HIP_R_32F;
    case DType::kBFloat16:
      return HIP_R_16BF;
    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
      return HIP_R_8F_E4M3;
    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
      return HIP_R_8F_E5M2;
    case DType::kInt8:
      return HIP_R_8I;
    case DType::kInt32:
      return HIP_R_32I;
    default:
      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
  }
}
#endif

#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
rocblas_datatype get_rocblas_dtype(const transformer_engine::DType t) {
  using namespace transformer_engine;
  switch (t) {
    case DType::kFloat16:
      return rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
    case DType::kFloat32:
      return rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
    case DType::kBFloat16:
      return rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
    case DType::kFloat8E4M3:
      return rocblas_datatype_f8_r;
    case DType::kFloat8E5M2:
      return rocblas_datatype_bf8_r;
    default:
      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
  }
}
#endif

}  //namespace

namespace transformer_engine {

#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS

namespace detail {

struct Empty {};

__device__ inline fp32 identity(fp32 value, const Empty&) { return value; }

__inline__ __device__ float gelu(float x, const Empty&) {
  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
  return x * cdf;
}

__inline__ __device__ float gelu_forward(float x) {
  float cdf = 0.5f * (1.0f + tanhf((0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x))));
  return x * cdf;
}

template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
    gelu_forward_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
  // fp8 output flow
  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
    float thread_amax = 0;
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float x = in[id];
      float y = gelu_forward(x);
      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * y);
      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(y), thread_amax);
    }
    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
    }
  } else {
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float x = in[id];
      float y = gelu_forward(x);
      out[id] = (T)(y);
    }
  }
}

template <typename T>
void gelu_forward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
                                 int n, hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_forward_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, m, n);
}

__inline__ __device__ float gelu_backward(float x, float dy) {
  constexpr float kBeta = 0.7978845608028654f;
  constexpr float kKappa = 0.044715f;
  float x_sq = x * x;
  float x_cube = x_sq * x;
  float tanh_inner = tanhf((kBeta * (x + kKappa * x_cube)));

  float left = 0.5 * x;
  float right = 1.0f + tanh_inner;

  float left_derivative = 0.5 * right;

  float tanh_derivative = 1 - tanh_inner * tanh_inner;
  float inner_derivative = kBeta * (1.0f + 3.0 * kKappa * x_sq);
  float right_derivative = left * tanh_derivative * inner_derivative;

  return dy * (left_derivative + right_derivative);
}

template <typename T, typename Taux>
__global__ void gelu_backward_kernel(const float* dy, T* out, const Taux* __restrict pre_gelu_out,
                                     int m, int n) {
  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
    float x = (float)pre_gelu_out[id];
    float dx = (float)gelu_backward(x, dy[id]);
    out[id] = (T)(dx);
  }
}

template <typename T, typename Taux>
void gelu_backward_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Taux* pre_gelu_out, int m, int n,
                                  hipStream_t stream) {
  int blocks_per_row = ceil(float(n) / 256);
  dim3 grid(min(m * blocks_per_row, 65536));
  dim3 block(min(n, 256));
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((gelu_backward_kernel<T, Taux>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out,
                     pre_gelu_out, m, n);
}

template <typename T, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
    add_bias_kernel(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
                    const float* scale, int m, int n) {
  // fp8 output flow
  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
    float thread_amax = 0;
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
      // deal with amax of D
      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
    }
    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
    }
  } else {
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
      out[id] = (T)(val);
    }
  }
}

template <typename T, typename Tb>
void add_bias_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax,
                             const float* scale, int m, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_kernel<T, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
                     stream, in, out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
}

template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
    add_bias_gelu_kernel(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out, const Tb* __restrict bias,
                         float* amax, const float* scale, int m, int n) {
  // fp8 output flow
  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
    // only need to deal with amax and scale of D, no need to deal with amax and scale of pre_gelu_out
    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
    float thread_amax = 0;
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
      // pre_gelu_out guaranteed not to be fp8 type
      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
      val = gelu_forward(val);
      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
      // deal with amax of D
      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
    }
    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
    }
  } else {
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < m * n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float reg_bias = (float)bias[id % n];
      float val = in[id] + reg_bias;
      pre_gelu_out[id] = (Taux)(val);
      out[id] = (T)(gelu_forward(val));
    }
  }
}

template <typename T, typename Taux, typename Tb>
void add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, Taux* pre_gelu_out,
                                  const Tb* __restrict bias, float* amax, const float* scale, int m,
                                  int n, hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * m * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((add_bias_gelu_kernel<T, Taux, Tb, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid),
                     dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, pre_gelu_out, bias, amax, scale, m, n);
}

template <typename Tin, typename T>
__global__ void identity_kernel(const Tin* in, T* out, int n) {
  for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
    Tin val = in[id];
    out[id] = (T)(val);
  }
}

template <typename Tin, typename T>
void identity_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, T* out, int n, hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  block.x = 256;
  grid.x = ceil(n / 256.);
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_kernel<Tin, T>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, n);
}

template <typename T, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
    identity_output_kernel(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n) {
  if constexpr (std::is_same<T, fp8e4m3>::value || std::is_same<T, fp8e5m2>::value) {
    typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
    __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;
    float thread_amax = 0;
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float val = in[id];
      out[id] = (T)((*scale) * val);
      // deal with amax of D
      thread_amax = std::fmax(std::fabs(val), thread_amax);
    }
    // num_valid can be ignored since each thread amax is set to 0
    float block_amax = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Reduce(thread_amax, hipcub::Max());
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
      atomicMaxFloat(amax, block_amax);
    }
  } else {
    for (int id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; id < n; id += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {
      float val = in[id];
      out[id] = (T)(val);
    }
  }
}

template <typename T>
void identity_output_kernelLauncher(const float* in, T* out, float* amax, const float* scale, int n,
                                    hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  grid.x = ceil(1.0 * n / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  hipLaunchKernelGGL((identity_output_kernel<T, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0,
                     stream, in, out, amax, scale, n);
}

template <typename Tin, int THREADS_PER_BLOCK>
__global__ void __launch_bounds__(THREADS_PER_BLOCK)
    bias_gradient_kernel(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n) {
  typedef hipcub::BlockReduce<float, THREADS_PER_BLOCK> BlockReduce;
  __shared__ typename BlockReduce::TempStorage block_temp_storage;

  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  int THREADS_PER_COL = BLOCKS_PER_COL * THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  int idx = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.x * blockDim.x;
  int col_idx = idx / THREADS_PER_COL;
  int row_idx = idx % THREADS_PER_COL;
  float thread_data;
  if (row_idx < m) thread_data = (float)in[row_idx * n + col_idx];
  float local_sum;
  if (row_idx < (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK) {
    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage).Sum(thread_data);
  } else {
    local_sum = BlockReduce(block_temp_storage)
                    .Sum(thread_data, m - (BLOCKS_PER_COL - 1) * THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  }
  if (threadIdx.x == 0) atomicAdd(&out[col_idx], local_sum);
}

constexpr int kColwiseReduceTileSize = 32;

template <typename T>
__inline__ __device__ T WarpReduceSum(T val, int max = 32) {
  for (int offset = max; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
    val += __shfl_down(val, offset);
  }
  return val;
}

template <typename InputType>
__launch_bounds__(1024) __global__
    void bias_gradient_kernel_v2(float* dst, const InputType* src, int M, int N) {
  __shared__ float g_shared[kColwiseReduceTileSize][kColwiseReduceTileSize];
  const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
  float grad_sum = 0.f;
  if (j < N) {
    for (int i = threadIdx.y; i < M; i += blockDim.y) {
      grad_sum += static_cast<float>(src[i * N + j]);
    }
  }
  g_shared[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = grad_sum;
  __syncthreads();
  float sum = g_shared[threadIdx.x][threadIdx.y];
  sum = WarpReduceSum<float>(sum, kColwiseReduceTileSize / 2);
  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
    const int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.y;
    if (j < N) {
      dst[j] = static_cast<float>(sum);
    }
  }
}

template <typename Tin>
void bias_gradient_kernelLauncher(const Tin* in, float* out, int m, int n, bool stream_order_alloc,
                                  hipStream_t stream) {
  dim3 block, grid;
  constexpr int THREADS_PER_BLOCK = 1024;
  int BLOCKS_PER_COL = ceil(float(m) / THREADS_PER_BLOCK);
  block.x = THREADS_PER_BLOCK;
  grid.x = BLOCKS_PER_COL * n;
  if (!stream_order_alloc) {
    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemset(out, 0, n * sizeof(float)));
  } else {
    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemsetAsync(out, 0, n * sizeof(float), stream));
  }
  // hipLaunchKernelGGL(( bias_gradient_kernel<Tin, THREADS_PER_BLOCK>), dim3(grid), dim3(block), 0, stream, in, out, m, n);
  int B = (n - 1) / kColwiseReduceTileSize + 1;
  bias_gradient_kernel_v2<Tin>
      <<<B, dim3(kColwiseReduceTileSize, kColwiseReduceTileSize), 0, stream>>>(out, in, m, n);
}

}  // namespace detail

transformer_engine::DType get_transformer_engine_dtype(const rocblas_datatype t) {
  using namespace transformer_engine;
  switch (t) {
    case rocblas_datatype_f16_r:
      return DType::kFloat16;
    case rocblas_datatype_f32_r:
      return DType::kFloat32;
    case rocblas_datatype_bf16_r:
      return DType::kBFloat16;
    case rocblas_datatype_f8_r:
      return DType::kFloat8E4M3;
    case rocblas_datatype_bf8_r:
      return DType::kFloat8E5M2;
    default:
      NVTE_ERROR("Invalid type");
  }
}
#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS

#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT

namespace {

static class HandlePool {
 public:
  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);

    if (pool.empty()) {
      int device_count = 0;
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
      pool.resize(device_count);
      return nullptr;
    }

    if (!pool[device_id].empty()) {
      hipblasLtHandle_t h = pool[device_id].front();
      pool[device_id].pop_front();
      return h;
    }

    return nullptr;
  }

  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
    if (h == nullptr) {
      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&h));
    }
    return h;
  }

  void store(const std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t>& handles) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
    if (pool.empty()) {
      std::cout << "[ERROR] Attempt to store handles to invalid pool" << std::endl;
    }
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < pool.size(); i++) {
      if (handles[i] != nullptr) {
        pool[i].push_front(handles[i]);
      }
    }
  }

  ~HandlePool() {
#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
    for (auto& hlist : pool) {
      for (auto& h : hlist) {
        hipblasLtDestroy(h);
      }
    }
    pool.clear();
#endif
  }

  inline size_t get_size() const { return pool.size(); }

 private:
  std::mutex mt;
  using Pool = std::vector<std::forward_list<hipblasLtHandle_t>>;
  // Order of destructors between thread_local and global is not actually guaranteed
  // As a simple w/a make pool storage "leaky"
  // Just do not destruct it and do not destroy hipbladLt handles
  // Let OS deal with it on application exit
#if DESTROY_HIPBLASLT_HANDLES_POOL
  Pool pool;
#else
  Pool& pool = *new Pool();
#endif
} handle_pool;

thread_local static class HandleCache {
 public:
  hipblasLtHandle_t get(int device_id) const { return d.empty() ? nullptr : d[device_id]; }

  hipblasLtHandle_t obtain(int device_id) {
    hipblasLtHandle_t h = get(device_id);
    if (h) {
      return h;
    }
    h = handle_pool.obtain(device_id);
    set(device_id, h);
    return h;
  }

  void set(int device_id, hipblasLtHandle_t h) {
    if (d.empty()) {
      d.resize(handle_pool.get_size());
    }
    d[device_id] = h;
  }

  ~HandleCache() {
    if (!d.empty()) {
      handle_pool.store(d);
    }
  }

 private:
  std::vector<hipblasLtHandle_t> d;
} cached_handles;

class csv_helper {
 public:
  struct start {};
  struct end {};

  csv_helper(std::ostream& os, char sep_val)
      : m_os{os}, m_sep_val(sep_val), m_start(true), m_sep("") {}

  csv_helper& operator<<(const start&) {
    m_start = true;
    return *this;
  }

  csv_helper& operator<<(const end&) {
    m_sep = "";
    m_start = false;
    return *this;
  }

  template <typename T>
  csv_helper& operator<<(const T& v) {
    m_os << m_sep << v;
    if (m_start) {
      m_start = false;
      m_sep = m_sep_val;
    }
    return *this;
  }

 private:
  std::ostream& m_os;
  char m_sep_val;
  bool m_start;
  std::string m_sep;
};

template <typename T>
class NameMapper {
 public:
  NameMapper(const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& name_map) : map(name_map) {}
  const std::string_view& getName(const T& val) { return map.at(val); }
  T getValue(const std::string& name, const char* label = "",
             std::function<bool(const T&)> filter = nullptr) {
    for (auto iter = map.begin(); iter != map.end(); ++iter) {
      if ((name == iter->second) && (!filter || filter(iter->first))) return iter->first;
    }
    NVTE_ERROR("Invalid ", label, " name: ", name);
  }

 protected:
  const std::unordered_map<T, std::string_view>& map;
};

static std::unordered_map<hipDataType, std::string_view> type_name_map = {
    {HIP_R_32F, "float32"},
    {HIP_R_16F, "float16"},
    {HIP_R_16BF, "bfloat16"},
    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ, "float8e4m3"},
    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ, "float8e5m2"},
#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
    {HIP_R_8F_E4M3, "float8e4m3"},
    {HIP_R_8F_E5M2, "float8e5m2"},
#endif
};
static NameMapper<hipDataType> typeNameMapper(type_name_map);

static std::unordered_map<hipblasOperation_t, std::string_view> trans_name_map = {
    {HIPBLAS_OP_N, "N"}, {HIPBLAS_OP_T, "T"}};
static NameMapper<hipblasOperation_t> transposeNameMapper(trans_name_map);

static std::unordered_map<hipblasLtEpilogue_t, std::string_view> epi_name_map = {
    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT, "-"},        {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS, "bias"},
    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX, "geluaux"}, {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS, "geluauxbias"},
    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU, "dgelu"},      {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD, "dgelubgrad"},
    {HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB, "bgradb"}};
static NameMapper<hipblasLtEpilogue_t> epilogueNameMapper(epi_name_map);

static std::unordered_map<hipblasComputeType_t, std::string_view> comp_name_map = {
    {HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F, "f32"}};
static NameMapper<hipblasComputeType_t> computeNameMapper(comp_name_map);

static class GemmAlgoCache {
 public:
  struct Key {
    int deviceCap;
    hipDataType a_type, b_type, d_type, bias_type;
    int m, n, k;
    int lda, ldb, ldd;
    hipblasOperation_t transa, transb;
    hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue;

    Key(int deviceCap_, hipDataType a_type_, hipDataType b_type_, hipDataType d_type_,
        hipDataType bias_type_, int m_, int n_, int k_, int lda_, int ldb_, int ldd_,
        hipblasOperation_t transa_, hipblasOperation_t transb_, hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue_)
        : deviceCap(deviceCap_),
          a_type(a_type_),
          b_type(b_type_),
          d_type(d_type_),
          bias_type(bias_type_),
          m(m_),
          n(n_),
          k(k_),
          lda(lda_),
          ldb(ldb_),
          ldd(ldd_),
          transa(transa_),
          transb(transb_),
          epilogue(epilogue_) {}

    Key() {}

    bool operator==(const Key& val) const {
      return ((deviceCap == val.deviceCap) && (a_type == val.a_type) && (b_type == val.b_type) &&
              (d_type == val.d_type) && (bias_type == val.bias_type) && (m == val.m) &&
              (n == val.n) && (k == val.k) && (lda == val.lda) && (ldb == val.ldb) &&
              (ldd == val.ldd) && (transa == val.transa) && (transb == val.transb) &&
              (epilogue == val.epilogue));
    }

    struct Comp {
      bool operator()(const Key& lhs, const Key& rhs) const {
        return ::std::string_view((const char*)&lhs, sizeof(lhs)) <
               ::std::string_view((const char*)&rhs, sizeof(rhs));
      }
    };
  };

  void init() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
    int device_count = 0;
    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
    dev_cap.resize(device_count);
    for (int i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
      hipDeviceProp_t prop;
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDeviceProperties(&prop, i));
      dev_cap[i] = prop.major * 100 + prop.minor;
    }
    load_();
    save_();
  }

  inline int device_cap(int device_id) {
    if (dev_cap.empty()) init();
    return dev_cap[device_id];
  }

  struct Algo {
    std::optional<hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t> algo;
    int64_t algoId;
    int index;
    size_t ws_size_min;
    size_t ws_size_max;
    Algo() : algo(), index(-1), algoId(), ws_size_min(0), ws_size_max(0) {}
    Algo(int idx, int64_t id, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max)
        : algo(), index(idx), algoId(id), ws_size_min(ws_min), ws_size_max(ws_max) {}
    inline bool hasId() { return index >= 0; }
    const static inline int64_t getAlgoId(const hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t& algo) {
      return *(const int64_t*)&algo;
    }
  };

  bool find(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_size, Algo& algo) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);
    if (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size, ws_size); pentry != nullptr) {
      algo = *pentry;
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  void store(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
    size_t ws_size_min = algo.ws_size_min;
    size_t ws_size_max = algo.ws_size_max;
    NVTE_CHECK(ws_size_max >= ws_size_min, "Invalid WS size");
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mt);

    //Remove overlapping with existing entries;
    while (auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min, ws_size_max)) {
      if (pentry->ws_size_min <= ws_size_min && pentry->ws_size_max >= ws_size_max) {
        *pentry = algo;
        save_();
        return;
      }

      if (ws_size_max > pentry->ws_size_max) {
        ws_size_min = pentry->ws_size_max + 1;
      } else if (ws_size_min < pentry->ws_size_min) {
        ws_size_max = pentry->ws_size_min - 1;
      } else {
        //Should never be here
        NVTE_ERROR("Cannot merge WS size range");
      }
    }

    //Merge to adjusted entry if possible
    auto* pentry = find_(cfg, ws_size_min - 1, ws_size_min);
    if (pentry && pentry->algoId == algo.algoId) {
      pentry->algo = algo.algo;
      pentry->ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
      save_();
    } else {
      auto it = d.emplace(cfg, algo);
      it->second.ws_size_min = ws_size_min;
      it->second.ws_size_max = ws_size_max;
      save_(it->first, it->second);
    }
  }

 protected:
  Algo* find_(const Key& cfg, size_t ws_min, size_t ws_max) {
    const auto key_range = d.equal_range(cfg);
    for (auto i = key_range.first; i != key_range.second; i++) {
      if (ws_min <= i->second.ws_size_max && ws_max >= i->second.ws_size_min) {
        return &i->second;
      }
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

  void header_(std::ostream& ofs) {
    csv_helper fs(ofs, csv_sep);
    fs << "dev_cap" << "m" << "n" << "k" << "trans_a" << "trans_b"
       << "type_a" << "type_b" << "type_d" << "bias_type"
       << "lda" << "ldb" << "ldd" << "epi" << "comp" << "scale"
       << "ws_min" << "ws_max" << "algo_id" << "aidx";
  }

  void load_() {
    const char* env = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_LOAD");
    if (env == nullptr || env[0] == '\0') {
      return;
    }
    std::ifstream ifs{env};
    if (!ifs.is_open()) {
      std::cerr << "Could not load autotune results storage " << env << "\n";
      return;
    }
    std::cout << "Loading autotune results from " << env << "\n";

    Key cfg;
    std::string line;
    std::getline(ifs, line);  // the first line with legend
    {
      std::ostringstream hline;
      header_(hline);
      if (hline.str() != line) {
        std::cerr << "Incorrect algo storage legend. Expected " << hline.str() << "\n";
        return;
      }
    }

    while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
      line.erase(0, line.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
      if (auto pos = line.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"); pos != std::string::npos) {
        line.resize(pos + 1);
      }
      if (line.empty() || line[0] == '#') continue;
      std::istringstream is(line);
      char c;
      std::string type_a, type_b, type_d, bias_type, trans_a, trans_b, epi, comp, scale;
      int64_t algo_id;
      int algo_idx;
      size_t ws_min, ws_max;

      is >> std::skipws;
      is >> cfg.deviceCap >> c >> cfg.m >> c >> cfg.n >> c >> cfg.k >> c;

      //Filter out entries for devices not presented on the curent system
      bool b_found = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < dev_cap.size(); i++) {
        if (dev_cap[i] == cfg.deviceCap) {
          b_found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!b_found) continue;

      std::getline(is, trans_a, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, trans_b, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, type_a, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, type_b, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, type_d, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, bias_type, csv_sep);
      is >> cfg.lda >> c >> cfg.ldb >> c >> cfg.ldd >> c;
      std::getline(is, epi, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, comp, csv_sep);
      std::getline(is, scale, csv_sep);
      is >> ws_min >> c >> ws_max >> c >> algo_id >> c >> algo_idx;

      if (is.bad()) {
        std::cerr << "Parsing CSV line failed: " << line << "\n";
        return;
      }

      if (ws_min > ws_max) {
        std::cout << "[WARNING] Invalid WS size at " << line << "\n";
        continue;
      }

#if HIP_VERSION >= 60300000
      auto fp8_filter = [](const hipDataType& val) {
        return (val != HIP_R_8F_E4M3_FNUZ && val != HIP_R_8F_E5M2_FNUZ);
      };
#else
      auto fp8_filter = nullptr;
#endif

      cfg.a_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_a, "type_a", fp8_filter);
      cfg.b_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_b, "type_b", fp8_filter);
      cfg.d_type = typeNameMapper.getValue(type_d, "type_d", fp8_filter);
      cfg.bias_type = (bias_type == "-")
                          ? (hipDataType)-1
                          : typeNameMapper.getValue(bias_type, "bias_type", fp8_filter);

      cfg.transa = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_a, "trans_a");
      cfg.transb = transposeNameMapper.getValue(trans_b, "trans_b");

      cfg.epilogue = epilogueNameMapper.getValue(epi, "epi");
      //Check and filter out compute and scale types
      if (computeNameMapper.getValue(comp, "comp") != HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F ||
          typeNameMapper.getValue(scale, "scale") != HIP_R_32F) {
        continue;
      }

      if (find_(cfg, ws_min, ws_max)) {
        std::cout << "[WARNING] Duplicated/overlapped entry in algo cache\n";
        continue;
      }

      d.emplace(cfg, Algo(algo_idx, algo_id, ws_min, ws_max));
    }
  }

  bool can_save_(bool reopen = false) {
    if (!save_fs) {
      const char* temp = std::getenv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SAVE");
      if (temp == nullptr || temp[0] == '\0') {
        return false;
      }

      save_fs_name = temp;

      pid_t pid = getpid();

      size_t pos = 0;
      while ((pos = save_fs_name.find("%i", pos)) != std::string::npos) {
        save_fs_name.replace(pos, 2, std::to_string(pid));
      }

      save_fs = std::make_unique<std::ofstream>();
      std::cout << "Saving autotune results to " << save_fs_name << "\n";
    }

    if (reopen) {
      if (save_fs->is_open()) {
        save_fs->close();
      }
      save_fs->open(save_fs_name, std::ios_base::trunc);
    }

    if (save_fs->is_open() && !save_fs->bad()) {
      return true;
    } else {
      if (reopen) std::cerr << "Could not open autotune results storage " << save_fs_name << "\n";
      return false;
    }
  }

  void save_() {
    if (!can_save_(true)) {
      return;
    }
    header_(*save_fs);
    *save_fs << "\n";

    for (const auto& elem : d) {
      save_(elem.first, elem.second);
    }
  }

  void save_(const Key& cfg, const Algo& algo) {
    if (!can_save_()) {
      return;
    }
    csv_helper csv(*save_fs, csv_sep);
    csv << cfg.deviceCap << cfg.m << cfg.n << cfg.k << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transa)
        << transposeNameMapper.getName(cfg.transb) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.a_type)
        << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.b_type) << typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.d_type)
        << ((cfg.bias_type == (hipDataType)-1) ? "-" : typeNameMapper.getName(cfg.bias_type))
        << cfg.lda << cfg.ldb << cfg.ldd << epilogueNameMapper.getName(cfg.epilogue)
        << computeNameMapper.getName(HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F) << typeNameMapper.getName(HIP_R_32F)
        << algo.ws_size_min << algo.ws_size_max << algo.algoId << algo.index << csv_helper::end()
        << "\n";
  }

 private:
  std::vector<int> dev_cap;
  constexpr static char csv_sep = ',';
  std::unique_ptr<std::ofstream> save_fs;
  std::string save_fs_name;
  std::mutex mt;
  /* Map of problem config to tuple of ws_size and Algo
   * When searching, elements matching Key are filtered 
   * for requested WS size be between Algo.ws_size and pair.first
   */
  std::multimap<Key, Algo, Key::Comp> d;
} algoCache;

static inline int getIntEnv(const char* name, int defval, int minval) {
  int val = defval;
  const char* env = std::getenv(name);
  if (env != nullptr && env[0] != '\0') {
    val = atoi(env);
    if (val < minval) {
      val = minval;
    }
  }
  return val;
}

}  //namespace

/* Warning: only call once per device!
 * When calling nvte_multi_stream_cublas_gemm with hipblaslt backend
 * need to create multiple handles corresponding to compute_streams
 * to avoid a handle be used by multi-streams concurrently.
 */
static void init_hipblaslt_handles(hipblasLtHandle_t* hipblaslt_handles) {
  NVTE_CHECK(hipblaslt_handles != nullptr);
  for (int i = 0; i < compute_num_streams; i++) {
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtCreate(&hipblaslt_handles[i]));
  }
}

void hipblaslt_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
                    const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
                    int ldb, int ldd, hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb,
                    bool grad, void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
                    bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
                    bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream,
                    hipblasLtHandle_t handle) {
  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType bias_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);

  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || A_scale_inverse != nullptr,
             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");
  NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype) || B_scale_inverse != nullptr,
             "FP8 input to GEMM requires inverse of scale!");

  // check consistency of arguments:
  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
  if (use_fp8) {
    NVTE_CHECK(!gelu, "fp8 gemm + gelu fusion is unavailable right now!");
  }
  float one = 1.0;
  float zero = 0.0;
  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;

  int device_id;
  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipGetDevice(&device_id));

  if (handle == nullptr) {
    handle = cached_handles.get(device_id);
    if (handle == nullptr) {
      handle = cached_handles.obtain(device_id);
    }
  }

  hipblasLtMatmulDesc_t operationDesc = nullptr;
  hipblasLtMatrixLayout_t Adesc = nullptr, Bdesc = nullptr, Cdesc = nullptr, Ddesc = nullptr;
  hipblasLtMatmulPreference_t preference = nullptr;
  hipblasLtEpilogue_t epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT;

  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;

  // default to tf32 except for e5m2 inputs where the config is not supported
  hipblasComputeType_t gemm_compute_type = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;

  // Create matrix descriptors. Not setting any extra attributes.
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Adesc, A_type, transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? m : k,
                                                   transa == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : m, lda));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Bdesc, B_type, transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? k : n,
                                                   transb == HIPBLAS_OP_N ? n : k, ldb));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&Ddesc, D_type, m, n, ldd));

  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescCreate(&operationDesc, gemm_compute_type, HIP_R_32F));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
                                                       &transa, sizeof(transa)));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
                                                       &transb, sizeof(transb)));

  // set fp8 attributes -- input and output types should already be set to fp8 as appropriate
  // Note: gelu fusion isn't available right now, and we don't need
  // amax(D) either (next op is high precision).
  if (use_fp8) {
    // Split accumulator.
    const int8_t fastAccuMode = (use_split_accumulator) ? 0 : 1;
    /*
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
                                                     HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_FAST_ACCUM, //TODO: We don't have fast accum mode yet
                                                     &fastAccuMode,
                                                     sizeof(fastAccuMode)));
    */
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_A_SCALE_POINTER,
                                        &A_scale_inverse, sizeof(A_scale_inverse)));
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
        hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_B_SCALE_POINTER,
                                        &B_scale_inverse, sizeof(B_scale_inverse)));
    if (bias) {
      NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
          operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_DATA_TYPE, &bias_type, sizeof(bias_type)));
    }
  }

  if (bias && gelu) {
    if (grad) {
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
    } else {
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
    }
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
  } else if (bias) {
    if (grad) {
      // grad output is always input B
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
    } else {
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
    }
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &bias_ptr, sizeof(bias_ptr)));
  } else if (gelu) {
    if (grad) {
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
    } else {
      epilogue = HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
    }
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(operationDesc,
                                                         HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_POINTER,
                                                         &pre_gelu_out, sizeof(pre_gelu_out)));
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
        operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE_AUX_LD, &ld_gelumat, sizeof(ld_gelumat)));
  }

  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
      operationDesc, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE, &epilogue, sizeof(epilogue)));

  GemmAlgoCache::Key gemm_cfg(algoCache.device_cap(device_id), A_type, B_type, D_type,
                              use_fp8 ? bias_type : (hipDataType)-1, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd, transa,
                              transb, epilogue);
  GemmAlgoCache::Algo cached_algo;
  if (algoCache.find(gemm_cfg, workspaceSize, cached_algo) == 0 || !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
    int firstAlgo = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_ALGO_SELECTION", 0, 0);
    int tuneLoopCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_RUN_COUNT", 0, 0);
    int algoTuneCount = 1;
    std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> algoArr;
    bool logTuning = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_LOG_TUNING", 0, 0) != 0;

    if (tuneLoopCount) {
      /* HIPBLASLT may return hundreds of algos for some configs
       * Limit amount by default. User may override with env
       */
      static const int defaultAlgoCount = 16;
      algoTuneCount = getIntEnv("TE_HIPBLASLT_TUNING_ALGO_COUNT", defaultAlgoCount, 1);
    }
    algoTuneCount += firstAlgo;
    int algoTotalCount =
        cached_algo.hasId() ? std::max(algoTuneCount, (cached_algo.index + 1)) : algoTuneCount;
    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);

    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&preference));
    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(
        hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(preference, HIPBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,
                                              &workspaceSize, sizeof(workspaceSize)));

    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(handle, operationDesc, Adesc, Bdesc, Ddesc,
                                                         Ddesc, preference, algoTotalCount,
                                                         algoArr.data(), &algoTotalCount));
    algoArr.resize(algoTotalCount);

    NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(preference));

    //If cached algo exists in persistent storage we just need to find matching hipblasLtMatmulAlgo_t
    if (cached_algo.hasId()) {
      int idx = (cached_algo.index < algoTotalCount) ? cached_algo.index : 0;
      for (int i = 0; i < algoTotalCount; i++) {
        const auto& algo = algoArr[idx];
        if (algo.state == HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
          if (cached_algo.algoId == cached_algo.getAlgoId(algo.algo)) {
            cached_algo.algo = algo.algo;
            if (algo.workspaceSize != cached_algo.ws_size_min || idx != cached_algo.index) {
              cached_algo.ws_size_min = algo.workspaceSize;
              cached_algo.index = idx;
              algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        idx = (idx + 1) % algoTotalCount;
      }
      if (logTuning && !cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
        std::cout << "[WARNING] Cannot find cached algoId " << cached_algo.algoId
                  << " in hipBLASLt results" << std::endl;
      }
    }

    //No suitable entry in autotune cache or could not find matched algo in hipBLASLt results
    if (!cached_algo.algo.has_value()) {
      int bestAlgo = -1;
      algoTuneCount = std::min(algoTuneCount, algoTotalCount);
      if (tuneLoopCount > 0) {
        if (logTuning)
          std::cout << "[INFO] Perform hipBLASLt algo selection on GPU" << device_id
                    << " in range [" << firstAlgo << "-" << (algoTuneCount - 1) << "] with "
                    << tuneLoopCount << " loops " << std::endl;

        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(stream));
        hipStream_t profilingStream;
        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamCreateWithFlags(&profilingStream, hipStreamNonBlocking));
        using tuning_clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
        tuning_clock::now();  //the first call takes little longer so do it outside the loop
        tuning_clock::duration bestTime = tuning_clock::duration::max();

        for (int algo = firstAlgo; algo < algoTuneCount; algo++) {
          if (algoArr[algo].state != HIPBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            continue;
          }
          // Warm-up call
          NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
                                               static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
                                               A,                                      /* A */
                                               Adesc, B,                               /* B */
                                               Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
                                               D,                                      /* C */
                                               Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
                                               Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
                                               workspace,                        /* workspace */
                                               workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));

          //Profiling loop
          tuning_clock::time_point startTime = tuning_clock::now();
          for (int loop = 0; loop < tuneLoopCount; loop++) {
            NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
                                                 static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
                                                 A,                                      /* A */
                                                 Adesc, B,                               /* B */
                                                 Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
                                                 D,                                      /* C */
                                                 Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
                                                 Ddesc, &algoArr[algo].algo,             /* algo */
                                                 workspace,                        /* workspace */
                                                 workspaceSize, profilingStream)); /* stream */
          }
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamSynchronize(profilingStream));
          tuning_clock::duration algoTime = tuning_clock::now() - startTime;
          if (algoTime < bestTime) {
            bestAlgo = algo;
            bestTime = algoTime;
          }
        }

        NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipStreamDestroy(profilingStream));
        if (bestAlgo >= 0) {
          if (logTuning)
            std::cout << "[INFO] Select hipBLASLt algo " << bestAlgo << " with time "
                      << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(bestTime).count() /
                             tuneLoopCount
                      << " ns" << std::endl;
        }
      } else if (firstAlgo < algoTuneCount) {
        bestAlgo = firstAlgo;
      }

      if (bestAlgo < 0) {
        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
        NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
        throw std::runtime_error("Unable to find any suitable algorithms");
      }
      cached_algo.algo = algoArr[bestAlgo].algo;
      cached_algo.index = bestAlgo;
      cached_algo.algoId = cached_algo.getAlgoId(algoArr[bestAlgo].algo);
      cached_algo.ws_size_min = algoArr[bestAlgo].workspaceSize;
      cached_algo.ws_size_max = workspaceSize;

      if (logTuning)
        std::cout << "[INFO] Use hipBLASLt algo [" << bestAlgo << "] " << cached_algo.algoId
                  << std::endl;

      algoCache.store(gemm_cfg, cached_algo);
    }
  }

  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmul(handle, operationDesc,
                                       static_cast<const void*>(&one),         /* alpha */
                                       A,                                      /* A */
                                       Adesc, B,                               /* B */
                                       Bdesc, static_cast<const void*>(&beta), /* beta */
                                       D,                                      /* C */
                                       Ddesc, D,                               /* D */
                                       Ddesc, &cached_algo.algo.value(),       /* algo */
                                       workspace,                              /* workspace */
                                       workspaceSize, stream));                /* stream */

  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Ddesc));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Bdesc));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(Adesc));
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(hipblasLtMatmulDescDestroy(operationDesc));
}

class userArgsManager {
 public:
  userArgsManager() {}

  ~userArgsManager() {
    // Release all userArgs when the manager is destroyed
    for (auto& device_pair : userArgs_map_) {
      hipFree(device_pair.second);  // Only one userArgs per device
    }
  }

  // Get a userArgs for the given device (creates if necessary)
  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* get(int device_id, size_t size) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);

    // Check if the userArgs for this device exists
    auto device_it = userArgs_map_.find(device_id);
    if (device_it != userArgs_map_.end()) {
      return device_it->second;
    }

    // Create a new userArgs for this device if it doesn't exist
    hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs;
    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&userArgs, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));

    // Store the userArgs in the map for this device
    userArgs_map_[device_id] = userArgs;
    return userArgs;
  }

 private:
  std::unordered_map<int, hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments*>
      userArgs_map_;  // Map from device_id to hipblasHandle
  std::mutex mutex_;
};

class d_userArgsManager {
 public:
  d_userArgsManager() {}

  ~d_userArgsManager() {
    // Release all userArgs when the manager is destroyed
    for (auto& device_pair : d_userArgs_map_) {
      hipFree(device_pair.second);  // Only one userArgs per device
    }
  }

  // Get a userArgs for the given device (creates if necessary)
  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* get(int device_id, size_t size) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);

    // Check if the userArgs for this device exists
    auto device_it = d_userArgs_map_.find(device_id);
    if (device_it != d_userArgs_map_.end()) {
      return device_it->second;
    }

    // Create a new userArgs for this device if it doesn't exist
    hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs;
    NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&d_userArgs, size * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));

    // Store the userArgs in the map for this device
    d_userArgs_map_[device_id] = d_userArgs;
    return d_userArgs;
  }

 private:
  std::unordered_map<int, hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments*>
      d_userArgs_map_;  // Map from device_id to hipblasHandle
  std::mutex mutex_;
};

// Define a static userArgs manager
static userArgsManager UAManager;
static d_userArgsManager d_UAManager;

void hipblaslt_goupedgemm(std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputA, std::vector<const Tensor*>& inputB,
                          std::vector<Tensor*>& outputD, std::vector<int64_t>& m,
                          std::vector<int64_t>& n, std::vector<int64_t>& k, std::vector<int64_t>& b,
                          hipblasOperation_t transa, hipblasOperation_t transb, void* workspace,
                          size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
                          int math_sm_count, hipStream_t stream, int compute_stream_offset = 0) {
  // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
  NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);

  int device_id;
  hipGetDevice(&device_id);
  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs = UAManager.get(device_id, m.size());
  hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs = d_UAManager.get(device_id, m.size());

  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* userArgs;
  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipHostMalloc(&userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments)));

  hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
  if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
    // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
    static std::once_flag init_flag;
    static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[1];
    std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);

    handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
  }

  const hipDataType A_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputA[0]->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType B_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(inputB[0]->data.dtype);
  const hipDataType D_type = get_hipblaslt_dtype(outputD[0]->data.dtype);

  hipblasComputeType_t computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32F;

  float one = 1.0;
  float zero = 0.0;
  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;
  int int_one = 1;
  int int_zero = 0;
  int int_beta = int_zero;
  bool use_int8 = false;

  if ((A_type == HIP_R_8I) && (B_type == HIP_R_8I) && (D_type == HIP_R_32I)) {
    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Int8 gemm not support accumulate.");
    use_int8 = true;
    computeType = HIPBLAS_COMPUTE_32I;
  }

  hipblaslt_ext::GemmPreference gemmPref;
  gemmPref.setMaxWorkspaceBytes(workspaceSize);
  hipblaslt_ext::GroupedGemm groupedgemm(handle, transa, transb, A_type, B_type, D_type, D_type,
                                         computeType);

  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue> epilogue{
      hipblaslt_ext::
          GemmEpilogue()};  // No action needed, default is HIPBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DEFAULT. (Gemm only)
  std::vector<hipblaslt_ext::GemmInputs> inputs(m.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < m.size(); i++) {
    inputs[i].a = inputA[i]->data.dptr;
    inputs[i].b = inputB[i]->data.dptr;
    inputs[i].c = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
    inputs[i].d = outputD[i]->data.dptr;
    inputs[i].alpha = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_one) : static_cast<void*>(&one);
    inputs[i].beta = use_int8 ? static_cast<void*>(&int_beta) : static_cast<void*>(&beta);
  }
  // hipblaslt_ext::GemmEpilogue supports broadcasting
  groupedgemm.setProblem(m, n, k, b, epilogue, inputs);

  const int request_solutions = 1;
  std::vector<hipblasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t> heuristicResult;
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.algoGetHeuristic(request_solutions, gemmPref, heuristicResult));

  if (heuristicResult.empty()) {
    std::cerr << "No valid solution found!" << std::endl;
    return;
  }

  // Make sure to initialize everytime the algo changes
  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace));

  // Get the default values from the grouepdgemm object
  groupedgemm.getDefaultValueForDeviceUserArguments(userArgs);
  // Copy them to device memory
  // hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments* d_userArgs;
  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&d_userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments), stream));
  NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMemcpy(d_userArgs, userArgs, m.size() * sizeof(hipblaslt_ext::UserArguments),
                            hipMemcpyHostToDevice));

  NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(d_userArgs, stream));
  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.initialize(heuristicResult[0].algo, workspace, false, stream));
  // NVTE_CHECK_HIPBLASLT(groupedgemm.run(stream));

  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(d_userArgs, stream));
  // NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(userArgs));
}

#endif  //USE_HIPBLASLT

#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS  // Use rocblas + kernel, no fusion

inline void CreateRocblasHandle(rocblas_handle* handle) {
  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_create_handle(handle));
}

using rocblasHandleManager = detail::HandleManager<rocblas_handle, CreateRocblasHandle>;
void rocblas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
                  const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
                  int ldb, int ldd, rocblas_operation transa, rocblas_operation transb, bool grad,
                  void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate,
                  bool use_split_accumulator, int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split,
                  bool gemm_producer, const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream) {
  void* A = inputA->data.dptr;
  void* A_scale_inverse = inputA->scale_inv.dptr;
  void* B = inputB->data.dptr;
  void* B_scale_inverse = inputB->scale_inv.dptr;
  void* C = outputD->data.dptr;
  void* D = outputD->data.dptr;
  void* D_scale = outputD->scale.dptr;
  void* D_amax = outputD->amax.dptr;
  void* bias_ptr = inputBias->data.dptr;
  const bool bias = bias_ptr != nullptr;
  void* pre_gelu_out = outputPreGelu->data.dptr;
  const bool gelu = pre_gelu_out != nullptr;
  const bool use_fp8 = is_fp8_dtype(inputA->data.dtype) || is_fp8_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
  const rocblas_datatype A_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputA->data.dtype);
  const rocblas_datatype B_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputB->data.dtype);
  const rocblas_datatype D_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputD->data.dtype);
  const rocblas_datatype bias_type = get_rocblas_dtype(inputBias->data.dtype);
  const rocblas_datatype gelu_type = get_rocblas_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype);

  // check consistency of arguments:
  // if fp8 is desired, context cannot be null
  // fp8 + gelu fusion + fp8 aux is unavailable right now.
  if (use_fp8 && gelu) {
    NVTE_CHECK(!is_fp8_dtype(outputPreGelu->data.dtype),
               "fp8 Aux output for gemm + gelu fusion not supported!");
  }
  if (is_fp8_dtype(outputD->data.dtype)) {
    NVTE_CHECK(!accumulate, "Accumulation mode not supported with FP8 GEMM output!");
  }
  // fp8 + grad unavailable in upstream
  NVTE_CHECK(!(use_fp8 && grad), "fp8 + grad not supported!");

  float one = 1.0;
  float zero = 0.0;
  float beta = (accumulate) ? one : zero;

  float alpha = 1.0;
  if (use_fp8) {
    float A_scale_inv, B_scale_inv;
    (void)hipMemcpy(&A_scale_inv, A_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
    (void)hipMemcpy(&B_scale_inv, B_scale_inverse, sizeof(float), hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
    alpha = A_scale_inv * B_scale_inv;
  }

  rocblas_handle handle = rocblasHandleManager::Instance().GetHandle();
  NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_set_stream(handle, stream));

  // extract the stream order alloc env
  bool stream_order_alloc = false;
  if (const char* env_p = std::getenv("ROCBLAS_STREAM_ORDER_ALLOC")) {
    if (env_p == nullptr || std::string(env_p) == "1") stream_order_alloc = true;
  }

  int64_t ld_gelumat = (int64_t)ldd;

  NVTE_CHECK((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
              D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f32_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r) ||
                 (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r &&
                  D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r),
             "Only the following combinations of data types are enabled now!\n\
1. input: fp32, output: fp32.\n\
2. input: fp16, output: fp16.\n\
3. input: bf16, output: bf16.\n\
4. input: fp8/bf8, output: fp8/bf8, fp16/bf16, fp32");

  //If D is not fp32, then we need a temp buffer for GEMM result before applying epilogues. Otherwise, we can apply epilogues in-place.
  // with bias or gelu, allocate fp32 D_temp if the output is not fp32
  // with input fp8/bf8 (use_fp8) and bf16 output, need a fp32 D_temp, as rocblas does not support this case (fp8/bf8 input fp16/fp32 output is supported)
  // with use_fp8 true and fp8/bf8 output, need fp32 D_temp to support amax and scale operation
  void* D_temp;
  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n));
    } else {
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&D_temp, sizeof(float) * m * n, stream));
    }
  } else {
    D_temp = D;
  }

  // When Ti=To=fp16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16
  rocblas_datatype D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r &&
                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
  }
  // When Ti=To=bf16 and there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be bf16
  if (!(bias || gelu) && (A_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r &&
                          D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) {
    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_bf16_r;
  }
  // When Ti in fp8 or bf8, To=fp16, there is no bias or gelu, D_temp points to D and we would like it to be fp16, as rocblas support this case.
  if ((!(bias || gelu)) && (use_fp8 && D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r)) {
    D_temp_type = rocblas_datatype_f16_r;
  }

  if (accumulate && (D_temp != D || D_temp_type != D_type)) {
    DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
    TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
        output_dtype, OType,
        //D_temp allocated only with fp32
        detail::identity_kernelLauncher<OType, float>(
            reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_temp), m * n, stream););
  }

  // D = alpha * (A * B) + beta * C
  if (use_fp8) {
    rocblas_computetype computeType = rocblas_compute_type_f32;
    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex3(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
                                        B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
                                        D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
                                        rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, 0));
  } else {
    rocblas_datatype computeType = rocblas_datatype_f32_r;
    uint32_t flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_none;
    if ((A_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r && B_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r) && grad) {
      flags = rocblas_gemm_flags_fp16_alt_impl;
    }
    NVTE_CHECK_ROCBLAS(rocblas_gemm_ex(handle, transa, transb, m, n, k, &alpha, A, A_type, lda, B,
                                       B_type, ldb, &beta, D_temp, D_temp_type, ldd, D_temp,
                                       D_temp_type, ldd, computeType,
                                       rocblas_gemm_algo::rocblas_gemm_algo_standard, 0, flags));
  }

  int batch_size, input_dim, output_dim;
  if (bias && gelu) {
    if (grad) {
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU_BGRAD;
      // Apply GELU gradient to D_temp and store in D
      // Apply bias gradient to D (D is already the result of GELU gradient) and store in bias_ptr;
      // This case is NN
      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
      // The bias vector length is m. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major
      // (TODO): The cublasLt doc is not very clear wrt the bias gradient here.
      // It does not explicitly say that it goes through GELU gradient first. We will need to
      // confirm in the future. As of now, my implementation for the bias gradient takes
      // the GELU gradient result in lower precision (D). It might be better to take the GELU
      // gradient result in fp32 but as it requires some kernel changes I would only do that
      // once we confirm that this is the right form of the epilogue.
      // This is for linear1 -> gelu -> linear2
      // compute dX = dY * W for linear2
      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
      batch_size = n;
      input_dim =
          m;  // input dimension of the second linear layer is the output dimension of the first linear layer
      output_dim = k;
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
              gelu_dtype, GType,
              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););

      void* bias_tmp;
      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(
              &bias_tmp,
              sizeof(float) * input_dim));  // The bias gradient is for the first linear layer
        } else {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * input_dim, stream));
        }
      } else {
        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
      }

      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<OType>(
              reinterpret_cast<const OType*>(D), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
              input_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););

      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
        DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
            bias_dtype, BType,
            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
                                                          input_dim, stream););
        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
        } else {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
        }
      }

    } else {
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX_BIAS;
      // Add bias_ptr to D_temp and store in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to the pre_gelu_output and then store in D
      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
      batch_size = n;
      input_dim = k;
      output_dim = m;
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
              gelu_dtype, GType,
              TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
                  bias_dtype, BType,
                  detail::add_bias_gelu_kernelLauncher<OType, GType, BType>(
                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
                      reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
                      reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
                      reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim,
                      stream););););
    }
  } else if (bias) {
    if (grad) {
      // grad output is always input B
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BGRADB;
      // Apply bias gradient to matrix B and store in bias_ptr, reduce along the k dimension, output bias length is n
      // As B is transposed, is of shape (n, k) in column major, and is of shape (k, n) in row major.
      // bias gradient vector length is n. So it will be reduced along axis 0 in row major.
      // The backward pass calculate the bias gradient along with dW = dY^T * X
      // gemm_ex(A=X, B = dY, transB=T)
      batch_size = k;
      input_dim = m;
      output_dim = n;
      void* bias_tmp;
      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMalloc(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim));
        } else {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipMallocAsync(&bias_tmp, sizeof(float) * output_dim, stream));
        }
      } else {
        bias_tmp = bias_ptr;
      }

      DType input_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(B_type);
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          input_dtype, IType,
          detail::bias_gradient_kernelLauncher<IType>(
              reinterpret_cast<const IType*>(B), reinterpret_cast<float*>(bias_tmp), batch_size,
              output_dim, stream_order_alloc, stream););
      if (bias_type != rocblas_datatype_f32_r) {
        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
            bias_dtype, BType,
            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, BType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(bias_tmp),
                                                          reinterpret_cast<BType*>(bias_ptr),
                                                          output_dim, stream););
        if (!stream_order_alloc) {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(bias_tmp));
        } else {
          NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(bias_tmp, stream));
        }
      }
      if (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r) {
        TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
            output_dtype, OType,
            detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, OType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
                                                          reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
                                                          input_dim * output_dim, stream););
      }
    } else {
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
      // Broadcast bias and add it to D_temp and store in D. The bias vector length is m
      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
      batch_size = n;
      input_dim = k;
      output_dim = m;
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      DType bias_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(bias_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
              bias_dtype, BType,
              detail::add_bias_kernelLauncher<OType, BType>(
                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
                  reinterpret_cast<const BType*>(bias_ptr), reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax),
                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size, output_dim, stream);););
    }
  } else if (gelu) {
    if (grad) {
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_DGELU;
      // Take input from pre_gelu_out and apply GELU gradients to D_temp and store result in D
      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=dY)
      batch_size = n;
      input_dim = m;
      output_dim = k;
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
              gelu_dtype, GType,
              detail::gelu_backward_kernelLauncher<OType, GType>(
                  reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
                  reinterpret_cast<const GType*>(pre_gelu_out), batch_size, input_dim, stream);););
    } else {
      // epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_GELU_AUX;
      // Store (quantized) D_temp in pre_gelu_out, and apply GELU to D_temp then store in D
      // D_temp is of shape is (m, n) in column major and thus is of shape (n, m) in row major
      // gemm_ex(A=W, B=X, transA=T)
      batch_size = n;
      input_dim = k;
      output_dim = m;

      DType gelu_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(gelu_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          gelu_dtype, GType,
          detail::identity_kernelLauncher<float, GType>(reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp),
                                                        reinterpret_cast<GType*>(pre_gelu_out),
                                                        batch_size * output_dim, stream););
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          detail::gelu_forward_kernelLauncher<OType>(
              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), batch_size,
              output_dim, stream););
    }
  } else {  // No epilogue - !(bias || gelu)
    if (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
                    D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r)) {
      DType output_dtype = get_transformer_engine_dtype(D_type);
      TRANSFORMER_ENGINE_TYPE_SWITCH_OUTPUT(
          output_dtype, OType,
          detail::identity_output_kernelLauncher<OType>(
              reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_temp), reinterpret_cast<OType*>(D),
              reinterpret_cast<float*>(D_amax), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(D_scale), m * n,
              stream););
    }
  }

  if (((bias || gelu) && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_f16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r)) ||
      (use_fp8 && (D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf16_r || D_type == rocblas_datatype_f8_r ||
                   D_type == rocblas_datatype_bf8_r))) {
    if (!stream_order_alloc) {
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFree(D_temp));
    } else {
      NVTE_CHECK_CUDA(hipFreeAsync(D_temp, stream));
    }
  }
}

#endif  //USE_ROCBLAS

void cublas_gemm(const Tensor* inputA, const Tensor* inputB, Tensor* outputD,
                 const Tensor* inputBias, Tensor* outputPreGelu, int m, int n, int k, int lda,
                 int ldb, int ldd, bool transa, bool transb, bool grad, void* workspace,
                 size_t workspaceSize, bool accumulate, bool use_split_accumulator,
                 int math_sm_count, int m_split, int n_split, bool gemm_producer,
                 const Tensor* inputCounter, hipStream_t stream, bool nvte_use_hipblaslt = 0,
                 bool nvte_use_rocblas = 0, int compute_stream_offset = -1) {
  /*If no backend is specified with env variable use HIPBLASLT unless it is disabled
  If HIPBLASLT backend is enabled and requested, use it despite ROCBLAS status
  Otherwise use ROCBLAS 
*/

  bool use_hipblaslt = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT") != nullptr) || nvte_use_hipblaslt;
  bool use_rocblas = (std::getenv("NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS") != nullptr) || nvte_use_rocblas;

#if !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT) && !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
#error GEMM backend is not specified
#elif !defined(USE_HIPBLASLT)
  if (use_hipblaslt) {
    use_hipblaslt = false;
    use_rocblas = true;
    std::cout << "[NOTICE] hipBLASLt is not enabled, NVTE_USE_HIPBLASLT env is ignored\n";
  }
#elif !defined(USE_ROCBLAS)
  if (use_rocblas) {
    use_rocblas = false;
    use_hipblaslt = true;
    std::cout << "[NOTICE] rocBLAS is not enabled, NVTE_USE_ROCBLAS env is ignored\n";
  }
#else
  if (use_hipblaslt && use_rocblas) {
    use_rocblas = false;
    use_hipblaslt = true;
    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are enabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
  } else if (!use_hipblaslt && !use_rocblas) {
    use_rocblas = false;
    use_hipblaslt = true;
    // std::cout << "[NOTICE] Two GEMM backend are disabled, hipBLASLt will be used\n";
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_HIPBLASLT
  if (use_hipblaslt || !use_rocblas) {
    // Check compute_stream_offset valid.
    NVTE_CHECK(compute_stream_offset >= -1 && compute_stream_offset < compute_num_streams);

    hipblasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
    if (compute_stream_offset != -1) {
      // Init hipblaslt handles (once, globally)
      static std::once_flag init_flag;
      static hipblasLtHandle_t hipblaslt_handles[compute_num_streams];
      std::call_once(init_flag, init_hipblaslt_handles, hipblaslt_handles);

      handle = hipblaslt_handles[compute_stream_offset];
    }

    hipblaslt_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
                   (transa) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N, (transb) ? HIPBLAS_OP_T : HIPBLAS_OP_N,
                   grad, workspace, workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count,
                   m_split, n_split, gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream, handle);

    return;
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_ROCBLAS
  if (use_rocblas) {
    rocblas_gemm(inputA, inputB, outputD, inputBias, outputPreGelu, m, n, k, lda, ldb, ldd,
                 (transa) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none,
                 (transb) ? rocblas_operation_transpose : rocblas_operation_none, grad, workspace,
                 workspaceSize, accumulate, use_split_accumulator, math_sm_count, m_split, n_split,
                 gemm_producer, inputCounter, stream);
  }
#endif
}

}  //namespace transformer_engine