test_numerics.py 89.6 KB
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# Copyright (c) 2022-2025, NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
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#
# See LICENSE for license information.

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import math
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import os
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from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Optional
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import pytest
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import random
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import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.nn import Parameter
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from torch.utils.cpp_extension import IS_HIP_EXTENSION
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.fp8 import (
    FP8GlobalStateManager,
    fp8_autocast,
    fp8_model_init,
)
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.utils import (
    init_method_normal,
    scaled_init_method_normal,
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    attention_mask_func,
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    is_bf16_compatible,
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)
from transformer_engine.pytorch import (
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    DotProductAttention,
    LayerNormLinear,
    LayerNormMLP,
    Linear,
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    GroupedLinear,
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    MultiheadAttention,
    RMSNorm,
    TransformerLayer,
    LayerNorm,
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    Fp8Padding,
    Fp8Unpadding,
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)
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from transformer_engine.pytorch import torch_version
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.distributed import checkpoint as te_checkpoint
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.cpp_extensions import general_gemm, general_grouped_gemm
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.cpp_extensions.fused_attn import FusedAttnBackend
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.tensor.float8_tensor import Float8Quantizer
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.module.base import get_multi_stream_cublas_workspace, get_workspace
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from transformer_engine.pytorch.utils import get_device_compute_capability
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from transformer_engine.common import recipe
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import transformer_engine_torch as tex
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from utils import ModelConfig, reset_rng_states, get_available_attention_backends
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# Only run FP8 tests on supported devices.
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fp8_available, reason_for_no_fp8 = FP8GlobalStateManager.is_fp8_available()
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mxfp8_available, reason_for_no_mxfp8 = FP8GlobalStateManager.is_mxfp8_available()
fp8_block_scaling_available, reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling = FP8GlobalStateManager.is_fp8_block_scaling_available()
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sm_80plus = get_device_compute_capability() >= (8, 0)
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seed = 1234
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# Reset RNG states.
reset_rng_states()
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if torch_version() >= (2, 7, 0):
    torch._dynamo.config.recompile_limit = 16
else:
    torch._dynamo.config.cache_size_limit = 16
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model_configs = {
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    "small": ModelConfig(1, 128, 8, 16, num_layers=4),
    "126m": ModelConfig(1, 2048, 12, 64, num_layers=12),
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}
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model_configs_inference = {
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    "126m": ModelConfig(1, 256, 12, 64, num_layers=12),
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}
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backends_inference = ["FlashAttention", "UnfusedAttention", "FusedAttention"]
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module_inference = ["TransformerLayer", "MultiheadAttention"]
input_formats_inference = ["sbhd", "bshd"]

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param_types = [torch.float32, torch.float16]
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if is_bf16_compatible():  # bf16 requires sm_80 or higher
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    param_types.append(torch.bfloat16)

batch_sizes = [1, 2]

all_boolean = [True, False]

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all_activations = ["gelu", "relu", "reglu", "geglu", "swiglu", "qgelu", "srelu"]
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all_normalizations = ["LayerNorm", "RMSNorm"]

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mask_types = ["causal", "no_mask"]

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NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED = int(os.environ.get("NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED", "0"))
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if NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
    # The numerics of all the layers should work the same,
    # when debug=True. I fed them with dummy feature
    # to prevent switching off debug, which can happen if
    # no feature is active.
    import nvdlfw_inspect.api as debug_api

    debug_api.initialize(
        os.environ["NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_CONFIG_FILE"],
        feature_dirs=os.environ["NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_FEATURE_DIRS"],
    )

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fp8_recipes = []
if mxfp8_available:
    fp8_recipes.append(recipe.MXFP8BlockScaling())
if fp8_block_scaling_available:
    fp8_recipes.append(recipe.Float8BlockScaling())
if fp8_available:
    fp8_recipes.append(recipe.Float8CurrentScaling())
    fp8_recipes.append(recipe.DelayedScaling())
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def is_fused_attn_available(
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    config: ModelConfig,
    dtype: torch.dtype,
    qkv_layout="bshd_bshd_bshd",
    is_training=True,
    deterministic=False,
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):
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    _, _, fused_attn_backends = get_available_attention_backends(
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        config,
        qkv_dtype=dtype,
        qkv_layout=qkv_layout,
        is_training=is_training,
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        deterministic=deterministic,
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    )
    return FusedAttnBackend["F16_arbitrary_seqlen"] in fused_attn_backends
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def get_causal_attn_mask(sq: int) -> torch.Tensor:
    return torch.triu(torch.ones(sq, sq, device="cuda"), diagonal=1).bool()


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def dtype_tols(dtype: torch.dtype) -> Dict[str, float]:
    """Estimated numerical error for a datatype
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    Based on tolerances for torch.testing.assert_close.
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    """
    if dtype == torch.float32:
        return dict(rtol=1.3e-6, atol=1e-5)
    if dtype == torch.float16:
        return dict(rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-5)
    if dtype == torch.bfloat16:
        return dict(rtol=1.6e-2, atol=1e-5)
    raise ValueError(f"Unsuppored dtype ({dtype})")


def assert_allclose(
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    l1: List[torch.Tensor], l2: List[torch.Tensor], atol: float = None, rtol: float = None
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) -> bool:
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    """Ensures two lists are equal."""
    assert len(l1) == len(l2), "Unequal number of outputs."
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    for i, (t1, t2) in enumerate(zip(l1, l2)):
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        tols = dtype_tols(t2.dtype)
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        if rtol is not None:
            tols["rtol"] = rtol
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        if atol is not None:
            tols["atol"] = atol
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        result = torch.allclose(t1, t2, **tols)
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        if not result:
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            diff = torch.abs(t1 - t2)
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            tol = tols["atol"] + (tols["rtol"] * torch.abs(t2))
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            exceed_mask = diff > tol
            if exceed_mask.any():
                indices = torch.nonzero(exceed_mask, as_tuple=True)
                max_diff = diff[exceed_mask].max()
                max_idx = (diff[exceed_mask] == max_diff).nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0][0]
                max_location = [idx[max_idx].item() for idx in indices]
                msg = (
                    f"Outputs not close enough in tensor at idx={i}. "
                    f"Maximum difference at location {max_location} "
                    f"with {t1[exceed_mask][max_idx].item()} vs {t2[exceed_mask][max_idx].item()} "
                    f"(diff {max_diff.item()})."
                )
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            raise AssertionError(msg)
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@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def reset_global_fp8_state():
    yield
    FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()
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class TorchScaledMaskedSoftmax(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__()

    def forward(
        self, inp: torch.Tensor, mask: torch.Tensor, scale: Optional[float] = None
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        dtype = inp.dtype
        inp = inp.float()

        if scale is not None:
            inp = inp * scale
        mask_output = attention_mask_func(inp, mask) if mask is not None else inp

        probs = torch.nn.Softmax(dim=-1)(mask_output)
        probs = probs.to(dtype)
        return probs


class TorchDotProductAttention(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        kv_channels: int,
        attention_dropout: float = 0.0,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.norm_factor = math.sqrt(kv_channels)
        self.scale_mask_softmax = TorchScaledMaskedSoftmax()
        self.attention_dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(attention_dropout)

    def forward(
        self,
        query_layer: torch.Tensor,
        key_layer: torch.Tensor,
        value_layer: torch.Tensor,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        batch_size, seqlen = query_layer.shape[1], query_layer.shape[0]

        # [b, np, sq, sk]
        output_size = (
            query_layer.size(1),
            query_layer.size(2),
            query_layer.size(0),
            key_layer.size(0),
        )

        # [sq, b, np, hn] -> [sq, b * np, hn]
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        query_layer = query_layer.reshape(output_size[2], output_size[0] * output_size[1], -1)
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        # [sk, b, np, hn] -> [sk, b * np, hn]
        key_layer = key_layer.reshape(output_size[3], output_size[0] * output_size[1], -1)

        # preallocting result tensor: [b * np, sq, sk]
        matmul_result = torch.empty(
            output_size[0] * output_size[1],
            output_size[2],
            output_size[3],
            dtype=query_layer.dtype,
            device=torch.cuda.current_device(),
        )

        # Raw attention scores. [b * np, sq, sk]
        matmul_result = torch.baddbmm(
            matmul_result,
            query_layer.transpose(0, 1),  # [b * np, sq, hn]
            key_layer.transpose(0, 1).transpose(1, 2),  # [b * np, hn, sk]
            beta=0.0,
            alpha=(1.0 / self.norm_factor),
        )

        # change view to [b, np, sq, sk]
        attention_scores = matmul_result.view(*output_size)

        # attention scores and attention mask [b, np, sq, sk]
        attention_probs = self.scale_mask_softmax(attention_scores, attention_mask)
        attention_probs = self.attention_dropout(attention_probs)

        # value_layer -> context layer.
        # [sk, b, np, hn] --> [b, np, sq, hn]
        output_size = (
            value_layer.size(1),
            value_layer.size(2),
            query_layer.size(0),
            value_layer.size(3),
        )

        # change view [sk, b * np, hn]
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        value_layer = value_layer.reshape(value_layer.size(0), output_size[0] * output_size[1], -1)
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        # change view [b * np, sq, sk]
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        attention_probs = attention_probs.view(output_size[0] * output_size[1], output_size[2], -1)
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        # matmul: [b * np, sq, hn]
        context_layer = torch.bmm(attention_probs, value_layer.transpose(0, 1))

        # change view [b, np, sq, hn]
        context_layer = context_layer.view(*output_size)

        # [b, np, sq, hn] --> [sq, b, np, hn]
        context_layer = context_layer.permute(2, 0, 1, 3).contiguous()

        # [sq, b, np, hn] --> [sq, b, hp]
        context_layer = context_layer.view(seqlen, batch_size, -1)

        return context_layer

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class TorchLayerNorm(nn.Module):
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    def __init__(self, in_features: int, eps: float, zero_centered_gamma: bool):
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        super().__init__()
        self.eps = eps
        self.in_features = in_features
        self.zero_centered_gamma = zero_centered_gamma

        initial_value = torch.ones(in_features) if zero_centered_gamma else torch.zeros(in_features)
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(initial_value)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(in_features))
        self.register_parameter("weight", self.weight)
        self.register_parameter("bias", self.bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        w = self.weight if not self.zero_centered_gamma else 1 + self.weight
        w = w.to(torch.float32)
        b = self.bias.to(torch.float32)
        inp = x.to(torch.float32)
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        out = torch.nn.functional.layer_norm(
            inp, (self.in_features,), weight=w, bias=b, eps=self.eps
        )
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        return out.to(x.dtype)

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# Adapted from https://github.com/bzhangGo/rmsnorm/blob/c6691f20ec0af4128c8159c903071f7575404295/rmsnorm_torch.py
class TorchRMSNorm(nn.Module):
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    def __init__(self, in_features, zero_centered_gamma, eps=1e-5):
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        super().__init__()

        self.eps = eps
        self.in_features = in_features
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        self.zero_centered_gamma = zero_centered_gamma
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        initial_value = torch.ones(in_features) if zero_centered_gamma else torch.zeros(in_features)
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(initial_value)
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        self.register_parameter("weight", self.weight)

    def forward(self, x):
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        norm_x2 = torch.sum(x.float() ** 2, dim=-1, keepdim=True)
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        d_x = self.in_features

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        rms_x2 = norm_x2 / d_x + self.eps
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        r_rms_x = rms_x2 ** (-1.0 / 2)
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        x_normed = x * r_rms_x
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        w = self.weight.float()
        if self.zero_centered_gamma:
            w = 1 + w
        return (w * x_normed).to(x.dtype)
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class TorchLayerNormLinear(nn.Module):
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    def __init__(
        self,
        in_features: int,
        out_features: int,
        eps: float,
        normalization: str = "LayerNorm",
        zero_centered_gamma: bool = False,
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        bias: bool = True,
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    ):
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        super().__init__()
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        if normalization == "LayerNorm":
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            self.layernorm = TorchLayerNorm(
                in_features, eps=eps, zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma
            )
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        elif normalization == "RMSNorm":
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            self.layernorm = TorchRMSNorm(
                in_features, eps=eps, zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma
            )
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        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Unsupported normalization")

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        self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=bias)
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    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.linear(self.layernorm(x))


class TorchMHA(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, hidden_size: int, num_attention_heads: int):
        super().__init__()
        self.mhsa = nn.MultiheadAttention(
            embed_dim=hidden_size,
            num_heads=num_attention_heads,
            dropout=0.1,
            bias=True,
            batch_first=False,
        )

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    def forward(self, x, attention_mask=None):
        output = self.mhsa(x, x, x, attn_mask=attention_mask, need_weights=False)
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        if isinstance(output, tuple):
            output = output[0]
        return output

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class TorchQuickGELU(nn.Module):
    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return input * torch.sigmoid(1.702 * input)
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class TorchSquaredRELU(nn.Module):
    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return (input > 0) * input * input

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class TorchGroupedLinearWithPadding(nn.Module):

    def __init__(
        self, num_gemms, in_features, out_features, bias, params_dtype, parallel_mode, fp8
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

        self.padding = Fp8Padding(num_gemms)
        self.linear_fn = GroupedLinear(
            num_gemms,
            in_features,
            out_features,
            bias=bias,
            params_dtype=params_dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            device="cuda",
        )
        self.unpadding = Fp8Unpadding(num_gemms)

        self.fp8 = fp8

    def forward(self, inp: torch.Tensor, m_splits: List[int]) -> torch.Tensor:
        if self.fp8:
            orig_m_splits = m_splits
            inp, m_splits = self.padding(inp, m_splits)

        out = self.linear_fn(inp, m_splits)

        if self.fp8:
            out = self.unpadding(out, orig_m_splits)

        return out


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_supported_act = {
    "geglu": nn.GELU(approximate="tanh"),
    "gelu": nn.GELU(approximate="tanh"),
    "reglu": nn.ReLU(),
    "relu": nn.ReLU(),
    "swiglu": nn.SiLU(),
    "qgelu": TorchQuickGELU(),
    "srelu": TorchSquaredRELU(),
}
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class TorchGLU(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, activation: str):
        super().__init__()
        self.act = _supported_act[activation]

    def forward(self, x):
        shape = x.size(-1)
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        a = x[..., : shape // 2]
        b = x[..., (shape // 2) :]
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        a = self.act(a)
        return a * b
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class TorchLayerNormMLP(nn.Module):
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    def __init__(
        self,
        hidden_size: int,
        ffn_hidden_size: int,
        eps: float = 1e-5,
        activation="gelu",
        normalization: str = "LayerNorm",
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        bias: bool = True,
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    ):
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        super().__init__()
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        if normalization == "LayerNorm":
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            self.ln = TorchLayerNorm(hidden_size, eps=eps, zero_centered_gamma=False)
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        elif normalization == "RMSNorm":
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            self.ln = TorchRMSNorm(hidden_size, eps=eps, zero_centered_gamma=False)
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        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Unsupported normalization")
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        if "glu" in activation:
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            fc1_output_features = 2 * ffn_hidden_size
            self.gelu = TorchGLU(activation)
        else:
            fc1_output_features = ffn_hidden_size
            self.gelu = _supported_act[activation]

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        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, fc1_output_features, bias=bias)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(ffn_hidden_size, hidden_size, bias=bias)
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    def forward(self, x):
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        t = self.gelu(self.fc1(self.ln(x)))
        return self.fc2(t)
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class TorchGPT(nn.Module):
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    def __init__(
        self, hidden_size: int, eps: float, num_attention_heads: int, parallel_attention_mlp: bool
    ):
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        super().__init__()
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        self.ln = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size, eps=eps)
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        self.causal_attn = TorchMHA(hidden_size, num_attention_heads)
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        self.ln_mlp = TorchLayerNormMLP(hidden_size, 4 * hidden_size, eps)
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        self.parallel_attention_mlp = parallel_attention_mlp
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    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
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        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
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    ) -> torch.Tensor:
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        a = self.ln(x)
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        b = self.causal_attn(a, attention_mask)
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        if self.parallel_attention_mlp:
            n = self.ln_mlp(x)
            x = x + nn.functional.dropout(b + n, p=0.1, training=self.training)
        else:
            x = x + nn.functional.dropout(b, p=0.1, training=self.training)
            n = self.ln_mlp(x)
            x = x + nn.functional.dropout(n, p=0.1, training=self.training)
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        return x


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def _test_e2e_selective_recompute(
    bs, dtype, config, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params=False, recompute=False
):
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    reset_rng_states()
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    FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()
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    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        block = TransformerLayer(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
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            config.num_heads,
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            layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
            init_method=init_method,
            output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
            hidden_dropout=0.1,
            attention_dropout=0.1,
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            kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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            apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
            output_layernorm=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            fuse_qkv_params=True,
            device="cuda",
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        )

    te_inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    te_inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()
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    te_inp_attn_mask = get_causal_attn_mask(config.max_seqlen_q)
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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=fp8, fp8_recipe=recipe):
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        te_out = block(
            te_inp_hidden_states,
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            attention_mask=te_inp_attn_mask,
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            checkpoint_core_attention=recompute,
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        )
    loss = te_out.sum()
    loss.backward()
    torch.cuda.synchronize()

    outputs = [te_out, te_inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", all_boolean)
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def test_gpt_selective_activation_recompute(dtype, bs, model, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params):
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    if fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    if recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    outputs = _test_e2e_selective_recompute(
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        bs, dtype, config, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params, recompute=False
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    )
    outputs_recompute = _test_e2e_selective_recompute(
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        bs, dtype, config, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params, recompute=True
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    )
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    # Check that results match
    tols = dtype_tols(dtype)
    if dtype in (torch.float16, torch.bfloat16):
        tols["atol"] = 1e-4
    if fp8 or fp8_model_params:
        tols.update(dict(rtol=0.125, atol=0.0675))
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    for i, (ref, test) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_recompute)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(
            test,
            ref,
            msg=f"Mismatch in tensor {i}",
            **tols,
        )
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def _test_e2e_full_recompute(
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    bs, dtype, config, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params=False, recompute=False, use_reentrant=True
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):
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    reset_rng_states()
    FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()

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    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        block = TransformerLayer(
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            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
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            config.num_heads,
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            layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
            init_method=init_method,
            output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
            hidden_dropout=0.1,
            attention_dropout=0.1,
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            kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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            apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
            output_layernorm=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
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            fuse_qkv_params=True,
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            device="cuda",
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        )
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    te_inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=use_reentrant,
    )
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    if use_reentrant:
        te_inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()
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    te_inp_attn_mask = get_causal_attn_mask(config.max_seqlen_q)
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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=fp8, fp8_recipe=recipe):
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        if recompute:
            te_out = te_checkpoint(
                block,
                te_inp_hidden_states,
                attention_mask=te_inp_attn_mask,
                checkpoint_core_attention=False,
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                distribute_saved_activations=False,
                tp_group=None,
                use_reentrant=use_reentrant,
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            )
        else:
            te_out = block(
                te_inp_hidden_states,
                attention_mask=te_inp_attn_mask,
                checkpoint_core_attention=False,
            )
    loss = te_out.sum()
    loss.backward()
    torch.cuda.synchronize()

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    outputs = [te_out]
    names = ["output"]
    if use_reentrant:
        outputs.append(te_inp_hidden_states.grad)
        names.append("input")
    for name, p in block.named_parameters():
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        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
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            names.append(name)

    return outputs, names
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_reentrant", all_boolean)
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def test_gpt_full_activation_recompute(
    dtype, bs, model, fp8, recipe, fp8_model_params, use_reentrant
):
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
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    if fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    if recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    if not use_reentrant:
        # Non-reentrant checkpoint becomes non-deterministic with bias+GELU fusion
        os.environ["NVTE_BIAS_GELU_NVFUSION"] = "0"

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    outputs, names = _test_e2e_full_recompute(
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        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        fp8,
        recipe,
        fp8_model_params,
        recompute=False,
        use_reentrant=use_reentrant,
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    )
    outputs_recompute, _ = _test_e2e_full_recompute(
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        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        fp8,
        recipe,
        fp8_model_params,
        recompute=True,
        use_reentrant=use_reentrant,
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    )
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    if not use_reentrant:
        # Reset bias+GELU fusion flag to avoid contaminating other tests
        del os.environ["NVTE_BIAS_GELU_NVFUSION"]

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    # Check that results match
    tols = dtype_tols(dtype)
    if dtype in (torch.float16, torch.bfloat16):
        tols["atol"] = 1e-3
    if fp8 or fp8_model_params:
        tols.update(dict(rtol=0.125, atol=0.0675))
    for i, (ref, test) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_recompute)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(
            test,
            ref,
            msg=f"Mismatch in tensor {i}",
            **tols,
        )
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def _test_e2e_checkpointing_get_model(config, dtype):
    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)
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    return TransformerLayer(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        init_method=init_method,
        output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
        hidden_dropout=0.1,
        attention_dropout=0.1,
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        kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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        apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
        output_layernorm=False,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
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    )


def _test_e2e_checkpointing(bs, dtype, config, checkpoint=False, steps=10, path="checkpoint.pt"):
    reset_rng_states()

    te_inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    te_inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()

    block = _test_e2e_checkpointing_get_model(config, dtype)

    for _ in range(steps // 2):
        te_out = block(
            te_inp_hidden_states,
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            None,
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        )
        loss = te_out.sum()
        loss.backward()

    if checkpoint:
        # This process is necessary so that we can start afresh with
        # a new model while erasing all internal state to ensure that
        # loading from a checkpoint gives bitwise identical results.
        # Since gradients are being accumulated, it is important to
        # restore them post loading the checkpoint.
        torch.save(block.state_dict(), path)

        param_grads = []
        for p in block.parameters():
            if p.requires_grad:
                param_grads.append(p.grad.clone())

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        _cpu_rng_state = torch.get_rng_state()
        _cuda_rng_state = torch.cuda.get_rng_state()

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        del block
        block = _test_e2e_checkpointing_get_model(config, dtype)
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        block.load_state_dict(torch.load(path, weights_only=False))
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        torch.set_rng_state(_cpu_rng_state)
        torch.cuda.set_rng_state(_cuda_rng_state)
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        for p in block.parameters():
            if p.requires_grad:
                p.grad = param_grads.pop(0)

        assert not param_grads, "Oops!"

    for _ in range(steps // 2):
        te_out = block(
            te_inp_hidden_states,
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            None,
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        )
        loss = te_out.sum()
        loss.backward()

    torch.cuda.synchronize()

    if os.path.exists(path):
        os.remove(path)

    outputs = [te_out, te_inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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def test_gpt_checkpointing(dtype, bs, model):
    config = model_configs[model]
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    if not is_fused_attn_available(config, dtype, deterministic=True):
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        pytest.skip("No attention backend available.")
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    outputs = _test_e2e_checkpointing(bs, dtype, config, checkpoint=False)
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    outputs_checkpoint = _test_e2e_checkpointing(bs, dtype, config, checkpoint=True)
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    # Check that results match
    tols = dtype_tols(dtype)
    if dtype in (torch.float16, torch.bfloat16):
        tols.update(dict(rtol=2e-2, atol=2e-3))
    for i, (ref, test) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_checkpoint)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(
            test,
            ref,
            msg=f"Mismatch in tensor {i}",
            **tols,
        )
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def _test_e2e_gpt_accuracy(block, bs, dtype, config):
    reset_rng_states()

    inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()
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    inp_attn_mask = get_causal_attn_mask(config.max_seqlen_q)
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    out = block(inp_hidden_states, attention_mask=inp_attn_mask)
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    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()

    torch.cuda.synchronize()
    outputs = [out, inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("parallel_attention_mlp", all_boolean)
def test_gpt_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, parallel_attention_mlp):
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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if not is_fused_attn_available(
        config, dtype, qkv_layout="sb3hd", is_training=True, deterministic=True
    ):
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        pytest.skip("No attention backend available.")
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    te_gpt = TransformerLayer(
        hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size=4 * config.hidden_size,
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        num_attention_heads=config.num_heads,
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        attention_dropout=0.1,
        hidden_dropout=0.1,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        fuse_qkv_params=True,
        qkv_weight_interleaved=False,
        parallel_attention_mlp=parallel_attention_mlp,
        device="cuda",
    ).eval()
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    torch_gpt = (
        TorchGPT(
            config.hidden_size,
            config.eps,
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            config.num_heads,
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
        .eval()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
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            te_gpt.self_attention.layernorm_qkv.layer_norm_weight.clone()
        )
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        torch_gpt.ln.bias = Parameter(te_gpt.self_attention.layernorm_qkv.layer_norm_bias.clone())
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        torch_gpt.causal_attn.mhsa.in_proj_weight = Parameter(
            te_gpt.self_attention.layernorm_qkv.weight.clone()
        )
        torch_gpt.causal_attn.mhsa.in_proj_bias = Parameter(
            te_gpt.self_attention.layernorm_qkv.bias.clone()
        )
        torch_gpt.causal_attn.mhsa.out_proj.weight = Parameter(
            te_gpt.self_attention.proj.weight.clone()
        )
        torch_gpt.causal_attn.mhsa.out_proj.bias = Parameter(
            te_gpt.self_attention.proj.bias.clone()
        )
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        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.ln.weight = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.layer_norm_weight.clone())
        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.ln.bias = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.layer_norm_bias.clone())
        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.fc1.weight = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.fc1_weight.clone())
        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.fc1.bias = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.fc1_bias.clone())
        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.fc2.weight = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.fc2_weight.clone())
        torch_gpt.ln_mlp.fc2.bias = Parameter(te_gpt.layernorm_mlp.fc2_bias.clone())
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    te_outputs = _test_e2e_gpt_accuracy(te_gpt, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_e2e_gpt_accuracy(torch_gpt, bs, dtype, config)

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    atol = {
        torch.float32: 5e-3,
        torch.half: 5e-2,
        torch.bfloat16: 1e-1,
    }

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    # Check output.
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    assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], atol[dtype])

    # Check gradients, only for small model
    if model == "small":
        atol[torch.float32] = 5e-2
        rtol = {
            torch.float32: 1e-2,
            torch.half: 1e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 1e-2,
        }
        for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
            assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])
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def _test_mha_accuracy(block, bs, dtype, config, mask_type, te=True):
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    reset_rng_states()

    inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()
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    inp_attn_mask = get_causal_attn_mask(config.max_seqlen_q) if mask_type == "causal" else None
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    forward_kwargs = {}
    if te:
        forward_kwargs["attn_mask_type"] = mask_type
    forward_kwargs["attention_mask"] = inp_attn_mask

    out = block(inp_hidden_states, **forward_kwargs)
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    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()

    torch.cuda.synchronize()
    outputs = [out, inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("mask_type", mask_types)
def test_mha_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, mask_type):
    config = model_configs[model]
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    if not is_fused_attn_available(
        config, dtype, qkv_layout="sb3hd", is_training=True, deterministic=True
    ):
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        pytest.skip("No attention backend available.")
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    te_mha = MultiheadAttention(
        config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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        fuse_qkv_params=True,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        qkv_weight_interleaved=False,
        input_layernorm=False,
        device="cuda",
    ).eval()
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    torch_mha = (
        TorchMHA(
            config.hidden_size,
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            config.num_heads,
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
        .eval()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        torch_mha.mhsa.in_proj_weight = Parameter(te_mha.qkv.weight.clone())
        torch_mha.mhsa.in_proj_bias = Parameter(te_mha.qkv.bias.clone())
        torch_mha.mhsa.out_proj.weight = Parameter(te_mha.proj.weight.clone())
        torch_mha.mhsa.out_proj.bias = Parameter(te_mha.proj.bias.clone())

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    te_outputs = _test_mha_accuracy(te_mha, bs, dtype, config, mask_type, te=True)
    torch_outputs = _test_mha_accuracy(torch_mha, bs, dtype, config, mask_type, te=False)
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    # Check output.
    if dtype == torch.float32:
        assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], 5e-3)
    else:
        assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], 5e-2)

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    # Check gradients, only for small model
    if model == "small":
        atol = {
            torch.float32: 5e-2,
            torch.half: 5e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 5e-2,
        }
        rtol = {
            torch.float32: 1e-2,
            torch.half: 1e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 1e-2,
        }
        for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
            assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])

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def _test_granular_accuracy(block, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=False, recipe=None):
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    reset_rng_states()
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    fp8 = recipe is not None
    if fp8:
        FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()
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    inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()

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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=fp8, fp8_recipe=recipe):
        out = block(inp_hidden_states)
        if isinstance(out, (List, Tuple)):
            out = out[0]
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    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()
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    if delay_wgrad_compute:
        block.backward_dw()
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    torch.cuda.synchronize()
    outputs = [out, inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
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            if getattr(p, "main_grad", None) is not None:
                outputs.append(p.main_grad)
                assert p.grad is None  # grad should be None if fuse_wgrad_accumulation is True
            else:
                outputs.append(p.grad)
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    return outputs


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def _test_dpa_accuracy(block, bs, dtype, config):
    reset_rng_states()

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        torch.ones(config.max_seqlen_q, config.max_seqlen_kv, dtype=torch.bool, device="cuda"),
        diagonal=1,
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    )
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    query, key, value = [
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        torch.randn(
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            dtype=dtype,
            device="cuda",
            requires_grad=True,
        )
        for _ in range(3)
    ]
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    query.retain_grad()
    key.retain_grad()
    value.retain_grad()

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    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()

    torch.cuda.synchronize()

    return [out, query.grad, key.grad, value.grad]


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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def test_dpa_accuracy(dtype, bs, model):
    config = model_configs[model]

    te_dpa = (
        DotProductAttention(
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            config.num_heads,
            config.kv_channels,
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            attention_dropout=0.0,  # disable dropout, FU uses rng differently
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
    )

    torch_dpa = (
        TorchDotProductAttention(
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            config.kv_channels,
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            0.0,  # dropout
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
    )

    te_outputs = _test_dpa_accuracy(te_dpa, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_dpa_accuracy(torch_dpa, bs, dtype, config)

    # Check output.
    if dtype == torch.float32:
        assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], 5e-3)
    else:
        assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], 5e-2)

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    for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
        assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol=5e-2, rtol=1e-2)

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class TestReturnBiasModule(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, mod, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        self.te_module = mod(**kwargs)
        self.return_bias = kwargs["return_bias"]
        self.bias = kwargs["bias"]

    def forward(self, x):
        if self.return_bias:
            out, bias = self.te_module(x)
            if self.bias:
                out = out + bias
            return out
        return self.te_module(x)


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
def test_linear_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, return_bias, bias):
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    te_linear = TestReturnBiasModule(
        Linear,
        in_features=config.hidden_size,
        out_features=4 * config.hidden_size,
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        params_dtype=dtype,
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        return_bias=return_bias,
        bias=bias,
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        device="cuda",
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    )
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    torch_linear = torch.nn.Linear(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        bias=bias,
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        device="cuda",
        dtype=dtype,
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    )
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    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
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        torch_linear.weight = Parameter(te_linear.te_module.weight.clone())
        if bias:
            torch_linear.bias = Parameter(te_linear.te_module.bias.clone())
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    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_linear, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(torch_linear, bs, dtype, config)

    # Check output.
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    if model == "small":
        tolerance = 5e-3 if dtype == torch.float32 else 5e-2
        rtol = {
            torch.float32: 1.3e-6,
            torch.half: 1e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 2e-2,
        }
        for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs, torch_outputs):
            assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, tolerance, rtol[dtype])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_wgrad_accumulation", all_boolean)
def test_linear_accuracy_delay_wgrad_compute(dtype, bs, model, bias, fuse_wgrad_accumulation):
    config = model_configs[model]

    te_linear_ref = Linear(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
        bias=bias,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=False,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    te_linear = Linear(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
        bias=bias,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=True,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        te_linear_ref.weight = Parameter(te_linear.weight.clone())
        if bias:
            te_linear_ref.bias = Parameter(te_linear.bias.clone())
        if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
            weight = getattr(te_linear, f"weight")
            weight.main_grad = torch.rand_like(weight, dtype=torch.float32)
            te_linear_ref.weight.main_grad = weight.main_grad.clone()

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_linear, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=True)
    te_outputs_ref = _test_granular_accuracy(
        te_linear_ref, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=False
    )

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    # Should be bit-wise match
    for _, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(te_outputs, te_outputs_ref)):
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        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes + [None])
def test_linear_accuracy_save_original_input(dtype, model, recipe):
    bs = 1
    fuse_wgrad_accumulation = True
    fp8_model_params = False
    fp8 = recipe is not None
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
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    if fp8 and recipe.delayed():
        pytest.skip("DelayedScaling recipe is not supported with save_original_input")
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    if fp8 and recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
    if fp8 and recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if config.max_seqlen_q % 16 != 0 and fp8:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 requires sequence length to be divisible by 16.")

    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
        te_linear_ref = Linear(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            device="cuda",
            fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
            save_original_input=False,
        ).eval()

        te_linear = Linear(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            device="cuda",
            fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
            save_original_input=True,
        ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        te_linear_ref.weight = Parameter(te_linear.weight.clone())
        if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
            weight = getattr(te_linear, f"weight")
            weight.main_grad = torch.rand_like(weight, dtype=torch.float32)
            te_linear_ref.weight.main_grad = weight.main_grad.clone()

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_linear, bs, dtype, config, recipe=recipe)
    te_outputs_ref = _test_granular_accuracy(te_linear_ref, bs, dtype, config, recipe=recipe)

    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(te_outputs, te_outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("eps", [1e-1, 1e-3, 1e-5, 1e-7])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", all_boolean)
def test_rmsnorm_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, eps, zero_centered_gamma):
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    te_rmsnorm = RMSNorm(
        config.hidden_size,
        eps=eps,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
        device="cuda",
    ).eval()
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    torch_rmsnorm = (
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        TorchRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=eps, zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma)
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        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
        .eval()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        torch_rmsnorm.weight = Parameter(te_rmsnorm.weight.clone())

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_rmsnorm, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(torch_rmsnorm, bs, dtype, config)

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    atol = {
        torch.float32: 1e-7,
        torch.half: 2e-3,
        torch.bfloat16: 2e-2,
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    }
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    # Check output.
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    assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], atol[dtype])

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    atol[torch.float32] = 2e-3
    rtol = {
        torch.float32: 1.3e-6,
        torch.half: 1e-3,
        torch.bfloat16: 1.6e-2,
    }
    # Check gradients
    for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
        assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])

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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("eps", [1e-1, 1e-3, 1e-5, 1e-7])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", all_boolean)
def test_layernorm_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, eps, zero_centered_gamma):
    config = model_configs[model]

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    te_layernorm = LayerNorm(
        config.hidden_size,
        eps=eps,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
        device="cuda",
    ).eval()
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    torch_layernorm = (
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        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
        .eval()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        torch_layernorm.weight = Parameter(te_layernorm.weight.clone())
        torch_layernorm.bias = Parameter(te_layernorm.bias.clone())

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_layernorm, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(torch_layernorm, bs, dtype, config)

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    atol = {
        torch.float32: 1e-7,
        torch.half: 2e-3,
        torch.bfloat16: 2e-2,
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    }
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    # Check output.
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    assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], atol[dtype])
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    rtol = {
        torch.float32: 1.3e-6,
        torch.half: 1e-3,
        torch.bfloat16: 1.6e-2,
    }
    atol[torch.float32] = 1e-4
    # Check gradients
    for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
        assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])

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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("normalization", all_normalizations)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
def test_layernorm_linear_accuracy(
    dtype, bs, model, normalization, zero_centered_gamma, return_bias, bias
):
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    te_ln_linear = TestReturnBiasModule(
        LayerNormLinear,
        in_features=config.hidden_size,
        out_features=4 * config.hidden_size,
        eps=config.eps,
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        normalization=normalization,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
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        return_bias=return_bias,
        bias=bias,
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        device="cuda",
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    )
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    torch_ln_linear = (
        TorchLayerNormLinear(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            config.eps,
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            bias=bias,
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
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        torch_ln_linear.layernorm.weight = Parameter(
            te_ln_linear.te_module.layer_norm_weight.clone()
        )
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        if normalization != "RMSNorm":
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            torch_ln_linear.layernorm.bias = Parameter(
                te_ln_linear.te_module.layer_norm_bias.clone()
            )
        torch_ln_linear.linear.weight = Parameter(te_ln_linear.te_module.weight.clone())
        if bias:
            torch_ln_linear.linear.bias = Parameter(te_ln_linear.te_module.bias.clone())
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    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_ln_linear, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(torch_ln_linear, bs, dtype, config)

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    atol = {
        torch.float32: 2.5e-4,
        torch.half: 2e-3,
        torch.bfloat16: 2e-2,
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    }
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    rtol = {
        torch.float32: 1e-3,
        torch.half: 4e-2,
        torch.bfloat16: 4e-2,
    }
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    # Check output.
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    assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])
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    if model == "small":
        atol = {
            torch.float32: 1e-3,
            torch.half: 5e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 5e-2,
        }
        rtol = {
            torch.float32: 1e-3,
            torch.half: 4e-2,
            torch.bfloat16: 4e-2,
        }
        # Check gradients
        for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
            assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])

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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("normalization", all_normalizations)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_wgrad_accumulation", all_boolean)
def test_layernorm_linear_accuracy_delay_wgrad_compute(
    dtype, bs, model, normalization, zero_centered_gamma, bias, fuse_wgrad_accumulation
):
    config = model_configs[model]

    ln_linear_ref = LayerNormLinear(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
        config.eps,
        bias=bias,
        normalization=normalization,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=False,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    ln_linear = LayerNormLinear(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
        config.eps,
        bias=bias,
        normalization=normalization,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=True,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        ln_linear_ref.layer_norm_weight = Parameter(ln_linear.layer_norm_weight.clone())
        if normalization != "RMSNorm":
            ln_linear_ref.layer_norm_bias = Parameter(ln_linear.layer_norm_bias.clone())
        ln_linear_ref.weight = Parameter(ln_linear.weight.clone())
        if bias:
            ln_linear_ref.bias = Parameter(ln_linear.bias.clone())
        if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
            weight = getattr(ln_linear, f"weight")
            weight.main_grad = torch.rand_like(weight, dtype=torch.float32)
            ln_linear_ref.weight.main_grad = weight.main_grad.clone()

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(ln_linear, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=True)
    te_outputs_ref = _test_granular_accuracy(
        ln_linear_ref, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=False
    )

    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(te_outputs, te_outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("activation", all_activations)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("normalization", all_normalizations)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
def test_layernorm_mlp_accuracy(dtype, bs, model, activation, normalization, return_bias, bias):
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    te_ln_mlp = TestReturnBiasModule(
        LayerNormMLP,
        hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size=4 * config.hidden_size,
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        activation=activation,
        normalization=normalization,
        params_dtype=dtype,
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        return_bias=return_bias,
        bias=bias,
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        device="cuda",
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    )
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    torch_ln_mlp = (
        TorchLayerNormMLP(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
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            activation=activation,
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            normalization=normalization,
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            bias=bias,
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        )
        .to(dtype=dtype)
        .cuda()
    )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
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        torch_ln_mlp.ln.weight = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.layer_norm_weight.clone())
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        if normalization != "RMSNorm":
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            torch_ln_mlp.ln.bias = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.layer_norm_bias.clone())
        torch_ln_mlp.fc1.weight = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.fc1_weight.clone())
        torch_ln_mlp.fc2.weight = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.fc2_weight.clone())
        if bias:
            torch_ln_mlp.fc1.bias = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.fc1_bias.clone())
            torch_ln_mlp.fc2.bias = Parameter(te_ln_mlp.te_module.fc2_bias.clone())
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    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(te_ln_mlp, bs, dtype, config)
    torch_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(torch_ln_mlp, bs, dtype, config)

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    atol = {
        torch.float32: 2e-2,
        torch.half: 5e-2,
        torch.bfloat16: 5e-2,
    }

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    rtol = {
        torch.float32: 1e-3,
        torch.half: 4e-2,
        torch.bfloat16: 4e-2,
    }

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    # Check output.
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    assert_allclose(te_outputs[0], torch_outputs[0], atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])
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    # Check gradients, only for small model
    rtol = {
        torch.float32: 1e-3,
        torch.half: 1e-2,
        torch.bfloat16: 4e-2,
    }
    atol[torch.half] = 2e-1
    atol[torch.bfloat16] = 2e-1
    if model == "small":
        for te_output, torch_output in zip(te_outputs[1:], torch_outputs[1:]):
            assert_allclose(te_output, torch_output, atol[dtype], rtol[dtype])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", [2])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["small"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_wgrad_accumulation", all_boolean)
def test_layernorm_mlp_accuracy_delay_wgrad_compute(
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    dtype, bs, model, bias, fuse_wgrad_accumulation
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):
    config = model_configs[model]

    ln_mlp = LayerNormMLP(
        hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size=4 * config.hidden_size,
        eps=config.eps,
        bias=bias,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=True,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    ln_mlp_ref = LayerNormMLP(
        hidden_size=config.hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size=4 * config.hidden_size,
        eps=config.eps,
        bias=bias,
        params_dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        delay_wgrad_compute=False,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        ln_mlp_ref.layer_norm_weight = Parameter(ln_mlp.layer_norm_weight.clone())
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        ln_mlp_ref.layer_norm_bias = Parameter(ln_mlp.layer_norm_bias.clone())
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        ln_mlp_ref.fc1_weight = Parameter(ln_mlp.fc1_weight.clone())
        ln_mlp_ref.fc2_weight = Parameter(ln_mlp.fc2_weight.clone())
        if bias:
            ln_mlp_ref.fc1_bias = Parameter(ln_mlp.fc1_bias.clone())
            ln_mlp_ref.fc2_bias = Parameter(ln_mlp.fc2_bias.clone())
        if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
            ln_mlp.fc1_weight.main_grad = torch.rand_like(ln_mlp.fc1_weight, dtype=torch.float32)
            ln_mlp_ref.fc1_weight.main_grad = ln_mlp.fc1_weight.main_grad.clone()
            ln_mlp.fc2_weight.main_grad = torch.rand_like(ln_mlp.fc2_weight, dtype=torch.float32)
            ln_mlp_ref.fc2_weight.main_grad = ln_mlp.fc2_weight.main_grad.clone()

    te_outputs = _test_granular_accuracy(ln_mlp, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=True)
    te_outputs_ref = _test_granular_accuracy(
        ln_mlp_ref, bs, dtype, config, delay_wgrad_compute=False
    )

    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(te_outputs, te_outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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def _test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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    block,
    num_gemms,
    bs,
    dtype,
    config,
    recipe,
    fp8,
    fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    delay_wgrad_compute=False,
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):
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    reset_rng_states()
    if fp8:
        FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()

    inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
    inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()

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    if num_gemms > 1:
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        split_size = 1
        if fp8:
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            split_size = 16
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            if recipe.mxfp8():
                split_size = 128
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        m = config.max_seqlen_q // split_size
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        dist = torch.sort(torch.randint(0, m, (num_gemms - 2,))).values.tolist()
        dist.append(dist[-1])  # Manually add a zero
        m_splits = torch.tensor(dist + [m]) - torch.tensor([0] + dist)
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        m_splits = m_splits * split_size
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        assert m_splits.sum() == config.max_seqlen_q and len(m_splits) == num_gemms
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    else:
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        m_splits = torch.tensor([config.max_seqlen_q])
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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=fp8, fp8_recipe=recipe):
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        if isinstance(block, GroupedLinear):
            m_splits = m_splits * bs
            out = block(inp_hidden_states, m_splits.tolist())
        else:
            out = torch.cat(
                [
                    block[i](inp)
                    for i, inp in enumerate(torch.split(inp_hidden_states, m_splits.tolist()))
                ]
            )
    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()
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    if delay_wgrad_compute:
        if isinstance(block, GroupedLinear):
            block.backward_dw()
        else:
            for i in range(num_gemms):
                block[i].backward_dw()
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    torch.cuda.synchronize()
    outputs = [out, inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
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            if getattr(p, "main_grad", None) is not None:
                outputs.append(p.main_grad)
                assert p.grad is None  # grad should be None if fuse_wgrad_accumulation is True
            else:
                outputs.append(p.grad)
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    return outputs


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types, ids=str)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_gemms", [3, 6])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes + [None])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_wgrad_accumulation", all_boolean)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", all_boolean)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("delay_wgrad_compute", all_boolean)
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def test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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    dtype,
    num_gemms,
    bs,
    model,
    recipe,
    fp8_model_params,
    fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
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    bias,
    delay_wgrad_compute,
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    parallel_mode=None,
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):
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    fp8 = recipe is not None
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if fp8 and recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
    if fp8 and recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    if fp8 and fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if config.max_seqlen_q % 16 != 0 and fp8:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 requires sequence length to be divisible by 16.")

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        grouped_linear = GroupedLinear(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
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            bias=bias,
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            params_dtype=dtype,
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            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
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            device="cuda",
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            fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
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            delay_wgrad_compute=delay_wgrad_compute,
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            save_original_input=False,
        ).eval()
        sequential_linear = torch.nn.ModuleList(
            [
                Linear(
                    config.hidden_size,
                    4 * config.hidden_size,
                    bias=bias,
                    params_dtype=dtype,
                    parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
                    device="cuda",
                    fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
                ).eval()
                for _ in range(num_gemms)
            ]
        )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        for i in range(num_gemms):
            sequential_linear[i].weight = Parameter(getattr(grouped_linear, f"weight{i}").clone())
            if bias:
                sequential_linear[i].bias = Parameter(getattr(grouped_linear, f"bias{i}").clone())
            if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
                weight_i = getattr(grouped_linear, f"weight{i}")
                weight_i.main_grad = torch.rand_like(weight_i, dtype=torch.float32)
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                sequential_linear[i].weight.main_grad = weight_i.main_grad.clone()   
    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
        os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = "1"
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    outputs_ref = _test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
        sequential_linear,
        num_gemms,
        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        recipe,
        fp8,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
        delay_wgrad_compute,
    )
    outputs = _test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
        grouped_linear,
        num_gemms,
        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        recipe,
        fp8,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
        delay_wgrad_compute,
    )
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    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
        os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = "0"
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    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types, ids=str)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_gemms", [3])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", [1])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes + [None])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_wgrad_accumulation", [True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bias", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("delay_wgrad_compute", [True])
def test_grouped_linear_accuracy_save_original_input(
    dtype,
    num_gemms,
    bs,
    model,
    recipe,
    fp8_model_params,
    fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
    bias,
    delay_wgrad_compute,
    parallel_mode=None,
):
    fp8 = recipe is not None
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    if fp8 and fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
    if fp8 and recipe.delayed():
        pytest.skip("DelayedScaling recipe is not supported with save_original_input")
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if fp8 and recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
    if fp8 and recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if config.max_seqlen_q % 16 != 0 and fp8:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 requires sequence length to be divisible by 16.")

    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
        grouped_linear = GroupedLinear(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=bias,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            device="cuda",
            fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
            delay_wgrad_compute=delay_wgrad_compute,
            save_original_input=True,
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        ).eval()
        sequential_linear = torch.nn.ModuleList(
            [
                Linear(
                    config.hidden_size,
                    4 * config.hidden_size,
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                    bias=bias,
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                    params_dtype=dtype,
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                    parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
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                    device="cuda",
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                    fuse_wgrad_accumulation=fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
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                ).eval()
                for _ in range(num_gemms)
            ]
        )

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        for i in range(num_gemms):
            sequential_linear[i].weight = Parameter(getattr(grouped_linear, f"weight{i}").clone())
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            if bias:
                sequential_linear[i].bias = Parameter(getattr(grouped_linear, f"bias{i}").clone())
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            if fuse_wgrad_accumulation:
                weight_i = getattr(grouped_linear, f"weight{i}")
                weight_i.main_grad = torch.rand_like(weight_i, dtype=torch.float32)
                sequential_linear[i].weight.main_grad = weight_i.main_grad.clone()
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    # Force the sequential_linear and grouped_linear to use hipblaslt rather than hipblas
    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
        os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = "1"
    
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    outputs_ref = _test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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        sequential_linear,
        num_gemms,
        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        recipe,
        fp8,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
        delay_wgrad_compute,
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    )
    outputs = _test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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        grouped_linear,
        num_gemms,
        bs,
        dtype,
        config,
        recipe,
        fp8,
        fuse_wgrad_accumulation,
        delay_wgrad_compute,
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    )
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    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
        os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = "0"
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    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes + [None])
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def test_grouped_linear_accuracy_single_gemm(recipe):
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    """Split the tests to save CI time"""
    test_grouped_linear_accuracy(
        dtype=torch.float32,
        num_gemms=1,
        bs=2,
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        model="126m",
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        recipe=recipe,
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        fp8_model_params=True,
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        fuse_wgrad_accumulation=True,
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        bias=True,
        delay_wgrad_compute=False,
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    )


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def _test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(block, num_gemms, bs, dtype, config, recipe, fp8=False):
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    def _pad_tensor_for_fp8(hidden_states, tokens_per_expert):
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        align_size = 16
        if recipe.mxfp8():
            align_size = 32
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        padded_tokens_per_expert = [
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            (num_tokens + align_size - 1) // align_size * align_size
            for num_tokens in tokens_per_expert
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        ]
        hidden_states = torch.split(hidden_states, tokens_per_expert)
        padded_hidden_states = []
        for hidden_state, actual_num_tokens, padded_num_tokens in zip(
            hidden_states, tokens_per_expert, padded_tokens_per_expert
        ):
            padded_hidden_states.append(hidden_state)
            if padded_num_tokens > actual_num_tokens:
                pad_tensor = torch.zeros(
                    padded_num_tokens - actual_num_tokens,
                    hidden_state.shape[1],
                    dtype=hidden_state.dtype,
                    device=hidden_state.device,
                )
                padded_hidden_states.append(pad_tensor)
        padded_hidden_states = torch.cat(padded_hidden_states, dim=0)
        return padded_hidden_states, padded_tokens_per_expert

    def _unpad_tensor_for_fp8(padded_hidden_states, actual_tokens_per_expert, tokens_per_expert):
        inputmats = torch.split(
            padded_hidden_states.view(-1, padded_hidden_states.shape[-1]), tokens_per_expert
        )
        hidden_states = torch.cat(
            [
                grad_output_mat[: actual_tokens_per_expert[i]]
                for i, grad_output_mat in enumerate(inputmats)
            ],
            dim=0,
        )

        return hidden_states

    def _generate_random_numbers(n, total_sum):
        if n <= 0:
            return []

        # reset seed
        random.seed(seed)

        breaks = sorted(random.sample(range(1, total_sum), n - 1))
        random_numbers = (
            [breaks[0]]
            + [breaks[i] - breaks[i - 1] for i in range(1, n - 1)]
            + [total_sum - breaks[-1]]
        )

        return random_numbers

    reset_rng_states()
    if fp8:
        FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()

    inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        (config.max_seqlen_q * bs, config.hidden_size),
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
    inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()

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    m_splits = _generate_random_numbers(num_gemms, config.max_seqlen_q * bs)
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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=fp8, fp8_recipe=recipe):
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        if isinstance(block, TorchGroupedLinearWithPadding):
            out = block(inp_hidden_states, m_splits)
        else:
            if fp8:
                padded_inp_hidden_states, padding_m_splits = _pad_tensor_for_fp8(
                    inp_hidden_states, m_splits
                )
                padded_inp_hidden_states = block(padded_inp_hidden_states, padding_m_splits)
                out = _unpad_tensor_for_fp8(padded_inp_hidden_states, m_splits, padding_m_splits)
            else:
                out = block(inp_hidden_states, m_splits)

    loss = out.sum()
    loss.backward()

    torch.cuda.synchronize()
    outputs = [out, inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_gemms", [3, 6])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8", [True])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", all_boolean)
def test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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    dtype,
    num_gemms,
    bs,
    model,
    fp8,
    recipe,
    fp8_model_params,
    parallel_mode=None,
):
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
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    if fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    if recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if config.max_seqlen_q % 16 != 0 and fp8:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 requires sequence length to be divisible by 16.")

    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
        grouped_linear = TorchGroupedLinearWithPadding(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            fp8=fp8,
        ).eval()

    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
        ref_grouped_linear = GroupedLinear(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            device="cuda",
            save_original_input=False,
        ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        inner_grouped_linear = grouped_linear.linear_fn
        for i in range(num_gemms):
            setattr(
                ref_grouped_linear,
                f"weight{i}",
                Parameter(getattr(inner_grouped_linear, f"weight{i}").clone()),
            )

    outputs = _test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(
        grouped_linear, num_gemms, bs, dtype, config, recipe, fp8
    )
    outputs_ref = _test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(
        ref_grouped_linear, num_gemms, bs, dtype, config, recipe, fp8
    )

    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_gemms", [3])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", [1])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8", [True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fp8_model_params", [False])
def test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy_save_original_input(
    dtype,
    num_gemms,
    bs,
    model,
    fp8,
    recipe,
    fp8_model_params,
    parallel_mode=None,
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):
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    if fp8_model_params and NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    if fp8 and recipe.delayed():
        pytest.skip("DelayedScaling recipe is not supported with save_original_input")
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    if fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
    if recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)

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    config = model_configs[model]
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    if config.max_seqlen_q % 16 != 0 and fp8:
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        pytest.skip("FP8 requires sequence length to be divisible by 16.")

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        grouped_linear = TorchGroupedLinearWithPadding(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            fp8=fp8,
        ).eval()

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8 and fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        ref_grouped_linear = GroupedLinear(
            num_gemms,
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            parallel_mode=parallel_mode,
            device="cuda",
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            save_original_input=True,
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        ).eval()

    # Share params
    with torch.no_grad():
        inner_grouped_linear = grouped_linear.linear_fn
        for i in range(num_gemms):
            setattr(
                ref_grouped_linear,
                f"weight{i}",
                Parameter(getattr(inner_grouped_linear, f"weight{i}").clone()),
            )

    outputs = _test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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    )
    outputs_ref = _test_padding_grouped_linear_accuracy(
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    )

    # Shoule be bit-wise match
    for i, (o, o_ref) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_ref)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


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def _test_gpt_e2e_cuda_graph(block, bs, dtype, config, graph):
    reset_rng_states()

    # Initialize loss function and optimizer.
    loss_fn = torch.nn.MSELoss()
    optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(block.parameters(), lr=0.1)

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    # Placeholders used for graph capture.
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    static_input = torch.randn(
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        config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size, device="cuda", dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True
    )
    static_target = torch.randn(
        config.max_seqlen_q, bs, config.hidden_size, device="cuda", dtype=dtype
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    )
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    real_input = torch.rand_like(static_input)
    real_target = torch.rand_like(static_target)

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    # Basic training loop.
    def train_step():
        optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=False)
        out = block(static_input)
        loss = loss_fn(out, static_target)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        return out

    # Warmup steps in a separate stream.
    s = torch.cuda.Stream()
    s.wait_stream(torch.cuda.current_stream())
    with torch.cuda.stream(s):
        for _ in range(3):
            train_step()
    torch.cuda.current_stream().wait_stream(s)

    # Capture graph.
    g = None
    static_output = None
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    if graph:
        g = torch.cuda.CUDAGraph()
        with torch.cuda.graph(g):
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            static_output = train_step()

    # Run with new data.
    with torch.no_grad():
        static_input.copy_(real_input)
        static_target.copy_(real_target)
    if graph:
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        g.replay()
    else:
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        static_output = train_step()
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    grads = [static_input.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            grads.append(p.grad)

    with torch.no_grad():
        output = static_output.clone()
    return output, grads


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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def test_gpt_cuda_graph(dtype, bs, model):
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    if NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("Cuda Graphs are not supported in debug mode.")
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    config = model_configs[model]

    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)

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    block_args = (
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        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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    )
    block_kwargs = dict(
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        init_method=init_method,
        output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
        hidden_dropout=0.1,
        attention_dropout=0.1,
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        kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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        params_dtype=dtype,
        apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
        output_layernorm=False,
        device="cuda",
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    )
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    block = TransformerLayer(*block_args, **block_kwargs)
    graphed_block = TransformerLayer(*block_args, **block_kwargs)
    with torch.no_grad():
        for param1, param2 in zip(block.parameters(), graphed_block.parameters()):
            param2.copy_(param1)
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    out, grads = _test_gpt_e2e_cuda_graph(block, bs, dtype, config, False)
    graphed_out, graphed_grads = _test_gpt_e2e_cuda_graph(graphed_block, bs, dtype, config, True)
    params = list(block.parameters())
    graphed_params = list(graphed_block.parameters())
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    # Check that results match
    assert_allclose(out, graphed_out, 1e-3)
    assert_allclose(params, graphed_params, 1e-3)
    assert_allclose(grads, graphed_grads, 1e-3)
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def _test_gpt_fp8_parameters(bs, dtype, config, fp8_model_params, recipe):
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    reset_rng_states()
    FP8GlobalStateManager.reset()

    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)

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    with fp8_model_init(enabled=fp8_model_params, recipe=recipe):
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        block = TransformerLayer(
            config.hidden_size,
            4 * config.hidden_size,
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            config.num_heads,
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            layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
            init_method=init_method,
            output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
            hidden_dropout=0.1,
            attention_dropout=0.1,
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            kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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            apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
            output_layernorm=False,
            params_dtype=dtype,
            fuse_qkv_params=True,
            device="cuda",
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        )

    te_inp_hidden_states = torch.randn(
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    te_inp_hidden_states.retain_grad()
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    te_inp_attn_mask = get_causal_attn_mask(config.max_seqlen_q)
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    with fp8_autocast(enabled=True, fp8_recipe=recipe):
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        te_out = block(te_inp_hidden_states, attention_mask=te_inp_attn_mask)
    loss = te_out.sum()
    loss.backward()
    torch.cuda.synchronize()

    outputs = [te_out, te_inp_hidden_states.grad]
    for p in block.parameters():
        if p.requires_grad:
            outputs.append(p.grad)
    return outputs


@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("recipe", fp8_recipes)
def test_gpt_fp8_parameters(dtype, bs, model, recipe):
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    if not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    if recipe.mxfp8() and not mxfp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_mxfp8)
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    if NVTE_TEST_NVINSPECT_ENABLED:
        pytest.skip("FP8 parameters are not supported in debug mode.")
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    if recipe.float8_block_scaling() and not fp8_block_scaling_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8_block_scaling)
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    config = model_configs[model]

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    outputs = _test_gpt_fp8_parameters(bs, dtype, config, False, recipe)
    outputs_fp8_params = _test_gpt_fp8_parameters(bs, dtype, config, True, recipe)
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    # Check that results match
    tols = dict(rtol=0.125, atol=0.0675)
    for i, (ref, test) in enumerate(zip(outputs, outputs_fp8_params)):
        torch.testing.assert_close(
            test,
            ref,
            msg=f"Mismatch in tensor {i}",
            rtol=0.125,
            atol=0.0675,
        )

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@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bs", batch_sizes)
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("model", ["126m"])
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def test_transformer_layer_hidden_states_format(dtype, bs, model):
    config = model_configs[model]

    sigma = 0.023
    init_method = init_method_normal(sigma)
    output_layer_init_method = scaled_init_method_normal(sigma, config.num_layers)

    # Set `torch.manual_seed` to make sure the weights are identical to the
    # other layer. Set `*dropout` values to 0 to make sure the forward pass
    # is identical to the other layer.
    torch.manual_seed(0)
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    block_sbhd = TransformerLayer(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        init_method=init_method,
        output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
        hidden_dropout=0,
        attention_dropout=0,
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        kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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        params_dtype=dtype,
        apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
        output_layernorm=False,
        device="cuda",
        attn_input_format="sbhd",
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    )

    # Set `torch.manual_seed` to make sure the weights are identical to the
    # other layer. Set `*dropout` values to 0 to make sure the forward pass
    # is identical to the other layer.
    torch.manual_seed(0)
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    block_bshd = TransformerLayer(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        init_method=init_method,
        output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
        hidden_dropout=0,
        attention_dropout=0,
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        kv_channels=config.kv_channels,
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        params_dtype=dtype,
        apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
        output_layernorm=False,
        device="cuda",
        attn_input_format="bshd",
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    )

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    torch.manual_seed(0)
    block_thd = TransformerLayer(
        config.hidden_size,
        4 * config.hidden_size,
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        config.num_heads,
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        layernorm_epsilon=config.eps,
        init_method=init_method,
        output_layer_init_method=output_layer_init_method,
        hidden_dropout=0,
        attention_dropout=0,
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        params_dtype=dtype,
        apply_residual_connection_post_layernorm=False,
        output_layernorm=False,
        device="cuda",
        attn_input_format="thd",
        self_attn_mask_type="padding_causal",
    )

    for (n1, p1), (n2, p2), (n3, p3) in zip(
        block_bshd.named_parameters(), block_sbhd.named_parameters(), block_thd.named_parameters()
    ):
        assert torch.all(torch.eq(p1, p2) & torch.eq(p1, p3)), f"{n1}, {n2} and {n3} not identical"
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    x_sbhd = torch.randn(
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        dtype=dtype,
        device="cuda",
        requires_grad=True,
    )
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    x_bshd = x_sbhd.transpose(0, 1).contiguous()
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    x_thd = x_bshd.reshape(bs * config.max_seqlen_q, config.hidden_size).contiguous()
    x_thd_cumsum = torch.arange(bs + 1, device="cuda", dtype=torch.int32) * config.max_seqlen_q
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    # To make sure forward is also identical (just in case some module decides
    # to act fancy)
    torch.manual_seed(0)
    y_sbhd = block_sbhd(x_sbhd)

    # To make sure forward is also identical (just in case some module decides
    # to act fancy)
    torch.manual_seed(0)
    y_bshd = block_bshd(x_bshd)

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    # Check that results match
    torch.testing.assert_close(
        y_bshd,
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        y_sbhd.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),
2556
    )
2557

2558
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    # THD is not supported in float32 and on GPUs older than Ampere, skip the test here
    if dtype != torch.float32 and sm_80plus:
        # To make sure forward is also identical (just in case some module decides
        # to act fancy)
        torch.manual_seed(0)
        y_thd = block_thd(
            x_thd,
            cu_seqlens_q=x_thd_cumsum,
            cu_seqlens_kv=x_thd_cumsum,
2567
2568
            max_seqlen_q=config.max_seqlen_q,
            max_seqlen_kv=config.max_seqlen_kv,
2569
2570
2571
2572
        )

        torch.testing.assert_close(
            y_bshd,
2573
            y_thd.reshape(bs, config.max_seqlen_q, config.hidden_size).contiguous(),
2574
        )
2575

2576
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@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "shape",
    [
        (1, 127, 128, 512),
        (8, 15, 128, 512),
        (8, 1027, 128, 512),
        (16, 10027, 128, 512),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", param_types)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("layout", ["TN", "NN", "NT"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("accumulate", [False, True])
def test_grouped_gemm(shape, dtype, layout, accumulate):
    torch.manual_seed(0)
    z, m, k, n = shape

    dist = torch.sort(torch.randint(0, m, (z - 1,))).values.tolist()
    m_splits = torch.tensor(dist + [m]) - torch.tensor([0] + dist)
    assert m_splits.sum() == m and len(m_splits) == z
    m_splits = m_splits.tolist()

    if layout == "TN":
        A = [torch.randn(n, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda") for _ in range(z)]  # weight
2600
2601
2602
        B = list(torch.split(torch.randn(m, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits))  # input
        out = [torch.randn(m, n, dtype=dtype, device="cuda")]  # output
        out_ref = [o.clone() for o in torch.split(out[0], m_splits)]
2603
        grad = False
2604
        single_output = True
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2606
    elif layout == "NN":
        A = [torch.randn(n, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda") for _ in range(z)]  # weight
2607
2608
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        B = list(
            torch.split(torch.randn(m, n, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits)
        )  # grad_output
        out = [torch.randn(m, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda")]  # dgrad
        out_ref = [o.clone() for o in torch.split(out[0], m_splits)]
2612
        grad = True
2613
        single_output = True
2614
    else:  # layout == "NT"
2615
2616
2617
2618
        A = list(torch.split(torch.randn(m, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits))  # input
        B = list(
            torch.split(torch.randn(m, n, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits)
        )  # grad_output
2619
        out = [torch.randn(n, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda") for _ in range(z)]  # wgrad
2620
        out_ref = [o.clone() for o in out]
2621
        grad = True
2622
        single_output = False
2623

2624
2625
    # Force the sequential_linear and grouped_linear to use hipblaslt rather than hipblas
    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
2626
        ori_force_rocm_gemm = os.environ.get("NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM", None)
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2628
        os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = "1"

2629
    for i in range(z):
2630
        general_gemm(
2631
2632
2633
            A[i],
            B[i],
            get_workspace(),
2634
            dtype,
2635
2636
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2638
2639
            grad=grad,
            accumulate=accumulate,
            layout=layout,
            out=out_ref[i],
        )
2640
2641
    if single_output:
        out_ref = [torch.cat(out_ref)]
2642

2643
    general_grouped_gemm(
2644
        A,
2645
2646
        B,
        out,
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2648
        dtype,
        get_multi_stream_cublas_workspace(),
2649
        m_splits=m_splits,
2650
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        grad=grad,
        accumulate=accumulate,
        layout=layout,
2653
        single_output=single_output,
2654
    )
2655
    if IS_HIP_EXTENSION:
2656
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2659
        if ori_force_rocm_gemm is not None:
            os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"] = ori_force_rocm_gemm
        else:
            del os.environ["NVTE_FORCE_ROCM_GEMM"]
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    # should be bit-wise match
    for o, o_ref in zip(out, out_ref):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "shape",
    [
        (1, 128, 128, 512),
        (8, 1024, 128, 512),
        (16, 4096, 128, 512),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("accumulate", [False, True])
2675
def test_fp8_grouped_gemm(shape, accumulate):
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2677
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2679
    if not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    z, m, k, n = shape
2680
    m_splits = [m // z] * z
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2688

    dtype = torch.bfloat16
    A = [torch.randn(n, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda") for _ in range(z)]  # weight
    B = torch.split(torch.randn(m, k, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits)  # input
    out = torch.split(torch.randn(m, n, dtype=dtype, device="cuda"), m_splits)  # output
    out_ref = [o.clone() for o in out]

    # fp8 should be robust enough to this fake scale
2689
2690
    scale = 1 + torch.rand(1, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda").squeeze()
    amax = torch.zeros(1, 1, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda")
2691

2692
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2695
    a_quantizers = [
        Float8Quantizer(
            scale.clone(),
            amax.clone(),
2696
2697
            tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3,
        )
2698
        for _ in range(z)
2699
    ]
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
    b_quantizers = [
        Float8Quantizer(
            scale.clone(),
            amax.clone(),
            tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3,
2705
        )
2706
        for _ in range(z)
2707
2708
    ]

2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
    A_fp8 = []
    B_fp8 = []

    for i in range(z):
        A_fp8.append(a_quantizers[i](A[i]))
        B_fp8.append(b_quantizers[i](B[i]))
2715
2716
2717

    # baseline
    for i in range(z):
2718
        general_gemm(
2719
2720
2721
            A_fp8[i],
            B_fp8[i],
            get_workspace(),
2722
            dtype,
2723
2724
2725
            out=out_ref[i],
            accumulate=accumulate,
        )
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
    general_grouped_gemm(
        A_fp8,
        B_fp8,
        out,
        dtype,
        get_multi_stream_cublas_workspace(),
2732
        m_splits=m_splits,
2733
2734
        accumulate=accumulate,
    )
2735
2736
2737
2738

    # should be bit-wise match
    for o, o_ref in zip(out, out_ref):
        torch.testing.assert_close(o, o_ref, rtol=0, atol=0)
2739
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def test_noncontiguous():
    def _create2modules(m, params):
        mod1 = m(*params)
        mod2 = m(*params)
        for p1, p2 in zip(mod1.parameters(), mod2.parameters()):
            p2.data = p1.data.clone()

        return mod1, mod2

    def _run_module(m, inp):
        out = m(inp)
        out.sum().backward()
        ret = [out]
        if inp.grad is not None:
            ret.append(inp.grad)

        for p in m.parameters():
            if p.requires_grad:
                ret.append(p.grad)
        return ret

    a = torch.randn((128, 256), device="cuda", requires_grad=True)
    a = a.T
    assert not a.is_contiguous(), "The test is supposed to test noncontiguous input."

    b = a.contiguous()

    # LayerNorm
    ln1, ln2 = _create2modules(LayerNorm, [128])
    outT = _run_module(ln1, a)
    out = _run_module(ln2, b)

    assert_allclose(out, outT, 1e-7)

    # RMSNorm
    ln1, ln2 = _create2modules(RMSNorm, [128])
    outT = _run_module(ln1, a)
    out = _run_module(ln2, b)

    assert_allclose(out, outT, 1e-7)

    # GEMM
    g1, g2 = _create2modules(Linear, [128, 128])
    outT = _run_module(g1, a)
    out = _run_module(g2, b)

    assert_allclose(out, outT, 1e-7)