test_onnx_export.py

# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
#
# See LICENSE for license information.

"""
This file contains tests for exporting TransformerEngine models to ONNX.

The purpose of these tests is validation that TE models are converted to their correct ONNX
representation. Toward this end, each test captures the output of a TE module forward pass,
converts the TE module to ONNX, and uses ONNX Runtime (ORT) to execute the ONNX graph and
validate the output against TE's output.

Until FP8 is introduced to the ONNX standard, FP8 QuantizeLinear/DequantizeLinear is implemented
using custom ORT operations.

To run many repetitive tests use pytest-loop:
    $ python3 -m pip install pytest-loop
    $ pytest --loop 1000 tests/pytorch/test_onnx_export.py::test_export_layernorm

For reproducability use: torch.manual_seed(0)
"""

import os
import tempfile
import pytest
import warnings
import numpy as np
import onnxruntime as ort
import torch
from torch import nn as nn
from typing import Optional, Union, Tuple, List
import transformer_engine.pytorch as te
from transformer_engine.common import recipe
import transformer_engine_extensions as tex
from transformer_engine.pytorch.cpp_extensions import gemm, fp8_gemm, gelu, cast_to_fp8, cast_from_fp8
from transformer_engine.pytorch.module.base import get_workspace
import transformer_engine.pytorch.cpp_extensions as texcpp
import transformer_engine.pytorch.softmax as softmax_defs
from transformer_engine.pytorch.utils import get_default_init_method
from transformer_engine.pytorch.export import is_in_onnx_export_mode
from transformer_engine.pytorch.fp8 import FP8GlobalStateManager

# Global test configuration knobs.

# Enable this to serialize test inputs and outputs to file (as a Polygraphy RunResults instance).
SAVE_TEST_IO = bool(int(os.getenv("NVTE_ONNX_EXPORT_SAVE_TEST_IO", "0")))

if SAVE_TEST_IO:
    from polygraphy.json import save_json
    from polygraphy.comparator import RunResults

# The directory where generated ONNX test models are stored.
NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR = os.environ.get('NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR')
NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR = NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR or os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "./gen_onnx_models")


# The directory where this file is stored.
TESTS_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))

# ScaledUpperTriangMaskedSoftmax is exported via ONNX::Trilu which was introduced in opset 14.
TRILU_OPSET = 14
# Opset used in the ONNX files generated by the tests.
OPSET = 17
assert OPSET >= TRILU_OPSET

# Shared library implementing custom FP8 Q/DQ operators for ONNX Runtime (ORT).
ORT_CUSTOM_OPS_LIB = os.path.join(TESTS_DIR, "./libcustom_ort_fp8_qdq_ops.so")

fp8_available, reason_for_no_fp8 = FP8GlobalStateManager.is_fp8_available()
skip_FP8 = pytest.mark.skipif(not fp8_available, reason=reason_for_no_fp8)

supported_activations = ["gelu", "relu", "reglu", "geglu", "swiglu"]

all_normalizations = ["LayerNorm", "RMSNorm"]


@pytest.fixture()
def seed_default_rng():
    """Reseed the PRNG for test reproducibility"""
    torch.random.seed()


@pytest.fixture()
def set_max_seq_len(max_seq_len=128):
    """Set the maximum sequence length that can be used for attention masking"""
    os.environ["NVTE_ONNX_KVCACHE_MAX_SEQ_LEN"] = f"{max_seq_len}"


def create_fp8_recipe():
    return recipe.DelayedScaling(margin=0, interval=1, fp8_format=recipe.Format.E4M3)


def do_export(
    model: torch.nn.Module,
    inp: torch.Tensor,
    fname: str,
    use_fp8: bool=True,
    opset: int=OPSET,
    input_names: List[str]=None,
    output_names: List[str]=None,
    dynamic_axes: List[str]=None
):
    """Export to ONNX"""
    fp8_recipe = create_fp8_recipe()
    input_names = input_names or ["input"]
    output_names = output_names or ["output"]

    with torch.inference_mode(), te.fp8_autocast(enabled=use_fp8, fp8_recipe=fp8_recipe), warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.filterwarnings(
            action='ignore',
            category=torch.jit.TracerWarning,
            module=r'.*'
        )

        model.cuda().eval()
        os.makedirs(NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR, exist_ok=True)
        fname = os.path.join(NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR, fname)

        inps = inp if isinstance(inp, list) or isinstance(inp, tuple) else (inp,)
        assert len(inps) == len(input_names)
        inds_to_del = [i for i in range(len(inps)) if inps[i] is None]
        input_names = [input_names[i] for i in range(len(inps)) if i not in inds_to_del]

        with te.onnx_export(True):
            torch.onnx.export(
                model,
                inps,
                fname,
                verbose=True,
                dynamic_axes=dynamic_axes,
                opset_version=opset,
                input_names=input_names,
                output_names=output_names,
                do_constant_folding=True,
                operator_export_type=torch.onnx.OperatorExportTypes.ONNX_FALLTHROUGH)


def to_numpy(tensor):
    if isinstance(tensor, torch.Tensor):
        if tensor.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
            tensor = tensor.type(torch.float32)
        tensor = tensor.detach().cpu().numpy()
    return tensor


def set_layer_scale(module: torch.nn.Module, scale: float, num_gemms: int):
    """Initialize the FP8 quantization scales in module"""
    NB_SCALES_PER_GEMM = 3  # One scale per: input, weights, and output GEMM tensors.
    nb_total_scales = num_gemms * NB_SCALES_PER_GEMM
    module.fp8_init(num_gemms)
    module.fp8_meta["scaling_fwd"].scale = torch.ones(
        nb_total_scales, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda") / scale
    module.fp8_meta["scaling_fwd"].scale_inv = torch.ones(
        nb_total_scales, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda") * scale


def te_infer(model: torch.nn.Module, inps: Union[Tuple[torch.tensor], torch.tensor], is_fp8: bool):
    """Transformer Engine forward propagation."""
    fp8_recipe = create_fp8_recipe()
    with torch.inference_mode(), te.fp8_autocast(enabled=is_fp8, fp8_recipe=fp8_recipe), warnings.catch_warnings():
        te_outputs = model(*inps if isinstance(inps, tuple) else (inps,))
        if not isinstance(te_outputs, tuple):
            te_outputs = (te_outputs,)
        return te_outputs


def compare_outputs(onnx_outputs, te_outputs, atol, rtol, max_errors_printed, allow_cnt_errors, fname):
    """ Compare ORT and TE outputs."""
    assert len(onnx_outputs) == len(te_outputs)
    # Compare ORT and PyTorch outputs.
    for onnx_output, te_output in zip(onnx_outputs, te_outputs):
        # np.isclose: abs(a - b) <= (atol + rtol * abs(b))
        te_output = to_numpy(te_output)
        onnx_output = to_numpy(onnx_output)
        ac = ~np.isclose(onnx_output, te_output, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
        mismatches = ac.nonzero()
        mismatched_ids = [loc for loc in zip(*mismatches)]
        if mismatched_ids:
            # Log some information in case of error.
            print("*" * 100)
            nb_errors = len(mismatched_ids)
            nb_vals = min(nb_errors, max_errors_printed)
            print(f"Detected {nb_errors} diverging values (output shape={onnx_output.shape})")
            print(f"Showing first {nb_vals} errors (ONNX -- TE):")
            abs_err = np.abs(onnx_output - te_output)
            errors = abs_err[mismatches]
            for loc in mismatched_ids[:nb_vals]:
                ref = te_output[loc]
                print(f"{onnx_output[loc]} -- {te_output[loc]} err={abs_err[loc]} > {atol + rtol * abs(ref)}")
            print(f"Max error: {np.max(errors)}")
            if nb_errors > allow_cnt_errors:
                raise ValueError(f"Output validation of {fname} failed with {nb_errors} errors")

def serialize_inputs_outputs(
    fname: str,
    inputs: Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor],
    te_outputs: List[torch.Tensor],
    input_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    output_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
):
    if not SAVE_TEST_IO:
        return

    fname = os.path.join(NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR, fname)

    input_names = input_names or ["input"]
    output_names = output_names or ["output"]
    inputs = inputs if isinstance(inputs, list) or isinstance(inputs, tuple) else (inputs,)
    named_inputs = zip(input_names, inputs)
    input_data = [{k: v.cpu() for k, v in named_inputs if v is not None}]
    json_fname = fname[:-len(".onnx")] + "_inputs.json"
    save_json(input_data, json_fname, description="custom input data")

    json_fname = fname[:-len(".onnx")] + "_output.json"
    named_outputs = zip(output_names, te_outputs)
    output_data = {k: v.detach().cpu() for k, v in named_outputs if v is not None}
    custom_outputs = RunResults()
    custom_outputs.add([output_data], runner_name="custom_runner")
    custom_outputs.save(json_fname)


def validate_result(
    fname: str,
    inps: Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], torch.Tensor],
    model: torch.nn.Module,
    atol: float=1.e-8, # np.isclose default atol
    rtol: float=1.e-5, # np.isclose default rtol
    max_errors_printed: int=10,
    is_fp8: bool=False,
    allow_cnt_errors: int=0,
    input_names: List[str]=None,
    output_names: List[str]=None,
    te_outputs: List[torch.Tensor]=None,
):
    """Compare the outputs of a Transformer Engine (TE) module vs the outputs of its ONNX
    representation using ONNX Runtime (ORT) and ensure they are close.

    The purpose of the output comparison is to validate that TE models are converted to
    their correct ONNX representation by testing that TE and ORT outputs match within some
    small threshold (allowing for finite precision errors).

    Argument `allow_cnt_errors` reduces test failure noise due to spurious errors by ignoring,
    a very small number (0-3) of outliers. This is fine to do because these outliers are due to
    small kernel implementation differences between TE and ORT and do not imply an incorrect ONNX
    representation (the tests assume both ORT or TE kernels are correct).

    Argument `te_outputs` can be used to provide pre-computed TE outputs.
    """

    def create_ort_session(fname: str, is_fp8: bool):
        def load_custom_ops(session_opts: ort.SessionOptions):
            """For FP8 validation with ORT we need to load our custom FP8 Q/DQ extension."""
            if not os.path.exists(ORT_CUSTOM_OPS_LIB):
                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Unable to find {ORT_CUSTOM_OPS_LIB}")
            session_opts.register_custom_ops_library(ORT_CUSTOM_OPS_LIB)
            print("registered custom FP8 Q/DQ ops!")

        """Create an ONNX Runtime session for validation."""
        kwargs = {"providers": ['CUDAExecutionProvider', 'CPUExecutionProvider']}
        if is_fp8:
            sess_options = ort.SessionOptions()
            load_custom_ops(sess_options)
            kwargs["sess_options"] = sess_options

        s = ort.InferenceSession(fname, **kwargs)
        return s

    def create_ort_input_dict(session, inputs):
        inputs = inputs if isinstance(inputs, list) or isinstance(inputs, tuple) else (inputs,)
        input_names = [x.name for x in session.get_inputs()]
        inps = [to_numpy(x) for x in inputs if x is not None]
        inp_dict = dict(zip(input_names, inps))
        return inp_dict

    input_names = input_names or ["input"]
    output_names = output_names or ["output"]

    # Run ORT session and TE model.
    fname = os.path.join(NVTE_TEST_ARTIFACTS_DIR, fname)
    if not te_outputs:
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, inps, is_fp8)
    ort_s = create_ort_session(fname, is_fp8)
    input_feed = create_ort_input_dict(ort_s, inps)
    onnx_outputs = ort_s.run(None, input_feed=input_feed)
    compare_outputs(onnx_outputs, te_outputs, atol, rtol, max_errors_printed, allow_cnt_errors, fname)


def create_meta(scale_factor: float, size: int=1):
    meta = tex.FP8TensorMeta()
    meta.amax_history = torch.zeros(1, size, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda")
    meta.scale_inv = torch.ones(size, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda") / scale_factor
    meta.scale = torch.ones(size, dtype=torch.float32, device="cuda") * scale_factor
    return meta


def dtype2str(dtype: torch.dtype, fake_bf16_io=False):
    if fake_bf16_io:
        assert dtype == torch.bfloat16
        return "_fake_bf16"
    return {
        torch.float32: "_fp32",
        torch.float16: "_fp16",
        torch.bfloat16: "_bf16",
    }[dtype]


def as_te_type(dtype: torch.dtype):
    return {
        torch.float32: tex.DType.kFloat32,
        torch.float16: tex.DType.kFloat16,
        torch.bfloat16: tex.DType.kBFloat16,
    }[dtype]


def get_attn_mask_str(use_mask, attn_mask_type):
    # See FusedScaleMaskSoftmax::forward_fused_softmax for logic behind names.
    if attn_mask_type is None:
        return "_mask" if use_mask else "_no-mask"
    attn_mask_str = "_padding-no-mask"
    attn_mask_str = "_causal-mask" if attn_mask_type == "causal" else attn_mask_str
    attn_mask_str = "_padding-mask" if use_mask and attn_mask_type == "padding" else attn_mask_str
    return attn_mask_str


"""
Tests cases begin here.
"""


@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [1, 224])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,             atol", [
    [torch.float32,         1e-7],
    [torch.float16,         1e-7],
    [torch.bfloat16,        5e-3],
    ["fake-torch.bfloat16", 5e-3],
])
def test_export_cast_ops(seed_default_rng, scale_factor: float, atol: float, precision: torch.dtype):
    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    # reset precision to torch.bfloat16 after capturing fake BF16 mode
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16" else precision

    class TestFP8_QDQ(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, fake_bf16_io):
            super().__init__()
            self.fp8_tensor = 0
            self.meta = create_meta(scale_factor)
            self.highprec_type = as_te_type(precision)
            self.fp8_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.fake_bf16_io = fake_bf16_io

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = cast_to_fp8(
                inp,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type)

            ret = cast_from_fp8(
                ret,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                self.highprec_type)
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float32)
            return ret

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    in_features = 64
    hidden_size = 256
    inp = torch.randn(hidden_size, in_features, device="cuda",
        dtype=torch.float if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    fname = f"te.cast_fp8_{scale_factor}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    model = TestFP8_QDQ(fake_bf16_io)

    do_export(model, inp, fname)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=True)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=atol, is_fp8=True, te_outputs=te_outputs)

@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [448])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,             atol", [
    [torch.float32,         1e-5],
    [torch.float16,         1e-5],
    [torch.bfloat16,        5e-3],
    ["fake-torch.bfloat16", 5e-3]
])
def test_export_gelu_fp8(scale_factor: float, precision: torch.dtype, atol: float):
    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    # reset precision to torch.bfloat16 after capturing fake BF16 mode
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16" else precision

    class TestFP8_Gelu(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, fake_bf16_io):
            super().__init__()
            self.fp8_tensor = 0
            self.meta = create_meta(scale_factor)
            self.highprec_type = as_te_type(precision)
            self.fp8_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.fake_bf16_io = fake_bf16_io

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = gelu(
                inp,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type)
            ret = cast_from_fp8(
                ret,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                self.highprec_type)
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float32)
            return ret

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    in_features = 64
    hidden_size = 256
    inp = torch.randn(hidden_size, in_features, device="cuda",
        dtype=torch.float if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    fname = f"te.gelu_fp8_{scale_factor}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    model = TestFP8_Gelu(fake_bf16_io)
    do_export(model, inp, fname)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=True)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, rtol=0, atol=atol, is_fp8=True, allow_cnt_errors=2, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factors",
    [(224, 224,),
])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,             use_fp8, use_bias, use_gelu", [
    (torch.float32,         False,   False,    False),
    (torch.float16,         False,   False,    False),
    (torch.bfloat16,        False,   False,    False),
    (torch.float32,         False,   True,     False),
    (torch.float16,         False,   True,     False),
    (torch.bfloat16,        False,   True,     False),
    (torch.float32,         False,   True,     True),
    (torch.float16,         False,   True,     True),
    (torch.bfloat16,        False,   True,     True),

    # For FP8 GEMM GeLU is not used.
    (torch.float32,         True,    False,    False),
    (torch.float16,         True,    False,    False),
    (torch.bfloat16,        True,    False,    False),
    # When enabling bias we must use float16 or bfloat16 (because of kernel limitations)
    (torch.float16,         True,    True,     False),
    (torch.bfloat16,        True,    True,     False),
])
def test_export_gemm(
    seed_default_rng,
    precision, # Precision of inputs, weights, output and bias
    use_fp8,
    use_bias,
    use_gelu,
    scale_factors
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    class TestFP8_GEMM(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, precision, use_bias, gelu, scale_factors):
            super().__init__()
            self.use_bias = use_bias
            self.gelu = gelu
            self.precision = precision

            self.fp8_tensor_inp = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_INPUT
            self.fp8_tensor_weight = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_WEIGHT
            nb_inp_scales, nb_weight_scales = 1, out_features
            act_scale_factor, weight_scale_factor = scale_factors
            self.meta_inp = create_meta(act_scale_factor, nb_inp_scales)
            self.meta_weight = create_meta(weight_scale_factor, nb_weight_scales)

            bias_size = nb_weight_scales
            self.bias = torch.randn(bias_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
            self.gelu_input = torch.randn(hidden_size, out_features, dtype=precision, device="cuda")

            self.inp_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.weights_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.outp_type = precision

        def forward(self, inp, weight):
            inp_fp8 = cast_to_fp8(
                inp,
                self.meta_inp,
                self.fp8_tensor_inp,
                self.inp_type)

            weight_fp8 = cast_to_fp8(
                weight,
                self.meta_weight,
                self.fp8_tensor_weight,
                self.weights_type)

            ret = fp8_gemm(
                weight_fp8,
                self.meta_weight.scale_inv,
                self.fp8_tensor_weight,
                self.inp_type,
                inp_fp8,
                self.meta_inp.scale_inv,
                self.fp8_tensor_inp,
                self.weights_type,
                self.outp_type,
                get_workspace(),
                bias=self.bias,
                use_bias=self.use_bias,
                use_split_accumulator=False)
            return ret

    class Test_GEMM(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, precision, use_bias=False, gelu=False):
            super().__init__()
            self.use_bias = use_bias
            self.gelu = gelu
            self.precision = precision
            bias_size = out_features
            self.bias = torch.randn(bias_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
            self.gelu_input = torch.randn(hidden_size, out_features, dtype=precision, device="cuda")

        def forward(self, inp, weight):
            outp_type = self.precision

            # note: due to logic in lines 104:116 and L129 in cpp_extensions.py
            # it appears either bias OR gelu can be activated, not both
            ret, _, _ = gemm(
                weight,
                inp,
                outp_type,
                get_workspace(),

                # test bias
                bias=self.bias,
                use_bias=self.use_bias,

                # test gelu
                gelu=self.gelu,
                gelu_input=self.gelu_input,
                grad=False, # only True for backward pass
                accumulate=False,
            )
            return ret

    # If gelu is applied then bias must be added, as defined by TE kernel.
    if use_gelu: assert use_bias
    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    out_features = 128
    hidden_size = 256
    in_features = 64
    inp = torch.randn(hidden_size, in_features, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
    weight = torch.randn(out_features, in_features, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    bias_str = "_bias" if use_bias else ""
    gelu_str = "_gelu" if use_gelu else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fname = f"te.gemm{fp8_str}{bias_str}{gelu_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    input_names = ['input', 'weight']
    if use_fp8:
        model = TestFP8_GEMM(precision, use_bias, use_gelu, scale_factors)
        do_export(model, (inp, weight), fname, use_fp8, input_names=input_names)
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, (inp, weight), is_fp8=use_fp8)
        serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, (inp, weight), te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
        if precision != torch.bfloat16:
            validate_result(fname, (inp, weight), model, rtol=1e-2, atol=2e-2,
                is_fp8=True, input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)
    else:
        model = Test_GEMM(precision, use_bias, use_gelu)
        do_export(model, (inp, weight), fname, use_fp8, input_names=input_names)
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, (inp, weight), is_fp8=use_fp8)
        serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, (inp, weight), te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
        if precision != torch.bfloat16:
            validate_result(fname, (inp, weight), model, rtol=1e-2, atol=2e-2,
                input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [448, 112])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "use_fp8, precision,             atol", [
    [False,   torch.float32,         1e-7],
    [False,   torch.float16,         1e-7],
    [False,   torch.bfloat16,        1e-7],
    [False,   "fake-torch.bfloat16", 1e-7],
    [True,    torch.float32,         1e-7],
    [True,    torch.float16,         1e-7],
    [True,    torch.bfloat16,        1e-2],
    [True,    "fake-torch.bfloat16", 1e-2]
])
def test_export_layernorm(
    seed_default_rng,
    use_fp8: bool,
    scale_factor: float,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool,
    atol: float
):
    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    # reset precision to torch.bfloat16 after capturing fake BF16 mode
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16" else precision

    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    inp_shape = [64, 32]

    class Test_Layernorm(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            eps = 1e-6 # An arbitrary small value
            dtype = torch.float if fake_bf16_io else precision
            self.ln = te.LayerNorm(inp_shape[1], eps, params_dtype=dtype,
                zero_centered_gamma=False).eval().cuda()

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = self.ln(inp)
            return ret

    class TestFP8_Layernorm(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            normalized_shape = torch.Size(inp.shape[1:])
            self.weight = torch.randn(*normalized_shape, device="cuda",
                dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
            self.bias = torch.zeros(*normalized_shape, device="cuda",
                dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
            self.eps = 1e-6 # An arbitrary small value

            self.fp8_tensor = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_INPUT
            self.meta = create_meta(scale_factor)
            self.fp8_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = texcpp.layernorm_fwd_fp8_inf(
                inp,
                self.weight,
                self.bias,
                self.eps,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                zero_centered_gamma)

            ret = cast_from_fp8(
                ret,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                as_te_type(precision))
            if fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float32)
            return ret

    inp = torch.randn(*inp_shape, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    model = TestFP8_Layernorm() if use_fp8 else Test_Layernorm()
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    fp8_str = f"_fp8-{scale_factor}" if use_fp8 else ""
    fname = f"te.layernorm{fp8_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8=use_fp8)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        validate_result(
            fname, inp, model, atol=atol, is_fp8=use_fp8, allow_cnt_errors=3, te_outputs=te_outputs)

@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [448, 112])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "use_fp8, precision,             atol", [
    [False,   torch.float32,         1e-7],
    [False,   torch.float16,         1e-7],
    [False,   torch.bfloat16,        1e-7],
    [False,   "fake-torch.bfloat16", 1e-7],
    [True,    torch.float32,         1e-7],
    [True,    torch.float16,         1e-7],
    [True,    torch.bfloat16,        1e-2],
    [True,    "fake-torch.bfloat16", 1e-2]
])
def test_export_rmsnorm(
    seed_default_rng,
    use_fp8: bool,
    scale_factor: float,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    atol: float
):
    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    # reset precision to torch.bfloat16 after capturing fake BF16 mode
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16" else precision

    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    inp_shape = [64, 32]

    class Test_RMSnorm(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            eps = 1e-6 # An arbitrary small value
            dtype = torch.float if fake_bf16_io else precision
            self.ln = te.RMSNorm(inp_shape[1], eps, params_dtype=dtype).eval().cuda()

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = self.ln(inp)
            return ret

    class TestFP8_RMSnorm(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            normalized_shape = torch.Size(inp.shape[1:])
            self.weight = torch.randn(*normalized_shape, device="cuda",
                dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
            self.eps = 1e-6 # An arbitrary small value

            self.fp8_tensor = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_INPUT
            self.meta = create_meta(scale_factor)
            self.fp8_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = texcpp.rmsnorm_fwd_fp8_inf(
                inp,
                self.weight,
                self.eps,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                False)

            ret = cast_from_fp8(
                ret,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                as_te_type(precision))
            if fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float32)
            return ret

    inp = torch.randn(*inp_shape, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    model = TestFP8_RMSnorm() if use_fp8 else Test_RMSnorm()
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    fp8_str = f"_fp8-{scale_factor}" if use_fp8 else ""
    fname = f"te.layernorm{fp8_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8=use_fp8)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        validate_result(
            fname, inp, model, atol=atol, is_fp8=use_fp8, allow_cnt_errors=3, te_outputs=te_outputs)

@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize("softmax_fn", [
    softmax_defs.ScaledUpperTriangMaskedSoftmax,
    softmax_defs.ScaledMaskedSoftmax,
    softmax_defs.ScaledSoftmax,
    te.softmax.FusedScaleMaskSoftmax,
])
# Softmax kernel only supports FP16 or BF16!
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16, "fake-torch.bfloat16"])
def test_export_softmax(seed_default_rng, set_max_seq_len, softmax_fn, precision):
    class Test_Softmax(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, softmax_fn, fake_bf16_io, mask_inp=False):
            super().__init__()
            self.softmax_fn = softmax_fn
            self.scale = 8 # arbitrary value
            self.mask_inp = mask_inp
            self.fused_scaled_softmax = None
            self.fake_bf16_io = fake_bf16_io
            if self.softmax_fn == te.softmax.FusedScaleMaskSoftmax:
                self.fused_scaled_softmax = te.softmax.FusedScaleMaskSoftmax(
                    mask_func=te.utils.attention_mask_func,
                    softmax_in_fp32=True,
                )

        def forward(self, inp, mask):
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                inp = inp.type(torch.bfloat16)

            if self.fused_scaled_softmax:
                ret = self.fused_scaled_softmax(inp, mask, "causal", self.scale)
            else:
                if self.mask_inp:
                    ret = self.softmax_fn.apply(inp, mask, self.scale)
                else:
                    ret = self.softmax_fn.apply(inp, self.scale)
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float32)
            return ret

    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if fake_bf16_io else precision

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    batch_size, n_heads, seq_len_q, seq_len_k = 64, 96, 32, 32
    mask = None
    input_names = ["input", "mask"]
    inp_shape = [batch_size, n_heads, seq_len_q, seq_len_k]
    if softmax_fn == softmax_defs.ScaledUpperTriangMaskedSoftmax:
        inp_shape = [batch_size, seq_len_q, seq_len_k]
        kernel_str = "ScaledUpperTriangMaskedSoftmax"
        model = Test_Softmax(softmax_fn, fake_bf16_io)
    elif softmax_fn == softmax_defs.ScaledMaskedSoftmax:
        # Generate a random mask with 50% probability for 0 or 1.
        probs = 0.5 * torch.ones(1, 1, seq_len_q, seq_len_k, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
        mask = torch.bernoulli(probs).to("cuda", dtype=torch.bool)
        kernel_str = "ScaledMaskedSoftmax"
        model = Test_Softmax(softmax_fn, fake_bf16_io, mask_inp=True)
    elif softmax_fn == softmax_defs.ScaledSoftmax:
        kernel_str = "ScaledSoftmax"
        model = Test_Softmax(softmax_fn, fake_bf16_io)
    elif softmax_fn == te.softmax.FusedScaleMaskSoftmax:
        kernel_str = "TorchSoftmax"
        model = Test_Softmax(softmax_fn, fake_bf16_io)

    input_tensor = torch.randn(*inp_shape, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float32 if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    fname = f"{kernel_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    inp = (input_tensor, mask)
    dynamic_axes = {}
    if mask is not None:
        dynamic_axes = {"mask": {2:"seq_len_q", 3:"seq_len_k"}}
    do_export(model, inp, fname, input_names=input_names, dynamic_axes=dynamic_axes)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=False)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        atol = 5e-2 if fake_bf16_io else 1e-3
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=atol, input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)


# Test dynamically generated softmax mask.
# Softmax kernel only supports FP16 or BF16!
@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16, "fake-torch.bfloat16"])
def test_softmax_mask_fn(seed_default_rng, precision):
    fake_bf16_io = precision == "fake-torch.bfloat16"
    # reset precision to torch.bfloat16 after capturing fake BF16 mode
    precision = torch.bfloat16 if fake_bf16_io else precision

    class Test_Softmax(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, use_default_te_mask_fn: bool, fake_bf16_io: bool):
            super().__init__()
            self.scale = 1 # arbitrary value
            self.fake_bf16_io = fake_bf16_io

            if use_default_te_mask_fn:
                os.environ["NVTE_ONNX_KVCACHE_MAX_SEQ_LEN"] = "0"
            else:
                os.environ["NVTE_ONNX_KVCACHE_MAX_SEQ_LEN"] = f"{seq_len_q}"

            # Use NVTE_MASKED_SOFTMAX_FUSION to force TE to use forward_torch_softmax
            # even when is_in_onnx_export_mode()==False.
            os.environ["NVTE_MASKED_SOFTMAX_FUSION"] = "0"
            self.fused_scaled_softmax = te.softmax.FusedScaleMaskSoftmax(
                mask_func=te.utils.attention_mask_func,
                softmax_in_fp32=True,
            )

        def forward(self, inp, mask):
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                inp = inp.type(torch.bfloat16)
            ret = self.fused_scaled_softmax(inp, mask, "causal", scale=self.scale)
            if self.fake_bf16_io:
                ret = ret.type(torch.float)
            return ret

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    mask = None
    batch_size, n_heads, seq_len_q, seq_len_k = 64, 96, 32, 32
    assert seq_len_q == seq_len_k # This is a causal (TRILU) mask
    inp_shape = [batch_size, n_heads, seq_len_q, seq_len_k]
    input_tensor = torch.randn(
            *inp_shape, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float if fake_bf16_io else precision)
    inp = (input_tensor, mask)
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)

    # Compare the outputs of TE when using the default softmax mask
    # to the TE outputs produced when using the ONNX-compatible causal mask.
    # This verifies that _get_onnx_export_causal_mask generates a correct mask.
    model = Test_Softmax(use_default_te_mask_fn=True, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
    te_outputs_default_mask = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=True)
    with te.onnx_export(True):
        # ONNX export mode forces use of the ONNX-compatible causal mask.
        model_onnx_mask = Test_Softmax(use_default_te_mask_fn=False, fake_bf16_io=fake_bf16_io)
        te_outputs_onnx_mask = te_infer(model_onnx_mask, inp, is_fp8=True)
    compare_outputs(te_outputs_default_mask, te_outputs_onnx_mask,
        atol=0, rtol=0, max_errors_printed=10, allow_cnt_errors=0, fname="softmax masking")

    # Compare the outputs of TE when using the default softmax mask
    # to the ORT ONNX outputs produced when using the ONNX-compatible causal mask.
    input_names = ["input", "mask"]
    kernel_str = "FusedScaleMaskSoftmax"
    fname = f"{kernel_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    do_export(model, inp, fname, input_names=input_names)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs=te_outputs_default_mask, input_names=input_names)
    if fake_bf16_io or precision != torch.bfloat16:
        atol = 1e-2 if fake_bf16_io else 1e-3
        validate_result(
                fname, inp, model_onnx_mask, atol=atol,
                input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs_default_mask)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [1])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [False, True])
# Returning the bias is a TE fusion optimization we don't care about.
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,      use_bias",[
    (torch.float32,  False),
    (torch.float32,  True),
    (torch.float16,  False),
    (torch.float16,  True),
    # Todo: cannot configure BF16 when bias is disabled (ORT issue?)
    (torch.bfloat16, False),
    # Todo: cannot configure BF16 when bias is enabled (ORT issue?)
    (torch.bfloat16, True),
])
def test_export_linear(
    seed_default_rng,
    scale_factor: float,
    use_fp8: bool,
    use_bias: bool,
    return_bias: bool,
    precision: torch.dtype
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    in_features = 64
    out_features = 256
    hidden_size = 256

    class Test_Linear(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self,
                in_features,
                out_features,
                use_bias,
                return_bias,
                precision
            ):
            super().__init__()
            self.linear = te.Linear(
                in_features,
                out_features,
                bias=use_bias,
                return_bias=return_bias,
                params_dtype=precision
            )

        def forward(self, inp):
            ret = self.linear(inp)
            return ret

    inp = torch.randn(hidden_size, in_features, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    bias_str = "_bias" if use_bias else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fname = f"te.linear{fp8_str}{bias_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    with te.fp8_autocast(enabled=use_fp8):
        model = Test_Linear(
            in_features,
            out_features,
            use_bias,
            return_bias,
            precision
        ).to(device='cuda')
        if use_fp8:
            set_layer_scale(model.linear, scale_factor, num_gemms=1)
        do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8)
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
        serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)

        if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
            return
        if not use_fp8:
            validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=1e-3, te_outputs=te_outputs)
        else:
            validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=1e-3, is_fp8=use_fp8, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [112])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [False, True])
# Returning the bias is a TE fusion optimization we don't care about.
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_layernorm_output", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,      use_bias",[
    (torch.float32,  False),
    (torch.float32,  True),
    (torch.float16,  True),
    (torch.float16,  False),
    (torch.bfloat16, True),
    (torch.bfloat16, False),
])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("normalization", all_normalizations)
def test_export_layernorm_linear(
    seed_default_rng,
    scale_factor: float,
    use_fp8: bool,
    use_bias: bool,
    return_bias: bool,
    return_layernorm_output: bool,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool,
    normalization: str,
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    if normalization == "RMSNorm" and zero_centered_gamma:
        pytest.skip("RMSNorm does not support zero_centered_gamma yet!")

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    in_features = 64
    out_features = 256
    hidden_size = 256

    inp = torch.randn(in_features, out_features, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    bias_str = "_bias" if use_bias else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fname = f"te.layernorm_linear{fp8_str}{bias_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"

    with te.fp8_autocast(enabled=use_fp8):
        model = te.LayerNormLinear(
            hidden_size,
            3 * hidden_size,
            bias=use_bias,
            return_bias=return_bias,
            return_layernorm_output=return_layernorm_output,
            params_dtype=precision,
            zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
            normalization=normalization,
        ).to(device='cuda')
        if use_fp8:
            set_layer_scale(model, scale_factor, num_gemms=1)
        do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8)
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
        serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
        if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
            return
        if not use_fp8:
            validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=1e-3, te_outputs=te_outputs)
        elif precision != torch.bfloat16:
            validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=1e-6, is_fp8=use_fp8, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale_factor", [112])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [False, True])
# Returning the bias is a TE fusion optimization we don't care about.
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_bias", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_layernorm_output", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,      use_bias",[
    (torch.float32,  False),
    (torch.float32,  True),
    (torch.float16,  True),
    (torch.float16,  False),
    (torch.bfloat16, True),
    (torch.bfloat16, False),
])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("activation", supported_activations)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("normalization", all_normalizations)
def test_export_layernorm_mlp(
    seed_default_rng,
    scale_factor: float,
    use_fp8: bool,
    use_bias: bool,
    return_bias: bool,
    return_layernorm_output: bool,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool,
    activation: str,
    normalization: str,
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    if normalization == "RMSNorm" and zero_centered_gamma:
        pytest.skip("RMSNorm does not support zero_centered_gamma yet!")

    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    in_features = 64
    out_features = 256
    hidden_size = 256
    ffn_hidden_size = 256

    inp = torch.randn(in_features, out_features, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    bias_str = "_bias" if use_bias else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fname = f"te.layernorm_mlp{fp8_str}{bias_str}{high_prec_str}_{activation}.onnx"
    with te.fp8_autocast(enabled=use_fp8):
        model = te.LayerNormMLP(
            hidden_size,
            ffn_hidden_size,
            bias=use_bias,
            return_bias=return_bias,
            return_layernorm_output=return_layernorm_output,
            params_dtype=precision,
            zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
            activation=activation,
            normalization=normalization,
        ).to(device='cuda')
        if use_fp8:
            set_layer_scale(model, scale_factor, num_gemms=2)
        do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8)
        te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
        serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs)
        if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
            return
        atol = 1e-6 if use_fp8 else (5e-1 if activation=="swiglu" else 1e-3)
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=atol, is_fp8=use_fp8, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "precision,      use_mask, attn_mask_type", [
    (torch.float32,  True,     "padding"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply user mask)
    (torch.float32,  False,    "no_mask"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply no mask)
    (torch.float16,  False,    "causal"),  # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply dynamic onnx mask)
    (torch.float16,  True,     "padding"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply user mask)
    (torch.float16,  False,    "no_mask"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply no mask)
    (torch.bfloat16, False,    "causal"),  # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply dynamic onnx mask)
    (torch.bfloat16, True,     "padding"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply user mask)
    (torch.bfloat16, False,    "no_mask"), # calls forward_torch_softmax (apply no mask)
])
def test_export_core_attention(
    seed_default_rng,
    set_max_seq_len,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    use_mask: bool,
    attn_mask_type: str,
):
    # Set dimensions (these are arbitrary).
    seq_len, batch_size, num_attention_heads, kv_channels = (64, 4, 1, 64)
    qkv_size = (seq_len, batch_size, num_attention_heads, kv_channels)

    query_layer = torch.randn(qkv_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    key_layer = torch.randn(qkv_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    value_layer = torch.randn(qkv_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    input_names = ["query", "key", "value", "attention_mask", "attn_mask_type"]
    attention_mask = None
    if use_mask:
        # Generate a random mask with 50% probability for 0 or 1.
        probs = 0.5 * torch.ones(qkv_size[1], qkv_size[2], qkv_size[0], qkv_size[0], device="cuda", dtype=precision)
        attention_mask = torch.bernoulli(probs).to("cuda", dtype=torch.bool)
    inp = (query_layer, key_layer, value_layer, attention_mask, attn_mask_type)

    mask_str = get_attn_mask_str(use_mask, attn_mask_type)
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fname = f"te.core_attention{mask_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"

    model = te.attention.DotProductAttention(
        num_attention_heads=num_attention_heads,
        kv_channels=kv_channels,
        attention_dropout=0.5,
    ).to(device='cuda')
    do_export(model,
            inp,
            fname,
            input_names=input_names,
            use_fp8=True)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=True)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
    if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        return
    validate_result(fname, inp, model, is_fp8=True, atol=1e-2, input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)


test_configs_multihead_attention = [
    #"use_mask, attn_mask_type"
    (False,    "no_mask"), # calls ScaledUpperTriangMaskedSoftmax
    (True,     "padding"), # calls ScaledMaskedSoftmax
]
test_configs_attention_type = [
    #"input_layernorm, attention_type, fuse_qkv_params"
    (True,             "self",         True),
    (False,            "self",         True),
    (True,             "self",         False),
    (False,            "self",         False),
    (True,             "cross",        True),
    (False,            "cross",        True),
    (True,             "cross",        False),
    (False,            "cross",        False),
]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_mask, attn_mask_type", test_configs_multihead_attention)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float32, torch.float16, torch.bfloat16])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("return_layernorm_output", [False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input_layernorm, attention_type, fuse_qkv_params", test_configs_attention_type)
def test_export_multihead_attention(
    seed_default_rng,
    set_max_seq_len,
    use_fp8: bool,
    use_mask: bool,
    attn_mask_type: str,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    return_layernorm_output: bool,
    input_layernorm: bool,
    attention_type: str,
    fuse_qkv_params: bool
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    hidden_size = 256
    sequence_length = 128
    batch_size = 4
    num_attention_heads = 32
    kv_channels = 8
    attention_dropout = 0.1
    layernorm_epsilon = 1e-5
    init_method = output_layer_init_method = get_default_init_method()
    attention_args = (
        hidden_size,
        num_attention_heads,
        kv_channels,
        attention_dropout,
        layernorm_epsilon,
        init_method,
        output_layer_init_method,
    )

    hidden_states_context = torch.randn(sequence_length, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    attention_mask = None
    if use_mask and attn_mask_type != "causal":
        # Generate a random mask with 50% probability for 0 or 1.
        probs = 0.5 * torch.ones(batch_size, 1, sequence_length, sequence_length, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
        attention_mask = torch.bernoulli(probs).to("cuda", dtype=torch.bool)

    encoder_output = None

    if attention_type == "cross":
        encoder_output = torch.randn(sequence_length, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")

    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    dtype_str = dtype2str(precision)
    attn_type_str = "_self-attention" if attention_type == "self" else "_cross-attention"
    fuse_qkv_str = "_fused-qkv" if fuse_qkv_params else ""
    attn_mask_str = get_attn_mask_str(use_mask, attn_mask_type)
    input_ln_str = "_input-ln" if input_layernorm else ""
    fname = f"te.multihead_attention{fp8_str}{attn_mask_str}{attn_type_str}{input_ln_str}{fuse_qkv_str}{dtype_str}.onnx"

    model = te.MultiheadAttention(
        *attention_args,
        params_dtype=precision,
        return_layernorm_output=return_layernorm_output,
        input_layernorm=input_layernorm,
        attention_type=attention_type,
        fuse_qkv_params=fuse_qkv_params,
        return_bias=True,
    ).to(device='cuda')

    inp_context = (hidden_states_context, attention_mask, encoder_output, attn_mask_type)
    input_names = ["hidden_states", "attention_mask", "encoder_output", "attn_mask_type"]
    output_names=["attention_output", "attention_bias"]
    do_export(model, inp_context, fname, use_fp8, input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names,
        dynamic_axes={"hidden_states": {0: "seq", 1:"bs"},
                      "attention_output": {0: "seq", 1:"bs"}})
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp_context, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp_context, te_outputs, input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names)
    if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        return

    if not use_fp8:
        validate_result(fname, inp_context, model, atol=1e-3, input_names=input_names,
            output_names=output_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)
    else:
        validate_result(fname, inp_context, model, atol=1e-2, is_fp8=use_fp8,
            input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names, allow_cnt_errors=3,
            te_outputs=te_outputs)

    # In GPT generative phase (inference) the input sequence is smaller than the maximum
    # allowed sequence length and we want to test this condition.
    # Pretend that we're in generative phase when it makes sense (causal mask and self-attention).
    is_generative_phase = (attn_mask_type == "causal" and attention_type == "self")
    if is_generative_phase:
        seq_len_offset = 8
        hidden_states_generative = torch.randn(sequence_length-seq_len_offset, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
        inp_generative = (hidden_states_generative, attention_mask, encoder_output)
        if not use_fp8:
            validate_result(fname, inp_generative, model, atol=1e-3, input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names)
        else:
            validate_result(fname, inp_generative, model, atol=1e-2, is_fp8=use_fp8,
                input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names, allow_cnt_errors=3)



@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_mask, attn_mask_type", test_configs_multihead_attention)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("output_layernorm", [
    #True, # TO DO: handle this
    False
])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float32, torch.float16, torch.bfloat16])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("fuse_qkv_params", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("activation", supported_activations)
def test_export_transformer_layer(
    seed_default_rng,
    set_max_seq_len,
    use_fp8: bool,
    use_mask: bool,
    attn_mask_type: str,
    output_layernorm: bool,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    fuse_qkv_params: bool,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool,
    activation: str,
):
    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    # Layer configuration
    hidden_size = 64
    sequence_length = 128
    batch_size = 1
    ffn_hidden_size = 256
    num_attention_heads = 4

    input_tensor = torch.rand(sequence_length, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    input_names = ["input", "attention_mask", "self_attn_mask_type"]
    attention_mask = None
    if use_mask and attn_mask_type != "causal":
        # Generate a random mask with 50% probability for 0 or 1.
        probs = 0.5 * torch.ones(batch_size, 1, sequence_length, sequence_length, device="cuda", dtype=precision)
        attention_mask = torch.bernoulli(probs).to("cuda", dtype=torch.bool)
    inp = (input_tensor, attention_mask, attn_mask_type)

    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    fuse_qkv_params_str = "_fused-qkv" if fuse_qkv_params else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    attn_mask_str = get_attn_mask_str(use_mask, attn_mask_type)
    fname = f"te.transformer_layer{fp8_str}{attn_mask_str}{fuse_qkv_params_str}{high_prec_str}_{activation}.onnx"

    model = te.TransformerLayer(
        hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size,
        num_attention_heads,
        output_layernorm=output_layernorm,
        params_dtype=precision,
        fuse_qkv_params=fuse_qkv_params,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma,
        activation=activation).to(device='cuda')
    do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8, input_names=input_names)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
    if precision in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        return
    atol = 5e-1 if use_fp8 else (5e-1 if activation=="swiglu" else 1e-3)
    validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=atol, is_fp8=use_fp8, input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("ln_scale_factor", [448*2])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("gemm_scale_factors", [(224, 224,),])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float32, torch.float16, torch.bfloat16])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [False, True])
def test_export_gemm_layernorm(
    seed_default_rng,
    use_fp8: bool,
    ln_scale_factor: float,
    gemm_scale_factors: Tuple[float, float],
    precision: torch.dtype,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool
):
    """This is a regression test for testing that all LN inputs have the same type.

    The test sets up GEMM with FP32 output which feeds into an LN that is configured
    with FP16 or BF16 weights and bias.
    """

    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)
    class TestFP8_GemmLayernorm(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            normalized_shape = torch.Size(inp.shape[1:])
            self.weight = torch.randn(*normalized_shape, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
            self.bias = torch.zeros(*normalized_shape, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
            self.eps = 1e-6 # An arbitrary small value

            self.fp8_tensor = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_INPUT
            self.meta = create_meta(ln_scale_factor)
            self.fp8_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.gemm = TestFP8_GEMM(
                precision, use_bias=False, gelu=False, scale_factors=gemm_scale_factors)

        def forward(self, inp, weight):
            x = self.gemm(inp, weight)
            x = texcpp.layernorm_fwd_fp8_inf(
                x,
                self.weight,
                self.bias,
                self.eps,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                zero_centered_gamma)

            x = cast_from_fp8(
                x,
                self.meta,
                self.fp8_tensor,
                self.fp8_type,
                tex.DType.kFloat32 if precision == torch.float32 else tex.DType.kFloat16)
            return x

    out_features = 128
    hidden_size = 128
    in_features = 128
    class TestFP8_GEMM(nn.Module):
        def __init__(self, precision, use_bias, gelu, scale_factors):
            super().__init__()
            self.use_bias = use_bias
            self.gelu = gelu
            self.precision = precision

            self.fp8_tensor_inp = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_INPUT
            self.fp8_tensor_weight = tex.FP8FwdTensors.GEMM1_WEIGHT
            nb_inp_scales, nb_weight_scales = 1, out_features
            act_scale_factor, weight_scale_factor = scale_factors
            self.meta_inp = create_meta(act_scale_factor, nb_inp_scales)
            self.meta_weight = create_meta(weight_scale_factor, nb_weight_scales)

            bias_size = nb_weight_scales
            self.bias = torch.randn(bias_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
            self.gelu_input = torch.randn(hidden_size, out_features, dtype=precision, device="cuda")

            self.inp_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.weights_type = tex.DType.kFloat8E4M3
            self.outp_type = precision

        def forward(self, inp, weight):
            inp_fp8 = cast_to_fp8(
                inp,
                self.meta_inp,
                self.fp8_tensor_inp,
                self.inp_type)

            weight_fp8 = cast_to_fp8(
                weight,
                self.meta_weight,
                self.fp8_tensor_weight,
                self.weights_type)

            ret = fp8_gemm(
                weight_fp8,
                self.meta_weight.scale_inv,
                self.fp8_tensor_weight,
                self.inp_type,
                inp_fp8,
                self.meta_inp.scale_inv,
                self.fp8_tensor_inp,
                self.weights_type,
                self.outp_type,
                get_workspace(),
                bias=self.bias,
                use_bias=self.use_bias,
                use_split_accumulator=False)
            return ret

    inp = torch.randn(hidden_size, in_features, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    weight = torch.randn(out_features, in_features, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    model = TestFP8_GemmLayernorm()
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    fp8_str = f"_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    fname = f"te.gemm_layernorm{fp8_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"
    input_names = ['input', 'weight']
    do_export(model, (inp, weight), fname, use_fp8=use_fp8, input_names=input_names)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, (inp, weight), is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, (inp, weight), te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
    if precision not in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        validate_result(
            fname, (inp, weight), model, atol=5e-2, is_fp8=use_fp8, allow_cnt_errors=2,
            input_names=input_names, te_outputs=te_outputs)


@skip_FP8
@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_fp8", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("precision", [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("zero_centered_gamma", [True])
def test_export_gpt_generation(
    seed_default_rng,
    set_max_seq_len,
    use_fp8: bool,
    precision: torch.dtype,
    zero_centered_gamma: bool,
):
    """Test that the ONNX model can correctly handle inputs with different shapes and that
    the attention mask it adjusted on-the-fly to different sequence lengths.
    """

    # Skip FP8 tests on non-hopper devices
    if use_fp8 and not fp8_available:
        pytest.skip(reason_for_no_fp8)

    # Layer configuration
    hidden_size = 64
    sequence_length = 128
    batch_size = 1
    ffn_hidden_size = 256
    num_attention_heads = 4
    attention_mask = None
    use_mask = True
    attn_mask_type = "causal"
    fuse_qkv_params = True
    output_layernorm = False

    fp8_str = "_fp8" if use_fp8 else ""
    fuse_qkv_params_str = "_fused-qkv" if fuse_qkv_params else ""
    high_prec_str = dtype2str(precision)
    attn_mask_str = get_attn_mask_str(use_mask, attn_mask_type)
    fname = f"te.transformer_layer_generative{fp8_str}{attn_mask_str}{fuse_qkv_params_str}{high_prec_str}.onnx"

    model = te.TransformerLayer(
        hidden_size,
        ffn_hidden_size,
        num_attention_heads,
        output_layernorm=output_layernorm,
        params_dtype=precision,
        fuse_qkv_params=fuse_qkv_params,
        zero_centered_gamma=zero_centered_gamma).to(device='cuda')

    # "Context phase": use full input sequence length
    input_names = ["input", "attention_mask", "self_attn_mask_type"]
    output_names = ["output"]
    input_tensor = torch.rand(sequence_length, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    inp = (input_tensor, None, attn_mask_type)
    do_export(model, inp, fname, use_fp8,
        input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names,
        dynamic_axes={"input": {0: "seq", 1:"bs"},
                      "output": {0: "seq", 1:"bs"}, })
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs, input_names=input_names, output_names=output_names)
    if precision not in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=6e-3, is_fp8=use_fp8, input_names=input_names,
            te_outputs=te_outputs)

    # "Generative phase": use a single input (sequence len=1). For FP8 we need to pad the sequence to mult of 8.
    sequence_length = 1 if not use_fp8 else 8
    input_tensor = torch.rand(sequence_length, batch_size, hidden_size, dtype=precision, device="cuda")
    inp = (input_tensor, attention_mask)
    te_outputs = te_infer(model, inp, is_fp8=use_fp8)
    serialize_inputs_outputs(fname, inp, te_outputs, input_names=input_names)
    if precision not in (torch.bfloat16, ):
        validate_result(fname, inp, model, atol=6e-3, is_fp8=use_fp8, input_names=input_names,
            te_outputs=te_outputs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("enabled", [True, False])
def test_export_ctx_manager(enabled):
    assert is_in_onnx_export_mode() == False
    with te.onnx_export(enabled):
        assert is_in_onnx_export_mode() == enabled
    assert is_in_onnx_export_mode() == False